REVERENDO PATRI DOMINO CHRISTOPHORO WREN, S.T.D. ET D. W. CHRISTOPHORUS FILIUS HOC SUUM PANORGANUM ASTRONOMICUM D. D. XIII. CALEND. NOVEM. ANNO 1645, p. 73.

APPENDIX II.

CHURCHES, HALLS, COLLEGES, PALACES, OTHER PUBLIC BUILDINGS, AND PRIVATE HOUSES, BUILT AND REPAIRED BY SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN.

Churches.

* Signifies that the church has been destroyed.

Halls.

Many of these buildings have been considerably altered since Wren’s time, and many are now let as warehouses, or turned to other uses.

Colleges.

Palaces.

Other Public Buildings.

Private Houses.

This list, which is, I fear, imperfect, only professes to give such buildings as were actually built or repaired; there are, besides, a large number of unexecuted designs.

* Signifies that the building has been destroyed.

APPENDIX III.

Sir Christopher Wren left the rough drafts of four tracts on architecture, which are printed in the ‘Parentalia,’ and a few notes on Roman and Greek buildings, some of which Mr. Elmes transcribed in his ‘Life;’ they are for the most part very technical and are incomplete. The copy of the ‘Parentalia’ now in my hands contains the autograph draft of a Discourse on Architecture, which, as I think, has never been printed; it appears to me to be of great interest. It is therefore given entire, though I regret I cannot give the quaint prints of Noah’s Ark, the Tower of Babel, Babylon, &c., with which the original is illustrated. The two former prints tally so exactly with the descriptions in the ‘Discourse’—the print of the ark containing a small section, an elevation, and a vignette of a man feeding one of the creatures, besides a large drawing of the floating Ark—that I incline to think they were engraved, either by Wren himself, or from his drawings. Engraving was an art he well understood. He divides with Prince Rupert the honour of the invention of mezzo-tint. The prints are numbered Pl. IV. and V. respectively, and have no signature.

Discourse on Architecture.

Whatever a man’s sentiments are upon mature deliberation, it will be still necessary for him in a conspicuous Work to preserve his Undertaking from general censure, and so for him to accomodate his Designs to the gust of the Age he lives in, thÔ it appears to him less rational. I have found no little difficulty to bring Persons, of otherwise a good genius, to think anything in Architecture would be better then what they had heard commended by others, and what they had view’d themselves. Many good Gothick forms of Cathedrals were to be seen in our Country, and many had been seen abroad, which they liked the better for being not much differing from ours in England: this humour with many is not yet eradicated, and therefore I judge it not improper to endeavour to reform the Generality to a truer taste in Architecture by giving a larger Idea of the whole Art, beginning with the reasons and progress of it from the most remote Antiquity; and that in short touching chiefly on some things, which have not been remarked by others.

The Project of Building is as natural to Mankind as to Birds, and was practised before the Floud. By Josephus we learn that Cain built the first City, Enos, and enclosed it with Wall and Rampires; and that the Sons of Seth, the other son of Adam, erected two Columns of Brick and Stone to preserve their Mathematical Science to Posterity, so well built that thÔ ye one of Brick was destroy’d by the Deluge, ye other of Stone was standing in ye time of Josephus. The first Peece of Naval Architecture we read of in Sacred History was the Arke of Noah, a work very exactly fitted and built for the Purpose intended.

It was by measure just 6 times as Long as Broad, and the Heighth was ? of the Breadth. This was the Proportion of the Triremes afterwards. The Dimensions, and that It was 3 Stories high, and that It had a Window of a Cubit Square is only mention’d; but many things sure were of necessity to be contrived for Use in this Model of the Whole Earth.

First, One small Window was not sufficient to emit the Breath of all the Animals; It had certainly many other Windows as well for Light as Air. It must have Scupper-Holes and a large Sink and an Engin to Pump It; for It drew, as I compute, with all its Cargo and Ballast, at least 12 foot Water. There must be places for Insects the only Food of some Birds and Animals. Great Cisterns for Fresh Water not only for Land Animals, but for some Water fowl and Insects. Some Greens to grow in Tubs, the only food of Tortoises and some Birds and Insects; since we certainly have learnt that nothing is produced by Spontaneous Generation, and we firmly believe there was no new Creation. I need not mention stairs to the several Stories, with many other things absolutely necessary for a year’s Voyage for Men and Animals, thÔ not mention’d in the Story, and Providence was the Pilot of this Little World, the Embrio of the next.

Most certainly Noah was divinly qualified not only as a Preacher of Righteousness but the greatest Philosopher in the ‘Historia Animalium’ that ever was; and it was Work enough for his whole Family to feed them, and take care of the young Brood; for in a year’s time there must be a great increase in the Ark, w^ch was food for the Family, and the Beasts of Prey.

The first Peece of Civil Architecture we meet with in Holy Writ is the Tower of Babel. Providence scatter’d the first Builders, so the Work was left off, but the Successors of Belus the son of Nimrod probably finished It and made it His Sepulchre, upon his Deification.

It was built of Burnt Brick Cemented with Bitumen.

Herodotus gives us a surprizing Relation of it w^ch being set down by measure is not beside our subject to observe. It consisted of Eight several Stories; the First was one Stade, or 625 foot square, and of the same measure in Height upon which were rais’d seven more, w^ch if they were all equal with the First would amount to 2,500 foot, which is not credible: the Form must be therefore Pyramidal and being adorn’d on the outside with Rows of Galleries in divers stories diminished in Height in Geometrical Proportion; so the whole Mass would have the Aspect of Half an Octaedron, which is that of all the Egyptian Pyramids.

These Corridors being Brick wasted in more than 1600 years: and it was these which Alexander actually began to Repair, not the whole Bulk, as I suppose.

How Herodotus had his measures I question, for He flourish’d but 100 years before Alexander’s Conquests of Babylon, so it was then 1500 years Old.

I proceed next to those mighty Works of Antiquity the Wonderful Pyramids of Egypt yet remaining without considerable decay after almost 4000 years: for 2000 years agoe, they were reckon’d by Historians of Uncertain Original.

I cannot think any Monarch however Despotick could effect such things meerly for Glory; I guess there were reasons of State for it.

Egypt was certainly very early Populous, because so Productive of Corn by the help of Nile, in a manner without labour. They deriv’d the River when it rose, all over the Flat of the Delta; and as the People increas’d, over a great deal of Land that lay higher. The Nile did not always Flow high enough for a great Part of the then inhabited Country, and without the Nile, They must either Starve or prey upon those who had Corn; This must needs create Mutiny and Bloodshed, to prevent which it was the Wisdom of their ancient Kings and Priests to Exact a certain Proportion of Corn, and lay it up for those who wanted the benefit of the Rivers when it disappointed their sowing.

Thus Joseph lay’d up for seven years, and sur’ly He was not first: this Provision being ever so essentially necessary to support the Popularity and consequently the Grandure of the Kingdom; and continued so in all Ages, till the Turks neglected all the upper Canales except one which still suppli’d Alexandria. Now what was the consequence? It was not for the Health of the Common People nor Policy of the Government for them to be fed in Idleness: great Multitudes were therefore imploy’d in that which requir’d no great Skill, the Sawing of Stone Square to a few different scantlings, nor was there any need of Scaffolding or Engines, for hands only would raise them from step to step: a little teaching serv’d to make them set Line: and thus these great Works in which some Thousands of hands might be imploy’d at once, rose with Expedition: the difficulty was in mustering the men to move in order under proper Officers, and probably with Musick, as Amphion is said much about the same Age to have built the walls of Thebes with his Harp; that is Musick made the Workmen move exactly together without which no great weight can be moved, as Seamen know, for the Sheet Anchor will by no means be moved without a fiddle to make men exert their United force in equal time: otherwise they pull one against another and lose great part of their force.

The next observable Monument of great Antiquity which yet remain is the Pillar of Absolom.

By the description given of it, and what I have learnt from Travellers who have seen it, we must allow it to be very Remarkable though not great.

It is compos’d of seven Pillars six about in a Hexagon, and one in the middle and the Tholus solid, a large Architrave, Frize and Cornice lie upon the Pillars which are larger in proportion to their height then what we now allow to the Tuscan order, so likewise is the Entablature larger.

This whole composition though at least 30 foot high, is all of the one Stone, both Basis, Pillars and Tholus cut as it stood out of the adjacent Cliff of white Marble.

I could wish some skilful Artist would give us the exact dimensions to inches, by which we might have an idea of the Antient Tyrian manner; for it was probable Solomon by his correspondence with King Hiram employ’d the Tyrian Artists, in his Temple; and from the Phoenicians I derive as well the Arts as the Letters, of the Graecians, thÔ it may be, the Tyrians were Imitators of the Babylonians, and they of the Egyptians. Great Monarchs are ambitious to leave great Monuments behind them, and this occasions great Inventions and Mechanick Arts.

What the Architecture was that Solomon used we know little of, though Holy Writ hath given us the general dimensions of the Temple, by which we may in some manner collect the Plan but not of all the Courts.

Villapandus hath made a fine Romantick Piece after the Corinthian Order, which in that age was not used by any Nation: for the First Ages used grosser Pillars then Dorick. In after Times they began to refine from the Dorick, as in the Temple of Ephesus (the United Work of all Asia) and afterwards improved into a Slenderer Pillar, and Leavy Capital of various inventions which they called Corinthian. So that if we run back to the Age of Solomon, we may with reason believe they used the Tyrian manner, as gross at least as the Dorick, and that the Corinthian manner of Villapandus is meer fancy: Nay when long after Herod built the Atrium Gentium, he that carefully considers the description in Josephus will find it to be a Tripple Portico, and thick Pillars of the grosser Proportions which being whole stones of an incredible Bulk—our Saviour’s Disciples admired them: Master, said they, see what stones are here! Titus would have sav’d this noble structure, but a soldier throwing a torch upon the Roof which was Cedar planks covered with Bitumen, it easily took Fire and consumed the whole Building. All the City was thus covered flat with Bitumen (easily gathered from the Lake of Sodom) and upon the flat roofs the Jews celebrated under Palm-boughs the Feast of Tabernacles.

The Body of the First Temple was gilt upon Bitumen, which is good Size for gilding and will preserve the timber. The Roof and Cedar Wainscot within being carved with Knotts was gilded all over with a thick Leaf, so I understand the word Overlay’d; for if it was cover’d with plate apply’d over the knots and Imbossments the gold nails to fix it on would have increased the Weight of the plate, whereas the quantity of the Nails is reckoned but small in Proportion. The Doors might be plated over and nail’d, and the Hinges and Bars, called Chains, might be solid; for these were afterwards stripp’d when the Egyptians pillaged the Temple in the Reign of Rehoboam.

That Herod did more than the Upper Portico doth not appear, for the substruction under the Portico was certainly Solomon’s Work. The whole Hill Moriah was wall’d upright by him from the bottom of the Valley which render’d a broad Area above for all the Buildings of the Courts. This is the work in which were us’d stone of 10 and 12 Cubits, call’d as well they might Costly Stones.

Now it may well be inquired how in an uneven craggy Country, as it is about Jerusalem, such mighty Loads of Stone could be brought. I shall give my thoughts.

Solomon had an Army of Labourers in his Works; now suppose 12 Cubits long and 2 broad, and 1 thick, this would amount to 648 of our solid feet, which in marble would be 64 Tuns and more. Eight men can draw a Tun, but the ground being hilly, we will allow 10 men to a Tun which would be 640 men. Now how all these men can be brought to draw together I show as follows. First, 10 men draw in a Rope (as bargemen with us) at the end of this Rope is a Spring-tree (as our Coachmen use for ye two fore Horses) to each end of which is a rope so 20 men can draw in the second rank; each rope hath again its Spring-tree, and so on to a sixth rank each rank doubling the number and supposing 10 men to govern the rest (possibly with Musick) makes the number 640 men; and this will be found readier than capsterns, and by this means much vaster stones may be mov’d and even by Barbarous People without Engins. I cannot otherwise see what need Solomon had of such great multitudes of Labourers as Threescore and ten Thousand Bearers of Burdens, and Fourscore Thousand Hewers of stone in the Mountains, &c. Probably too they were employ’d by Months, and the rest were by turns to till the ground and bring food for the Labourers that the Country Work might proceed.

The Walls of Babylon were most stupendious Works, built with Brick and Cement with Bitumen; the Height of them, according to Herodotus, was Two Hundred Royal Cubits, and the Breadth Fifty; which in our measure (reckoning every Royal Cubit with Herodotus 1 foot 9 inches which is 3 inches above the common cubit measure) makes the Height 375 foot and the Breadth 93 ft. 9 in.

In these Walls were one hundred gates of Brass with Ornaments in Architecture of the same metal. Besides the first Wall, (which was encompassed with a wide and deep Foss always supply’d with water the sides of which were Lin’d with Brick) was an inner Wall built of near the same strength, thÔ not altogether of the same Breadth.

The extent of the City must add to the Surprise which being a Square contained a Front on every Side of one hundred and Twenty Stadia, that is Fifteen of our miles, and makes up in the whole Threescore miles.

Another stupendious Fabrick of I think also Tyrian architecture, was the monument of Porsenna, King of Etruria. This Sepulchre we have describ’d by Pliny, with the particular Dimensions in Feet which I have accordingly Delineated.

First, a Basis of squar’d stone fifty foot high rais’d the Pile above any vulgar contiguous Buildings which being solid only in those Parts that bore weight was so contriv’d within-side as to form a very intricate Labyrinth, into which whoever enter’d without a clew of thread would not be able to find the way out. Upon this Basis stood five Pyramids of 150 foot high; Four in the Angles, and one in the Centre; Bodies call’d Pyramids thÔ it is manifest they must have been so cut off as to have a large space on the Top to carry a Second Story of Four more lofty Pyramids of 100 foot high; and over them a third Order of Five more. Now how these could be borne is worth the consideration of an architect. I conceive it might be thus perform’d securely.

Set half Hemispherical Arches, such as we make the heads of Niches, but lay’d back to back, so that each of these have its Bearing upon three Pyramids of the Lower Order, that is two angular ones and the middle Pyramids; and these cutting one another upon the Diagonals will have a firm bearing for all the Works above.

Pliny mentions a Brass Circle and Cupola, lay’d upon the Five Lower Pyramids, not I suppose to bear anything, but chiefly for Ornament, and to cover the stone work of the Arches upon the strong Spandrells of which if another Platform were rais’d upon that might the upper structure be built and the whole have a stupendious effect, and seemingly very open. Pliny took his Description of this extraordinary Pile from the Measures set down by Varro, a diligent and therefore credible author, who probably might have taken his Dimensions when it was standing before the absolute conquest of Etruria by the Romans; the summary then of this prodigious Edifice (erected to show the Vanity of the Eastern Monarchy could be exceeded by the Italians) may be thus compriz’d.

The Basis of the whole was 300 ft. square, and 50 ft. high; upon which stood Five Pyramids each of 75 ft. square at 150 ft. high; upon which rested the Brazen Circle and Cupola, stil’d by Pliny Petasus, (which I take to be a Brass Covering securing the Arches) from which hung little Bells by Chains, which sounded as they mov’d by the Winds.

The Four Pyramids of the Second Order of 100 ft. high standing upon the Circle or Brim of the Petasus as upon an Entablature, were evidently the Four First Angular Pyramids continu’d to an Apex, or near to a Point, so each will be in all from the Basis 450 ft. high, and rise as high as the Petasus; above which was again a Platform containing the Third Order of Five more Pyramids, of which the four angular Pyramids rested firmly upon the keys of the Diagonal Sections of the half Hemispherical Vaultings, which were called by the Ancients Conchae resembling the heads of Niches joyn’d back to back. This Platform I take to have been round as being the Horizontal Section of the Petasus; and the Bases of the Five Upper Pyramids would be contiguous, and thus would be of the same shape and as high as the same below, as Varro asserts with some suspicion, fearing how they would stand, but I with confidence, the Proportions persuading, which indeed are very fine.

The Heighth to the Breadth of the Basis is 6 to 1. The Heighth of the Pyramids to the Brass Petasus is 2 to 1, but taking in their whole heighth it would have 4 to 1, but allowing the Point of the Pyramid to be taken off (as it ought) and allowing for the Brasen Brim and Bells it will be 250 foot, above which was the Floor that bore the Five upper Pyramids of 4 to 1, so the Heighth is 550 foot as 6 to 11.

I have ventured to put some Ornaments, at ye Top belonging to the Tuscan superstition, (They then us’d not Statues) They are Golden Thunderbolts, so the whole will be 600 foot high, that is double to the Basis and the Heighth to the Brass circle will appear half the Face, or like the FaÇade of a Tuscan Temple, to which the Breadth of the Brim of the Petasus and the Bells supply the Place of an Entablature:

I have been the longer in this Description because the Fabrick was in the Age of Pythagoras and his School, when the World began to be fond of Geometry and Arithmetick.

N.B. In all the Editions of Pliny for Tricenum read TricentinÛm as the sense requires.

At the end of the Discourse on Architecture is an elevation, drawn in pen and sepia, of the tomb of Mausolus, as Sir Christopher supposed from Pliny’s account that it must have been constructed. It is drawn to a scale, with indications of statues, of which he supposed there to have been forty-eight. It is remarkable how closely Sir Christopher’s conjectural elevation tallies with what recent excavations have brought to light.

PREFACE[1] From which the three vignettes in this volume are taken.[2] Warwickshire Worthies, p. 845. Article by C. Wren Hoskyns, Esq., M.P.[3] S. Margaret’s, standing close to Pudding Lane, where the Fire of London began in 1666, was the first church consumed. Its site is now occupied by the Monument, and the parish incorporated with that of S. Magnus the Martyr, London Bridge.[4]

[5] Bishop Andrewes was so well pleased that he ‘sent the moderator (Dr. Meade), the answerer (Mr. M. Wren), the varier, and one of the repliers that were all of his house (i.e. Pembroke), twenty angels apiece.’ Life of Bishop Andrewes, Lib. Anglo-Catholic Theology, p. xxi.

[6] Life of Bishop Andrewes, Lib. Anglo-Catholic Theology, p. xvii.

[7] Cypr. Ang., p. 100. Heylin.

[8] Edmund Waller, born March 3, 1605. He was connected by his marriage with Cromwell, and wrote one of his best poems as a panegyric on the Protector, but was supposed to be a Cavalier at heart and rejoiced at the Restoration; died 1687.

[9] ‘A transcript of a certain narrative written by the late Bishop of Ely (Dr. Matthew Wren) with his own hand, of that remarkable conference, which after his return from Spain with Prince Charles, 1636, he had with Dr. Neile, then Bishop of Durham, Dr. Andrewes, Bishop of Winchester, and Dr. Laud, Bishop of S. David’s, touching the said Prince, whereat something prophetical was then said by that Reverend Bishop of Winchester.’ Printed from a MS. in the Ashmolean Museum. Life of Bishop Andrewes, Lib. Anglo-Catholic Theology, p. lvii.

[10] Life of Bishop Andrewes, Lib. Anglo-Catholic Theology, p. x.

[11] Cypr. Ang., p. 59. Heylin.

[12] Evelyn, who visited Cambridge in 1655, says of Peterhouse, ‘a pretty neate college having a delicate chappell.’

The chapel, especially the west front, of S. Peter’s College, is one of the best specimens of the Renaissance Art at Cambridge.—Hist. of Modern Architecture, p. 275. Fergusson.

[13] Beauties of England and Wales (Cambridgeshire).

[14] Life of Archbishop Juxon, p. 27. Rev. W. H. Marah.

[15] Annals of England, p. 407.

[16] Eccles. Hist., vol. ix. p. 388, ed. 1841, Collier, where the office may be found entire.

[17] Cypr. Ang., introduction, p. 9. Heylin.

[18] ‘On August 29, 1636 (the plague then raging in London), King Charles, the Queen, and the Court arrived at Oxford. The Chancellor (Archbishop Laud), the Vice-Chancellor, and numerous doctors and masters went out to meet the royal retinue. The Chancellor, accompanied by the Lord Treasurer (Bishop Juxon), the Bishop of Winchester (Dr. Curle), the Bishop of Norwich (Dr. M. Wren), and the Bishop of Oxford (Dr. Bancroft), rode in a coach.’ The Court was entertained with very brilliant festivities, and a series of masks and interludes arranged by Inigo Jones.—Oxfordshire Annals, p. 25, by J. M. Davenport.

[19] The state of the diocese is vividly shown in Bishop Corbet’s charge of 1634 (for the repairs of old S. Paul’s Cathedral). ‘Some petitions,’ he says, ‘I have had since my coming to this diocese, for the pulling downe of such an isle [aisle] or for changing lead to thatch, soe far from reparations that our sute is to demolish.... Since Christmas I was sued to and I have it yett under their hands, the hand of the minister and the hand of the whole parish, that I would give way to their adorning their church within and out, to build a stone wall round the churchyard which now had but a hedg. I took it for a flout at first, but it proved a very sute; they durst not without leave mend a fault forty yeares ould.’ The spire of Norwich Cathedral where Bishop Corbet was preaching had fallen in, and during three years but two yards had been rebuilt. See Documents relating to S. Paul’s by Dr. Sparrow Simpson, p. 137. Camden Society.

[20] Vide infra, p. 43.

[21] I am indebted to the kindness of the Rev. R. N. Milford, rector of East Knoyle, for this account. See Sir R. C. Hoare’s History of Wiltshire. The inscriptions on the columns have been destroyed.

[22] So guide and govern as to profit souls. Love, Pray. One thing needful. Ask fit things from God.

[23]

Into whatsoever house ye enter, first say
Peace be to this house.
To so solemn a precept, by a seasonable vow,
I, entering, have set my name.
C. W. Rector.
July 28. In the said year, i.e. MDCXVVIII.

[24] ‘To Thee, and to Thy service for ever, I offer a portion of Thy bounty, O Lord God Almighty.’

[25] Christian Van Vianen was an embosser and chaser of plate, much esteemed by Charles I. The gilt plate above mentioned was wrought at the rate of 12s. per oz.—Anecdotes of Painting, Walpole, vol. ii. p. 323.

[26] William Lenthall (born at Henley-on-Thames 1591), Speaker of the House of Commons 1640–1653 and 1660, lived chiefly at Lachford Manor in Great Haseley parish, which had been in his family since the reign of Edward IV. The property was sold by his eldest son. It may have been owing to the influence of the Speaker that Dean Wren escaped imprisonment during the Rebellion.

[27] Wood, Fasti Oxon., p. 139.

[28] ‘Revered Father,—There is a common saying among the ancients which I remember to have had from your mouth; there is no equivalent that can be given back to parents. For their cares and perpetual labours concerning their children are indeed the evidence of immeasurable love. Now these precepts so often repeated, which have impelled my soul towards all that is highest in man, and to virtue, have superseded in me all other affections. What in me lies I will perform, as much as I am able, lest these gifts should have been bestowed on an ungrateful soul. May the good God Almighty be with me in my undertakings and make good to thee all thou most desirest in the tenderness of thy fatherly love. Thus prays thy son, most devoted to thee in all obedience,

‘Christopher Wren.’

‘Script. hoc, A^o Ætatis suae, Decimo. Ab Octobris 20^o elapso’ is the note in different hand of Dean Wren, who may very probably have felt that in the fast-rising storm all this fair promise might be swept away.

[29] Heylin, Cypr. Ang., p. 309.

[30] Desiderata Curiosa, p. 336. Peck. It will be borne in mind that the Office for the Baptism of such as are of Riper Years was only added to the Prayer Book at the last revision in 1662. Mr. John Bois was made a Prebendary of Ely by Bishop Andrewes, and was one of the translators of the Bible (1604–1611); he was on the Cambridge Committee, and assisted in the translation of the Apocrypha.—Key to the Holy Bible, p. 28. Rev. J. H. Blunt.

[31] Diary, October 30, 1640.

[32] Vide supra, p. 17.

[33] R. Neile, successively Bishop of Rochester, Lichfield, Lincoln, Durham and Winchester, and Archbishop of York, died 1640. Godwin speaks strongly of his loyalty to Church and King, and the hatred borne to him by the Puritans.—Praesul. Ang.

[34] ‘The Commons not being able to come at their intended alterations in the Church while the Bench of Bishops remained entire in the House of Peers, formed several schemes to divide them.’—Hist. of the Puritans, vol. ii. p. 388. Neale.

[35] ‘We, poor souls,’ says Joseph Hall, Bishop of Norwich, in his Hard Measure, ‘who little thought we had done anything that might deserve a chiding, are now called to our knees at the bar, and charged severally with high treason, being not a little astonished at the suddenness of this crimination compared with the perfect innocency of our own intentions, which were only to bring us to our due places in Parliament with safety and speed, without the least purpose of any man’s offence; but now traitors we are in all the haste, and must be dealt with accordingly. For on December 30, in all the extremity of frost at eight o’clock on the dark evening, are we voted to the Tower; only two of our number had the favour of the Black Rod, by reason of their age, which though desired by a noble lord on my behalf would not be granted; wherein I acknowledge and bless the gracious Providence of my God, for had I been gratified I had been undone both in body and purse; the rooms being strait, and the expense beyond the reach of my estate.’—Annals of England, p. 420.

[36] Biographical History of England, vol. ii. p. 157. Grainger.

[37] Vide Life of Barnevelde, vol. i. p. 408. Motley.

[38] P. 26.

[39] ‘Certainly,’ says Nalson, ‘notwithstanding this black accusation (he is speaking of the ‘fifty painful ministers’), there cannot be a greater demonstration of the innocence of this worthy prelate than the very articles; and that this accusation wanted proof to carry it further than a bare accusation, and a commitment to the Tower, where, with the courage and patience of a primitive Christian, he continued prisoner till the year 1660.’—History of the Puritans, vol. ii. p. 223. Grey, Examination of Neale’s.

[40] It is curious that nearly as violent an attack was made a hundred years later upon Bishop Butler (the author of the Analogy), because, when Bishop of Bristol, he put up a plain, inlaid, black marble cross in the Chapel of the Palace there. He died 1752.

[41] The Rubric before the Prayer of Consecration in the Prayer Book of 1559–1604, was simply:—

‘Then the Priest, standing up, shall say as followeth.’

The first rubric of position at the beginning of the service had placed him ‘at the north side of the Table.’ For a full and very interesting defence of Bishop Wren, see Worship in the Church of England, Right Honourable A. B. B. Hope, and, Dean Howson ‘Before the Table,’ by the same author, in the Church Quarterly Review, January, 1876.

[42] South’s Sermons, vol. v. p. 45, ed. 1727.

[43] Life of Dr. Barwick, p. 267, ed. 1724.

[44] See Appendix I.

[45] Dr. Wilkins published a book (A Discovery of a New World), concerning the art of flying, in which he said he did not question but in the next age it will be as usual to hear a man call for his wings when he is going a journey, as it is now to call for his boots. The Duchess of Newcastle objecting to Dr. Wilkins the want of baiting places on the way to his New World, he expressed his surprise that the objection should be made by a lady who had all her life been employed in building castles in the air. (The Guardian, No. 112. Addison.) This scheme does not seem to have reached the length of an experiment!

[46] A most zealous Royalist; King Charles called him ‘my plain-dealing chaplain,’ because Dr. Hudson told him the truth when others would not. He was murdered at Woodcroft House, Northamptonshire, 1648. Desiderata Curiosa, p. 378. Peck.

[47] Annals of England, p. 432.

[48] i.e. the art of dial-making.

[49] Lives of the Gresham Professors. Ward, p. 96.

[50] Memorials of the See of Chichester, p. 290.

[51] ‘December 8, 1646. The pious soul of my wife Eliza flew up to Christ at half-past five in the morning.’

[52] Life of Dr. Barwick, ed. 1724, p. 122.

[53] Grey’s Examination of Neale’s History of the Puritans, vol. iii. p. 333.

[54] It is really 24,899 miles.

[55] The box is, I believe, in Peterhouse Library to this day, but a portion of the Commentary was published as a treatise against the Socinians by the Bishop’s son Matthew, under the title of Increpatio Bar Jesu, sive polemicae adsectiones locorum aliquot S. Scripturae ab imposturis perversis in Catechesis Racoviana collectae.

[56] Petty’s history is a curious one. The son of a clothier of Rumsey; he educated himself; was some years in the navy; became Gresham professor of music; then a physician of some fame; was also Henry Cromwell’s secretary; was a commissioner for Ireland, and married Sir Hardress Waller’s daughter. Soon after the Restoration he was knighted by Charles II. Petty invented a ‘double-bottomed ship to sail against wind and tide; it was flat-bottomed, had two distinct keels cramped together with huge timbers, so as a violent stream run between: it bore a monstrous broad sail.’ It excited much interest at the time, made one very successful voyage, and was afterwards wrecked in a frightful storm. Its model is still preserved at the Royal Society, of which he became a member. He died in 1687. Lives of the Gresham Professors, p. 217. Ward. See also Evelyn’s Diary of March 22, 1675, for an interesting account of Petty’s career.

[57] Seth Ward, born 1617. Was Savilian Professor of Astronomy at Oxford and an active member of the Royal Society. Afterwards Bishop of Exeter and then of Salisbury; died 1689.

[58] Life of Sir C. Wren, by J. Elmes, p. 12. The full title of the play was ‘????t?f?a??a ????t??a?a,’ a pleasant comedy intituled Hey for Honesty, &c., augmented and published by F. J. A copy, published in 1651, and containing a MS. note saying that Wren took the part of ‘Neanias Adolescens,’ was in the possession of Isaac Reed, a commentator on Shakespeare and a great book collector, who died in 1807. His epitaph (given in Notes and Queries, series v., xiii. p. 304) was as follows:—

T. Randolph was a friend and pupil of Ben Jonson’s; he published The Muses’ Looking Glass, which satirised the Puritans; died 1634.

[59] Miscellanies, ed. 1696.

[60] Diary, July 13, 1654.

[61] PrÆsul. Ang., p. 779. Godwin.

[62] Hist. of Royal Society. Bishop Sprat, ed. 1722, p. 53.

[63] ‘Dr. Christopher Wren, Deane of Windsor, was buried June 3, 1656,‘ is the entry in the register; there does not appear to be any monument or brass to his memory. The Parentalia and Elmes’s Life give 1658, but the dates are frequently inaccurate in both books.

[64] Evelyn’s Diary, March 31, 1658. ‘That holy martyr Dr. Hewer condemned to die, without law, jury or justice by a mock council of State as they called it. A dangerous, treacherous time. June 8, ib. That excellent preacher and holy man Dr. Hewer was martyred for having intelligence of his Majesty, through the Lord Marquess of Ormond. He was beheaded on Tower Hill. The name was spelt Hewer, Hewet, and Hewett.

[65] Pascal is said to have written his treatise on the cycloid from a religious motive. It was a common opinion in France that the study of natural sciences, especially of mathematics, led to infidelity. Accordingly Pascal, writing for geometricians and mathematicians, wished to show, by the solution, vainly sought before, of this problem, that the same man who wrote the Lettres À un Provincial could also instruct them in abstract science, and he published his treatise in the intervals of writing the PensÉes. See Vie de Pascal, par sa soeur Mad. Perier, PensÉes de Pascal, p. 13, ed. 1839.

[66] Hist. of England, vol. vii. ch. lxi. p. 292.

[67] Gresham Professor of Divinity, confirmed in his post by Cromwell.

[68] Thomas Sprat, D.D., Dean of Westminster, and afterwards Bishop of Rochester; was an active member of the Royal Society, and was educated at Wadham College with Sir C. Wren, whose intimate friend he was: born 1636; died 1713.

[69] Life of Dr. Barwick, p. 201.

[70] Afterwards Lord Clarendon.

[71] Life of Dr. Barwick, p. 424.

[72] Probably Bishop Juxon, more than once alluded to under this name in these letters.

[73] Life of Dr. Barwick, p. 437.

[74] Life of Dr. Barwick, p. 449.

[75] Life of Dr. Barwick, p. 496.

[76] Diary, May 29, 1660.

[77] Diary, vol. i. p. 112, ed. 1828.

[78] Ib., p. 114.

[79] Diary.

[80] Repertorium, vol. ii. p. 273. Newcourt.

[81] In that year the last Lord Hatton died; the bishops resigned Ely House to the Crown, and received No. 37 Dover Street in exchange. The chapel, after years of neglect, has also been suffered to pass out of the hands of the Church into those of the Romanists. See Walks in London by A. C. Hare, vol. ii. pp. 196–201.

[82] Fragmentary Illustrations of the History of the Book of Common Prayer, edited by the Bishop of Chester, p. 47, et seq.

[83] Bishop Kennet says, ‘One particular will appear’ (from Bishop Wren’s Register), ‘that there were but few of the parochial clergy deprived in this diocese (Ely) in 1662, for not submitting to the Act of Uniformity, though more of the old legal incumbents had been sequestered about 1644 than in proportion within any other diocese.’—Grey’s Examination of Neale’s History of the Puritans, vol. iv. p. 328. From the same authority it appears that most of the clerks deprived in 1662 had other callings, e.g. cobbling, gloving, skinning, bookselling, husbandry, and to these they generally returned.

Some of his clergy had come to him in the Tower for institution, in the early part of his imprisonment, and that many were faithful to him is evident from the fact they were expelled their livings for ‘following Bishop Wren’s fancies,’ no other crimes being pretended against them.—Annals of England, p. 392.

[84] See an interesting article, The Church of England in the Eighteenth Century, in the Church Quarterly Review, July, 1877, p. 321, et seq. It is not however quite accurate to say ‘none were ordained,’ for Bishop Duppa held secretly ‘frequent ordinations of young loyal church scholars,’ among whom was Tenison, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury.—History of the Book of Common Prayer, Lathbury, p. 296.

[85] Dr. Bruno Ryves, Dean of Chichester in 1642, was in the city during Sir William Waller’s siege, and left a description of the sack of the cathedral and robbery of its plate by the commander and his troops. Dean Ryves was fined 120l. and deprived.—Memorials of the See of Chichester, p. 286.

[86] Abraham Cowley, born 1618; educated at Westminster; was the intimate friend of Lord Falkland and of the poet Crashaw. Cowley followed Henrietta Maria to Paris, remaining steadily loyal. He died 1667.

[87] History of the Royal Society (by C. R. Weld), p. 96. Galileo is said to have first discovered the use of the pendulum as a measure of time, while watching the oscillations of the bronze lamp in the cathedral at Pisa. A pendulum clock was long reckoned a ‘rarity.’ Bishop Seth Ward presented one, made by Fromantel, to the Society in 1662, in memory of his friend Mr. Laurence Rooke, late Astronomy Professor at Gresham College.

[88] Founded 1619 by Sir Henry Savile. He required that the Professor should explain the Ptolemaic and Copernican and other modern astronomical systems, should teach and read on Optics, Dialling, Geography and Navigation. He was to be of any nation in Christendom, provided he was of good reputation, had a fair knowledge of Greek, and was twenty-six years of age. If an Englishman he must have taken his M.A. degree. The choice of a professor was to lie with the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Lord Chancellor, the Chancellor of the University, the Bishop of London, the principal Secretary of State, Chief Justices, the Lord Chief Baron, and Dean of Arches. Oxford, vol. ii. p. 188. Ayliffe.

[89] He married Inigo Jones’s daughter.

[90] Lives of the Gresham Professors, Ward, p. 97.

[92] Isaac Barrow, born 1630. He was so little studious as a boy, and so fond of fighting, that his father used often solemnly to wish that if it should please God to take one of his children it might be his son Isaac. When, however, in 1677, he did really die, the Lord Keeper (Lord Nottingham) sent his father a message of condolence, importing that ‘he had but too great reason to grieve, since never father lost so good a son.’ Dr. Isaac Barrow, Bishop of Man, 1663, and S. Asaph, 1669, was his uncle. Life of Dr. Barrow, vol. i. p. ix., ed. 1830. Among his poems is the following, which seems to be incomplete:—

AD. DD. CHR. WREN.

[92] Samuel Butler, born 1612, died, it is said, in great poverty, and was buried in S. Paul’s, Covent Garden, 1680.

[93] Wren’s lunar globe will be remembered. Vide supra, p. 125.

The satire made some sensation and caused La Fontaine to write Un Animal dans la Lune, in which, courtier like, he pays a compliment to Charles II., and hints at the happiness of England at peace and able to give herself ‘À ces emplois,’ while France was at war with Holland, Spain, and the Empire.

[94] Dr. Richard Bayley, President of S. John’s College.

[95] Bishop Andrewes bequeathed 332l. to the library of Pembroke College.

[96] Some alterations have recently been made at Pembroke, in which, under the late Sir G. Scott’s orders, the chapel has been lengthened by about 20 feet, the stucco of the exterior stripped, and the red brick pointed.

[97] For an account of the great rarity of stone roofs see Fergusson’s Illustrated Handbook of Architecture, vol. ii. p. 879. It is said that Wren used often to look at the beautiful roof of King’s College Chapel, Cambridge, and say he would build such another if anyone would tell him where to put the first stone.

[98] ‘Among the sacred ruins of S. Paul’s Church laid down his own (sure that both will rise again).’ Sancroft, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, succeeded him.

[99] Oxford, vol. i. p. 473. Ayliffe.

[100] Diary, vol. ii. p. 273, et seq., ed. 1828.

[101] Dr. Ralph Bathurst, born 1620, educated at Coventry and Oxford. Was ordained, but during the rebellion maintained himself by the practice of medicine. He was a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1688 its president. He was president of Trinity from 1644 till his death in 1704. He was Dean of Wells, and was offered the bishopric, but refused it as taking him from his college and hindering the improvements he was making there. Evelyn speaks highly of his preaching and his admirable parts and learning.’

[102] Wren refers to the University of Paris, which was divided into four faculties—arts (letters and science), theology, civil and canon law, and medicine. The faculty of arts was divided into four nations. That of France divided again into five provinces or tribes, that of Picardy divided in the same way, that of Normandy, and that of Germany which was divided into two tribes, that of the continents (divided into two provinces), and that of the islanders, which included Great Britain and Ireland.—Dictionnaire Historique de la France, par L. Lalanne.

[103] Gio. Bernini was born at Naples 1598 and was a great sculptor as well as architect. He made a bust of Charles I. of England after a picture by Vandyke. When the bust was carried to the king’s house at Chelsea his Majesty with a train of nobles went to view it, and as they were viewing it a hawk flew over their heads with a partridge in his claw which he had wounded to death. Some of the partridge’s blood fell on the neck of the bust, where it always remained without being wiped off. This bust, with the picture from which it was taken, is thought to have perished in the fire at Whitehall, 1697.—Biographical History, vol. ii. p. 88. Grainger.

Bernini was splendidly received at Paris and employed in several works of sculpture, among which was a bust of Louis XIV., probably the one to which Wren refers. His design for the Louvre was accepted, and he had just begun to work it out at the time Wren wrote, but Colbert and the two Perraults stirred up so many difficulties that Bernini abandoned the task, and the Louvre was left in the hands of Claude Perrault. Bernini returned to Rome and died there in 1680.

[104] i.e. Mosaic.

[105] Wood. AthenÆ Oxoniensis, vol. i. p. 735. He used certain peculiarities in the Act of Consecration which have been repeated at the consecration of the addition to the chapel, March 25, 1881.

[106] Diary, September, 1666.

[107] Evelyn’s Diary, September, 1666.

[108] That of Robert de Braybrook (Bishop of London 1382 and 1405). The tomb of Donne (Dean of S. Paul’s 1621–1631) was not entirely destroyed.

[109] The bricks, which were temporarily used in the building of S. Paul’s, were of so good a quality that Richard Jennings, Wren’s master carpenter, bought and transported them by water to Henley-on-Thames (his native town), and with them built a house a mile from Henley, which, bearing the name of ‘Badgemore,’ is still to be seen. The bricks of which it is built are often admired.

[110] Desiderata Curiosa, p. 545. Peck.

[111] Pepys’ Diary, vol. v. p. 326.

[112] ‘Lex Ignea, or the School of Righteousness.’—Life of Sancroft, vol. ii. p. 355. Doyley.

[113] Life of Sancroft, vol. i. p. 141. Doyley.

[114] i.e. by word of mouth.

[115] Probably a misprint for ‘Argo-navis,’ referring to the frequent repairs of the Argo.

[116] In 1672 a bridge, with a beautiful arch resembling those that cross the canals at Venice, was built over ‘the Ditch,’ opposite Bridewell Hospital. One or two other bridges were built, and the stream made navigable, but apparently not ‘cleansed,’ which in time rendered it a nuisance. The bridges were taken down and the stream reduced to a drain in 1765.—Ann. Reg., 1765, p. 136.

[117] Diary, vol. iv. p. 8.

[118] The Coghills of Glen Barrahane, county Cork, are descended from the elder branch of this family. Captain Coghill, who died with Lieutenant Melville, having carried off the colours from the battle of Isandula, January 1879, was the eldest son of the present head of the family.

[119] Never before printed.

[120] Pepys’ Diary, vol iv. p. 241.

[121] This building was destroyed by fire 1838, and rebuilt from designs by Mr. Tite 1844.

[122] Spectator, vol. i. No. 69.

[123] They were the best work of John Bushnell, an eccentric and half-crazy sculptor, who died in 1701.

[124] ‘Soe Hoe’ became a favourite residence. In November 1689, Evelyn came up ‘with his family to winter at Soho in the Great Square.’ Some handsome houses are still standing.

[125] Diary, Jan. 31, 1667–8.

[126] Restoration of the Church of St. Sepulchre, London. A. Billing.

[127] It is said that in the children’s game of ‘Oranges and Lemons, say the bells of S. Clement’s, &c.’ the best peals of bells in London are enumerated. I do not know the date of the game.

[128] Repertorium, vol. i. p. 437–440. Newcourt.

[129] Hist. of Modern Architecture. Fergusson, pp. 306–307.

[130] Hist. of the Honourable Artillery Company. Captain Raikes, vol. i. p. 194.

[131] To this church and parish belongs the honourable distinction of having successfully resisted the encroachments of the railway company which recently attempted to desecrate the church. ‘The City Church and Churchyard Protection Society’—alas! that any such society should be needed—which fought this battle, must have the best wishes of any biographer of Christopher Wren.

[132] The interior has been lately altered.

[133] History of Modern Architecture. Fergusson, p. 307.

[134] Antonio Canova, born 1757, died 1822. He had come to England to see the Elgin Marbles.

[135] History of the Royal Society, p. 237. Weld. The anecdote is taken from an article in an old Gentleman’s Magazine, written professedly by one who knew Sir I. Newton.

[136] Destroyed 1876.

[137] Hubert Le Soeur was a pupil of John of Bologna; he came to England in 1630. The statue of Lord Pembroke at Oxford, and that of King Charles, which has Le Soeur’s name on the horse’s hoof, are all that now remain of his works.

[138] On the statue of King Charles I. at Charing Cross in the year 1674. E. Waller.

[139] The model was long preserved in what was called the Trophy Room of S. Paul’s. ‘It unfortunately has suffered much from neglect, decay, and the uncontrolled mischief of visitors; that which was one of its noblest features, its long stately western portico, has entirely disappeared. The model was lent to and still remains in the Architectural Exhibition at South Kensington, on condition of repairing some of its reparable parts (a condition but imperfectly fulfilled).’—Annals of S. Paul’s Cathedral, Dean Milman, p. 40.

[140] An engraving giving a section of this very curious design is to be found at page 97 of Mr. Longman’s exhaustive and interesting Three Cathedrals dedicated to S. Paul’s in London.

[141] The fourth portion of the tax on coal granted for the public buildings of the City was given for the rebuilding of S. Paul’s.

[142] Thomas was the son of Mr. Valentine Strong, a well-known master-mason of Hertfordshire; his six sons were all engaged in the same trade as himself. Life of Sir C. Wren, p. 316. Elmes.

[143] Sir C. Wren gave the mallet and trowel used on this occasion to the Freemasons’ lodge of which he was master, then called after his name, now the ‘Lodge of Antiquity, No. 21.’

[144] J. Woodward, the founder of the Cambridge Geological Professorship, was born 1665, published a series of curious geological speculations under the name of A Natural History of the Earth. In 1707 he published An Account of Roman Urns and Antiquities lately dug up near Bishopsgate, addressed to Sir C. Wren, whom, as I have said, he did not convince. Woodward was a Fellow of the Royal Society and the College of Physicians. He died 1728.

[145] Francis Atterbury, born 1662, made Dean of Westminster and Bishop of Rochester 1715; was a strong Jacobite, and was banished in 1723: died 1732.

[146] A stone altar was however found during some excavations in Foster Lane in 1830, at no great distance from the Cathedral, with an image of Diana about which there can be no misapprehension, as it closely resembles the Diana of the Louvre.—Annals of S. Paul’s, p. 7.

[147] Jack Cade’s instruction to his followers on reaching London was ‘Up Fish Street, down S. Magnus corner. Kill and knock down, throw them into the Thames.’ Henry VI., part ii. act iv. scene 8.

[148] The following interesting anecdote was related to one of the Honorary Secretaries (Mr. Wright) by a member of the Society (Mr. Fytche):—‘Walking one fine summer morning in June 1872 down to the Mansion House, on reaching the Poultry I was surprised to see a man on the top of the tower of S. Mildred’s Church hammering away at the stones with a crowbar; so, finding the door open, I went up the stairs of the tower and said to my friend of the crowbar, “Why, you are pulling the church down!” “Ay,” says he, “it’s all to be down and carted away by the end of July.” “I suppose it’s going to be rebuilt elsewhere!” “Built anywhere? No; my master has bought it.” “Who is your master?” “Don’t you know him? Mr. So-and-So, the great contractor.” “What’s he going to do with it?” “Do with it? Why, he’s twenty carts and forty horses to lead it away to his stoneyard, and he’s going to grind it up to make Portland cement!” So I asked him of the crowbar to show me round the church. “Would your master sell the stones instead of grinding ’em up?” I asked. “Sell ’em? Yes, he’ll sell his soul for money!” So I made an appointment for his master to come up to the Langham Hotel next morning, and we agreed about the purchase—he to deliver the stones at a wharf on the Thames, and they were brought down in barges and landed at the head of a canal on the east coast of Lincolnshire, and are now lying in a green field near my house, called S. Katherine’s Garth, from an old Priory of S. Katherine, which formerly stood there, and which I hope some day to rebuild as my domestic chapel.’—Report of the City Church and Churchyard Protection Society, 1880.

[149] Vide supra, p. 186–7.

[150] Evelyn’s Diary, May 28, 1682.

[151] Nicholas Hawksmoor, born the year of the fire, became Wren’s pupil in 1683 and helped him in many of his works. Hawksmoor built several churches under Queen Anne’s Act; they are original, but heavy, and not always in good taste. He died 1736.

[152] Caius Cibber, born 1630. The statues of Melancholy and Madness at Bedlam were his greatest works: died about 1700.

[153] He did much of the work of S. Clement Danes under Wren’s directions, and made a bust of Sir Christopher, now at All Souls: died 1698.

[154] Moral Essays, Ep. iii.

[155] Of Medals, p. 162, ed. 1697. Evelyn.

[156] For an interesting account of these see The Tower of London, by Lord de Ros, p. 417.

[157] It was founded in 1584 by Sir Walter Mildmay, a great supporter of the Puritans.

In Bishop Corbet’s poem, The Distracted Puritan, the hero says:—

Evelyn, who visited it in September 1655, says: ‘That zealous house ... the Chapel (it was but a room) is reformed ab origine, built N. and S. as is the Librarie.’

[158] Vide infra, p. 331–3.

[159] Evelyn’s Diary, September 17, 1657, and July 23, 1678.

[160] His son Thomas was created Earl of Pomfret by George I., 1721; the title is extinct.

[161] He appeared for the seven bishops on their trial, greatly angering King James thereby. He voted for William and Mary, and was by them created Earl of Bradford, 1694.

[162] Repertorium, vol. i. p. 276. Newcourt.

[163] Born 1437. Assisted Tindal in translating and printing the Bible. Died 1568.

[164] New View of London, vol. i. p. 14. E. Hatton.

[165] The steeple has been slightly lowered by Sir W. Staines in recent years: it was 234 feet high. When this was done, it was discovered that an old hawk had inhabited the two upper circles, the open arcades of which were filled with masses of bird’s bones, chiefly those of the city pigeons upon which he had preyed.

[166] There is a quantity of stone quarried for S. Paul’s still lying at the back of the island, ready for transportation.

[167] Anecdotes of Distinguished Persons, vol. ii. p. 310. Seward. It is supposed to have been part of the gravestone of Dr. John King, Bishop of London, 1611–21, called by King James ‘the King of preachers.’ ‘He was a most solid and profound divine of great gravity and piety, and a most excellent volubility of speech.’—Repertorium, vol. i. p. 29. Newcourt. Bishop King preached at S. Paul’s Cross before King James I. and all his Court when James the First began the restoration of the Cathedral under Inigo Jones. A quaint print of this scene still exists.—Three Cathedrals of S. Paul, p. 20. Longman.

[168] Fast. Oxon., vol. i. p. 139. Wood.

[169] Vide supra, pp. 77, 78.

[170] Biographical History of England, vol. iii. p. 327. Noble.

[171] Lives of the Gresham Professors, p. 104. Ward. The church has been lately cleansed, but the disfiguring pews most unfortunately still encumber the area.

[172] Thomas Tenison, Bishop of Lincoln and Archbishop of Canterbury; his endowments were munificent: died 1715.

[173] Diary, February 15, 1684. The very valuable library which Dr. Tenison founded was, alas! sold by Act of Parliament, 1861, and the proceeds ordered to be applied to middle-class education, which was hardly what the donor intended.

[174] Denys Papin, born at Blois, was an M.D. of Paris; came to England, and in 1680 was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He died in 1710.

[175] Diary, April 12, 1684.

[176] The New Digester, or Engine for the Softening of Bones, 4to. A modification of Papin’s ‘digester kettle’ still exists, and goes by his name, though used far less than it deserves.

[177] Born in Paris, 1643. The son of a Protestant jeweller, he went to Persia in search of diamonds, amassing a considerable fortune. He married in England in 1681, and died there in 1735. He was buried at Chiswick, but his monument is in Westminster Abbey. ‘Sir John Chardin. Nomen sibi fecit eundo.’—Life of Sir C. Wren, p. 419. Elmes.

[178] Diary, August 30, 1680.

[179] The friendship and connection with Sir Christopher is curious, for in 1857 Mr. Chandos Wren Hoskyns married Theodosia Anne Martha Wren, only surviving child of Christopher Roberts Wren, of Wroxall Abbey in Warwickshire, who was himself the great-great-grandson of Sir C. Wren, Mr. Chandos Hoskyns being the direct descendant of Sir J. Hoskyns mentioned above. To their only child, now the wife of the Rev. C. F. C. Pigott, Rector of Edgmond, Salop, and Prebendary of Lichfield, I am indebted for the use of many valuable family papers.

[180] Biog. Hist., vol. iii. p. 371, vol. iv. p. 314. Grainger.

[181] James Gibbs, a Scotch architect who built S. Mary-le-Strand, S. Martin’s-in-the-Fields, &c.; born 1674, died 1754.

[182] Life of Bishop Ken, by a layman, ed. 1854, p. 186.

[183] He wrote Primitive Christianity, Lives of the Fathers, &c.; was a Canon of Windsor, where he died in 1713.

[184] Vide infra, p. 310

[185] Newcourt says, ‘A lofty spire was at first built, but the tower not proving strong enough, it was taken down, and another sort of spire built.’ It is said to be by Willcox, a carpenter.

[186] Diary, December 7, 1684.

[187] It was private property and never consecrated, and has within the last few years been pulled down and the site used as a shop.

[188] Repertorium, p. 367. Newcourt. Now used by the Welsh congregation.

[189] Diary, January 9, 1684.

[190] Memorials of the See of Chichester, p. 306.

[191] The title of Newton’s book is PhilosophiÆ Naturalis Principia Mathematica. The MS. is in the possession of the Royal Society.

[192] Matthew Griffiths, the favourite and the pupil of Dean Donne, held this living through the Rebellion, and being a hearty Episcopalian was sequestered, plundered, and twice imprisoned; he returned to London and read the Prayers of the Church in the obscure church of S. Nicholas Olave’s,[193] hard by his own church, to the poor Cavaliers; for this he suffered seven violent assaults and five imprisonments; the last for preaching before General Monk a strong Royalist sermon before Monk had declared himself. Mr. Griffiths was speedily released and restored to his benefice.

[193] S. Nicholas Olave was burnt to the ground and the parish incorporated with that of S. Nicholas Coleabbey.—Newcourt’s Rep., p. 305.

[194] It would seem from the S. Gregory’s vestry books that Sir C. Wren put up at the request of the parishioners ‘a wooden tabernacle’ for the use of both parishes. It was set up in S. Paul’s Churchyard, and taken down after a time as interfering with the building of the Cathedral.

[195] Repertorium, p. 475. Newcourt.

[196] Walks in London. A. Hare, vol. i. p. 331.

[197] For this anecdote (taken from MS. in the British Museum) I am indebted to a number of the British Workman for 1877. It is, I think, the foundation of Mr. J. Saunders’ graceful story of Jasper Deane.

[198] Probably the father of the great writer.

[199] The name is often supposed to originate in the patten-makers who are said to have lived near, but its origin is more probably ‘S. Margaret with the Paten.’

[200] ‘Not,’ says Evelyn (Diary, May 18, 1688), ‘that they were averse to the publisheing of it for want of due tendernesse towards Dissenters ... but that the Declaration being founded on such a dispensing power as might at pleasure set aside all laws ecclesiastical, it appeared to them illegal and ... a point of such consequence that they could not so far make themselves parties to it as the reading of it in church during the time of Divine Service would have done.’ They were sent to the Tower June 8, for refusing to give bail for their appearance. They refused on the ground that to do so would have prejudiced their peerage. The bishops were Francis Turner of Ely, William Lloyd of S. Asaph, Thomas Ken of Bath and Wells, John Lake of Chichester, Sir Jonathan Trelawney of Bristol, Thomas White of Peterborough, and William Sancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury.

[201] The mechanical part is done by the women convicts of Woking Gaol.

[202] New View of London, vol. ii. p. 423.

[203] Canto i. Samuel Garth, a physician of some fame, who provided for Dryden’s funeral in Westminster Abbey. Died 1718.

[204] Newgate.

[205] See Appendix ii.

[206] R. I. B. A. Sessional Papers, 1876–7, p. 162.

[207] Horace Walpole says that Wren’s descendant assured him that Sir C. Wren had prepared a far better design for Hampton Court which Queen Mary preferred, but it was overruled by William III. This may only mean the cloisters, as Walpole is not accurate.—Anec., vol. iii.

[208] This plan was adopted. Dr. Bathurst died in May 1704 at the age of 86.

[209] So called from being in the street where formerly was a strong tower where several kings, and Queen Philippa, Edward the Third’s wife, lodged, also called the Queen’s Wardrobe, as the building near S. Andrew’s was the King’s Wardrobe.—New View, vol. ii. p. 427.

[210] ‘The said Sir R. Whittington, as he was three times Lord Mayor, was as often buried in this church; first, by his executors under a fine monument; second, by the avaricious parson for the riches he hoped to find; and a third time by his friends, to interr him in lead under his monument as at first.’—New View, p. 428.

[211] ‘S. Vedast was Bishop of Arras, A.D. 484, a man of great holiness and charity. Once he met with a cruel bear prowling in the ruins of an old Christian church; at his command the bear departed into the wilderness and never returned there again. S. Vedast is usually pictured with a bear.’—Repertorium, Newcourt, vol. i. p. 563.

[212] Fourteen churches (eleven of which were built by Wren) have been destroyed since 1781; during which time the increase of the City population has been by hundreds of thousands. The only attempt at an apology for this destruction has been based on the fact that on Sundays the City is empty. On so poor a plea as this the churches have been closely shut throughout the other days of the week, their incumbents have lived far away, leaving their parishioners uncared for; and then, when a grudgingly given Sunday service has been poorly attended, have hastened first to close and then to help in destroying the buildings which reproached them; and have called it ‘thinning the City churches.’—See on this subject, Sessional Papers, 1876–7, R. I. B. A.

[213] Three Cathedrals, Longman, p. 151.

[214] Documents illustrating the History of S. Paul’s, p. 165–72.

[215] Given in Documents illustrating the History of S. Paul’s, p. 157.

[216] History of England, vol. iv. p. 44–51. Sherlock was born 1641, died 1707.

[217] The year is not given in the MS. original, but it must be 1698.

[218] William, Earl of Portland, whose embassy was of extraordinary splendour. Of intrigues there must have been plenty, for at the very moment that Louis XIV. was for the first time recognising the Prince of Orange as King of England, King James II. was residing at S. Germains, surrounded by his own Court.

[219] Evelyn’s Diary, June, no date of day.

[220] Evelyn’s Diary, Jan. 30, 1698.

[221] Documents illustrating, etc., p. 158.

[222] Three Cathedrals, Longman, p. 86–88.

[223] Environs of London, vol. iv. p. 450. Lysons.

[224] In the possession of H.M. the Queen.

[225] I can find no proof of this, and it is not mentioned in any list of his buildings that I have seen.

[226] Dr. Holder died 1694.

[227] Francis Bird, born in London 1667. His masterpiece was the monument to Dr. Busby. He died in London 1731. A stonecutter of the same name at Oxford is mentioned by Plot in connection with an invention for staining marbles and cutting them like a cameo, who I am inclined to think was a relation.

[228] Evelyn’s Diary, September 7, 1704.

[229] Hitherto unpublished.

[230] G. F. Gronovius, 1613–1672. He was the author of many works, chiefly annotations of the classics, and succeeded Heinsius in the Greek chair at Leyden.

[231] Barcelona was taken by Lord Peterborough and Sir Cloudesley Shovel, October 4, 1705, in the war of the Spanish Succession.

[232] The eldest son of the Earl of Portland, afterwards created Duke of Portland.

[233] A portrait of this lady in full profile, with a pale face and black hair, painted somewhat in the style of Sir Peter Lely, is in the possession of Mrs. Pigott.

[234] This lease was renewed to his eldest son in 1737 for 28½ years, running on from 1758.

[235] Now in the possession of Mrs. Pigott.

[236] Annals of S. Paul’s, p. 432.

[237] It must be to this that Wren refers in his letter to his son, p. 282.

[238] Documents illustrating, &c., p. 62.

[239] The Dean and Chapter of S. Paul’s removed the fence in 1874, and substituted the present open, low one, thus removing a blemish from the exterior of the Cathedral.

[240] The Royal Society occupied this house, till 1847, when it was pulled down to make room for the new Record Office.—Hist. R. S., p. 399. Weld.

[241] The Tatler, No. 52, 1709. Both the paper and its note contain eloquent tributes to Wren. It is remarkable that Steele wrote this at the very time Wren’s salary was first ‘suspended.’

[242] ‘Now Fortune commands me to apply myself more closely to Philosophy.’

[243] ‘Then another king arose which knew not Joseph.’—Acts vii. 18. ‘And Gallio cared for none of these things.’—Acts xviii. 17.

[244] Now spelt Wroxall. This property remained in the hands of Sir Christopher’s direct lineal descendants (five Christophers held it in succession) until 1861. Wren’s son and heir died in 1747, and is buried in Wroxhall Abbey; his son Christopher displeasing him, he left away much of the estate to his stepson, Sir Roger Burgoyne. At the death of the elder Christopher many of the great architect’s plans and drawings were bought by Mr. Justice Blackburn, who presented them to All Souls’ College. The Parentalia was principally written at Wroxhall by Sir Christopher’s son Christopher, and was published by his second son Stephen Wren, M.D., in 1750. See Worthies of Warwickshire, p. 852, and Biog. Hist. of England, vol. iii. p. 329. Noble.

[245] The reward was adjudged in two portions of 10,000l., to Mr. J. Harrison in 1726 and 1775, for making two chronometers, which gave the longitude within 10’ 45” of the truth. Rewards were offered for further discoveries. The Board of Longitude was abolished in 1828.—Life of Sir Isaac Newton, vol. ii. p. 258–267. Sir David Brewster.

[246] These cryptographs were first published by Sir David Brewster in his Life of Sir Isaac Newton, vol. ii. p. 263, ed. 1855. No key was found until Mr. Francis Williams, of Grange Court, Chigwell, sent the following:

The three last omitted Z,s occurring in the first part of each cipher to show that that part must be taken last.—Report of the British Association for 1859.

[247] ‘Beneath is laid the builder of this church and city, Christopher Wren, who lived more than ninety years, not for himself, but for the good of the State. Reader, if thou ask for a monument, look around thee.’