1“History is unable to demonstrate any one people, wherein the first traces of division of labor and of agriculture do not coincide with such agricultural exploitations, wherein the efforts of labor were not apportioned to one and the fruits of labor were not appropriated by some one else, wherein, in other words, the division of labor had not developed itself as the subjection of one set under the others.”—Robertus-Jagetzow, Illumination on the social question, second edition. Berlin, 1890, p. 124. (Cf. Immigration and Labor. The economic aspects of European Immigration to the United States, by Dr. Isaac A. Hourwich. Putnam’s, N.Y., 1912.—Translator.)

2Achelis, Die Ekstase in ihrer kulturellen Bedeutung, vol. 1 of Kulturprobleme der Gegenwart, Berlin, 1902.

3Grosse, Formen der Familie. Freiburg and Leipzig, 1896, p. 39.

4Ratzel, VÖlkerkunde. Second Edition. Leipzig and Wien, 1894–5, II, p. 372.

5Die Soziale Verfassung des Inkareichs. Stuttgart, 1896, p. 51.

6Siedlung und Agrarwesen der Westgermanen, etc. Berlin, 1895, I, p. 273.

7l. c. I, p. 138.

8Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 702.

9Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 555.

10Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 555.

11For example with the Ovambo according to Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 214, who in part “seem to be found in slavelike status,” and according to Laveleye among the ancient Irish (Fuidhirs).

12Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 648.

13Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 99.

14Lippert, Kulturgeschichte der Menschheit. Stuttgart, 1886, II, p. 302.

15Lippert, l. c. II, p. 522.

16RÖmische Geschichte. Sixth Edition. Berlin, 1874, I, p. 17.

17Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 518.

18Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 425.

19Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 545.

20Ratzel, l. c. II, pp. 390–1.

21Ratzel, l. c. II, pp. 390–1.

22Lippert, l. c. I, p. 471.

23Kulischer, “The history of the development of interest from capital.” JahrbÜcher fÜr National Œkonomie. III series, vol. 18, p. 318, Jena, 1899: (Says Strabo: “Plunderers and from the scant supplies of their native land covetous of the lands of others.”)

24Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 123.

25Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 591.

26Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 370.

27Ratzel, l. c. II, pp. 390–1.

28Ratzel, l. c. II, pp. 388–9.

29Ratzel, l. c. II, pp. 103–04.

30Thurnwald, Staat und Wirtschaft im altem Ægypten. Zeitschrift fÜr Soz. Wissenchaft, vol. 4 1901, pp. 700–01.

31Ratzel, l. c. II, pp. 404–05. (Gumplowicz, Rassenkampf, p. 264: “Egypt, rich and self-sufficient, says Ranke, invited the avarice of neighboring tribes, who served other gods. Under the name of the Shepherd peoples, foreign dynasts and foreign tribes ruled Egypt for centuries.

“Truly, the summary of universal history could not be begun with more characteristic words than those of Ranke. For in the words applied to Egypt the quintessence of the whole history of mankind is summed up.”—Translator.)

32Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 165.

33Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 485.

34Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 480.

35Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 165.

36Buhl, Soziale VerhÄltnisse der Israeliten, p. 13.

37Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 455.

38Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 628.

39Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 625.

40Cieza de Leon, “Seg. parte de la crÓnica del Peru.” P. 75, cit. by Cunow, Inkareich (p. 62, note 1).

41Cunow, l. c. p. 61.

42Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 346.

43Ratzel, l. c. II, pp. 36–7.

44Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 221. (Cf. remarks by Hon. A.J. Sabath, M.C., Sociological Argument on Workman’s Compensation Bill, p. 498, Senate Document 338, Sixty-second Congress, Second Session, Volume I. See also Congressional Record for March 1, 1913, Sixty-second Congress, Third Session, pp. 4503, 4529, et seq.—Translator.)

45“Among the Wahuma women occupy a higher position than among the negroes, and are watched carefully by their men. This makes mixed marriages difficult. The mass of the Waganda even to-day would not have remained a genuine negro tribe ‘of dark chocolate colored skin and short wool hair’ were it not that the two peoples are strictly opposed to one another as peasants and herdsmen, rulers and subjects, as despised and honored, in spite of the relations entered into among the upper classes. In this peculiar position, they represent a typical phenomenon, which is found repeated at many other points.”—Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 177.

46Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 178.

47Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 198.

48Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 476.

49Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 453.

50Kopp, Griechische StaatsaltertÜmer, 2, Aufl. Berlin, 1893, p. 23.

51Uhland, Alte hoch und niederdeutsche Volkslieder I (1844), p. 339 cited by Sombart: Der moderne Kapitalismus, Leipzig, 1902, I, pp. 384–5.

52Inama-Sternegg, Deutsche Wirtsch.-Gesch. I, Leipzig, 1879, p. 59.

53Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, London, 1891, p. 368.

54Cf. Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 81.

55Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 156.

56Ratzel, l. c. I, pp. 259–60.

57Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 434.

58I. Kulischer, l. c., p. 317, where other examples may be found.

59Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, p. 400, which contains a number of ethnographical examples.

60Westermarck, l. c., p. 546.

61Cf. Ratzel, l. c. I, pp. 318, 540.

62Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 106.

63Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 335.

64Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 346.

65Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 347.

66Buecher, Entstehung der Volkswirtschaft, Second Edition, TÜbingen, 1898, p. 301.

67Cf., Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 271, speaking of the islanders of the Pacific Ocean: “Intercourse from tribe to tribe is carried on by inviolable heralds, preferably old women. These act also as intermediary agents in trades.” See also page 317 for the same practises among the Australians.

68German Translation by L. Katscher. Leipzig, 1907.

69Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 81.

70Ratzel, l. c. I, pp. 478–9.

71A. Vierkandt, Die wirtschaftlichen VerhÄltnisse der NaturvÖlker. Zeitschrift fÜr Sozialwissenschaft, II, pp. 177–8.

72Kulischer, l. c. pp. 320–1.

73Lippert, l. c. I, p. 266, et seq.

74Cf. Westermarck, History of Human Marriage.

75Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 27.

76Herodotus IV, 23, cited by Lippert, l. c. I, p. 459.

77Lippert, l. c. II, p. 170.

78Mommsen, l. c. I, p. 139.

79Similar conditions may be observed among the islanders near India. Here the Malays are vikings. “Colonization is an important factor, as conquest and settlement oversea ... reminding one of the great rÔle played in ancient Hellas by the roving tribes.... Every strip of coast line shows foreign elements, who enter uncalled for and in most instances spreading damage among the natives. The right of conquest was granted by the rulers of Tornate to noble dynasts, who later on became semi-sovereign viceroys on the islands of Buru, Serang, etc.”

80Mommsen, l. c. I, p. 132.

81Mommsen, l. c. I, p. 134.

82Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 160.

83Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 558.

84Buhl, l. c., p. 48.

85Buhl, l. c., pp. 78–79.

86Mommsen, l. c. II, p. 406.

87Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 191; cf. also pp. 207–8.

88Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 363.

89Mommsen, l. c., p. 46.

90Both cited by Kulischer, l. c., p. 319, from: Buechsenschuetz, Besitz und Erwerb im grieschischen Altertum; and Goldschmidt, History of the Law of Commerce.

91Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 263.

92F. Oppenheimer’s Grossgrundeigentum und soziale Frage. Book Two, Chapter I. Berlin, 1898.

93Nomadism is exceptionally characterized by the facility with which, from patriarchal conditions, despotic functions are developed with most far-reaching powers. Ratzel, l. c. Vol. II, pp. 388–9.

94Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 408.

95Cunow, l. c. pp. 66–7. Similarly among the inhabitants of the Malay Islands numerous examples are found in Radak (Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 267).

96Buhl, l. c., p. 17.

97Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 66.

98Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 118.

99Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 167.

100Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 218.

101Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 125.

102Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 124.

103Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 118.

104Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 125.

105Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 346.

106Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 245.

107Ratzel, l. c. I. pp. 267–8.

108Mommsen, l. c. III, pp. 234–5.

109Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 167.

110Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 229.

111Ratzel, l. c. I, p. 128.

112Weber’s Weltgeschichte, III, p. 163.

113Thurnwald, l. c., pp. 702–3.

114Thurnwald, l. c., p. 712; cf. Schneider, Kultur und Denken der alten ÆEgypter, Leipzig, 1907, p. 38.

115Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 599.

116Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 362.

117Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 344.

118Meitzen, l. c. II, p. 633.

119Inama-Sternegg, l. c. I, pp. 140–1.

120Mommsen, l. c. V, p. 84.

121Cf. the detailed exposition of this in F. Oppenheimer’s Grossgrundeigentum und die soziale Frage, Book II, Chap. 3.

122Mommsen, l. c. III, pp. 234–5.

123Thurnwald, l. c., p. 771.

124Meitzen, l. c. I, pp. 362f.

125Inama-Sternegg, l. c. I, pp. 373, 386.

126Cf. F. Oppenheimer’s Grossgrundeigentum, p. 272.

127Thurnwald, l. c., p. 706.

128Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 503.

129Ratzel, l. c. II, p. 518.

130Meitzen, l. c. I, p. 579: “At the time of the compilation of the Lex Salica, the ancient racial nobility had been reduced to common freemen or else had been annihilated. The officials, on the other hand, are rated at threefold wergeld, 600 solidi, and if one be ‘puer regis’ 300 solidi.”

131Thurnwald, l. c. p. 712.

132Inama-Sternegg, l. c. II, p. 61.

133Thurnwald, l. c., p. 705.

134“The larger camps of the army of the Rhine obtained their municipal annexes partly through army suttlers and camp followers, and particularly through the veterans, who after the completion of their services remained in their accustomed quarters. Thus there arose distinct from the military quarters proper, a distinct town of cabins (CanabÆ). In all parts of the Empire, and especially in the various Germanias, there arose in the course of time, from these camps of the legionaries, and particularly from the headquarter stations, cities in the modern sense.”—Mommsen, l. c. V, p. 153.

135Eisenhardt, Gesch. der National Oekonomie, p. 9: “Aided by the new and more liquid means of payment in cash, it became possible to call into being a new and more independent establishment of soldiers and of officials. As they were paid only periodically it became impossible for them to make themselves independent (as the feudatories had done) and then to turn on their paymaster.”

136Thurnwald, l. c., p. 773.

137Thurnwald, l. c., p. 699.

138Thurnwald, l. c., p. 709.

139Thurnwald, l. c., p. 711.

140Cf. with this F. Oppenheimer’s Grossgrundeigentum etc., Book II, Chap. 3.

141“Tendency, i. e., a law, whose absolute execution is checked by countervailing circumstances, or is by them retarded, or weakened.” Marx, Kapital, vol. III, p. 215.

142Cf. the excellent work of Peter Kropotkin, Mutual Aid in its Development.

143Cf. F. Oppenheimer, Die Siedlungsgenossenschaft etc., Berlin, 1896, and his Grossgrundeigentum und soziale Frage, Berlin, 1898.

144Cf. F. Oppenheimer, BevÖlkerungsgesetz des T.R. Malthus. Darstellung and Kritik, Berlin-Bern, 1901.

145Cf. F. Oppenheimer, Grundgesetz der Marxschen Gesellschaftslehre, Darstellung und Kritik, Berlin, 1903.

146Cf. F. Oppenheimer, Grundgesetz der Marxschen Gesellschaftslehre, Part IV., particularly, the twelfth chapter: “Tendency of the Capitalistic Development.”

147Cf. F. Oppenheimer, Grossgrundeigentum und soziale Frage, Berlin, 1898. Book I, Chapter 2, Section 3, “Philosophy of the Social Body,” pp. 57 et seq.

148Cf. F. Oppenheimer, Grossgrundeigentum, Book II, Chap. 2, Sec. 3, p. 322.

149Cf. F. Oppenheimer, Grossgrundeigentum, Book II, Chap. 3, Sec. 4, especially pp. 423 et seq.

150Cf. F. Oppenheimer, “Die Utopie als Tatsache,” Zeitschrift fÜr Sozial-Wissenschaft, 1899, Vol. II, pp. 190 et seq.

151Cf. F. Oppenheimer, Siedlungsgenossenschaft, pp. 477 et seq.

152Cf. AndrÉ Siegfried, La dÉmocratie en Nouvelle Zelande, Paris, 1904.