CHAPTER I.

Ancient Iberia—The Basques—The Keltberians—The

Phenicians—Cadiz Founded, 1

CHAPTER II.

Struggle between Phenicians and Assyrians—Founding

of Carthage—Decline of Phenicia—Rise

of Roman Power—First Punic War, 9

CHAPTER III.

Hamilcar—Hannibal—Siege and Fall of Saguntum—Rome

Invades Spain—Scipio's Policy—Cadiz,

(Gades) Surrendered to the Romans—By What

Steps IBERIA Became SPAIN—Fall of Carthaginian

Power—How Spain Became a Roman

Province, 15

CHAPTER IV.

Sertorius—Story of the White Hind—Rome Fights

Her Own Battles on Spanish Soil—Battle of

Munda—CÆsar Declared Dictator—The Ides of

March—Octavius Augustus—Spain Latinized—Four

Hundred Years of Peace, 24

CHAPTER V.

Northern Races in the History of Civilization—Roman

Empire Expiring—Ataulfus—Attila and

the Huns—Theodoric—Evaric Completes Conquest

of Spanish Peninsula—Europe Teutonized—Difference

between Anglo-Saxon and

Latin Races, 30

CHAPTER VI.

Ulfilas—Arianism—The Spanish Language—Brunhilde—Leovigild—His

Son's Apostasy—Arianism

Ceases to be the Established Religion of

Spain, 39

CHAPTER VII.

Toledo—Church of Santa Maria—Wamba, 45

CHAPTER VIII.

Decline of Visigoths—Roderick—Count Julian's

Treachery—Mahommedanism—Tarif—Prophecy

Found in the Enchanted Tower—Tarik—Roderick's

Defeat and Death—Moslem Empire

Established in Spain, 50

CHAPTER IX.

Musa's Dream of European Conquest—Charles Martel—Characteristics

of Mahommedan Rule—Mission

of the Saracen in Europe—The Germ

of a Christian Kingdom in the North of

Spain, 58

CHAPTER X.

Pelayo and the Cave of Covadonga—Alfonso I.—Berbers

and Arabs at War on African Coast—War

Extends to Spain—The Omeyyad Khalifs

Superseded by the Abbasides—Abd-er-Rahman—Omeyyad

Dynasty Established at Cordova—Ineffectual

Attempt of the Abbasides to

Overthrow Abd-er-Rahman—Character of This

Conqueror, 64

CHAPTER XI.

Charlemagne—Battle of Roncesvalles, 69

CHAPTER XII.

Conditions after Death of Abd-er-Rahman—Abd-er-Rahman

II.—Arab Refinements—Eulogius

and the Christian Martyrs—Abd-er-Rahman

III.—A Khalifate at Cordova—The Great

Mosque—The City of "The Fairest"—Death

of Abd-er-Rahman III., 72

CHAPTER XIII.

Rough Cradle of a Spanish Nationality in the

Asturias—Alfonso III. and His Hidalgos and

Dons—Guerrilla Warfare with Moors—Jealousies

and Strife between Christian Kingdoms—Civil

War—Almanzor—Ruin of Christian State

Seemed Imminent—Death of Almanzor—Berber

Revolt—Anarchy in Moorish State—A Khalif

Begging a Crust of Bread—Berbers Destroy Cordova—Library

Burned—City of "The Fairest"

a Ruin—Asturias—Leon and Castile United—Alfonso

VI.—The Cid—Triumph of Christians—Moors

CHAPTER XIV.

European Conditions in Thirteenth Century—Visigoth

Kings Recover Their Land—Its

Changed Conditions—Effect of Arab Civilization

upon Spanish Nation—Fernando III.—Spain

Draws into Closer Companionship with

European States—Alfonso X.—Spain Becoming

Picturesque—The Bull-Fight—Beautiful Granada—The

Alhambra, 87

CHAPTER XV.

Perpetual Civil War between Spanish States—Castile

and Aragon Absorb the Others and in Conflict

for Supremacy—Pedro the Cruel—The

"Black Prince" His Champion against Aragon—John

of Gaunt—His Claim upon the Throne of

Castile—His Final Compromise—Political Conditions

Contrasted with Those of Other

States, 94

CHAPTER XVI.

Death of Juan II.—Enrique IV.—Isabella—Her Marriage

with Ferdinand of Aragon—Isabella

CHAPTER XVII.

Columbus and Isabella—Isabella's Private Griefs—Her

Death—Charles, King under a Regency—Charles

Elected Emperor of Germany—Spain

during His Reign—Cruelties in the East and

in the West—Vain Struggle with Protestantism—Abdication

and Death of Charles, 108

CHAPTER XVIII.

Philip II.—Union of Spain and Portugal—The Duke

of Alva in the Netherlands—War with England—Spanish

Armada Destroyed—Death of

Philip II.—Spain's Decline—Glory of the Name

"Castilian," 117

CHAPTER XIX.

Philip III.—Rebellion of the Moriscos—Last of the

Moors Conveyed to African Coast—Don Quixote—Philip

IV.—Louis XIV. Marries Spanish Infanta—A

Diminishing Kingdom—Carlos II.—First

Collision between Anglo-Saxon and

Spaniard in America—Close of Hapsburg Dynasty

in Spain, 125

CHAPTER XX.

New European Conditions—Louis XIV.—War

of the "Spanish Succession"—Marlborough

Checks Louis at Blenheim—Archduke Abandons

Sovereignty in Spain—Peace of Utrecht—Further

Dismemberment of Spain—Gibraltar

Passes to England—Bourbon Dynasty—Commences

with Philip V.—Ferdinand VI.—Carlos

III.—Expulsion of the Jesuits, 131

CHAPTER XXI.

A Dismantled Kingdom—Spanish-American Colonies—England

and France at War over American

Boundaries—Spain the Ally of France—Loss

of Some of Her West India Islands, and

Capture of Havana and Manila by British—Florida

Given in Exchange for Return of Conquered

Territory—Growing Irritation against

England—France Aids American Colonies in

War with England—Spain's Satisfaction at

Their Success—Its Effect in Peru—Revolution

in France—Rapid Rise of Napoleon—Carlos IV.

Removed and Joseph Bonaparte King—Spain

Joins Napoleon in War against England—Trafalgar—Arthur

Wellesley—Joseph Flees from

His Kingdom, 137

CHAPTER XXII.

Liberal Sentiment Developing—Constitution of

1812—Ferdinand VI. and Reactionary Measures—Revolt

of all the Spanish-American

Colonies—The Holy Alliance—The Monroe

Doctrine—Revolution in Spain—Spain under

CHAPTER XXIII.

The Salic Law and the Princess Isabella—The

Carlists—Regency of Christine—Isabella II.—Her

Expulsion from Spain—Amadeo—An Era

of Republicanism—Castelar—Alfonso XII. Recalled—His

Brief Reign and Death—Alfonso

XIII., 150

CHAPTER XXIV.

Birth of an Insurgent Party in Cuba—Ten Years'

War—Impossible Reforms Promised—Revolution

Started by JosÉ Marti, 1895—Attitude of

the American Government—General Weyler's

Methods—Effect upon Sentiment in America—Destruction

of the Battle-Ship Maine—Verdict

of Court of Inquiry—War Declared between

Spain and America—Victories of Manila and in

Cuba—Terms of Peace—Marriage of Alfonso

XIII. and the Princess Ena, 156