1 Gibbon, vol. viii. p. 20.

2 Ibid. vol. viii. p. 2. n.

3 Creasy, History of Ottomans, vol. i, p. 43.

4 Gibbon, vol. viii. p. 153.

5 See an Article in the Christian Remembrancer for April, 1855, p. 232.

6 Creasy, vol. i. p. 327.

7 Ranke’s Spanish and Ottoman Empires, p. 1.

8 Gibbon, vol. viii. 28.

9 Ranke, p. 6.

10 Ranke, passim.

11 Ranke, p. 7.

12 Creasy, vol. i. p. 324.

13 Gibbon, vol. viii. p. 30.

14 Creasy, vol. i. p. 112.

15 Creasy, vol. i. p. 161.

16 Hulme’s Chapters on Turkish History (in Blackwood, July, 1840,) p. 18.

17 Von Hammer’s History of the Ottoman Turks, vol. i. p. 193.

18 Gibbon, vol. viii, p. 93.

19 See Freeman’s History and Conquests of the Saracens, p. 145.

20 For proofs that the Ottoman government was really absolute, see Robertson’s Charles V. note 43.

21 Robertson’s Charles V. note 45.

22 Creasy, i. p. 334.

23 Creasy, i. p. 114.