[1] Extracted from Mr. Henry Balfour’s address to the Anthropological Section of the British Association at Cambridge in 1904.

[2] The Natural History of the Musical Bow, by H. Balfour: Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1899.

[3] A Paper read at a Special Meeting of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland on July 1, 1874, on the occasion of the opening of the Anthropological Collection to the public: and published in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute, iv (1875), pp. 293-308.

[4] The Principles of Psychology (London, 1881), i.³ pp. 424-6.

[5] Address to the Department of Anthropology—Report of the British Association, 1872 (London, 1873), p. 168.

[6] The Coins of the Ancient Britons, by John Evans, F.R.S. (1864), pp. 24-32.

[7] A Lecture delivered at the Royal Institution of Great Britain on Friday, May 28, 1875, and published in Proc. Roy. Inst., vol. vii. pp. 496-520, Pl. i-iv.

[8] Lectures on the Science of Language (London, 1861), i, Lecture 1.

[9] John Evans, The Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons, and Ornaments of Great Britain (London, 1872¹), 1897², p. 641.

[10] Sir W. Wilde, Catalogue of the Antiquities of the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy (Dublin, 1863).

[11] John Evans, ‘On the Coinage of the Ancient Britons and Natural Selection,’ Journal of the Royal Institution, vii. p. 476 ff.; with a Plate, which is reproduced, by permission, in Plate XXI.

[12] For illustrations, see Troy and its Remains, by Dr. Henry Schliemann (Murray, 1875). The figures may be taken in the following order: No. 185, No. 74, No. 132, No. 13, No. 173, No. 207, No. 12, No. 11, No. 133, No. 141, No. 165. [Plate V has been compiled from the references here given.]

[13] A Lecture delivered at the Royal United Service Institution, Friday, June 28, 1867; illustrated by specimens from the Museum of the Institution: and published in the Journal of the R. U. S. Inst. xi (1867).

[14] Beechey, Voyage to the Pacific (London, 1831), vol. i. p. 298; Oldfield, ‘Aborigines of Australia,’ Trans. Ethno. Soc., N. S. (London, 1865), vol. iii. p. 227.

[15] Oldfield, ‘On the Aborigines of Australia,’ Trans. Ethno. Soc., N.S., vol. iii. pp. 261-7.

[16] Meyrick (Skelton), Engraved Illustrations of Ancient Arms, &c. (1830), vol. ii. pl. cxlix. 11.

[17] Klemm, Werkzeuge und Waffen (Sondershausen, 1858), p. 159.

[18] Turner, Nineteen Years in Polynesia (London, 1861), p. 262.

[19] Williams, Fiji and the Fijians (London, 1858), vol. i. pp. 78-9.

[20] Crawfurd, History (Edinburgh, 1820), vol. i. p. 224.

[21] Tylor, Anahuac (London, 1861), p. 70.

[22] Hdt. vii. 69: Rawlinson, Herodotus, vol. iv (2nd ed., 1862, p. 55).

[23] Petherick, Egypt, the Soudan, and Central Africa (Edinb. and London, 1861), p. 360.

[24] Le Sieur de Folard, Nouvelles DÉcouvertes sur la Guerre (Paris, 1724), p. 48.

[25] In adopting the nomenclature of phrenology, I am not to be understood as advocating strictly the localization of the faculties which phrenology prescribes. The mind doubtless consists of a congeries of faculties, and phrenology affords the best classification of them that has yet been devised.

[26] Pope, Essay on Man, Epistle iii. 172-80.

[27] Ellis, Polynesian Researches (London, 1829), vol. i. pp. 302-3.

[28] Crawfurd, History of the Indian Archipelago (1820), vol. i. pp. 113-4.

[29] Beckman, History of Inventions (London, 1814), pp. 503-4.—Cock-fighting.

[30] Stanley, History of Birds (London, 1848), p. 389.

[31] Darwin, Origin of Species (London, 1859), p. 88.

[32] Williamson, Oriental Field Sports (London, 1807), p. 94.

[33] Swainson, Habits and Instincts of Animals (London, 1840), p. 142.

[34] Thuc. i. 5 (but what Thucydides says is, that they were the last to discard it.—Ed.).

[35] Beechey, Voyage to the Pacific (London, 1831), vol. i. p. 248.

[36] Dobrizhoffer, An Account of the Abipones (from the Latin; London, 1822), vol. i. p. 262; ii. 361.

[37] Barth, Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa (London, 1857), vol. iii. p. 198.

[38] Low, Sarawak (London, 1848), p. 328.

[39] Pigafetta’s Voyage Round the World, Pinkerton, vol. ix. p. 349.

[40] William de Rubruquis, Travels into Tartary and China in 1253; Pinkerton (London, 1811), vol. viii. p. 89.

[41] An Historical Relation of the Kingdom of Chile, by Alonso de Ovalle, of the Company of Jesus, 1649 (London, 1752), p. 71.

[42] Herodotus, vii. 70; Meyrick’s Ancient Armour, vol. i. Introd. p. iv.

[43] Herodotus, iv. 189; Meyrick’s Ancient Armour, vol. i. Introd. p. iii.

[44] Herodotus, vii. 65 e?ata ... ?p? ????? pep?????a.

[45] Duarte Barbosa, The Coasts of East Africa and Malabar, translated from the Spanish, by the Hon. H. E. Stanley (Hakluyt Society, 1866), p. 55. Since publication, the translator has ascertained that the authorship of this work should be ascribed to Magellan.

[46] The Saturnia mylitta is the caterpillar from which the Tusseh-silk is obtained; the cocoon is of an oval shape when suspended upon the tree, and of exceedingly firm texture; it is figured in Sir Wm. Jardine’s Naturalist’s Library (Edinb. 1841), Entomology, vol. vii. pl. xiv. 2, pp. 146-53. The Eriodendron anfractuosum, D.C., is an Indian Bombax. The woolly cotton which envelops the seed is remarkable for its softness, and is much and deservedly esteemed for making cushions and bedding, owing to its freedom from any tendency to become lumpy and uneven by getting impacted into hard knots. Various attempts have been made to fabricate it into cloth, but hitherto without success, except as a very loose material, fit only for quilting muffs, for which it is superior to cotton or woollen stuffs, the looseness of its texture rendering it an excellent non-conductor, whilst at the same time it is extremely light.—Wight, Illustrations of Indian Botany (Madras, 1840), vol. i. p. 68; Roxburgh, Flora Indica (Serampore, 1832), vol. iii. p. 165 (= Bombax pentandrum). Both the caterpillar and the plant are found in the jungle in the neighbourhood of Seringapatam. For the identification of the vegetable substance, I am indebted to W. Carruthers, Esq., F.L.S., British Museum.

[47] Schoolcraft, Information concerning the History, &c., of the Indian Tribes of the U. S. A. (Philadelphia, 1851-9), part iii. p. 69.

[48] Meyrick, l.c., vol. i. Introduction.

[49] Denham and Clapperton, Travels in Northern and Central Africa (London, 1826), p. 328 (Denham).

[50] See Critical Enquiry into Ancient Armour, by Sir Samuel R. Meyrick, vol. iii. p. 21, and pl. lxviii.

[51] Bollaert, ‘Observations on the Indian Tribes of Texas,’ Journ. Ethno. Soc., vol. ii. pp. 262-83.

[52] Du Chaillu, Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa (London, 1861), p. 80.

[53] Homer, Iliad, vii. 244-8.

[54] Casalis, The Basutos (London, 1861), pp. 135-6.

[55] Barth, l.c., vol. i. p. 355.

[56] Meyrick (Skelton), l. c, pl. cxli (text).

[57] Bosman, Guinea, Pinkerton (1811), vol. xvi. p. 414.

[58] Barth, l.c., vol. ii. pp. 410, 526; ii. 116 (plate); Denham and Clapperton, l.c., p. 166 (Denham).

[59] Meyrick, l.c., vol. i. Introd. pp. i-ii.

[60] Meyrick, l.c., vol. i. Introd. p. xxiv.

[61] At Fernando Po.—Cuming, ‘Weapons and Armour of Horn,’ Journal of Archaeological Association (London, 1848), vol. iii. p. 30.

[62] Fig. 32 is from a rough sketch taken about two years ago, and has no pretension to accuracy of detail.

[63] Meyrick, l. c, vol. i. pl. iv. 10.

[64] Schoolcraft, Information concerning the History, &c., of the Indian Tribes of the U. S. A. (Philadelphia, 1851-9), vol. iii. p. 67.

[65] Grant, Walk across Africa (London, 1864), p. 47.

[66] Smith, Dict. of Gr. and Rom. Antiq., s. v.; Meyrick, l.c., vol. i. Introd. p. xiv; Amm. Marc. xvii. 12. 2; Pausanias, i. 21. 6; Tac. Hist. i. 79 (praeduro corio).

[67] Kitto, Pictorial Bible (London, 1838-9), note to 1 Sam. xvii.

[68] Cuming, Journal of the Archaeological Association, vol. iii. p. 31.

[69] Kitto, Pictorial Bible, note to 1 Sam. xvii.

[70] Skene, ‘On the Albanians,’ Journ. Ethno. Soc., vol. ii. pp. 159-81.

[71] Casalis, The Basutos (London, 1861), p. 172.

[72] Maunder, Treasury of Natural History (London, 1862), p. 573.

[73] Williamson, Oriental Field Sports (London, 1807), p. 46.

[74] Atkinson, Oriental and Western Siberia (London, 1858), p. 495.

[75] Williamson, Oriental Field Sports (London, 1807), p. 94.

[76] Thompson, Passions of Animals (1851), p. 225. The American hunter avails himself of this peculiarity to entrap the crane by presenting the barrel of his firelock to the animal; supposing it to be an eye, the crane immediately strikes at the hole, and fixes its beak firmly in the muzzle.

[77] Beechey, Voyage to the North Pole (London, 1843), pp. 93-4.

[78] Bates, Naturalist on the Amazons (3rd ed. London, 1873), p. 230.

[79] Travels in the Central Parts of Indo-China, Siam, Cambodia, and Laos in 1858-9, by the late M. Henri Mouhot (London, 1864), vol. ii. p. 147.

[80] It is to be observed that this is not the rhinoceros’s usual mode of attack.

[81] Cranz, Historie von GrÖnland (2nd ed. Barby and Leipzig, 1770), p. 196, pl. v. 8.

[82] Beechey, Voyage to the North Pole (London, 1843), p. 252.

[83] Cuming, Journal of the Archaeological Association, vol. iii. p. 25.

[84] Ibid., p. 26.

[85] Swainson, Habits and Instincts of Animals (London, 1840), p. 141.

[86] Gregory, ‘Expedition to the North-west Coast of Australia,’ Royal Geographical Society’s Journal, vol. xxxii (1862), p. 417.

[87] Denham and Clapperton, Travels (1826), p. 20 (Denham).

[88] Hind, Narrative of the Canadian Exploring Expedition (London, 1860), vol. i. p. 316.

[89] Captain John Smith, Sixth Voyage to Virginia (1606); Pinkerton (1811), vol. xii. p. 35.

[90] Cuming, Journal of the Archaeological Association, vol. iii. p. 27.

[91] Turner, Nineteen Years in Polynesia (London, 1861), p. 276.

[92] Beechey, Voyage to the Pacific (London, 1831), vol. i. p. 143.

[93] Williams, Fiji and the Fijians (London, 1858), vol. i. p. 57.

[94] Wilson, Pellew Islands (ed. Keate, London, 1788), pl. v, fig. 1, p. 310.

[95] Klemm, Werkzeuge und Waffen (1858), p. 50.

[96] Owen, Comp. Anatomy and Physiology of Vertebrates (1846), vol. ii. 1. p.

[97] Klemm, l.c., p. 31 (‘die Schwanzstachel eines Roches,’ i.e. ‘the caudal spine of a ray.’—Ed.).

[98] Wilson, Prehistoric Man (London, 1862), vol. i. p. 146.

[99] Cuming, Journal of the Archaeological Association, vol. iii. p. 26.

[100] The probability of the aboriginal man having derived his first lessons from this source may be judged of by the accounts given by travellers of the effects produced by the large thorns of trees in South Africa, of which there is a good account in Routledge’s Natural History of Man, by Rev. J. G. Wood (1868-70), vol. i. p. 235. Large animals are said to be frequently destroyed, and even to have impaled themselves, upon the large, strong spines of the thorny Acacia. Throughout Central Africa a pair of tweezers for extracting thorns is an indispensable requisite in the equipment of every native.

[101] Beechey, Voyage to the Pacific (London, 1831), vol. i. pp. 47-8.

[102] Strabo, p. 155.

[103] Ellis, Polynesian Researches (London, 1829), vol. i. chap. viii.

[104] Clapperton, Travels, p. 58.

[105] I exclude from this category all nippers, cross-bills, and prehensile implements.

[106] Jardine’s Naturalist’s Library (Edinb. 1843): Ichthyology (Hamilton), vol. vi, part 2, p. 335.

[107] Choris, Voyage Pictoresque autour du Monde (Paris, 1822), ‘Isles Radak,’ pl. ii. 1 and 4.

[108] Cook, Third Voyage (London, 1842), vol. ii. p. 251.

[109] Klemm, l.c., pp. 63-4; Wilkes, United States Exploring Expedition (Philadelphia, 1845), vol. v. ch. ii. pp. 49, 79.

[110] King, ‘The Industrial Arts of the Esquimaux,’ Journ. Ethno. Soc. (1848), vol. i. p. 290.

[111] Ellis, Polynesian Researches, vol. ii. p. 497.

[112] Nieuhoff, ‘Travels in Brazil’; Pinkerton (1813), vol. xiv. p. 874.

[113] Tylor, Anahuac, p. 332, Appendix.

[114] Wilson, Prehistoric Man (1862), vol. i. pp. 226, 227.

[115] Lloyd Stephens, Incidents of Travel in Central America, p. 59.

[116] Wilson, Prehistoric Man (1862), vol. i. pp. 226, 227.

[117] Lewis Morgan, The League of the Ho-De-No-Sou-Nee or Iroquois (Rochester, N.Y., 1851), p. 359.

[118] Thunberg, Travels in Europe, Africa, and Asia, 1770-9 (3rd ed., London, 1795), vol. i. p. 156; ii. p. 162; Livingstone, Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa (London, 1857), p. 171.

[119] Meyrick (Skelton), Ancient Arms and Armour, vol. ii. pl. cxiii, fig. 14, cf. fig. 13.

[120] Times newspaper, Dec. 24, 1866.

[121] Humboldt, Aspects of Nature (London, 1849), vol. i. pp. 25, 203-4.

[122] Klemm, l.c., p. 53.

[123] ‘On the Wild Tribes in the Interior of the Malay Peninsula,’ by PÈre Bourien. Trans. Ethno. Soc., N.S., vol. iii (1865), p. 78.

[124] Darwin, Journal of Researches into Nat. Hist. and Geology (London, 1845), p. 8.

[125] Hall, C. F., Life with the Esquimaux (London, 1864), vol. ii. pp. 329-30.

[126] A Lecture delivered at the Royal United Service Institution on June 5, 1868, and printed in the Journal of the R. U. S. Inst., vol. xii (1868), pp. 399-439, pl. xvii-xxi (= Plates XII-XVI herewith).

[127] Klemm, l.c., p. 147.

[128] Pinkerton (1811), vol. ix. p. 501.

[129] Walk across Africa, p. 78.

[130] Klemm, l.c., p. 62.

[131] l.c., p. 78.

[132] l.c., pp. 123-6.

[133] Speke, Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile (London, 1863), p. 460.

[134] Barth, Travels, vol. iii. p. 162.

[135] Nilsson, The Primitive Inhabitants of Scandinavia, edited by Sir John Lubbock (3rd ed., London, 1868), p. 44.

[136] Lloyd Stephens, Incidents of Travel in Central America (London, 1854), p. 94.

[137] Lyell, Antiquity of Man (London, 1873), p. 161.

[138] I am informed by an eye-witness, that the Australian savages, in climbing trees, use implements nearly similar to these, to cut notches for their feet. The implement is held in the hand, without any handle. Others are used in handles, either fastened with gum, or consisting of a withe passed round the stone and tied underneath.

[139] Mr. Frere’s first discovery was in 1797 (Archaeologia, xiii. p. 204). (M. Boucher de Perthes began work in 1837 (De la CrÉation, Paris, 1838), and published his AntiquitÉs Celtiques et AntÉdiluviennes (vol. i) in 1847. His discoveries were, however, not verified and accepted by the British observers till 1858-9.—Ed.)

[140] See figures 23 and 32, as well as figure 17 a from Central India.

[141] March 5, 1868. Proc. Soc. Ant. Lond. 2nd Ser. iv. p. 85: Archaeologia, xlii.

[142] Nilsson, The Primitive Inhabitants of Scandinavia, edited by Sir John Lubbock (London, 1868), Editor’s Introduction, p. xxiv.

[143] The handle, since its discovery, has been fractured in four places, and has shrunk a good deal from its original size.

[144] Cf. Kemble, Horae Ferales (London, 1863), p. 134.

[145] Keller, The Lake Dwellings of Switzerland, transl. by J. E. Lee (2nd ed. London, 1878), vol. i. pp. 111-3.

[146] Livingstone, Missionary Travels and Researches in S. Africa (1857), p. 40.

[147] Lartet and Christy, Reliquiae Aquitanicae (London, 1865-75, passim).

[148] Wilde, Catalogue of the Antiquities of the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy (Dublin, 1863), vol. i. pp. 19-23.

[149] After having witnessed the process of fabricating flint arrow-heads, as re-discovered by Mr. Evans, I am able to understand why it is that the leaf-shaped form is of more frequent occurrence, and why this and the long-tanged forms are so often rougher and less finished than the other forms, the deep barbs and hollow base requiring much greater skill than the former.

[150] Burton, The City of the Saints (London, 1861), p. 146.

[151] Schoolcraft, Information concerning ... the Indian Tribes of the U.S.A. (Philadelphia, 1851-9), vol. i. p. 212.

[152] In the museum belonging to the Cork College, there is a Peruvian mummy, with which, amongst other articles, two of these arrow-pointed knives were found.

[153] Siebold, Nippon (Leiden, 1832-52), vol. i. pt. ii (Alte Waffen), Tab. xi.

[154] Evidence of this transition may be seen by examining any number of pattoo-pattoos. Some are sharp at the end; others are blunt at the end, but sharp at the side near the broadest part.

[155] Since this paper was read to the Royal United Service Institution, Sir John Lubbock has delivered a remarkably interesting series of lectures on savages, in the course of which he took exception to my classification of the Indian, African, and Australian boomerangs, under the same head; giving as his reason that the Australian boomerang has a return flight, whilst those of other nations have not that peculiarity. If it could be shown that the Australian weapon had been contrived for the purpose of obtaining a return flight, I should then agree with him in regarding the difference as generic. But the course of my investigations tends to show that this was probably an application of the weapon accidentally hit upon by the Australians, and that it arose from a modification of weight and form, so trivial as to prevent our regarding it as generically distinct from the others. I therefore consider the Australian weapon to be a mere variety of the implement which is common to the three continents. The difference between us on this point, though one of terms, is nevertheless important as a question of continuity. I am much gratified, however, to find my opinions on many other points supported by Sir John’s high authority.

[156] Henry Blount, Voyage into the Levant, 1634 (London, 1671), p. 91.

[157] Bosman, Guinea, Pinkerton (1811), vol. xvi. pp. 505-6.

[158] Kemble, Horae Ferales (1863), p. 65.

[159] This weapon is called ‘leowel’ by the Australians now in this country (1868).

[160] Duarte Barbosa, A Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar (by Magellan), translated by the Hon. H. E. Stanley: Hakluyt Society, xxxv (1866), pp. 100-1.

[161] Rosellini, Monumenti dell’ Egitto e della Nubia (Pisa, 1834), Monuments Civiles, pl. cxvii. 3; cxix. 1.

[162] Baker, Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia (London, 1867), p. 511.

[163] Barth, l.c., vol. iii. pp. 231, 451, &c., &c.

[164] Petherick, Egypt, the Soudan, and Central Africa (1861), p. 456.

[165] Du Chaillu, Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa (London, 1861), p. 79.

[166] Gregory’s account of his expedition in 1861, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. xxxii (1862), p. 378.

[167] Oldfield, ‘On the Aborigines of Australia,’ Trans. Ethnol. Soc., vol. iii. pp. 261-2.

[168] Expedition to the Interior of Eastern Australia, by Major T. L. Mitchell, Surveyor-General, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. ii. pp. 325-6.

[169] [Darwin, Journal.] (But the quotation (from Darwin, $1/cite> (London, 1845) pp. 433-4) refers to Australia, not New Zealand.—Ed.)

[170] Cook, Third Voyage (London, 1842), vol. i. p. 273.

[171] Frobisher, The Three Voyages of Martin Frobisher, ed. Collinson (Hakluyt Society, 1867), p. 283.

[172] Cranz, Historie von GrÖnland² (1770), pp. 195-6, pl. v. 2 f.

[173] Markham, Tribes of the Valley of the Amazon.—Trans. Ethnol. Soc., N.S., vol. iii. p. 183.

[174] Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (s. v. Hasta).

[175] Desor, Les Palafittes ou Constructions Lacustres du Lac de NeuchÂtel (Paris, 1865), p. 87.

[176] Petherick, Egypt, the Soudan, and Central Africa (1861), p. 391.

[177] Barth, l.c., vol. iii. p. 450.

[178] Campbell, Thirteen Years amongst the Wild Tribes of Khondistan (London, 1864), p. 40.

[179] Ellis, Polynesian Researches (1829), vol. ii. p. 489.

[180] Kolb, Reise an das Capo du Bonne Esperance (NÜrnberg, 1719), pp. 477-8.

[181] Livy, Book xxxviii. ch. 17 and 21.

[182] Grant, Walk across Africa, p. 69.

[183] Kemble, Horae Ferales (1863), p. 190, pl. xiv.

[184] A Lecture delivered at the Royal United Service Institution on June 18, 1869, and published in the Journal of the R. U. S. Inst., vol. xiii (1869), pp. 509-539, pl. xxxi-xxxiii (= Plates XVII-XX herewith).

[185] Trans. Int. Congr. Preh. Arch. at Norwich, 1868 (London, 1869), p. 92 ff.

[186] Lectures on Man, his Place in Creation, and in the History of the Earth, by Dr. Carl Vogt. Edited by James Hunt, Ph.D. (London, 1864), p. 466 ff.

[187] The fact mentioned both by the Baron de Bonstetten and Dr. Keller, of celts of jade and nephrite having been found in Switzerland, materials which, according to the latest investigations [1869], are not found in the Alps, but must have been imported from the East, proves that intercommunication and barter must have been carried on between distant countries at the time when such weapons were used.—Baron de Bonstetten, Recueil d’AntiquitÉs Suisses (Berne, 1855), p. 12; Keller, The Lake Dwellings of Switzerland (1866), pp. 56, 68 (cf. 1878, pp. 72, 195, 205, 215).

[188] Prehistoric Times, by Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.R.S., London (1865), p. 147.

[189] Prehistoric Times, by Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.R.S. (1865), pp. 142-3; Results of the Investigation of Animal Remains from the Lake Dwellings, by Prof. RÜtimeyer; in The Lake Dwellings of Switzerland, by Dr. Ferdinand Keller, translated by J. E. Lee, F.S.A., F.G.S., 1866, pp. 355-62 (1878, pp. 537-44).

[190] Moosseedorf, Keller, l.c., p. 35; Robenhausen, Keller, l.c., p. 40.

[191] (The first two sentences of this paragraph have been transposed, for clearness.—Ed.)

[192] Max MÜller, Science of Language, second series (London, 1864), p. 230.

[193] Rawlinson, The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World (1864), vol. i. p. 123.

[194] Klemm, Werkzeuge und Waffen (Sondershausen, 1858), p. 96.

[195] Keller, l.c., p. 116: (1878, p. 121).

[196] Keller, l.c., p. 221, pl. lxvii: (1878, p. 362, pl. cxix).

[197] Keller, l.c., pp. 218, 219, pl. lxviii: (1878, pp. 362-3, pl. cxx. 1-28).

[198] Wilson, Prehistoric Man (London, 1862), vol. i. p. 282.

[199] Wilson, Prehistoric Man, vol. i. pp. 231-79; Squier and Davis in Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, vol. i. pp. 196-203, figs. 81, 82, 84, 87.4, 87.1, from which work the illustrations are taken.

[200] Wilson, Prehistoric Man, vol. i. p. 253.

[201] Since the above was written, Sir John Lubbock has published in an Appendix to his second edition of Prehistoric Times (1869), p. 595, letters from Dr. Percy, and from Messrs. Jenkin and Lefeaux, highly experienced assayers, expressing their opinions upon the theory of M. Wibel, that the ancient bronze was obtained, not by the fusion of copper and tin, but directly from ore containing the two metals. They are unanimously of opinion that this could not have been the case, none of the ores containing naturally a mixture of the metals in proper proportions. Although the opinions of these gentlemen appear decisively to negative the possibility of ancient bronze having been habitually produced for commercial purposes in this manner, they do not appear to me to discredit the supposition that the first imperfect knowledge of the mixture may have been brought about accidentally in the manner I have described.

[202] Worsaae, The Primeval Antiquities of Denmark (London, 1849), pp. 24, 40-45.

[203] The custom of making a mark upon the weapon for each victim slain, is one of very usual occurrence among savage people.

[204] Thurnam, Ancient British Barrows (1869), pp. 168, 198; Archaeologia, vol. xlii; ‘On the Two Principal Forms of Ancient British and Gaulish Skulls,’ Mem. Anthrop. Soc. Lond., i. 120 ff., 459 ff. (1865); iii. 41 ff. (1870); Davis and Thurnam, Crania Britannica (London, 1865).

[205] ‘On some Flint Implements found associated with Roman Remains in Oxfordshire and the Isle of Thanet,’ by Col. A. Lane Fox, Journal of the Ethnological Society (1869), N.S., vol. i. p. 1 ff.

[206] Prehistoric Man, by Daniel Wilson, LL.D. (London, 1869), vol. i. p. 308.

[207] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1865, p. 126.

[208] Rawlinson, Five Great Monarchies (1864), vol. i. p. 120.

[209]

[210] Strabo, b. iii. c. iii. 6, p. 154.

[211] Max MÜller, Science of Language, 2nd Series (1864), pp. 229-37.

[212] Nilsson, The Primitive Inhabitants of Scandinavia (Lubbock, 3rd ed., 1868), p. 257.

[213] Sir Richard Colt Hoare found four of these celts in the Wiltshire barrows, with rudimentary flanges along the side edges of the blade that had been formed by beating, and similarly formed flanges have also been noticed upon celts from Ireland, thereby leading to the supposition that Class B may have been converted into Class D in this way, before the casting process was applied to the formation of the flanges.—The Ancient History of South Wiltshire (London, 1812), p. 203, pl. xxi, xxvi, xxviii. 2, xxix.

[214] (The greatly reduced scale of these figures makes exact verification of the references impracticable in all cases.—Ed.)

[215] I have been enabled to take drawings of these celts in the British Museum, through the kind permission of Mr. A. W. Franks.

[216] The forms included in Classes D, E, F, and G, are commonly known under the name of paalstab or palstave, a word of Scandinavian origin, said to have designated the weapons employed by some northern tribes for battering the shields of their enemies. Iron implements like the Irish loy, and called paalstabs, are still used in Iceland, either for digging in the ground or breaking the ice.—Catalogue of the Museum of the R. I. Academy, ‘Bronze,’ p. 361.

[217] Lubbock, Prehistoric Times (1869), p. 9.

[218] Read in 1869, published in Archaeologia, xliii. p. 443: for Plumpton Plain, see Sussex Arch. Coll. ii. p. 268: for Arras, Arch. Journ. xviii. p. 156.

[219] A Paper read at the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland on December 22, 1874, and published in the Journal of the Institute, vol. iv (1875), pp. 399-435. (N.B.—This paper was not furnished by the author with either plates or references. The latter have been supplied, so far as possible, on pp. 229 ff.: for illustrations, reference should be made to the section on Navigation in the Pitt-Rivers Museum, Oxford.—Ed.)

[220] (The Catalogue of the Anthropological Collection lent by Col. Lane Fox to Bethnal Green Museum (London, 1874, parts i and ii) only contains ‘Weapons’; part iii was never issued.—Ed.)

[221] Notes and Queries on Anthropology, for the Use of Travellers and Residents in Uncivilized Lands, drawn up by a Committee appointed by the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1874); 3rd edition, 1899, published by the Anthropological Institute, 3 Hanover Square, W.

[222] ‘Primitive Warfare,’ pp. 127-30, 148-51, above.

[223] Address to the Anthropological Department at the Brighton meeting of the British Association, 1872. Report Brit. Assoc. (London, 1873), p. 161.

[224] Since writing this I have seen the illustration in Sir H. Rawlinson’s note to this passage, in which he gives it as his opinion that this is the meaning and use to be ascribed to these pins; and he says that this system is still employed in Egypt, where they raise an extra bulwark above the gunwale. Rawlinson, Herodotus (1862), vol. ii. p. 132.

[225] Denmark in the Early Iron Age, by Conrad Engelhardt (London, 1866), p. 31.

[226] ‘On Vessels of Papyrus,’ by John Hogg, Esq., M.A., F.L.S.; Magazine of Nat. Hist., vol. ii (1829), pp. 324-32: cf. p. 206, above.