Aachen, Council of, 36, 58, 60
Abbot, John, 125, 155
Abbot of Ramsey, 36
Abbotsbury Gild, 144
“A B C,” 74, 167, 228, 229
Abelard, 134, 135, 218
Acaster College, 75, 91, 211 et seq.
Adam du Petit Point, 78, 220
Adelard, 34, 78
Adulterine Gilds, 148
Aelfric, Abbot, 36, 37, 54
Agatha, 13
Agriculture, 7, 129, 130
Aidan, St., 11, 15, 16
Aix-la-Chapelle, Council of, 58, 60
Alberic, 78, 218
Albert, Archbishop, 26, 27
Albertus Magnus, 134
Albigensian Heresy, 184
Alchemy, 224
Alcuin, 26 et seq., 29, 30, 36
Aldeborough, 163, 165
Aldhelm, 12, 26
Alexander II., Pope, 58
Alexander of Hales, 187
Alexandria, Schools of, 20
Alfeah, Bishop, 34
Alfred’s Palace School, 33
Alfred the Great, 31 et seq.
All Hallow’s (London) School, 96
All Saints’ School, Warwick, 43
Almonry Schools, 69, 106, 170, 172, 174
Almshouses, 200, 210
Aluuid, 41
Annones, 40
Anselm, Archbishop, 57, 58, 60, 78, 134, 135
Appointment of Schoolmasters, 104, 105
Apprenticeship, 153, 154
Aquinas, Thomas, 134
Arabic, 224, 225
Architecture, 7
Aristotle, 134, 220, 225
Art, 228
Arundel School, 105, 241
Asceticism, 6
Aske, Robert, 175
Asser, 32
Asserton, 168
Astronomy, 25
Athelard of Waltham, 42
Athelhelm, 39, 117
Athelstan, King, 34
Athelwold, Bishop, 33, 35
Athens, Schools at, 20
Augustine, St., of Canterbury, 3, 12, 20, 26
Augustine, St., of Hippo, 18, 23
Avranches School, 58
Bacon, Roger, 87, 224-227
Balcombe, 229
Balsham, Bishop, 204
Banbury, 230
Bardney, 174
Barton School, 86
Basil, St., of Caesarea, 7, 14, 27
Basil, St., of Lindisfarne, 11
Basingstoke, 163, 164
Battle School, 105

Beccles Manor, 105
Beckington, Bishop, 90
Bec, Monastery of, 27, 57, 58
Bede, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 24, 25 et seq.
Bedford School, 85, 105
Begging Scholars, 189 et seq.
Benedict Biscop, 12, 13, 14
Benedict, St., 8 et seq.
Benedictine monks, 5 et seq.
Benedictine rules, 9, 105, 178, 181
Benedictine statutes, 105, 178, 181
Berkeley, Lady, 207
Berkhampstead, 164
Bernard of Clairvaux, 135
Bernard Sylvester, 219
Bernard’s, St., College, Oxford, 180
Bishop’s Schools, 23, 24, 28 et seq.
Black Death, 126, 127, 241, 243
Boethius, 133, 222, 226
Bologna, 136
Boniface, Archbishop, 140
Boston, 85, 237
Botelor School, 114
Bourne, 171
Brecon, 74, 167, 214
Bredgar, 207
Bridgnorth, 154, 163
Bristol Gilds, 146, 150
Bristol Schools, 85
Brock, William, 181
Bromiscombe, Bishop, 206
Brotherhood of the Holy Ghost, Gild of, 164
Bruton, 61, 105, 171, 172
Burghersh, Bishop, 193
Bury St. Edmunds, 61, 85, 89, 105, 114, 171
Byngham, Wm., 127
Byrhtferth, 36
Caedmon, 12
Calne Chantry, 168
Cambridge Gild, 144
Cambridge, Univ. of, 140, et seq., 179, 184, 186, 203, 204
Canon Law, 79, 80, 83, 85, 87
Canterbury, 26, 27, 28, 61, 74, 75, 204
Canterbury Hall, 180
Canute, King, 41
Capitalist Class, Rise of, 131
Capitularies, 787, 789, 802, 27
Carlisle Gilds, 146
Carpenter, Sir J., 213
Carrow Abbey, 176
Cassian, 7, 8
Cassiodorus, 8, 133
Catechetical Schools, 22
Cathedral Schools, 10, 22 et seq., 69
Ceolfrid, 10, 12
Ceolnoth, Archbishop, 19
Ceolwulf, 16
Chad, St., 5, 15
Chalons-sur-SÔane, 24
Chancellor, 80 et seq., 106, 142, 213
Chantries’ Act, 159, 169, 188, 206
Chantry Schools, 98, 109, 157 et seq.
Charles the Great, 28, 46
Chartres, 5, 8, 66, 78, 218
Chaucer, 121, 176, 227, 237, 238
Chesterfield, 105
Chicheley, Archbishop, 126, 210, 235
Childrey, 229
Chivalry, 119, 120, 131
Choristers’ Schools, 89 et seq.
Christ Church, Hants., 85, 105, 171
Christ Church, Oxford, 180
Christ Church, Twineham, 61
Christian Schools, 22 et seq.
Chrodegang, Bishop, 18
Church and Education, 1, 2, 18, 19, 33 et seq., 44 et seq., 53 et seq., 118 et seq., 168, 169 et seq.
Church and State, Relation between, 12, 17 et seq., 44, 45, 49, 76

Church Scot, 40
Cicero, 13, 21, 133, 225, 230
Cirencester, 105
Clement of Alexandria, 22
Clement V., Pope, 127
Clermont, 23, 24
Cloveshoo, Council of, 11
Cluny, 57 et seq.
Cock Penny, 113
Coggeshall School, 164, 200
Colchester, 105
Colet, Dean, 67, 111, 113, 167, 230
College de Dix Huit, 202
Collegiate Churches, 17 et seq., 44 et seq., 106 et seq., 193, 196, Bk. III. Ch. 7
Collyer, Richard, 223
Freya, 3
Friars, 182 et seq., 223
Frideswide, St., 138
Frith Gilds, 145
Frithegode, 39
Gallienus, 144
Gaps School, 24
Gardyner, John, 155
Gargrave, 164, 165
Geoffrey of Maine, 61
Geoffrey of Monmouth, 62
Ghent, 38
Giffard, Bishop, 180
Gilds, 2, 52, 109 et seq., 136, 142, 144, 145, 147, 148, 150, 151, 155, 156
Giles, Bishop, 192, 203
Giraldus Cambrensis, 138, 222
Girls, Education of, 170 et seq.
Glasney, 74, 167, 206
Glastonbury, 33, 34
Gloucester, 19, 96, 98, 100, 105, 171, 174, 177, 178
Gloucester College, Oxford, 180, 181
Godfrey of Malmesbury, 59
Goldsmiths’ Company, 125, 155
Goode, Bishop, 74
Graeco-Roman Schools, 20, 24
Grammar, 7, 65, 193, 194, 198, 205, 206, 210, 211, 213, 215, 216, 222, 224, 227, 228, 229, 233, 238, 241
Grammar School, 20, 65 et seq., 84 et seq.
Grandisson, Bishop, 192, 206
Grantham School, 86
Gratian, Edict of, 40
Greek Education, 8
Greek, 224, 225
Green, Sir Wm., 190
Gregory, Bishop, 23, 26, 31
Gregory VII., Pope, 48
Gregory IX., Pope, 136
Grimsby School, 86
Grosseteste, Robert, 139, 223, 240
Gryndour, Richard, 114
Guildford, 186
Guldulf, Bishop, 57
Gynwell, Bishop, 176
Hadrian, Abbot, 12, 25
Hamburg Gild, 144
Hamlyn, John, 100
Hanse des Merchandes de L’eau, 146
Harold, King, 42
Harrow, 200
Hartlebury, 113
Hastings, 85
Hatherton, 157
Hebrew, 224, 225
Hemmingborough, 208
Henry I., 147
Henry II., 47, 146
Henry III., 140, 141
Henry VII., 181
Henry VIII., 159
Henry of Blois, Bishop, 191
Henry of Huntingdon, 62
Herebald, 25
Hermit, 6
Herton, Rd., 191
Hexham, 25, 28, 30

Heytesbury, 213
Higham Ferrens, 210
Hilary, Bishop, 23
Hincmar, 48
Hingham, 237
Holbeach, 168
Holy Cross, Waltham, 42
Horace, 13, 20
Horncastle, 86
Horsham, 23
Hospitals, 191, 192, 210, 213
Hospitaller, 120
Houghton, 168, 234
Howden Schools, 73, 205
Hull Schools, 168
Hundred Years’ War, 130
Huntingdon, 61, 62, 85, 96, 105, 171
Ideals of Chivalry, 119, 120
Ilbert of Lacy, 94
Impropriation, 236
Infant Education, 7, 10
Ini, King, 16
Innocent III., Pope, 47, 84, 182
Ipswich, 114, 116, 154, 178, 179, 186, 228
Ireland, 11, 20, 34
Isidorus, 133
Islip, John, Abbot, 180
Islip, Simon, Archbishop, 180, 237
Ivo of Chartres, 58
Jarrow, 12
Jerome, 20, 26
Jews, 6
John, Abbot, 13
John, King, 140
John of Cella, 61
John of Salisbury, 78, 87, 217-220, 222
John, St., Bishop of Hexham, 25
John, St., of Beverley, 25
Joissy of London, 202
Kalendars, Gild of, 105
Kempe, John, 211
King’s College, Cambridge, 194
Kingston Gild, 156
Kinoulton, 70, 86
Knighthood, 120
Knights of Santiago, 120
Lancaster, 105, 155, 163 et seq.
Lanfranc, 15, 57, 58, 78, 204
Langley, Bishop, 114, 158
Lateran Council, 83, 84
Latin, 4 et seq., 11, 13, 19, 29, 32, 43, 72, 103, 166
Launceston, 74, 167
Law, 221, 228
Lectors, 186
Ledbury, 214
Legislation, 235, 241
Leicester, 105
Leland, 137
Le Mans, 24
Leo I., Pope, 24, 26
Lerens, 24
Lewes, 105, 171
Libraries, 12, 26, 27
Lichfield, 230, 237
Lincoln, 80, 86, 91, 101, 102, 146, 168, 172, 45
Polesworth Nunnery, 176
Polychronicon, 65
Pontefract, 85, 192
Potation Money, 113
Poverty of Scholars, 197-199, 201, 220
Praemunire, 236
Primer, 228
Priscian, 35, 66, 71, 133, 228
Prittlewell School, 164
Provisors, 236
Psalter, 6, 74, 75, 217, 228
Public School, 69 et seq., 122, 188 et seq., 195, 198
Public School Commission, 67
Pullen, Robert, 137, 220
Putta, Bishop, 72
Quadrivium, 28, 36, 133, 219
Questiones Grammaticales, 36
Raleigh, Bishop, 140
Raleigh School, 151
Ramsey Abbey, 36
Raveningham, 207
Read, Sir Bartholomew, 125, 155
Reading, 73
Reading School, 20, 73, 85, 171, 174
Realists, 134
Reformation, 215, 242, 244
Remuneration of Schoolmasters, 111 et seq.
Renaissance, 244
Revival of learning, 59, 118
Rewley, 180
Rhetores, School of, 20
Rhetoric, 7, 133, 219
Richard II., King, 152
Richard of Middleton, 187
Ripon, 38
Rites of Durham, 173, 174, 177
Robert of Melun, 218
Roger Bacon, 87, 224-227
Roger, Earl of Warwick, 95
Roger, Thorold, 162
Roger of Wendover, 62
Roman Law, 26, 45, 133, 137, 138
Roman Uncials, 74
Roscellinus, 134
Rotherham, 72, 91, 94, 168, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 231
Royal Commission into University Education in Wales, 72
Rushworth School, 175
St. Albans School, 65, 221
St. Andrew’s, Holborn, School, 96
St. Anthony, London, 96
St. Augustine, 3, 12, 17
St. Augustine of Hippo, 18, 20, 23, 24, 26
St. Basil of Caesarea, 7
St. Benedict, 9
St. Jerome, 12
St. Paul’s School, 17, 80, 81, 90, 96, 99, 111, 167, 172
St. Vandrille School, 24
Salerno Medical School, 136
Salisbury Gilds, 146
Salisbury, John of, 65, 128, 217-220, 222
Salisbury School, 115, 172
Samson, Abbot, 41, 61, 78, 87, 89, 114
Scholasticism, 132, 134, 135
Scholasticus, 80
School Books, 13 et seq.
School Fees, 69
School Houses first erected, 88
Schools of Theology, 78 et seq.
Sciences, Common, 224
Scola Grammatice, 65
Scot, Church, 40
Scriptorium, 10, 12
Scripture, 19, 39 et seq.
Secular Clergy, 18 et seq., 55, 76 et seq.
Sens, Council of, 135
Sentences, 224
Seven Liberal Arts, 66, 216
Sevenoaks School, 126
Shermen Gild, 154
Shoemakers’ Gild, 154
Shrewsbury School, 67, 68, 154
Sidonius Apollinaris, Bishop, 23
Sigebert, 24, 64
Simeon of Durham, 62
Simon de Gorham, 59
Simon of Poissy, 220
Singing, 10 et seq., 121
Social Consciousness, 167, 168, 214
Song School, 71 et seq., 166
Southampton Gilds, 146
Southwell School, 86, 88, 108, 223
Spiritual Power, Dogma of, 47
Stamford College, 167
Staphorst Gilds, 144
Stapleton, Bishop of, 79, 192
State and Church, 1, 2, 49, 76 et seq.
Staunton School, 164, 165
Stockport School, 155
Stratford-on-Avon Gilds, 154
Studium, 136, 185, 186
Sullington School, 168
Tabenna, 6
Tailors’ Gild, 154
Tattershall, 211
Taxatio of Pope Nicholas, 157
Teaching Profession, Recognition of the, 82
Temporal Power, Dogma of, 47
Tenure of Schoolmasters, 110 et seq.
Tewkesbury, 234
Thaxted School, 164
Theobald, Archbishop, 216
Theobald of Etampes, 88, 137
Theodore, Archbishop, 2, 16, 25, 64
Theodulf of Orleans, 30, 38, 86
Theological Schools, 78 et seq., 142, 220, 221, 223, 228, 241
Thetford, 85, 105, 171, 186
Thirsk School, 164
Thomas À Becket, 1, 7, 138, 216, 221, 222
Thomas, Archbishop, 79
Thomas of Brompton, 100
Thornton School, 168
Thurstan, Abbot, 57
Tonge, 209
Toulouse, University of, 136
Tours, Council of, 29
Towcester, 161
Trades in School Curriculum, 7
Transcription of Manuscripts, 8, 9
Trevisa, John, 65, 128
Trinity College, Oxford, 180
Trinity Gild, 151
Trivium, 28, 36, 133
Truro School, 164, 166
Twineham, Christ Church, 61
Universities, 124, 132 et seq., 170, 179 et seq., 188, 203, 222, Book III. Chap. VII.
University and Church, 139 et seq.
Utrecht, 42

Vacarius, 137
Vaison, Council of, 86
Valor Ecclesiasticus, 137
Vienne School, 18, 24
Villeins, 50, 117
Virtue, 234
Walchelin of Derby, 192
Waltham Abbey School, 42, 61, 85, 105
Warham, Archbishop, 179
Warin, 61
Warwick Gild, 154
Warwick School, 43, 71, 72, 85, 86, 95, 102, 154
Water, Abbot, 57
Waynflete, William, 111, 126, 237
Wearmouth, 11 et seq.
Weavers’ Gild, 147, 154
Wells School, 115
Wendover, Roger, 62
Westminster Abbey, 40
Westminster, Council of, 87
Westminster School, 174, 177, 181
Whitby Abbey, 12
Whitington, 230
Wilfrid, 12, 15, 16
William II., King, 56
William of Champeaux, 134, 135
William of Condres, 218
William of Malmesbury, 56, 62
William of Occam, 134, 187
Winchcombe, 105
Winchester Nunnery, PRINTED AT THE BURLINGTON PRESS, FOXTON, NEAR CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND.

---

Footnotes:

[1] English Grammar Schools, p. 10.

[2] Constit. Hist., p. 563.

[3] Montalembert: Monks of the West, I., 178.

[4] Green: Short History, Ch. I., sec. 3.

[5] Montalembert, op. cit. I., 23.

[6] Cf. Draper: Intellectual Development of Europe.

[7] Cf. Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire.

[8] Regula S. Pachomii, cap. 139, 140.

[9] Regulae Fusius Tractatae, XV. Interrog. (Pat. Lat., v. 31, col. 952).

[10] Regulae Brevius Tractatae, Interrog. CCXCII.

[11] Regulae Brevius Tractatae, XXXVIII.

[12] Italy and Her Invaders, IV., 391.

[13] Chapter XLVIII.

[14] Etudes Monastiques, p. 18.

[15] H. E., V., 24.

[16] Haddon and Stubbs: Councils and Documents relating to Britain and Ireland, Vol. III, pp. 364-5.

[17] H. E., III., 27.

[18] H. E., III., 27.

[19] Sandys: History of Classical Scholarship, I., 52.

[20] “Eum innumerabilem librorum omnis generis copiam apportasse.”

[21] Alcuin. Ep., 13.

[22] H. E., V., 15.

[23] Monks of the West, IV., 464.

[24] H. E., V., 24.

[25] H. E., IV., 18.

[26] Sandys: History of Classical Scholarship, I., p. 53.

[27] Cf. Traill: Social England, I., p. 177. Bede: H. E., II., 20: III., 11.

[28] H. E., IV., 13.

[29] Smith and Wace: Dictionary of Christian Biography.

[30] H. E., IV., 13.

[31] Bede: Hist. Abb., V., cf. H. E., III., 4.

[32] Hist. Abb., V.

[33] Hist. Abb., V.

[34] H. E., IV., 13.

[35] Cf. “homo XIII. annorum sese potest servum facere” Theod. Penit. XIX., sec. 29.

[36] H. E., V., 5.

[37] H. E., IV., 13.

[38] H. E., III., 27.

[39] H. E., III., 5.

[40] H. E., III., 28.

[41] Aelfric, Homilies, vol. I., p. 261.

[42] H. E., V., 3.

[43] Hunt: Hist. of the Eng. Ch., p. 239.

[44] Cf. Medley, Constitutional History, p. 557.

[45] Op. cit., p. 13.

[46] Dill: Last Century of the Western Empire, p. 67.

[47] Erasmus, p. 73.

[48] Hodgson: Primitive Christian Education, p. 103.

[49] Jerome: Lives of Illustrious Men, Ch. VIII.

[50] Eusebius: H. E., VI., pp. 3, 26.

[51] Jerome: Lives of Illustrious Men, Ch. XXVIII.

[52] Sermo CCCLV., sec. 2, 6, 7.

[53] Vita S. Augustini, c. 11.

[54] Theiner: Histoire des Institutions d’Education Ecclesiastique, v. 1, pp. 103-117.

[55] Bede, H. E., III., 18.

[56] Cf. Fischer de Chevrier: Histoire de l’Instruction Populaire en France, Ch. IV.; Mullinger: University of Cambridge, p. 11; Ampere: Histoire LittÉraire de la France avant le DouziÈme SiÈcle, II., 278; Joly: TraitÉ Historique des Ecoles Episcopales et EcclÉsiastiques, pp. 144-599.

[57] I.e. the clergy of the Bishop of Hexham.

[58] H. E., V., 6.

[59] H. E., IV., 2.

[60] Mignet: Memoire sur la conversion de l’Allemagne par les Moines, p. 25.

[61] Sandys: History of Classical Scholarship, I., 451.

[62] H. E., V., 18.

[63] Aldhelmi Opera, ed. Giles, p. 96.

[64] De Pontiff. Ebor., lines 1431-1447, trans. by Munroe.

[65] Schs. of Charles the Great, p. 61.

[66] For capitulary of 787 and 789, see Pertz: Leges, I., pp. 52, 65; for that of 802, Pertz, I., 107; for translation see Schools of Charles the Great, pp. 97-99.

[67] Mullinger: op. cit., p. 50.

[68] Alcuini Opera Omnia; Migne, Pat. Lat., Vols. C., CI.

[69] Alcuini Epistolae, Migne, Pat. Lat., 1851, Vol. C., p. 222.

[70] Heinemann: Statutes of 852, XI. Acts of the Province of Rheims, I., p. 211. Azarias: Essays Educational, p. 180.

[71] Mansi: Concilia, vol. IX., p. 790.

[72] Migne: Pat. Lat., vol. CV., p. 196.

[73] Alcuini Epistolae, ed. Migne, Pat. Lat., vol. C., p. 214.

[74] Social England, I., p. 141.

[75] Asserius, de Rebus Gestis Alfredi, ed. W. H. Stevenson, 1904.

[76] Stubbs: Memorials of St. Dunstan, p. 290; Chronicon Abbatiae Rameseiensis, p. 25.

[77] Aelfrici Grammatica Latino-Saxonica, p. 2.

[78] Stubbs, op. cit., pp. 10, 74, 256.

[79] Op. cit., p. 257.

[80] Op. cit., p. 4.

[81] Op. cit., p. 14.

[82] Op. cit., p. LXXXV.

[83] Wulfstan: Vita St. Aethelwoldi, Migne: Patrologia Cursus Complexus, CXXXVII., p. 87.

[84] Stubbs, Memorials, p. 214.

[85] Op. cit., p. 28, 46.

[86] Aelfric, op. cit., p. 1.

[87] Stubbs, op. cit., p. 101; Chron. Mon. de Abingdon, I., p. 129.

[88] Chron. Abbat. Ram., p. 42.

[89] Vita Sancti Abbonis, Migne, Pat. Cur. Com., CXXXIX., p. 390.

[90] Chron. Abb. Ram., p. XXVII.

[91] Stubbs, op. cit., XVIII, XIX.

[92] Stubbs, op. cit., pp. 28, 46.

[93] Op. cit., p. 261.

[94] Wulfstan, pp. 91, 95.

[95] See below, p. 38.

[96] Chron. Abb. Ram., pp. 112, 113.

[97] C. 940-1006.

[98] Ed. Ch., p. 39.

[99] Ed. Ch., p. 43.

[100] P. 30.

[101] Ancient Laws, p. 396.

[102] Hist. Ch. York, I., p. 404.

[103] Chron. Abb. Ram., p. 21.

[104] English Society in the Eleventh Century, p. 373.

[105] Op. cit., p. 143.

[106] D. d. I., f. 68, Ellis, I., 332.

[107] I., f. 1546, Ellis, I., 304.

[108] I., f. 149, Ellis, I., 267. See also Times’ Educational Supplement, 10th Oct., 1918.

[109] Hermanus: De Miraculis Sancti Eadmundi, sec. 16 in Mem. of St. Edmund’s Abbey (R. S.) p. 46.

[110] “Publicas instituens scholas.”

[111] Memorials of St. Edmund’s Abbey, p. 126.

[112] 1060. See Tractatus de inventione Sante Crucis, ed. W. Stubbs, 1861.

[113] Ibid., p. 15. These customs were probably due to the influence of the reforms instituted by Chrodegang of Metz. We may assume that the Godwin family supported the secular clergy in opposition to the regular clergy who followed Edward the Confessor from Normandy.

[114] Ibid., p. 35.

[115] Ibid., p. 35.

[116] Adams: Civilisation in the Middle Ages, p. 197.

[117] Traill: Social England, I., p. 257.

[118] Traill, op. cit., I., p. 243.

[119] Advocated by Kemble in his Saxons in England.

[120] Econ. Hist., I., p. 20.

[121] Thorold Rogers: Agriculture and Prices in England, vol. II., pp. 613, 615, 616.

[122] Ashley, I., p. 42.

[123] Ibid., p. 34.

[124] Meredith: Econ. Hist., p. 49.

[125] Cf. Leach: English Schools at the Reformation. Holman: English National Education.

[126] Winchester College, p. 92.

[127] See Book III., Ch. I.

[128] See p. 37.

[129] De Gestis Regum Anglorum, II., 304.

[130] BÖhmer: Kirche und Staat in England und in der Normandie, p. 113, n. 1.

[131] Ibid., p. 107.

[132] See Bateson: Medieval England, Ch. IV.

[133] BÖhmer: Op. cit., pp. 3-24.

[134] Cf. Pignet: Histoire de l’Ordre de Cluny, III., p. 41. Maitland: The Dark Ages, pp. 375, 389, 390.

[135] Cf. D’Achery, Spicilegium, IV., 4-226.

[136] Cf. Constitutiones Lanfranci.

[137] Cf. Gesta Abbatum Monasterii Sancti Albani, I., p. 52.

[138] Wm. of Malmesbury, De Gestis Pontificum, p. 249.

[139] Martini et Durand: Thesaurus Anecdotorum, I., 511; quoted Graham, Trans. Hist. Soc., XVII.

[140] Gesta S. Albani, I., p. 57.

[141] Ibid., pp. 76, 184, 192.

[142] De Gestis Pontificum, p. 431.

[143] Ibid., p. 194.

[144] Ibid., p. 32.

[145] Chron. Mon. de Abingdon, II., 44, 289. See also Hist. Intro. Rolls Series, ed. Stubbs, p. 43; Rashdall, Universities, II., p. 476; J. Willis Clark, The Care of Books, p. 74; De Gestis Regum, I., pp. xx-xxii.

[146] The case for the non-existence of schools in connection with monasteries is effectively set out by Mr. G. G. Coulton in his Monastic Schools of the Middle Ages.

[147] See Lanfranc, Opera, ed. Giles, I., 296. Cf. L’Abbaye du Bec et ses Ecoles par M. L’AbbÉ PorrÉe.

[148] Migne, Patrologia Cursus Completus, CLXXXIX., 1051.

[149] Coulton, op. cit., p. 3.

[150] Gesta S. Albani, I., 73.

[151] Ibid., I., 196.

[152] Mem. St. Edmund’s Abbey, I., 77, 78, 145.

[153] Ibid., p. 296.

[154] Ibid., p. 249.

[155] Cf. Mem. St. Edmund’s, III., 182.

[156] See pp. 85, 86, 105, infra.

[157] Foundation of Waltham Abbey, pp. 15, 35.

[158] Monasticon, VI., pt. I., p. 79.

[159] Ibid., VI., pt. II., p. 615.

[160] Ibid., VI., pt. I., pp. 304, 305.

[161] Abbot of S. Albans, 1183-1195.

[162] Gesta S. Albani, I., p. 194.

[163] 1195-1214.

[164] Ibid., p. 217.

[165] Mem. S. Edmund’s Abbey, XLIII.

[166] H. E., III., 18.

[167] Early English Church History, p. 125.

[168] Foster Watson: Old Grammar Schools, p. 2.

[169] Op. cit., p. 2.

[170] Op. cit., pp. 58, 59.

[171] In the Cyclopaedia of Education Mr. Leach points out that there are three passages in Livy alone (XXX., 17; XXXV., 23; XLI., 6) in which “libera” is used in the sense of free from payment.

[172] Report of Schools’ Inquiry Commission, pp. 122, 123.

[173] Art. “Free Schools,” Cyclopaedia of Education.

[174] Cf. “cockpennies.” See p. 113, infra.

[175] Linc. Chapter Act, Bk. A.2.30: Ed. Ch. p. 386.

[176] V. C. H., Notts, II., 216, Ed. Ch. 235, Epis. Reg. York, Romanus, X., 75.

[177] Stat. of the Realm, ed. 1819, IV., pt. II., sec. 8.

[178] Chancery Warrants, Series I., file 1439, Ed. Ch., 412.

[179] Izacke’s MS.: Memorials of the City of Exeter, fo. 178 seq.; reprinted Parry: Founding of Exeter School, pp. 104-112.

[180] Op. cit., p. 66.

[181] Ed. Ch., p. 273.

[182] H. E., IV., 18.

[183] H. E., IV., 12.

[184] Yorkshire Schools, vol. II., p. 116.

[185] Yorkshire Schools, II., 61.

[186] Ibid., p. 62.

[187] Ibid., 87.

[188] Ibid., p. 85. Cf. with the appointments recorded in pp. 62 and 87.

[189] Ibid., p. 87.

[190] E. S. R., II., p. 31.

[191] Ibid., p. 31.

[192] Ibid., p. 34.

[193] C. 700.

[194] Hunt: English Church, p. 202.

[195] Yorkshire Schools, II., 89.

[196] For additional particulars, see article on “Writing” in the Cyclopaedia of Education.

[197] Rashdall, Univ., I., p. 283. Mansi, Concilia, XXII., ch. 228.

[198] Dec. V. it. 5: Ed. Ch., pp. 142-145.

[199] “Quum primum adolescens admodum studiorum causa migrassem in Gallias.” Metal., Bk. II., ch. 10.

[200] Cf. Reg. Pontissera, f. 55; Ed. Ch., p. 232.

[201] 1308-9.

[202] Cutts: Parish Priests, p. 46.

[203] “Erat enim apud nos sub patruo suo amabili et amicabili educatus, et decenter eruditus.” Hist. Ch. of York, II., 124.

[204] For additional references to the Chancellor’s School of Theology at St. Paul’s, see reprint in Archaeol., vol. 62, pt. 1, p. 219 of deeds in St. Paul’s Mun. Box. 21, No. 621 and 865; Gregory’s Chronicle (Camden Soc. N. S. XVII., 1876, ed. J. Gairdner) p. 230: and Register of Bishop Fitz-James, f. 127 b., printed in Sparrow Simpson’s Registrum Statutorum, p. 413.

[205] Ep. Reg. Linc., Rot. Hug. de Wells, III., 101.

[206] Hist. Ch. of York, II., p. 162.

[207] Reprinted in Archaeol., vol. 62, pt. I., p. 211.

[208] Deed reprinted in Archaeol., vol. 62, pt. I., p. 211.

[209] Statutes of the Ch. of York, p. 6; Sparrow Simpson, Registrum Statutorum, p. 413.

[210] Hist. Ch. of York, III., 320; Corpus Juris Canonis, ed. H. L. Richter, Dec. V. tit. 5; Ed. Ch., p. 143.

[211] Mansi: Concilia, I., 415.

[212] Ep. Reg. Lincoln., III., 101.

[213] Dec. V., tit. 5, ch. 2. Ed. Ch., p. 119.

[214] 1159-1181.

[215] Ed. Ch., p. 119.

[216] Ed. Ch., p. 123; see also Rashdall, II., p. 283; Mansi, XXII., c. 228.

[217] Decretal V., tit. 5, cap. IV.

[218] Ed. Ch., p. 145.

[219] Ed. Ch., p. 123, from Decretal V., tit. 5, cap. I.

[220] H. E., III., 18; IV., 1; Hist. Ch. of York, I., p. 390.

[221] Mem. St. Ed. Abbey, I., 46-7.

[222] Tractatus de inventione Crucis, p. 15.

[223] History of Warwick Sch.

[224] Early Yorkshire Schools, II., 1.

[225] P. R. O. Anc. Deeds, 1073, Ed. Ch., p. 69.

[226] V. C. H., Hants, II., 251.

[227] Hist. Ch. of York, I., 281.

[228] Gesta Abbatum Mon. St. Alb., I., 72.

[229] V. C. H., Suffolk, II., 303.

[230] Ed. Ch., p. 93.

[231] Ibid.

[232] V. C. H., Berks, II., 245.

[233] V. C. H., Gloucester, II., 355.

[234] V. C. H., Derby, II., 209.

[235] V. C. H., Beds, II., 152.

[236] V. C. H., Northampton, II., 234.

[237] Ed. Ch., p. 152.

[238] Mem. Southwell Minster, XLI.

[239] Ibid., p. 205.

[240] V. C. H., Notts, II., 216.

[241] V. C. H., Lincs., II., 449.

[242] Archaeol., v. 62, pt. I., p. 211.

[243] Statutes of the Ch. of York, p. 6.

[244] V. C. H., Lincs., II., 423.

[245] Mem. of Beverley Min., p. 292.

[246] Hist. War. Sch., p. 66.

[247] Statutes of the Ch. of York, p. 5.

[248] A.D. 529.

[249] A.D. 797.

[250] A.D., C. 960.

[251] Decret. Greg. IX., Lib. III., tit. 1: Rashdall, Univ. II., p. 601.

[252] Wilkins, Concilia, I., p. 270, Ed. Ch., p. 139. Cf. this with Theodulf’s Capitularies of 797. See p. 30 supra, and Mullinger, Schs. of Charles the Great, p. 130.

[253] Univ. II., p. 602.

[254] Op. cit., ed. Thomas, p. 79.

[255] A.D. 1212-1294.

[256] Opera Inedita, ed. Brewer, p. 398.

[257] Mem. St. Edmund’s Abbey, I., p. 248.

[258] Polycraticus, II., 28, ed. Giles, p. 155.

[259] Oxford Hist. Soc. Collectanea, II., 156.

[260] Op. cit., p. 49.

[261] Chron. Jocelyn de Brakelonde, p. 3.

[262] V. C. H., Derbyshire, II., 213, from Cott. Mss. Titus, C. IX., f. 58.

[263] Beverley Chapter Act Bk. (Surtees Soc.) Vol. I., p. 293.

[264] Reprinted in Archaeol. vol. 62., pt. I., p. 198.

[265] York Chapter Act Bk. I., f. 25 b.

[266] Sparrow Simpson: Registrum Statutorum, pt. V., ch. 8; Brit. Mus., Harl. MSS., 1080.

[267] See Reynold’s Wells, pp. CLXXX-V.

[268] Statutes of the Ch. of York, p. 5.

[269] Registrum Antiquissimum Linc., Chap. Mun. A 2, 26, fol. 10. b. V. C. H., Lincs. I., 424. Similar appointments are recorded in 1427 and 1432. Reg. Antiq. Lincs., fol. 67 b.

[270] Yorkshire Schools, II., p. 110.

[271] Hist. Ch. of York, I., 281.

[272] Dugd. Mon. III., 405.

[273] Early Yorkshire Schools, II., 1.

[274] Hist. Warwick Sch., p. 5, from Chartul. S. Mary’s, Warwick, G. R. Eccl. Misc. Bks. 22.

[275] Cal. Pat., 12 Rich. II., pt. 2, m. 10; Ed. Ch., p. 77.

[276] P. R. O., Cart. antiq. H., No. 18; Ed. Ch., p. 93.

[277] Charter Roll, II., Henry III., pt. 1, m. 27; Ed. Ch., p. 93.

[278] Chancery Warrents, Series 1, file 1439; Ed. Ch., p. 413. Dealing with this grant of a monopoly of school keeping to Eton College, Mr. Leach remarks “The remarkable invasion of ecclesiastical jurisdiction, to which alone the grants and still more the enforcement of the monopoly of endowed schools belonged,” etc. Schs. Med. Eng., p. 259. Mr. Leach is in error here. The grant of the monopoly of school keeping was a civil matter.

[279] Pat., 24, Hen. VI., pt. II., m. 28.

[280] Rot. Parl., V., 137.

[281] Ibid.

[282] Privy Council Register, vol. VI.; Parry, Founding of Exeter School, pp. 101-112.

[283] Supra, p. 96.

[284] V. C. H., Gloucester, II., 315, from Rot. Chart., p. 7.

[285] Registrum Brev., 35.

[286] Quoted by de Montmorency: State Intervention, p. 16.

[287] Ed. Ch., p. 91 from St. Paul’s Mun. Press A., Box 60, No. 48.

[288] Surtees Society, vol. 98. See I., pp. 42, 48, 102, 113, etc.

[289] Op. cit., p. 102.

[290] Epis. Joh. Saresberiensis, ed. Giles, No. 19.

[291] The text of the “Gloucester School Case” is to be found in the Year Book of the eleventh year of Henry IV., p. 47. It is reprinted as an appendix to de Montmorency, State Intervention, pp. 241-242. Mr. de Montmorency would seem to be in error in his interpretation of the decision.

[292] Supra, p. 96.

[293] It is interesting to note here that the maintenance of a monopoly was insisted upon by civic authorities no less than by ecclesiastical persons.

[294] Chapter Act Book, Lincoln, 1406-7. V. C. H., Lincs., II., 426.

[295] Hist. Warwick School, p. 66.

[296] Linc. Chapter Act Bk., A. 2. f. 2; Ed. Ch., p. 237.

[297] Reg. John Whethamstede, II., 305.

[298] Hist. Mon. Glouc., III., 290.

[299] See Rites of Durham, (Surtees Society) p. 81.

[300] Abingdon Obedientaries Accounts, 1375-6; Camden Soc.

[301] Roger Prior’s Reg., V., 261 b.

[302] Statutes of the Abbey of Bury St. Edmunds. B. M. Harl. MSS. 1005, fol. 95.b., Trans., V. C. H. Suffolk. II., 307. For other instances of appointments of schoolmasters by abbots, see Gesta Abbatum Mon. S. Albani, (R. S.) I., p. 72. V. C. H. Lincs., II., 450.

[303] B. M. Landsdowne MS., 375: Ed. Ch., 299. Westminster Abbey Obedientaries Accounts, reprinted Ed. Ch., pp. 306-315.

[304] Cf. Statutes of the Church of York, p. 6.

[305] Yorkshire Schools, I., p. 18 from Acta Capituli, G., c. ii. 70.

[306] Beverley Chapter Act Bk., I., pp. 157, 382; Mem. Southwell Minster, p. 29. The function of the dean and chapter was not simply formal. Mem. Southwell Minster, p. 125.

[307] The appointment of a master of song at a monastery was made by the prior. Cf. Roger Prior’s Reg. V., 261 b.

[308] Statutes of the Ch. of York, p. 5.

[309] Lambeth MSS. Reg. Peckham, f. 38 a., Ed. Ch., p. 233.

[310] Lambeth MSS. Reg. Winchelsea, f. 300. b., Ed. Ch., p. 239. Scholastic patronage in monastic cathedral dioceses was subject to episcopal review. Worc. Epis. Reg. Silvester, fol. 202.

[311] Newcourt, Report II., 86, 87, 88.

[312] Linc. Chapter Act Bk., pp. 2, 24.

[313] See p. 61.

[314] See Chap. IV.

[315] The chancellor of a diocese exercised a considerable amount of scholastic patronage.

[316] Memorials of Southwell Minster, XII.-XLII., 52.

[317] Registrum Brevium, fol. 35. The power of patronage to a school could apparently be delegated. Thus the Bishop of Lincoln granted a licence to the rector of Willeford “to chose a lettered and fit man in the parish to teach the boys and others going to him the said science.” See Linc. Epis. Reg. Gynwell, fol. 135 b. This unusual action was due to the scarcity of schoolmasters after the Black Death.

[318] 1382.

[319] Reg. Ep. Worcester, H. Wakfeld, p. 72. Ed. Ch. pp. 331-341.

[320] See also Somerset and Dorset Notes and Queries, III., 241.

[321] Op. cit., A. 2, 24, f. 14.

[322] Early Yorkshire Schools, I., 90.

[323] Ibid., p. 97.

[324] Ibid., p. 23.

[325] Ibid., p. 27.

[326] Ibid., p. 29.

[327] Ibid., p. 67.

[328] Re-founded 1531-2.

[329] In town muniments of Newark; reprinted by T. F. A. Burnaby, Town Clerk, 1855.

[330] But cf. Great Roll of the Pipe (Rec. Com.) pp. 9-10, which suggests customary arrangements.

[331] Decretal V, tit. 5, cap. I.

[332] Wilkins: Concilia I., p. 506.

[333] Decretal V., tit. 5, cap. IV.

[334] Cf. appointment of Principal of St. David’s College, Lampeter.

[335] Who died c. 1191.

[336] See Notes and Queries, 8th series, vol. VII., pp. 338, 473-474; Cyclopaedia of Educ., vol. II., p. 42.

[337] Carlisle: Grammar Schools, II., p. 759.

[338] Ibid., p. 649.

[339] See Trans. Bristol and Glas. Archaeol., Soc. VI.

[340] E. S. R., II., 82.

[341] Ipswich Court Bk. Brit. M. Addit., MS. 30158, fol. 34.

[342] Ibid.

[343] Founded 1520.

[344] Trans. Hist. Soc. Lancs. and Chester, VIII., 51.

[345] V. C. H., Durham, I., 371.

[346] Chron. Jocelyn de Brakelonde, p. 3.

[347] S. M. E., p. 161.

[348] Rashdall, Univ., II., pt. II., p. 765.

[349] Cooper: Annals of Cambridge, I., p. 56.

[350] Reg. Joh. Whethamstede, II., 305.

[351] Cant. Cath. Mun., X., 4, S. B. 4: Ed. Ch., pp. 252-267. The Statutes of Ipswich School (1476-7) state that “The grammar schoolmaster shall henceforth have jurisdiction and governance of all scholars within the liberty and precint of this town, except only petties.” Ipswich Court Bk., B. M., MS. Add. 30158, fol. 34.

[352] P. 39.

[353] Vita S. Thomas, pp. 189, 190, ed. Giles, quoted Furnivall. Forewords, p. 6.

[354] Cornish, Chivalry, p. 24.

[355] Cornish, op. cit., pp. 15, 16.

[356] Liber Niger, p. 45; quoted Forewords, p. 11.

[357] Lacroix; Military and Religious Life in the Middle Ages, pp. 137, 138.

[358] Op. cit., p. 27.

[359] Roper’s Life of More, ed. Singer, p. 3.

[360] Cavendish: Life of Wolsey, ed. Singer, vol. I., p. 38.

[361] Household Book, p. 254.

[362] Liber Niger, p. 51.

[363] Household Bk., Earl of Northumberland, pp. 41, 47, 97, 254.

[364] Forewords, p. 13.

[365] Froude, Hist. V., pp. 39, 40.

[366] Coventry Leet Book, I., 101.

[367] Mrs. Green, Town Life in the Fifteenth Century, II., 18.

[368] Chantry Certif., E. S. R., II., 144.

[369] Mrs. Green, op. cit., II., 16.

[370] Carlisle: Grammar Schools, I., 117.

[371] Schools of Medieval England, p. 246.

[372] Sharpe, Wills, II., 484.

[373] Freemen of York, vol. I., pp. 1, 77, 98—Sur. Soc., No. 96, 1897.

[374] Meredith: Econ. Hist., p. 81.

[375] Historical Papers and Letters from the Northern Registers (R. S.), p. 401.

[376] 36, Ed., III., c. 8.

[377] Muniments of King’s College, Cambridge: Ed. Ch., p. 402.

[378] Op. cit., II., 157.

[379] Rot. Parl., II., p. 246.

[380] Ibid., V., p. 274.

[381] Abram: Social Life in England, Ch. 1.

[382] Green: Life in an Old English Town, p. 278.

[383] Abram: Social England, p. 13.

[384] Rot. Parl., III., 501.

[385] Ibid., III., 601-2, V., 113.

[386] Abram, op. cit., p. 30.

[387] Abram, op. cit., p. 96.

[388] Manners and Meals, p. 189.

[389] The subject of the origin and development of the English universities has been so fully treated by other writers, notably by Mr. Bass Mullinger and Dr. Hastings Rashdall, that it has only been dealt with here to the extent strictly necessary for the thesis with which we are concerned.

[390] Grammar, Rhetoric, Dialectic.

[391] Music, Arithmetic, Geometry, and Astronomy.

[392] Rashdall, Univ., I., p. 36.

[393] Ibid., p. 39.

[394] Ibid., p. 42.

[395] Rashdall, Univ., II., p. 60.

[396] Rashdall, Univ., I., p. 10.

[397] Ibid., p. 72.

[398] Oxford Historical Society: Collectanea, II., p. 153.

[399] Ibid., p. 105.

[400] Ibid., p. 156.

[401] Ibid., p. 159.

[402] Rob. de Monte, Chron. ed. Migne, Vol. CLX., p. 466.

[403] Gervasius Cantuar., Actus Pontificum Cant., ed. Stubbs, Vol. II., p. 384.

[404] Giraldus Cambrensis: ed. Brewer, Vol. I., pp. 72, 73.

[405] Mullinger, pp. 80, 81, Brodrick, p. 3, Laurie, p. 236.

[406] Materials for the Life of Becket, ed. Robertson, VII., p. 146.

[407] Rashdall, Univ., vol. II., p. 342.

[408] Munimenta Academica (R. S.), I., 2.

[409] See Rashdall, Univ., II., 419-421.

[410] Munimenta Academica: I., 39, 40.

[411] Rashdall, Univ., II., 424.

[412] Munimenta Academica (R. S.), I., 228, 229.

[413] Chron: Roger of Wendover (R. S.), II., p. 51.

[414] See also Munimenta Academica, pp. 1-4.

[415] Cal. Close Rolls, 15 Hen. III., p. 586; Ed. Ch., p. 149.

[416] Cooper: Annals of Cambridge, I., 56.

[417] Mullinger, 288, 290; Rashdall, II., 549, 550.

[418] Toulmin Smith: English Guilds, p. XIV.

[419] Dates from the eleventh century.

[420] English Guilds, p. lxxxi.

[421] Ibid., p. lxxxiii.

[422] Two Thousand Years of Gild Life, p. 106.

[423] Hartshorn: Study of Voluntary Associations in Europe, 1100-1700, p. 12.

[424] Ashley: Econ. Hist., I., p. 70.

[425] Gasquet: PrÉcis des Institutions de l’Ancienne France, II., 233-243.

[426] Gross, Gild Merchant, p. 32. n. 1.

[427] Ibid., pp. 37 seq.

[428] Ashley, Econ. Hist. I., p. 72.

[429] Ibid., p. 79.

[430] Ibid., p. 80.

[431] Ibid., p. 81.

[432] Bristol Little Red Book, fol. 82-3. Ed. by W. B. Bickley for the Corporation of Bristol.

[433] Toulmin Smith, op. cit., p. 280.

[434] T. Smith, op. cit., p. 198.

[435] Maldon Court Rolls, Dr. Andrew Clark in Essex Rev. XV., p. 146.

[436] Gild Certif., 57.

[437] Other instances are Prittlewell, Cal. of Pat. 1476-85, p. 34; Thaxted, ibid., p. 227; Finchingley, Chantry Certif., XIX., 13; XX., 19; XXX., 17. The connection of a grammar school at Ipswich with the Corpus Christi Gild is shown by the Ipswich Court Bk., Brit. Mus. Ad. MS., 30158 fol. 34; at Winchester with the Corpus Christi Gild, Brit. Mus. Ad. MS. 24435 fol. 153 b.; at Louth with St. Mary’s Gild, Church-wardens’ Accounts of the Parish Church, 1533 in R. W. Goulding’s Court Rolls of the Manor of Louth. The gild of the Blessed Mary founded a school at Wellingborough in 1392 (Pat. 16, R. II., pt. ii., m. 29, 30). See also p. 161 infra.; gilds and chantries are so closely connected that it is difficult to draw a definite line of demarcation in some cases.

[438] E. S. R., II., 283, 284.

[439] E. S. R., II., pp. 20-22.

[440] Toulmin Smith, English Gilds, p. 221.

[441] Ibid., pp. 203-205; E. S. R., 267-268.

[442] Hist. of Warwick Sch., p. 95.

[443] Coventry Leet Book, I., 101.

[444] Redstone, Trans. Royal Hist. Soc., N. S., XVI., p. 166.

[445] Hist. MS., Com. X., App. IV., 425; Ed. Ch., 439.

[446] Carlisle: Endowed Gr. Schs., I., 335.

[447] E. S. R., II., 180-184.

[448] P. C. C., 34 Luffenham, p. 269.

[449] Copy of will in Duchy of Lancaster Misc. Bks., 25 fol. 19.

[450] E. S. R., II., 144.

[451] E. S. R., II., 144.

[452] E.g. Douze Gild, Feste du Pin.

[453] Toulmin Smith: English Gilds, p. 115.

[454] Ibid., p. 155.

[455] Ibid., p. 160.

[456] Ibid., p. 226. For other instances see pp. 179, 194, 287, and Hartshorn, op. cit., p. 15.

[457] Cf. Page, Yorkshire Chantries, Surtees Society.

[458] See also Liber Vitae of Durham, Surtees Society.

[459] E. S. R., I., 53.

[460] See V. C. H., Durham, I., p. 371.

[461] E. S. R., II., 60.

[462] Ibid., p. 65.

[463] Stat. of the Realm, IV., pt. I., p. 24.

[464] Eng. Schs. at Ref., p. 91.

[465] E. S. R., II., 56.

[466] Chant. Certif. XXI., No. 24, Trans. Bristol and Glouc. Archael. Soc. VI.

[467] Chantry Certif., No. 36. This chantry was founded by Letters Patent. (Pat. 27, Henry VI., pt. I, m. 27). Further Letters Patent were granted in 1451. (P. C. C. Luffenham, p. 278). The chantry patent does not say anything about the school. See also E. S. R., II., 146.

[468] Bk. III., Ch. 1.

[469] Paston Letters, V., 21.

[470] Work and Wages, p. 165.

[471] Paston Letters, IV., 237-44; Abram: Social Life in England, p. 189.

[472] E. S. R., II., p. 89.

[473] Yorkshire Schools, II., pp. 60, 61.

[474] E. S. R., II., p. 286.

[475] E. S. R., p. 228.

[476] S. M. E., p. 177.

[477] E. S. R., II., p. 123.

[478] E. S. R., II., p. 297.

[479] E. S. R., II., p. 201.

[480] E. S. R., II., p. 160.

[481] E. S. R., II., p. 302.

[482] E. S. R., II., p. 89.

[483] E. S. R., II., p. 100.

[484] E. S. R., II., p. 297.

[485] E. S. R., II., p. 39.

[486] Cf. Leach, E. S. R., I., p. 91.

[487] E. S. R., I., pp. 91, 92.

[488] E. S. R., II., p. 31.

[489] E. S. R., II., p. 317.

[490] E. S. R., II., p. 34.

[491] E. S. R., II., p. 78.

[492] E. S. R., II., p. 317.

[493] E. S. R., II., p. 47.

[494] E. S. R., II., p. 15.

[495] E. S. R., II., p. 152.

[496] E. S. R., II., p. 258.

[497] E. S. R., II., p. 320.

[498] Wilkins, Concilia, III., p. 722; Ed. Ch., pp. 444-6.

[499] Wilkins, Concilia, IV., p. 3.

[500] Statutes of the Realm, IV., pt. 1, p. 24.

[501] Cf. Coulton: Monastic Schools of the Middle Ages. Leach: “Monasteries and Education” in Cyclopaedia of Education.

[502] Gesta Abbatum Mon. S. Albani, I., p. 72.

[503] V. C. H., Hants., II., p. 251.

[504] V. C. H., Suffolk, II., p. 303.

[505] P. R. O., antiq. H., No. 8.

[506] Charter Roll, 2 Henry III., pt. 1, m. 27.

[507] V. C. H., Berks., II., p. 245.

[508] Rot. Chart., p. 7.

[509] V. C. H., Derbyshire, II., p. 209.

[510] V. C. H., Bedfordshire, II., p. 152.

[511] V. C. H., Lincs., II., p. 450.

[512] Statutes of the Abbey of Bury St. Edmunds, Harl. MSS. 1005, fol. 95 b. The list of schools in connection with monasteries does not profess to be exhaustive.

[513] V. C. H., Sussex, p. 413.

[514] Exch. K. R. Misc. Bks. (P. R. O.), fol. 21, 168, 178, 180. V. C. H., Wars, II., p. 319.

[515] See Somerset and Dorset Notes and Queries, III., p. 241.

[516] Chant. Certif., 42, No. 172.

[517] Sparrow Simpson, Registrum Statutorum, pt. VIII., ch. 6.

[518] Ed. Ch., p. xxxii.

[519] Reg. Whethamstede, (R. S.), II., 315, trans. Gibbs: Hist. Rec. of St. Albans.

[520] B. M. Landsdowne, MS., 375, see V. C. H., Herts., II., p. 315.

[521] Surtees Society publication, p. 91.

[522] Op. cit., V., pp. 302-3.

[523] Hist. Mon. Glouc., III., p. 290.

[524] Lit. Cantuar (R. S. 85), II., p. 464.

[525] B. M. Add. Chart., 19641, V. C. H., Berks., p. 243.

[526] Journal of Educ., Jan. 1905. Ed. Ch., p. 306.

[527] S. M. E., p. 220.

[528] Ibid., p. 221.

[529] Ibid., p. 221.

[530] Early Yorkshire Schools, I., p. 31.

[531] Sharpe: Hist. and Antiq. Coventry, p. 154 n.

[532] Valor. Eccl. (R. C.), III., p. 51. Among the remaining almonry schools were those of Sherborne Abbey, Thornton, Ixworth, Norwich, Ely, Evesham, Furness, Bristol, Tewkesbury, Winchcombe, and Winchester.

[533] S. M. E., p. 218.

[534] Mon. Schs. in Mid. Ages. Contemp. Rev., June 1913. Appendix. As to the number of children in the almonry schools, we may note that there were only three boys at St. Swithun’s in 1381-2, five in 1400-1, eight in 1469-70, and none at all in 1484-5. Compotus Rolls ... of St. Swithun’s, 204 n. See also Abram: English Life and Manners, p. 207. Leach considers that the total number of boys educated in the almonry schools was 1,000. S. M. E., p. 230.

[535] Letters and Papers of Henry VIII., ed. Gairdner, Vol. XII., p. 405. Coulton, Monastic Schools, Contemp. Rev., June 1913.

[536] Dugd. Mon., II., p. 363.

[537] Ibid., II., p. 457.

[538] Ibid., IV., p. 69.

[539] Coulton, Mon. Sch., p. 7.

[540] V. C. H., Beds., I., p. 356.

[541] Social Life, p. 216. See also Early Chanc. Proceed., 44/227.

[542] Downside Rev., Vol. X., p. 31, seq.

[543] The Old English Bible and other Essays, p. 227.

[544] Surtees Society, 107, ed. Canon Fowler, p. 91.

[545] Hist. Mon. Glouc., I., 53.

[546] Ibid.

[547] B. M. Cott. Faust., VI. (Durham Priory Register): Ed. Ch., p. 290.

[548] Ibid.

[549] Roger Prior’s Reg., V., 261 b.

[550] “Non habeant ludimagistrum.”

[551] Visitations of Dioc. of Norwich (Camd. Soc.) 1888, ed. Jessop, pp. 137, 221.

[552] Brit. Mus. MSS., Arundel, f. 69, Ed. Ch., p. 445.

[553] Ibid.

[554] Worcester College, by C. H. Daniel and W. R. Barker, p. 3.

[555] Chron. Petroburgense (Camd. Soc., 1849), p. 31, Ed. Ch., p. 197.

[556] Worc. Epis. Reg. Giffard, fol. 206, Ed. Ch., p. 199.

[557] Worc. Ep. Reg. Giffard, f. 429, Ed. Ch., 198.

[558] Some Durham College Rolls (Oxon. Hist. Soc., 1896); Collectanea, III., 7.

[559] Rashdall, Univ., II., p. 498.

[560] Ibid., p. 499.

[561] Ibid., pp. 478-480.

[562] Hist. Mon. Glouc. (R. S.), I., 34.

[563] Op. cit., p. 26.

[564] V. C. H., Glouc., II., p. 341.

[565] Worcester Coll., p. 27.

[566] B. M. Cott. Faust., VI. (Durham Priory Reg.), Ed. Ch., p. 293.

[567] Brit. Mus. MS. Harl., 1498. Ed. Ch., p. 440.

[568] Ibid.

[569] Rashdall: Univ. II., p. 480.

[570] Ibid.

[571] Jessop: Coming of the Friars, p. 21.

[572] Ibid., p. 22.

[573] See Denifle: Constitutiones des Predeger—Ordene vom Jahre, 1228—in Archiv. fur Litt. und Kirchenges des Mittelalters, 1885, p. 194.

[574] Rashdall: Univ., vol. I., p. 348.

[575] Cyclopaedia of Educ., Art. Franciscans.

[576] Trans. Roy. Hist. Soc., VIII., N. S. May, 1894.

[577] Little: Op. cit., p. 49.

[578] Acta Selecta Capitulorum Generalium Ord. Praed., ed. Martene and Durand, IV., pp. 1899-1900.

[579] Douais: Essai sur l’Organisation des Etudes dans l’Ordre des FrÈres Precheurs en Provence et Toulouse, p. 53. Little points out that “philosophy is generally equivalent to arts, and is sometimes applied to natural philosophy. So one may take ‘naturalium et artium’ as interpretative of ‘philosophie,’” op. cit., p. 50.

[580] Constitutiones antique ordinis Predicatorum, ed. Denifle, I., p. 202.

[581] Ibid., I., p. 201.

[582] Little: op. cit., p. 50.

[583] Denifle: op. cit., p. 222.

[584] Douais: op. cit., p. 3.

[585] Little: op. cit., p. 53.

[586] Douais: Op. cit., p. 58.

[587] Little: op. cit., p. 53.

[588] Op. cit., p. 54.

[589] Martene: op. cit., IV., p. 1900.

[590] Op. cit., p. 56.

[591] Denifle: op. cit., pp. 190-1.

[592] Stat. of the Realm, IV., pt. 1, p. 24.

[593] Bk. I., Ch. 1.

[594] Foundation deed, Winchester College in Hist. Winchester Coll., p. 66.

[595] Ibid.

[596] Ibid.

[597] Lyte: Hist. Univ. Oxford, p. 97.

[598] Rashdall, Univ., II., p. 656.

[599] Munimenta Academica, II., p. 684.

[600] Norwich Corporation Records. Session Book of 12th Hen. VIII. Norfolk Archaeol., IV., p. 342.

[601] Univ., II., p. 657.

[602] Quoted in Moberly’s Life of William of Wykeham, p. 108.

[603] Yorkshire Schools, II., p. 4.

[604] Cott. MSS. Titus, c. IX., f. 58; Ed. Ch., p. 110.

[605] Grandisson’s Register, II., p. 666.

[606] Durham Cathedral Muniments, Liber Elemosinarii, fol. 12 r.; Ed. Ch., p. 124.

[607] Sarum Church and Diocese (R. S.), p. 334.

[608] Stat. Coll. Oxon., I.; Ed. Ch., p. 171.

[609] Strictly speaking, Winchester and Eton were examples of the collegiate churches we are describing in the next chapter. In their turn, the collegiate churches of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries were chantries on a large scale.

[610] Rot. Parl., V., 45.

[611] Ibid.

[612] Chancery Warrants, Series I., file 1439: Ed. Ch., p. 413.

[613] Ibid.

[614] Univ. II., p. 500.

[615] Winchester College, pp. 88, 89.

[616] Winchester School, p. 92.

[617] Ibid.

[618] Whiston: Cathedral Trusts, p. 12.

[619] S. M. E., p. 119.

[620] Univ., II., p. 656.

[621] Forewords, XXXI.-XXXVI.

[622] S. M. E., p. 206.

[623] Ibid., p. 207.

[624] Lebeuf: Histoire de la Ville et tout le Diocese de Paris, II., pp. 129, 130.

[625] Walsingham: Ypodigma Neustriae (R. S.), p. 141.

[626] Sarum Ch. and Dioc. (R. S.), p. 334.

[627] Or 1263, Univ., II., p. 481.

[628] Stat. Coll. Oxford, I.; Ed. Ch., p. 171.

[629] Univ., II., p. 482.

[630] Univ., II., p. 485.

[631] Wilkins, Concilia, I., pp. 3, 55 seq.

[632] Statutes, cap. 40; Ed. Ch., p. 185.

[633] Pat. Roll, 9 Edw., I., m. 28; Ed. Ch., p. 224.

[634] Charter Roll, 13 Edw., I., m. 28; Ed. Ch., p. 226.

[635] Ibid.

[636] Ed. Caley, Ellis and Bandinel.

[637] Wharton: Anglia Sacra, I., p. 740.

[638] Mon., VI., p. 1473.

[639] Brit. Mus. Cott. MSS. Faustina, A., VI. f. 104, reprinted in Early Yorkshire Schools, Vol. II., pp. 84-86; Registrum Parvum, f. 11, reprinted Yorkshire Schools, pp. 86-88.

[640] Mon., VI., p. 1344.

[641] E. S. R., II., p. 40.

[642] E. S. R., II., p. 31.

[643] Mon., VI., p. 1346.

[644] E. S. R., II., p. 54.

[645] Mon., VI., p. 1459.

[646] S. M. E., p. 210.

[647] Reg. Ep. Worcester, H. Wakefield, p. 72, Ed. Ch., pp. 330-334.

[648] Ibid.

[649] Ibid.

[650] Ibid.

[651] Pat. 16, Ric. II., p. 1, m. 24.

[652] Reg. principale D. Archiep. Cantuar, fol. 124 a, reprinted Mon., VI., p. 1391.

[653] Mon., VI., p. 1393.

[654] Duchy of Lanc. Cert. of Colleges, No. 4, Chant. Certif. XX., 43.

[655] Reprinted Mon., VI., pp. 1394-1395.

[656] S. M. E., p. 209.

[657] Mon., VI., p. 1375.

[658] Pat. 5, Hen. VI., p. m. 19.

[659] S. M. E., p. 211.

[660] Mon., VI., p. 1401.

[661] Pat. 12, Hen. IV., pars unica, m. 20.

[662] Pat., 3, Hen. V., pt. I, m. 6, reprinted Mon., VI., pp. 1404-1411.

[663] Ibid., p. 1407.

[664] Mon., VI., p. 1415.

[665] MS. in bibl. Cotton, fol. 8, reprinted in Mon., VI., pp. 1417-1423.

[666] See also Chant. Certif., 45, No. 47.

[667] Mon., VI., p. 1411.

[668] Cf. E. S. R., II., pp. 153, 154, 155, 280; P. R. O., Aug. Off. Misc. Bks. 147.

[669] Pat. 10, Hen. V., m. 3, reprinted Mon., VI., pp. 1425-6.

[670] Cp. S. M. E., p. 254.

[671] Mon., VI., p. 716.

[672] Carlisle, Endowed Gr. Schools, II., p. 301.

[673] Mon., VI., p. 1430.

[674] S. M. E., p. 255.

[675] S. M. E., p. 256.

[676] Probably about 1470.

[677] Rot. Parl., V., p. 256; reprinted Yorkshire Schools, II., pp. 89-91.

[678] E. S. R., II., p. 298.

[679] Mon., VI., pp. 1441-1443; Yorkshire Schools, II., pp. 101-141.

[680] Reprinted Yorkshire Schools, II., 109-130, from MS. at Sydney Sussex Coll., Camb.

[681] Ib., pp. 113, 114.

[682] Ib., p. 115.

[683] Ib., p. 116.

[684] Ib., p. 110.

[685] Ibid., p. 116.

[686] p. 210.

[687] Mon., VI., p. 766.

[688] S. M. E., p. 261.

[689] Pat., II., Ed. IV., p. 2., m. 15, Mon., VI., p. 725.

[690] Cf. S. M. E., p. 272.

[691] Canon Law of 1179 and 1215 did not initiate the custom.

[692] See Bk. I., Ch. II.

[693] Grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic.

[694] Geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy.

[695] On the general subject, see Abelson, The Seven Liberal Arts, Parker, “The Seven Liberal Arts,” Eng. Hist. Rev., V., pp. 417-461, July 1890; Rashdall, Univ., I., pp. 33-37; West, Alcuin pp. 4-27.

[696] E. S. R., II., p. 56.

[697] E. S. R., II., p. 117.

[698] Bk. II., ch. II.

[699] Polycraticus, II., 28.

[700] Bk. II., ch. X.

[701] “Quum primum adolescens admodum, studiorum causa migrassem in Gallias.”

[702] Metal., I., 24.

[703] Illustrations of Medieval Thought, p. 121.

[704] Johannis Saresberiensis, Opera, ed. Giles, Vol. V., pp. 79, 80.

[705] Metal., II., 10; trans. by Poole.

[706] Gesta. Abb. Mon. S. Albani., I., 72.

[707] Ed. Ch., p. 116.

[708] Life of Thomas À Beckett (R. S.), III., p. 3.

[709] Ibid., p. 14.

[710] For description see Drane: Christian Schools and Scholars, pp. 230-2; Foster Watson, Grammar Schools, pp. 32-37.

[711] Mem. of Southwell Minster, p. 205.

[712] Taylor: Medieval Mind, vol. II., p. 516.

[713] Bacon: Opera Inedita, ed. Brewer, Rolls Series, p. lix.

[714] Ibid., p. 59.

[715] Ibid., p. 398.

[716] Opus Major, par. 1.

[717] See Brewer’s ed., p. 322, seq.

[718] Cf. Taylor, op. cit., vol. II., p. 527.

[719] Opus Tertium, Ch. XXIX., trans. by Taylor.

[720] Opera Inedita, ed. Brewer, p. lix.

[721] Op. cit., p. lxii.

[722] Op. cit., p. lxxv.

[723] Op. cit., p. lxxv.

[724] Opera Inedita, ed. Brewer, pp. 58, 59.

[725] Anstey: Munimenta Academica, I., p. 34.

[726] Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, ed. Skeat, p. 299.

[727] Ibid., p. 421.

[728] Statutes of the Colleges of Oxford, vol. I.; Ed. Ch., pp. 349-373.

[729] Brit. Mus. Add., MS. 30158, f. 34.

[730] I.e. the “Apeseyes.”

[731] Cf. article in Cyclopaedia of Education.

[732] Carlisle: Grammar Schools, I., p. 314.

[733] P. C. C., 8 Maynwaryng.

[734] See Carlisle, op. cit., II., pp. 594-598.

[735] A copy of this time table is reprinted in Leach: Educational Charters, pp. 448-451; see also Archaelogia, XXXIV., p. 37, seq. Foster Watson gives a full account of the projected statutes for Cardinal College, Ipswich (1528) in Old Grammar Schools, pp. 16-18.

[736] For an account of the manuals of Stanbridge, see Foster Watson: English Grammar Schools, pp. 385-386.

[737] Ibid., pp. 238-45.

[738] Among the records of the chantry schools, six are mentioned as teaching writing; see E. S. R., II., pp. 66, 98, 251, 305, 307, 312.

[739] Yorkshire Schools, II., p. 109.

[740] E. S. R., II., p. 21.

[741] E. S. R., II., p. 85.

[742] Cutts: Scenes and Characters in the Middle Ages, p. 200.

[743] Cutts: op. cit., p. 205.

[744] Johnson: Canons, II., p. 421.

[745] Household Book of Henry Algernon, fifth Earl of Northumberland, Antiq. Repertory, IV., p. 242.

[746] Dialogue of Heresies, III., c. 12.

[747] Dunning: Political Ideas, p. 263.

[748] Illustrations of Medieval Thought, p. 305.

[749] Letters of Grosseteste (R. S.), p. 63.

[750] Ibid., p. 68.

[751] Ibid., p. 151.

[752] 2 Hen. IV., c. 15. Stat. of the Realm, II., 127.

[753] Rot. Parl., III., 584.

[754] Johnson: Laws and Canons, II., p. 465. Wilkins: Concilia, III., p. 317.

[755] 2 Hen. V., c. 7.

[756] See p. 129.

[757] Rot. Parl., 12, R. II., c. 5.

[758] Rot. Parl., 15, Ric. II., 39; quoted de Montmorency, State Intervention, p. 27.

[759] Op. cit., pp. 30-32.

[760] See p. 200.

[761] Statutes of the Realm, 7, Henry IV., c. 17.

[762] Pat., 24, Henry VI., pt. ii., m. 28.

[763] Rot. Parl., V., 137.

[764] Bk. II., ch. VI.

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Transcriber’s Note:

Punctuation has been corrected and standardized without note.

Inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation have been retained from the original text.

In the list on page 39, the numbers are presented as in the original text.

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