EVERY book of a permanent nature, or intended as a work of reference, requires an index. The length of the Index, or its minuteness, depends upon the nature of the subject treated, and the importance of making it easily available to the reader. The Index belongs to the same family as the Table of Contents, and the Topical Analyses often placed at the beginning of each chapter: the Contents gives a general idea of the divisions into which the author has separated his subject; the Topical Analyses still further divide each chapter; and the Index is ordinarily still more minute, with the further advantage of having its references arranged in alphabetical order.

The proper person to make an index is, first of all, the author of the book, provided that he possesses the natural characteristics. It does not at all naturally follow, however, that all authors are competent to do this, for the art of indexing is not as simple as many superficially suppose. The author should be the one best fitted, because he knows better than any reader the exact meaning each of his sentences is intended to convey,—and this meaning should be expressed in the index. The ideal index is that which gives every topic, thought, or reference contained in the book itself, without a single superfluous word, and with no description or comment.

To make an index requires a quick grasp of the idea contained in each sentence or paragraph, an immediate discernment of the main thought, an instinctive classification, absolute accuracy in translating this thought into its briefest expression, ability to condense, and a sensing of the reader's needs in adequate cross-references. All this demands a mind more logical and more sensitive to codified detail than is possessed by many able writers. Under these circumstances, it is desirable to place the making of the index in the hands of one possessing these qualifications, either instinctively or as a result of experience.

Every publishing-house and most printing establishments of any consequence are in a position to have indexes prepared when required, but the danger is always present that the indexer, approaching his subject from the outside, will fail to place himself sufficiently in the author's attitude, and thus lessen the value of his work. It is most desirable, in order to prevent this, that the author carefully inspect the index while in manuscript. He can thus detect possible departures in the indexer's condensed expression of his own thought.

The following rules and suggestions are given with a twofold object in mind: first, to prevent those authors who possess the necessary qualifications from avoiding the preparation of their own indexes because of unfamiliarity with the technical details; second, to enable authors intelligently to criticize the form as well as the matter of those indexes which are prepared for their volumes by other hands.

WHAT TO INDEX

The closeness with which a book is to be indexed depends partly upon the nature of its contents and partly upon the ideas of the author or publisher. Some indexes contain only the page references; some are so analytical that a reader can gain an excellent idea of the subject-matter itself. These, however, represent the two extremes. The ordinary index aims to give every reference necessary to enable the reader to locate easily the subject-matter for which he searches, but not a synopsis of that subject-matter. The entries should cover, then, with more or less minuteness, as desired, the following:

• (a) Proper names, whether of persons, places, religious or political bodies, etc.
• (b) Events and periods.
• (c) Titles of books to which reference is made.
• (d) Specific topics or subjects.
• (e) Definitions.
• (f) Vital statements.

PLAN

The indexer should decide definitely in his mind just what his procedure is to be before actually beginning work. At first, it is well to make the index too full rather than the reverse, as it is easier to cut out than to fill in. Most important of all, he must be sure that the matter to be indexed is clearly understood before he attempts to transcribe the idea. The character of the book to be indexed must be carefully considered, taking into account the class of people who will probably consult it, and the lines on which they will probably seek information.

Judgment is required in deciding whether it is wise to choose the exact words of the author or to condense the idea into other words. In technical books, the exact wording is sometimes essential, but otherwise it is more important to express the idea than the exact terms in which it is expressed.

Always prefer simple words and expressions to those which are unusual and cumbersome.

Omit every unessential word.

When the book being indexed is one written upon a specific subject, this main subject should not be indexed unless necessary to indicate some reference for which a searcher would look. Ordinarily, the Contents covers this point rather than the Index.

Bear in mind particularly the two extremes: the importance of including every reference necessary to enable the searcher to find what he wishes without delay or confusion, the mistake of overloading the index with useless entries.

Use ink, as pencil entries often become illegible.

Write plainly, and do not try to economize space in preparing the copy.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Subject: includes events, places, persons, facts, definitions or topics: e.g., Boston, 7; Bonnet, Father, 155; Huron Mission, plans for, 129; Onontio, meaning of, 102; Absolutism, contest with liberty, 274.

Heading: the word or words used by the indexer to express the subject or idea. In the examples above, the headings are Boston, Bonnet, Father, Onontio, etc.

Entry: the amplification of the Heading, with the addition of the supplementary phrase. In the example above, the entry is Absolutism, contest with liberty, the supplementary phrase being contest with liberty.

Cross-reference: a heading referring to an entry: e.g., Michabou. See Manabozho.

PROCEDURE

Having settled upon a definite plan, the indexer seats himself at a good-sized table, and lays out his materials in front of him. After testing every possible method, the present writer strongly urges the use of individual slips of paper, about 2½ inches by 4 inches. Arranged within easy reach in front of the indexer, but leaving room for the proof-sheets, should be twenty small pasteboard boxes,[48] a little larger than the slips themselves.[48] On the inside bottom of each box mark a letter of the alphabet, combining O and Q, U and V, and X Y Z. As soon as a slip is written, throw it into its proper box, and continue throughout the work. It is a false economy to search out the slips for subsequent entries, unless they can be easily found, as it is a simple matter at the end to combine the several slips which belong to the same heading.

Here are sample slips, showing a heading which requires full entries and one to which the text contains fewer references. The first shows a slip on which the various entries have been combined:

This slip shows the method of indexing a work in more than one volume:

In the rules which follow, the basis adopted is "Cutter's Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue,"[49] prepared for library cataloguing. Such portion as applies to book indexing has been freely drawn upon, adapted and added to from the present writer's experience.

ARRANGEMENT

When, under a single entry, there are both subject-references and references by folios only, place the folio-references together at the end of the entry, following the subject-references.

Arrange entries according to the English alphabet, whatever the order of the alphabet in which a foreign name might have been entered in its original language.

Arrange German names spelled with the vowels Ä, Ö, Ü as if spelled ae, oe, ue, but retain the form employed by the author.

When the same word serves for several kinds of entries, the order should be as follows: person, place, subject, title: e.g., (1) Brown, G. F. (person). (2) Brown Village (place). (3) Brown-tail Moth (subject). (4) Brown Family, the (title).

Forenames precede surnames: e.g., Francis I precedes Francis, Charles.

ADJECTIVE-HEADINGS

In general, a noun or a substantive phrase should be selected for the heading, but when an adjective forms part of a name or well-known term, the entry should include it: e.g., Alimentary canal, hereditary genius, perpetual motion, etc.

SUBJECT-MATTER

It is not possible to formulate rules for indexing subject-matter as definitely as has already been done with names, places, etc. The judgment of the indexer and his analytical skill will be called fully into play. The effort should be to express in the index, in the clearest yet briefest form, the idea which the author has amplified in his text. As an aid to the nature and form of the entries, a page of text is shown on the opposite page, and the entries which would appear in the index from this page, are given below. This is what would be considered as a medium full index:

• Bressani, Joseph, tortured by Iroquois, 73; life spared by Iroquois, 73; sent to Fort Orange, 73; ransomed by Dutch, 73; sent to Rochelle, 73.
• Dutch, the, ransom Bressani, 73.
• Indian Torture, See Torture, Indian.
• Iroquois Indians, the, torture Bressani, 73; spare Bressani's life, 73.
• Jogues, Isaac, referred to, 73.
• Orange, Fort, Bressani sent to, 73.
• Rochelle, Bressani sent to, 73.
• Torture, Indian, Bressani by the Iroquois, 73.

RULES AND EXAMPLES

Names:

Index under the Christian name or forename:

(a) Sovereigns, popes, queens, princes and princesses. Exceptions: Greek or Roman sovereigns, princes of the French Empire.

(b) Persons canonized: e.g., Thomas a Becket, Saint.

Also make cross-reference: e.g., Becket, Thomas a. See Thomas a Becket.

(c) Friars required by the constitution of their order to relinquish their surname: e.g., Paolino da S. Bartolomeo.

Also make cross-reference under family name: e.g., Wesdin, J.P. See Paolino da S. Bartolomeo.

(d) Persons known only by their first names, whether or not their profession, rank or native place be added: e.g., Michelangelo Buonarroti, Rembrandt van Rhijn.

Cross-reference under family name is optional, dependent upon closeness of indexing.

(e) Oriental authors, including Jewish rabbis: e.g., Abu Bakr ibn Badr.

This rule has many exceptions. Some Oriental writers are known and should be entered under other parts of their name than the first, as "Abu-l-Kasim, Khalaf ibn Abbas," Firdusi, Abul Kasim, etc., known as, or under some appellation as "al-Masudi," "at-Tabari."

In Arabic names, the words of relationship Abu (father), Umm (mother), Ibn, Bin (son), Ahu (brother), though not to be treated as names by themselves, are yet not to be disregarded. They form a name in conjunction with the word following (e.g., Abu Bakr), and determine the alphabetical place of the entry. But the article al (changed by assonance to ad-, ar-, as-, at-, az-, according to the letter it precedes) is neglected (al- Masudi). In all Oriental names, the indexer must be careful not to take titles, as Emir, Bey, Pasha, Sri, Babu, Pundit, for names.

In regard to East Indian names, Dr. Feigl gives the rule: If there are two names, enter under the first, which is the individual name, with a cross-reference from the second; if there are three or more, enter under the third, which is the family name, with a cross-reference under the first or individual name; the second may be neglected.

Index under the surname:

(a) In general, all persons not included under previous rules.

In a few cases, chiefly of artists, a universally-used sobriquet is to be taken in place of the family or forename, as Tintoretto (whose real name was Giacomo Robusti). Similar cases are Canaletto (Antonio Canale and also B. Belotto), Correggio (Ant. Allegri), Garofalo (Benvenuto Piero Tisi), Il Sodoma (Giov. Ant. Bazzi), Spagnoletto (Jusepe Ribera, now however oftener called Ribera), Uccello (Paolo Doni). Always cross-reference from the family name.

(b) In particular, ecclesiastical dignitaries: e.g., Kaye, John, Bishop of Lincoln. Lincoln, John, Bishop of. See Kaye.

Bishops usually omit their family name, canons their forename: e.g., Canon Liddon, Bishop of Ripon, Henry Edward, Archbishop of Westminster, i.e., H. E. Manning. Care must be taken not to treat Canon as a forename or Edward as a family name.

(c) Married women, using the known form:

Wives often continue writing, and are known in literature only under their maiden names (as Miss Freer or Fanny Lewald), or after a second marriage retain for literary purposes the first husband's name. Enclose the maiden name in parenthesis: e.g., Ward, Mrs. Elizabeth (Phelps). Use the form White, Mrs. Julia Charlotte, wife of J. C., when the husband's name is used: e.g., Hopkins, Mrs Sarah (Drake) Garretson. Stowe, Mrs. Emily Howard (Jennings). Soyaux, Frau Frieda (Schanz). Gasparin, ValÉrie (Boissier) Comtesse de.

Women known under their husbands' names are to be entered as follows: Hinkson, Mrs. Katherine (Tynan), Mrs. H. A. Hinkson. Cross-reference to be made from the latter form.

Index under the highest title:

British and foreign noblemen, with cross-reference from earlier titles by which they have been known, and, in the case of British noblemen, from the family name: e.g., Chesterfield, 4th Earl of (Philip Dormer Stanhope). Chesterfield, 5th Earl of (Philip Stanhope). Cross-reference from Stanhope. Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroi, Duc de.

Authors should be put under their names. The definition of a name is "that by which a person or thing is known." Noblemen are known by their titles, not by their family names.

In the few cases in which the family name[50] or a lower title is decidedly better known, index under that and cross-reference from the title: e.g., Francis Bacon, Baron Verulam; Robert Curzon, 14th Baron Zouche; John Napier, Baron of Merchiston; Horace Walpole, 4th Earl of Oxford; likewise the military nobles and princes of the French Empire: e.g., Lucien Bonaparte, Prince de Canino; McMahon, Duc de Magenta.

Englishwomen's titles-of-honor are to be treated by the following rules. In the matter of titles an Englishwoman in marrying has everything to gain and nothing to lose. If she marries above her own rank she takes her husband's title in exchange for her own, if below her own rank she keeps her own title. (a) The wife of a peer takes her husband's style.

That is, she is Baroness, Viscountess, Marchioness, etc. In indexing, say Brassey, Annie (Allnutt), Baroness; not Brassey, Annie (Allnutt), Lady.

(b) The wife of a knight or baronet is Lady. Whether this title precedes or follows her forename depends upon whether she had a title before her marriage.

That is, if Lady Mary Smith marries Sir John Brown (either knight or baronet), she is Lady Mary Brown, also if Hon. Mary Smith marries Sir John Brown (knight or baronet) she is Lady Mary Brown; but if Miss Mary Smith marries Sir John Brown (knight or baronet), she becomes Mary, Lady Brown.

(c) A maid of honor retains her Hon. after marriage, unless, of course, it is merged into a higher title.

Thus, if she marries a baronet she is the Hon^ble Lady Brown; if a peer, the Lady So and So. In either case as though she had been a peer's daughter.

(d) The wife of an earl's (or higher peer's) younger son is never the Hon^ble Lady; if she used the Lady before marriage in her own right she does not, of course, add anything by such marriage, but the wife of a younger son of a lower peer than an earl is Hon??? Mrs. (not Lady)—the younger children of all peers using, of course, the family name, with or without their forenames, according to their rank.

(e) If the lady to whom the title Hon. belongs in virtue of her father's rank marries a commoner, she retains her title, becoming Hon. Lady if she marries a knight or baronet, and Hon. Mrs. if her husband has no title.

None of these courtesy titles is inherited by the children of those who bear them, the third generation of even the highest peer being simply commoners unless raised in rank by marriage or merit.

(f) The title Lady belongs to daughters of all noblemen not lower than earl.

(g) The title Hon. belongs to daughters of viscounts and barons; also to an untitled woman who becomes a maid-of-honor to the Queen, and this title is retained after she leaves the service. If a woman who has the title Lady becomes maid-of-honor she does not acquire the title Hon.

Index compound names according to the usage of the author's fatherland, though if it is known that his practice differs from this usage, his preference should be followed. Compound names then go:

(a) If English, under the last part of the name, when the first has not been used alone by the author: e.g., Gould, Sabine Baring-; but Halliwell (afterwards Halliwell-Phillipps), J. O., and Locker (afterwards Locker-Lampson), because they are well-known under the first names.

(b) If foreign, under the first part.

Both such compound names as Gentil-Bernard and such as Gentil de Chavagnac. There are various exceptions, when a name has been more known under the last part, as FÉnelon, not Salignac de Lamothe FÉnelon; Voltaire, not Arouet de Voltaire; Sternberg, not Ungern-Sternberg. Moreover, it is not always easy to determine what is a compound surname in French. Cross-references are necessary whichever way one decides each case, especially when the second part of a foreign compound name has been used alone, as Merle d'AubignÉ (index under Merle with a cross-reference from AubignÉ).

In French, a forename is sometimes joined to a surname by a hyphen. In such cases make the entry under the family name, with a cross-reference from the forename: e.g., entry, Rochette, DÉsirÉ Raoul; cross-reference, Raoul-Rochette, DÉsirÉ. See Rochette.

(c) In foreign compound names of women also, although the first part is usually the maiden name and the second the husband's name, the entry should generally be under the first, with a cross-reference from the second[51]: e.g., RivÉ-King, with cross-reference from King, born RivÉ.

Index surnames preceded by prefixes:

(a) In French and Belgian, under the prefix when it is or contains an article, Le, La, L', Du, Des; under the word following when the prefix is a preposition, de, d': e.g., Des Essarts, Du Cange, La Fontaine, Le Sage, L'Estoille; but Charlevoix, P. F. X. de; EstrÉes, M^me d'.

La and Le are often, Des is usually, and Les is almost without exception printed as one word with the name following, as Lafontaine, Lesage, LesdiguiÈres; de and d' are sometimes so printed; when they are, enter under the D: e.g., Debucourt, Decamps, Delisle; but Bucourt, A. de, Camps, C. de, Lisle, J. de.

(b) In English, under the prefix, no matter from what language the name is derived, with cross-references when necessary: e.g., De Quincey, Van Buren.

(c) In all other languages, under the name following the prefix, with cross-references whenever the name has been commonly used in English with the prefix, as Del Rio, Vandyck, Van Ess: e.g. Gama, Vasco da, Goethe, J. W. von.

But when the name is printed as one word, entry is made under the prefix, as Vanderhaeghen.

(d) Naturalized names with prefixes are to be treated by the rules of the nation adopting them.

Thus German names preceded by von, when belonging to Russians, are to be entered under Von, as this is the Russian custom. So when Dutch names compounded with van are adopted into French or English (as Van Laun) the Van is treated as part of the family name.

Prefixes are d', de, de La (the name goes under La not de), Des, Du, L', La, Le, Les, St, Ste (to be arranged as if written Saint, Sainte), da, dal, dalla, dalle, dai, dagli, del, della, delle, dei (dÉ or de), degli, da, dos, das, ten, ter, thor, Van, vander, van't, ver, am, auf, auf'm, aus, aus'm, in, im, von, vom, zu, zum, zur, A', Ap, O', Fitz, Mac (which is to be printed as it is in the title, whether M', or Mc, or Mac, but to be arranged as if written Mac).

Index names of capes, lakes, mountains, rivers, forts, etc., beginning with Cape, Lake, Mt., etc., under the word following the prefix, but when the name is itself used as a prefix, do not transpose Cape, etc., nor in such names as Isle of the Woods, Isles of Shoals; but there is more reason for writing France, Isle de; Man, Isle of; Wight, Isle of: e.g., Cod, Cape; George, Lake; Washington, Mt.; Moultrie, Fort; but Cape Breton Island. When the name of a fort becomes the name of a city, of course the inversion must be abandoned, as Fort Wayne.

Forenames are to be used in the form employed by their owners, however unusual, as Will Carleton, Sally (Pratt) McLean, Hans Droysen, Fritz Reuter.

Give names of places in the English form. (Cross-reference from the vernacular, if necessary): e.g., Munich not Muenchen or MÜnchen, Vienna not Wien, Austria not Oesterreich.

But if both the English and the foreign forms are used by English writers, prefer the foreign form: e.g., DauphinÉ rather than Dauphiny.

Use the modern name of a city and cross-reference to it from the ancient, provided its existence has been continuous and there is no doubt as to the identity.

Distinctive epithets are to be in the same language as the name: e.g.,

Kniaz, fÜrst von, Freiherr zu, duc de Magenta, Bishop of Lincoln, ÉvÊque de Meaux; but Emperor of Germany, King of France, not kaiser and roi, when names of sovereign princes are given in English. Treat in the same way patronymics habitually joined with a person's name; as, Clemens Alexandrinus.

Prefixes (i.e., titles which in speaking come before the name), as Hon., Mrs., Rev., etc., should in the heading be placed before the Christian name (as Smith, Capt. John), and suffixes as Jr., D.D., LL.D., after it (as Channing, James Ellery, D.D.).

Hereditary titles generally follow the Christian name, as Derby, Thomas Stanley, 1st earl of; but British courtesy titles (i.e., those given to the younger sons of dukes and marquesses) precede, as Wellesley, Lord Charles (2d son of the Duke of Wellington). In other languages than English, French, and German the title usually precedes the forename; as, Alfieri, Conte Vittorio. Occasionally a French nobleman uniformly places his title before his forenames; as, Gasparin, Comte AgÉnor de.

Lord should be replaced by the exact title in the names of English noblemen: e.g., Lord Macaulay should be entered as Macaulay, 1st baron. Lord in the title of Scotch judges follows the family name; as, Kames, H. Home, afterwards Lord.

The title Baronet is given in the form Scott, Sir Walter, bart.

Patronymic phrases, as of Dedham, follow all the names; but they must immediately follow the family name when they are always used in close connection with it, as Girault de St. Farjeau, EusÈbe; similarly aÎnÉ, fils, jeune, as Dumas fils, Alexandre; Didot fils, Ambroise. Latin appellatives should not in general be separated from their nouns by a comma; as, Caesar Heisterbacensis.

The name of a king's wife should be written thus: Charlotte, Queen, consort of George III of England. Anne Boleyn Queen, 2d consort of Henry VIII of England.

Countries and places:

Index under countries or places important events relating to them: e.g., Montreal, Cartier's description of houses at. Also make reference under name: e.g., Cartier, description of houses at Montreal.

Enter congresses of several nations under the name of the place of meeting (as that usually gives them their name), with cross-references from the nations taking part in them, and from any name by which they are popularly known: e.g., the Congress of London, of Paris, of Verona, International Peace Congress at the Hague.

Enter treaties under the name of each of the contracting parties, with a cross-reference from the name of the place of negotiation, when the treaty is commonly called by that name, and from any other usual appellation: e.g., treaty of Versailles, Barrier treaty, Jay's treaty.

Parties and sects:

Enter the official publications of any political party or religious denomination or order, under the name of the party, or denomination, or order: e.g.,

Platforms, manifestoes, addresses, etc., go under Democratic Party, Republican Party, etc.

Confessions of faith, creeds, catechisms, liturgies, breviaries, missals, hours, offices, prayer books, etc., go under Baptists, Benedictines, Catholic Church, Church of England, Friends, etc.

That part of a body which belongs to any place should be entered under the name of the body, not the place: e.g., Congregationalists in New England, Congregationalists in Massachusetts, not New England Congregationalists, Massachusetts Congregationalists. But cross-references must be made from the place (indeed in cases like Massachusetts Convention, Essex Conference, it may be doubted whether those well-known names should not be the headings).

Enter corporations and quasi corporations, both English and foreign, under their names as they read, neglecting an initial article or serial number when there is one.

Enter orders of knighthood, both those of medieval times and their honorary modern equivalents, under the significant word of the English title: e.g., Garter, Order of the; Malta, Knights of; Templars, Knights; Teutonic Order; Freemasons. But the American Knights Templars, being merely a division of the Freemasons, belong under Freemasons; so of other regular masonic bodies.

The colleges of an English university and the unnamed professional schools of an American university go under the university's name. Such professional schools, if they have a distinctive name, particularly if at a distance from the university, or for any other reason less closely connected with it, go under their own name: e.g., Oxford University, Magdalen College; Harvard University, Veterinary School; but Barnard College, Columbia University; Radcliffe College, Harvard University; Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University.

College libraries go under the name of the college: e.g., Harvard College, University Library. But the Bodleian Library may be put under Bodleian.

Local college societies go under the name of the college; intercollegiate societies and Greek letter fraternities under their own names: e.g., F B K A, of Harvard.

Alumni and AlumnÆ associations go under the name of the school or college: e.g., Harvard Alumni Association of New York.

Schools supported by public taxation go under the name of the city or town maintaining them, whether they have an individual name or not.

When a corporation is much less known by the first words of its name than by a later part, enter under the later part: e.g., Christian Endeavor, Young People's Society of.

Enter guilds under the name of the trade: e.g., Stationers Company, not Master and Keepers or Wardens and Commonality of the Mystery and Art of Stationers of the City of London, which is the corporate title.

Enter bodies whose legal name begins with such words as Board, Corporation, Trustees under that part of the name by which they are usually known: e.g., Trustees of the Eastern Dispensary; President and Fellows of Harvard College; Proprietors of the Boston AthenÆum; Contributors to the Asylum for the Relief of Persons Deprived of their Reason. Cross-reference from the first word of the legal name.

Enter the name of a firm under the family name rather than the forename, and do not fill out the forenames: e.g., Friedlander und Sohn, Raphael, not under Raphael; Stokes, F. A. Co., not Stokes, Frederick A. Co.

The consulter is much more likely to remember the family than the Christian name. Whether the Christian name is written at the end or thus, Town (John) and Bowers (Henry), all firms should be arranged after all the other entries of the first family name, i.e., Friedlander und Sohn after all the Friedlanders.

This rule might be extended to include corporations, colleges, libraries, etc., whose legal names include forenames. Entry under a forename, as Silas Bronson Library, and especially under initials, as T. B. Scott Public Library, is awkward. But the public habit is not yet sufficiently settled to justify an exception.

Enter the universities of the European continent and of Central and South America under the name of the place; all other societies under KÖnigliche, Herzogliche, etc.

Cross-reference from the first word in the university names and from the place of societies.

A few learned academies, commonly called by the names of the cities where they are established, may be entered under the place with a cross-reference from the name. These are Berlin, GÖttingen, Leipzig, Lisbon, Madrid, Munich, St. Petersburg, Vienna.

Enter national libraries, museums, and galleries, as well as libraries, museums, and galleries instituted or supported by a city, under the place, provided they have not a distinctive name.

Example of place: Paris BibliothÈque Nationale. Boston Public Library.

Example of name: Berkshire AthenÆum; Boston AthenÆum; British Museum; Forbes Library; Marucceliana, Biblioteca; Reuben Hoar Public Library.

Enter observatories under the name of the place: e.g., Greenwich, Observatory. Pulkowa, Sternwarte; except that: (a) University observatories go under the university: e.g., Harvard College. Astronomical Observatory, at Cambridge. (Cross-reference from Cambridge.)

(b) Any observatory having an individual name may go under that: e.g., Lick Observatory, Yerkes Observatory.

Enter expositions under the place where they were held: e.g.,

Buffalo, Pan-American Exposition, 1901; Chicago, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893; New Orleans, World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exhibition, 1884-85; Philadelphia, Centennial Exhibition, 1876.

Cross-reference from an individual name.

Enter American State universities and State historical, agricultural and medical societies, whether supported by the State or not, under the name of the State, unless they are better known by a distinctive name. The State's name usually enters into the name of these societies and they are known outside of the State by its name. Cross-reference when necessary.

Enter churches under the name of the place.

Single churches have usually been entered under the place, a practice which arose in American indexes from our way of naming churches "The First Church in——," "The Second Church of——," etc., and applies very well to a majority of English churches, whose name generally includes the name of the parish. It is more in accordance with indexing principles to limit the local entry of churches to First Church, etc., and those which have only the name of the town or parish, and to put all others (as St. Sepulchre's, St. Mary Aldermansbury) under their names, as they read, and to treat convents and monasteries in the same way; but the convenience of having a single definite rule has been held to outweigh in this case the claims of consistency.

The parishes of London (as Kensington, Marylebone, Southwark), like the parts of Boston (Dorchester, Roxbury, etc.), or of any other composite city, would be put under their own names, not under the name of the city.

A few cathedrals generally known by some other name may be entered under it: e.g., St. Paul's, London; Notre Dame, Paris; St. Peter's, Rome; St. Sophia, Constantinople.

Put monasteries and convents, like churches, under the place, unless better known by the name.

National banks designated merely by number (as First National Bank of Boston) go under the name of the place.

Young men's Christian associations, mercantile library associations, and the like, should have local entry.

Private schools having no distinctive name go under the name of the proprietor.

Private libraries, galleries and museums go under the name of the proprietor.

Buildings are for the most part provided for in the above rules, as museums, galleries, libraries, churches, etc. Any others should be entered under their names, with a cross-reference from the city.

Headings like Charles, George, Henry, when very numerous, must be divided into classes, in this order: Saints, Popes, Emperors, Kings, Princes, and Noblemen, others. The Saints are sub-arranged by their usual appellatives, the Popes by their number, Sovereigns and Sovereign princes in alphabetical order of countries, and under countries numerically. Other persons are sub-arranged by their usual appellatives, neglecting the prepositions:[52] e.g.,

• Peter, Saint.
• Peter, Pope.
• Peter, the Great, Emperor of Russia.
• Peter II, of Aragon.
• Peter III, of Aragon.
• Peter I, of Portugal.
• Peter, Duke of Newcastle.
• Peter, of Groningen, enthusiast. See Pieter.
• Peter, John Henry.
• Peter, Lake.
• Peter, Mt.
• Peter-Hansen, Erik.
• Peter Lewis, a true tale.

When there are two appellatives coming in different parts of the alphabet, cross-reference from the rejected one, as Thomas Cantuariensis. See Thomas Becket.

Arrange in two alphabets names that differ slightly in spelling and come close together in the alphabet: e.g.,

Brown and Browne, and the French names beginning with Saint and Sainte. As readers may not always know the spelling of the author's name, cross-references should be made: e.g., Brown. See also Browne.

Arrange by the forename headings in which the family name is the same.

No attention is to be paid to prefixes, as Bp., Capt., Dr., Hon., Sir, FrÄulein, Miss, Mlle., Mme., Mrs., or to suffixes, as D.D., F.R.S., LL.D., etc.

When the forenames are the same, arrange chronologically.

No attention is to be paid to the titles Sir, etc.: e.g., Bart, T. L., comes before Bart, Thomas, for the same reason that Bart comes before Barta.

Forenames not generally used should be neglected in the arrangement.

When an author is generally known by one of several forenames he will be looked for by that alone, and that alone should determine the arrangement. The form should be Harte, Bret (in full Francis Bret), or Harte, Bret (i.e., Francis Bret).

Make cross-references whenever the omission of a name will change the alphabetical arrangement, as from MÜller, F. Max, to MÜller, Max.

When there are two names exactly the same, add dates if available: e.g., Franklin, John (d. 1759); Franklin, John (d. 1863).

If an author uses both the shorter and the longer forms in different works, and yet is decidedly better known by the shorter, arrange by that.

Arrange a nobleman's title, under which entry is made, and the name of a bishop's see, from which reference is made to the family name, among the personal names, not with the places: e.g.,

• London, Alfred.
• London, David, bp. of.
• London, John.
• London, Conn.
• London, Eng.
• not London, John.
• London, David, bp. of.
• London, Conn.
• nor London, John.
• London, Conn.
• London, David, bp. of.
• London, Eng.

• Danby, John.
• Danby, Thomas Osborne, earl of.
• Danby, Wm.
• Danby, Eng.
• Holland, C.
• Holland, 3d baron (H: R. Vassal Fox).
• Holland, 4th baron (H: E. Vassal Fox).
• Holland (the country).

The possessive case singular should be arranged with the plural: e.g.,

• Bride of Lammermoor.
• Brides and bridals.
• Bride's choice.
• Boys' and girls' book.
• Boy's King Arthur.
• Boys of '76.

Arrange Greek and Latin personal names by their patronymics or other appellatives: e.g.,

• Dionysius.
• Dionysius Areopagita.
• Dionysius Chalcidensis.
• Dionysius Genuensis.

Arrange English personal and place names compounded with prefixes as single words; also those foreign names in which the prefix is not transposed: e.g.,

• Demonstration.
• De Montfort.
• Demophilus.
• De Morgan.
• Demosthenes.

Other such names are Ap Thomas, Des Barres, Du Chaillu, Fitz Allen, La Motte FouquÉ, Le Sage, Mac Fingal, O'Neal, Saint-RÉal, Sainte-Beuve, Van Buren.

This is the universal custom, founded on the fact that the prefixes are often not separated in printing from the following part of the name. It would, of course, be wrong to have Demorgan in one place and De Morgan in another.

Arrange proper names beginning with M', Mc, St., Ste. as if spelled Mac, Saint, Sainte.

Because they are so pronounced. But L' is not arranged as La or Le, nor O' as if it stood for Of, because they are not so pronounced.

Arrange compound names of places as separate words, except those beginning with prefixes: e.g.,

• New, John.
• New Hampshire.
• New legion of Satan.
• New Sydenham Society.
• New York.
• Newark.
• Newfoundland.
• Newspapers.
• not New, John.
• New legion of Satan.
• Newark.
• Newfoundland.
• New Hampshire.
• Newspapers.
• New Sydenham Society.
• New York.

Arrange personal names compounded of two names with or without a hyphen after the first name, but before the next longer word: e.g.,

• Fonte, Bart. de.
• Fonte Resbecq, Auguste.
• Fontenay, Louis.
• Fontenay Mareuil, FranÇois.

Arrange names of societies as separate words.

See New Sydenham Society in the list above.

Arrange hyphened words as if separate: e.g.,

• Happy home.
• Happy-Thought Hall.
• Happy thoughts.
• Home and hearth.
• Home rule.
• Homely traits.
• Homer.
• Sing, pseud.
• Sing, James.
• Sing, James, pseud.
• Sing-Sing Prison.
• Singapore.
• Singing.
• Grave and Reverend Club.
• Grave County.
• Grave Creek.
• Grave-digger.
• Grave-mounds.
• Grave objections.
• Grave de MÉzeray, Antoine.
• Gravel.
• Gravestone.
• Graveyard.
• Out and about.
• Out in the cold, a song.
• Out-of-door Parliament.
• Outer darkness, The.

Arrange pseudonyms after the corresponding real name: e.g.,

• Andrew, pseud.
• Andrew, St.
• Andrew, St., pseud.
• Andrew, John.
• Andrew, John, pseud.
• Andrew, John Albion.

Arrange incomplete names by the letters. When the same letters are followed by different signs, if there are no forenames, arrange in the order of the complexity of signs; but if there are forenames, arrange by them: i.e., put a dot before a line, a line before a star (three lines crossing), etc.: e.g.,

• Far from the world.
• Far ...
• Far ***
• Far, *** B. F.
• Far ..., J. B.
• Farr, John.

The arrangement of title-entries is first by the heading words; if they are the same, then by the next word; if that is the same, by the next; and so on. Every word, articles and prepositions included, is to be regarded, but not a transposed article: e.g.,

• Uncovenanted Mercies.
• Under a Cloud.
• Under the Ban.
• Under the Greenwood Tree; a novel.
• Under the Greenwood Tree; a poem.
• Under Which King.
• Undone Task, The.
• Undone Task Done.[53]

It makes no difference whether the words are connected with one another in sense or not; the searcher should not be compelled to think of that. Let the arrangement be by words as ordinarily printed. Thus Home Rule is one idea but it is two words, and its place must be determined primarily by its first word Home, which brings it before Homeless. If it were printed Homerule it would come after Homeless. Similarly Art Amateur is one phrase, but as the first word Art is followed by a word beginning with am, it must come before Art and Artists, although its parts are more closely connected than the parts of the latter phrase.

The French d' and l' are not to be treated as part of the following word: e.g.,

• Art d'Économiser.
• Art d'Être grandpÈre.
• Art d'instruire.
• Art de faire.
• Art de l'instruction.
• Art de linguistique.
• Art des mines.
• Art digne.
• not Art de faire.
• Art de linguistique.
• Art de l'instruction.
• Art d'Économiser.
• Art des mines.
• Art d'Être grandpÈre.
• Art digne.
• Art d'instruire.

Arrange titles beginning with numeral figures as if the figures were written out in the language of the rest of the title: e.g.,

100 deutscher MÄnner—Ein hundert deutsche MÄnner; 1812—Mil huit cent douze.

Arrange abbreviations as if spelled in full, but elisions as they are printed: e.g.,

Dr., M., Mlle., Mme., Mr., Mrs., St., as Doctor, Monsieur, Mademoiselle, Madame, Mister, Mistress, Saint.

• But Who'd be a king?
• Who killed Cock Robin?
• Who's to blame?

Care must be taken not to mix two subjects together because their names are spelled in the same way.

Thus Grace before meals, Grace of body, Grace the musical term, and Grace the theological term, must be four distinct headings.

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