The Makers of Modern Rome, in Four Books

I INSCRIBE THIS BOOK
WITH THE DEAR NAMES OF THOSE OF MINE
WHO LIE UNDER THE WALLS OF ROME:
AND OF HIM, THE LAST OF ALL,
WHO WAS BORN IN THAT SAD CITY:
ALL NOW AWAITING ME, AS I TRUST,
WHERE GOD MAY PLEASE.

F. W. O.
M. W. O.
F. R. O.

PREFACE.

Nobody will expect in this book, or from me, the results of original research, or a settlement—if any settlement is ever possible—of vexed questions which have occupied the gravest students. An individual glance at the aspect of these questions which most clearly presents itself to a mind a little exercised in the aspects of humanity, but not trained in the ways of learning, is all I attempt or desire. This humble endeavour has been conscientious at least. The work has been much interrupted by sorrow and suffering, on which account, for any slips of hers, the writer asks the indulgence of her unknown friends.

CONTENTS.

	BOOK I.
	HONOURABLE WOMEN NOT A FEW.
	CHAPTER I.
ROME IN THE FOURTH CENTURY		page 1
	CHAPTER II.
THE PALACE ON THE AVENTINE		14
	CHAPTER III.
MELANIA		29
	CHAPTER IV.
THE SOCIETY OF MARCELLA		43
	CHAPTER V.
PAULA		65
	CHAPTER VI.
THE MOTHER HOUSE		89
	BOOK II.
	THE POPES WHO MADE THE PAPACY.
	CHAPTER I.
GREGORY THE GREAT		119
	CHAPTER II.
THE MONK HILDEBRAND		181
	CHAPTER III.
THE POPE GREGORY VII		230
	CHAPTER IV.
INNOCENT III		307
	BOOK III.
	LO POPOLO: AND THE TRIBUNE OF THE PEOPLE.
	CHAPTER I.
ROME IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY		381
	CHAPTER II.
THE DELIVERER		402
	CHAPTER III.
THE BUONO STATO		428
	CHAPTER IV.
DECLINE AND FALL		460
	CHAPTER V.
THE SOLDIER OF FORTUNE		486
	CHAPTER VI.
THE END OF THE TRAGEDY		493
	BOOK IV.
	THE POPES WHO MADE THE CITY.
	CHAPTER I.
MARTIN V.—EUGENIUS IV.—NICOLAS V.		513
	CHAPTER II.
CALIXTUS III.—PIUS II.—PAUL II.—SIXTUS IV.		552
	CHAPTER III.
JULIUS II.—LEO X.		581

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS.

	page
Pope Gregory	Frontispiece
Colosseum by Moonlight, by H. P. Riviere	37
Temple of Venus and River from the Colosseum (1860), by H. P. Riviere	73
Temple of Vesta, by H. P. Riviere	111
Arch of Constantine, by H. P. Riviere	153
The Forum, by H. P. Riviere	171
Arch of Titus, by H. P. Riviere	209
Santa Maria Maggiore, by H. P. Riviere	247
Arch of Drusus (1860), by H. P. Riviere	267
Island on Tiber, by H. P. Riviere	287
The Capitol, by J. Pennell	317
Porta Maggiore, by H. P. Riviere	327
In the Campagna (1860), by H. P. Riviere	347
St. Peter's and the Castle of St. Angelo, by H. P. Riviere	367
Approach to the Capitol (1860), by H. P. Riviere	387
Theatre of Marcellus, by J. Pennell	407
Aqua Felice, by H. P. Riviere	463
The Tarpeian Rock, by J. Pennell	481
Ancient, MediÆval, and Modern Rome, by J. Pennell	503
Modern Rome: Shelley's Tomb, by J. Pennell	519
Fountain of Trevi, by H. P. Riviere	527
Santa Maria del Popolo, by H. P. Riviere	547
Piazza Colonna, by J. Pennell	565
Old St. Peter's, from the engraving by Campini	585
Modern Rome: The Grave of Keats, by J. Pennell	593

ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT.

The Colosseum, by J. Pennell	1
The Palatine, from the Aventine, by J. Pennell	13
The Ripetta, by J. Pennell	14
On the Palatine, by J. Pennell	27
The Walls by St. John Lateran, by J. Pennell	29
The Temple of Vesta, by J. Pennell	42
Churches on the Aventine, by J. Pennell	43
The Steps of the Capitol, by J. Pennell	51
The Lateran from the Aventine, by J. Pennell	64
Portico of Octavia, by J. Pennell	65
Trinita de' Monti, by J. Pennell	76
From the Aventine, by J. Pennell	87
The Capitol from the Palatine, by J. Pennell	89
San Bartolommeo, by J. Pennell	97
St. Peter's, from the Janiculum, by J. Pennell	103
St. Peter's, from the Pincio, by J. Pennell	107
Porta San Paola, by J. Pennell	115
The Steps of San Gregorio, by J. Pennell	119
Villa de' Medici, by J. Pennell	133
San Gregorio Magno, and St. John and St. Paul, by J. Pennell	145
The Piazza del Popolo, by J. Pennell	157
Monte Pincio, from the Piazza del Popolo, by J. Pennell	167
Ponte Molle, by J. Pennell	180
The Palatine, by J. Pennell	181
Pyramid of Caius Cestius, by J. Pennell	197
Trinita de' Monti, by J. Pennell	207
The Villa Borghese, by J. Pennell	220
Where the Ghetto stood, by J. Pennell	228
From San Gregorio Magno, by J. Pennell	230
In the Villa Borghese, by J. Pennell	306
The Fountain of the Tortoise, by J. Pennell	307
All that is left of the Ghetto, by J. Pennell	377
On the Tiber, by J. Pennell	381
On the Pincio, by J. Pennell	402
The Lungara, by J. Pennell	428
Porta del Popolo (Flaminian Gate), by J. Pennell	459
Theatre of Marcellus, by J. Pennell	460
The Borghese Gardens, by J. Pennell	486
Tomb of Cecilia Metella, by J. Pennell	493
Letter Writer, by J. Pennell	510
Piazza del Popolo, by J. Pennell	513
On the Pincio, by J. Pennell	533
In the Corso: Church Doors, by J. Pennell	542
Modern Degradation of a Palace, by J. Pennell	552
Fountain of Trevi, by J. Pennell	581
A Bric-a-brac Shop, by J. Pennell	600

BOOK I.
HONOURABLE WOMEN NOT A FEW.

The Colosseum

THE COLOSSEUM.

Clyx.com

THE MAKERS OF MODERN ROME

PREFACE.

CONTENTS.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

THE MAKERS
OF
MODERN ROME