| ANIMAL LOCOMOTION. |
| INTRODUCTION. |
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| Motion associated with the life and well-being of animals, | |
| Motion not confined to the animal kingdom; all matter in motion; natural and artificial motion; the locomotive, steamboat, etc. A flying machine possible, | |
| Weight necessary to flight, | |
| The same laws regulate natural and artificial progression, | |
| Walking, swimming, and flying correlated, | |
| Flight the poetry of motion, | |
| Flight a more unstable movement than that of walking and swimming; the travelling surfaces and movements of animals adapted to the earth, the water, and the air, | |
| The earth, the water, and the air furnish the fulcra for the levers formed by the travelling surfaces of animals, | |
| Weight plays an important part in walking, swimming, and flying, | |
| The extremities of animals in walking act as pendulums, and describe figure-of-8 curves, | |
| In swimming, the body of the fish is thrown into figure-of-8 curves, | |
| The tail of the fish made to vibrate pendulum fashion, | |
| The tail of the fish, the wing of the bird, and the extremity of the biped and quadruped are screws structurally and functionally. They describe figure-of-8 and waved tracks, | |
| The body and wing reciprocate in flight; the body rising when the wing is falling, and vice versÂ, | |
| Flight the least fatiguing kind of motion. AËrial creatures not stronger than terrestrial ones, | |
| Fins, flippers, and wings form mobile helics or screws, | |
| Artificial fins, flippers, and wings adapted for navigating the water and air, | |
| History of the figure-of-8 theory of walking, swimming, and flying, | |
| Priority of discovery on the part of the Author. Admission to that effect on the part of Professor Marey, | |
| Fundamental axioms. Of uniform motion. Motion uniformly varied, | |
| The legs move by the force of gravity. Resistance of fluids. Mechanical effects of fluids on animals immersed in them. Centre of gravity, | |
| The three orders of lever, | |
| Passive organs of locomotion. Bones, | |
| Joints, | |
| Ligaments. Effects of atmospheric pressure on limbs. Active organs of locomotion. Muscles; their properties, arrangement, modes of action, etc., | |
| Muscular cycles. Centripetal and centrifugal movements of muscles; muscular waves. Muscles arranged in longitudinal, transverse, and oblique spiral lines, | 25–27 |
| The bones of the extremities twisted and spiral, | |
| Muscles take precedence of bones in animal movements, | |
| Oblique spiral muscles necessary for spiral bones and joints, | |
| The spiral movements of the spine transferred to the extremities, | |
| The travelling surfaces of animals variously modified and adapted to the media on or in which they move, | 34–36 |
| PROGRESSION ON THE LAND. |
| Walking of the Quadruped, Biped, etc., | |
| Locomotion of the Horse, | |
| Locomotion of the Ostrich, | |
