2 George Trumbull Ladd, Philosophy of Conduct.

3 Bergson, Creative Evolution, p. 119.

4 William Wundt, Human and Animal Psychology, p. 143.

5 Darwin, Descent of Man, p. 120.

6 Chas. Ellwood, Sociology and Modern Social Problems, p. 39.

7 Ellen Key, The Renaissance of Motherhood, p. 27: “Because of her motherhood, woman’s sexual nature gradually became purer than man’s. The child became more and more the centre of her thoughts and her deeds. Thus the strength of her erotic instincts diminished. The tenderness awakened in her by her children also benefited the father. Out of this tenderness—as also out of the admiration for the manly qualities which the father developed in the defence of herself and her children—gradually arose the erotic feeling directed to this man alone. Thus love began.”

8 Kidd, Social Evolution, p. 138.

9 Lewes, History of Philosophy, vol. i., p. 338.

10 Ælian: the second book, chapter vii.

“This is a Theban law most just and humane: that no Theban might expose his child or leave it in a wilderness, upon pain of death. But if the father were extremely poor, whether it were male or female, the law requires that as soon as it is born it be brought in the swaddling clouts to the magistrate, who, receiving it, delivers it to some other for some small reward, conditioning with him that he shall bring up the child, and when it is grown up take it into his service, man or maid, and have the benefit of its labour in requital for its education.”

11 Mrs. John Martin.

12 Heaut., I., i., 23: Homo sum; humani nihil a me alienum puto.

13 See Appendix A.

14 A. H. Keane, Man Past and Present, p. 9.

15 Sir John Evans, Inaugural Address, British Association Meeting, Toronto, 1897.

16 A. Featherman, Social History of the Races of Mankind, vol. ii., p. 22.

17 “Man is affected by these four physical agents: climate, food, soil, and the general aspect of Nature.”—Buckle, History of Civilization, vol. i., p. 29.

18 Current Anthropological Literature, vol. ii., No. 1, p. 11.

19 Featherman, vol. ii., preface.

20 British Central Africa, p. 472.

21 G. Stanley Hall, The Relations between the Lower and the Higher Races.

22 J. Deneker, The Races of Man, p. 239.

23 Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, p. 9.

24 D. G. Brinton, Races and Peoples, p. 55. “The sequel of the sexual impulse is the formation of the family through the development of parental affection. This instinct is as strong in many of the lower animals as in human beings. In primitive conditions it is largely confined to the female parent, the father paying but slight attention to the welfare of his offspring. To this, rather than to doubt of paternity, should we attribute the very common habit in such communities of reckoning ancestry in the female line only.”

25 The ostrich forms, however, a curious exception. The male sits on the eggs, and brings up the young birds, the female never troubling herself about either of these duties.—Brehm, Bird-Life, p. 324.

26 Brehm, Bird-Life, p. 285, and Herman MÜller’s Am Neste.

27 Rengger, Naturgeschichte der Saugethiere von Paraguay, p. 354.

28 Brehm, vol. iii., p. 206.

29 Wallace, The Malay Archipelago, vol. ii., p. 447.

30 Charles Morris Woodford, A Naturalist among the Head-Hunters, p. 31.

31 Report to the Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia on Papua, for 1909, Appendix D, p. 107.

32 J. H. P. Murray, Papua or British New Guinea, 1912.

33 Murray, Papua or British New Guinea, p. 211.

34 Ibid., p. 214.

35 Op. cit., i., p. 76.

36 D. G. Brinton, Races and Peoples, pp. 53 and 54.

37 D. G. Brinton, Races and Peoples, p. 55.

38 Dapper, L’Afrique, p. 309.

39 Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, p. 52.

40 Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes of Central Australia, p. 609.

41 Joseph Shooter, Kafirs of Natal, p. 88.

42 James Dawson, Australian Aborigines.

43 Nyendael, Ulricht, 1688, quoted by H. Ling Roth in Great Benin, pp. 35–36.

44 Mary H. Kingsley, Travels in West Africa, p. 472.

45 Dudley Kidd, The Essential Kafir, p. 202.

46 Slaughter, Australian Aborigines, p. 39.

47 M. Kracheninnikow, Histoire du Kamchatka, chap. xii.

48 Henry W. Little, Madagascar, p. 60.

49 H. H. Ploss, Das Kind in Brauch und Sitte der VÖlker, vol. ii., p. 257.

50 Ibid., vol. ii., p. 258.

51 Dale, Journal, Anthrop. Inst., vol. xxv., p. 183.

52 Godfrey Dale, Journal of the Anthropological Institute, vol. xxv., p. 182.

53 Felix de Azara, Voyages dans l’AmÉrique MÉridionale, vol. ii., pp. 93 and 115.

54 Tutila, Journal of the Polynesian Society, vol. i., p. 267.

55 Otto von Kotzebue, A Voyage of Discovery into the South Sea and Bering Straits, London, 1821, vol. iii., p. 173.

56 Edward M. Curr, The Australian Race, vol. i., p. 70.

57 H. B. Guppy, The Solomon Islands, p. 42.

58 H. H. Romilly, The Western Pacific, p. 68.

59 George Turner, Samoa, p. 284.

60 R. L. Stevenson, In the South Seas, p. 38.

61 Samuel Gason, “The Dieyerie Tribe,” in vol. ii. of Curr’s Australia.

62 J. L. Krapf, Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa, p. 69.

63 Brinton, Religions of Primitive Peoples, p. 17.

64 Kotzebue, A Voyage of Discovery into the South Sea and Bering’s Straits, vol. iii., p. 173.

65 Spencer and Gillen, Central Australia, p. 51.

66 Central Australia, p. 264.

67 Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, p. 484.

68 Its secrecy is insured by its indecency.

69 William Ellis, Polynesian Researches, p. 257.

70 George Turner, Nineteen Years in Polynesia, p. 394.

71 Charlevoix, History of Paraguay, vol. i., p. 405.

72 Fison and Howitt, The Kamilario and Kurnai, p. 190.

73 Darwin, Descent of Man, p. 46.

74 John Moore Davis, “Aborigines of Australia,” in Brough Smyth, vol. ii., p. 311, Aborigines of Victoria.

75 William Ellis, Tour through Hawaii, p. 300.

76 Sir John Lubbock, The Origin of Civilization, p. 3.

77 Stevenson, In the South Seas, p. 38.

78 Lucien Young, U. S. N., The Real Hawaii, p. 78.

79 John Foreman, The Philippine Islands, p. 206. Dean C. Worcester, The Philippine Islands, p. 208.

80 MÉmoires sur les Chinois, tome ii., p. 396.

81 Ts’in Chi Hoang, Emperor of China, 220–210 B. C., was King of Ts’in, 246–221 B. C. Hirth, p. 334.

82 Se Ma Ts’ien, Traduits et AnnotÉs, par Edouard Chavannes, tome ii., p. 130.

83 H. A. Giles, Chinese Biographical Dictionary.

84 Li-Ki, chapter i.

85 She-King, part iii., book ii., ode 1., verse 3, translated by James Legge.

86 She-King, part i., book viii., ode 7, verse 3.

87 Chu’un Ts’ew, book v., year xix., par. 4.

88 Ibid., book x., year xii., par. 9.

89 Demetrius Charles Boulger, History of China, vol. ii., p. 314. Palatre, p. 6.

90 P. G. Palatre, Annales de la Sainte-Enfance, tome xii., p. 304.

91 Lettres Edif., vol. x., p. 363.

92 P. Gabriel Palatre, L’Infanticide et l’Œuvre de la Sainte-Enfance en Chine, p. 16.

93 Te-i-lou, tome i., 2^e partie, Tao-yng-hoei-Koei-taio, p. 16.

94 P. Gabriel Palatre, L’Infanticide et l’Œuvre de la Sainte-Enfance en Chine, p. 44, note No. 2, which reads: “Foochow—‘The Prefect and the local magistrates have within the last few days issued a stringent proclamation against the practice of female infanticide. It provides that all parents guilty of destroying a child shall be punished according to the law against the destruction of descendants, which, it seems, provides sixty blows and a year’s imprisonment, as the proper punishment. A midwife, who destroys a child, is to be punished by strangulation. Neighbours who know of the commission, and do not report it, are to be punished as accessories to murder; and the Tepo are to be punished in the same way. A vigorous execution of this proclamation would do much to remedy the evil; but it remains to be seen whether the proclamation is more than a periodical fulmination, with the probability that it is not.’ Foochow Herald.” Also note No. 1, p. 45, which reads:

“From the Foochow Herald. ‘The following proclamation was recently issued by the Prefect of Foochow, and is, we understand, extensively circulated throughout the city and suburban districts.

“‘“Weng, acting Prefect of Foochow, issues an emphatic proclamation.

“‘“It has been found that the drowning of newly-born female infants is of frequent occurrence in places under this prefectural jurisdiction. As a reason for this cruel and outrageous behaviour towards their children, the poor allege that they are without the means to support them; the rich that they dread the expense of providing them with dowries. The Acting Prefect has repeatedly issued prohibitory proclamations since assuming charge of this post, and has also instructed the magistrates to arrest delinquents. It has been reported of late that in the neighbourhood of Shang Kan, under the jurisdiction of the Min magistrate, the practice of female infanticide still exists; it is further reported that in one spot over ten infants have been found drowned, so that there is every reason to believe that this vicious practice extends to other places too. It is the Prefect’s duty to draw up the most stringent supervisory regulations in order to the reclaiming of people from this rooted habit. The Prefect has instructed the magistrates to act in this spirit, and has now to issue this proclamation peremptorily forbidding the practice.

“‘“Wherefore now know ye all, gentry, elders, scholars, civil and military, and all persons whatsoever in this prefecture, that it is your duty to act one and all of you in accordance with the spirit of the following Regulations, and exercise a watch upon each other. If any families are found drowning their female infants, it will assuredly be at once reported to the magistrates, who will severely punish the act in accordance (with law). If any persons favour or connive at this practice and do not act upon the instructions, on the discovery or report of a case the hundred-men, neighbours, and relatives will be held equally accountable. No leniency will be shown. Tremble at this! Obey this! Do not disobey! A special proclamation.”’

“Rules relating to midwives:

“‘Female infanticide must always be practiced immediately after birth, and is generally committed by the midwife, but even if the parents do it themselves, the midwife must know. The leading gentry and the hundred-men are hereby charged henceforward to take notice of midwives in their respective villages who may dare to assist in drowning female infants. The leading gentry, the hundred-men, members of families, and neighbours are authorized to ascertain and send in the names of such midwives, and apply for their punishment as accomplices.’

“Extract from The Shanghai Courier and China Gazette, number of the 24th of November, 1877.”

95 Dr. Joseph Lauterer, China. Das Reich der Mitte, p. 130.

96 Robert K. Douglas, Society in China, p. 253.

97 Alexis Krausse, China in Decay, p. 38.

98 Arthur Judson Brown, New Forces in Old China, chap. v.

99 H. A. Giles, Civilization of China, p. 96.

100 Brinkley, vol. i., p. 61.

101 Kojiki, introduction, p. xl.

102 Chamberlain, Introduction, p. xi.

103 Kojiki, section xxv.

104 Chamberlain, Introduction, p. xl.

105 Captain F. Brinkley, Japan, p. 89.

106 G. Underwood, Religions of Eastern Asia, p. 75.

107 Ibid., p. 83.

108 Nihongi. See Transactions and Proceedings of the Japan Society, London, vol. i., translated by W. G. Aston.

109 Nihongi. See Transactions and Proceedings of the Japan Society, London, vol. i., p. 181, by W. G. Aston.

110 Capt. F. Brinkley, Japan, vol. v., p. 194.

111 Id., vol. v., p. 195.

112 W. E. Griffis, Japanese Nation in Evolution, p. 268.

113 Quoted by Garrett Droppers in “The Population of Japan in the Tokugawa Period,” extract from Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, vol. xxi., p. 253.

114 Brinkley, Japan, vol. iv., p. 56.

115 Brinkley, Japan, vol. iv., p. 57.

116 A. K. Faust, Christianity as a Social Factor in Modern Japan, p. 47.

117 E. J. Harrison, The Fighting Spirit of Japan, p. 350.

118 Karbara Ekken, Wisdom and Women of Japan, p. 45.

119 S. L. Gulick, Institutions of the Japanese, p. 100.

120 J. K. Goodrich, Our Neighbours: The Japanese, p. 32.

121 Leonard W. King, History of Sumer and Akkad, p.1.

122 Hall.

123 L. W. King, History of Sumer and Akkad, preface, p. ix.

124 A. H. Sayce, Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia, p. 253.

125 Sayce, The Religions of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia, pp. 466–469.

126 E. de Srazec, DÉcouvertes en ChaldÉe, plates 48, and 48 bis.

127 Sayce, The Religions of Egypt and Babylonia, p. 466.

128 R. W. Rogers, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, p. 162.

129 H. de Genouillac, Tablettes SumÉriennes ArchaÏques, p. xxii.

130 Ibid., p. xxxii., Tablet 12.

131 H. de Genouillac, Revue Assyriologie, vol. viii., p. 18.

132 P. Dhorme, Revue d’Assyriologie, tome vii., p. 2.

133 Robt. Wm. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament, p. 395.

134 C. H. W. Johns, Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters.

135 L. W. King, Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi.

136 M. E. Rivellout, “La Femme dans l’AntiquitÉ,” Jour. Asiatique, tome vii., p. 1.

137 David Gordon Lyon, Studies in the History of Religions, article on “The Consecrated Women of the Hammurabi Code,” p. 342.

138 C. H. W. Johns, Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters, pp. 41 and 42. Laws of Hammurabi, Col. III., i. 22 to Col. IV., i. 22.

139 M. E. Rivellout, “La Femme dans l’AntiquitÉ,” Jour. Asiatique, tome viii., p. 74.

140 The Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon about 2250 B. C., trans. by Robt. F. Harper, p. 71.

141 C. H. W. Johns, Assyrian Doomsday Book, pp. 26, 27, 28.

142 Dr. Robt. Wm. Rogers, Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament, p. 393.

143 William Hays Ward, Seal Cylinders of Western Asia, p. 154.

144 RenÉ Dussaud, Les Sacrifices Humaines chez les CanaanÉens.

145 A. H. Keane, Man, Past and Present, p. 479.