THE SKY.

• Sky, definition of 1
• Stars, what they are 1
• Sun, probable planets of 2
• NebulÆ 2
• Solar system 3
• Planets, list of 3
• Sun, the source of light 3
• " size, diameter, &c. 3
• " spots on 3
• " compared with size of planets 4
• Orbits, elliptical 5
• Ellipse, definition of 5
• Earth's orbit, form of 6
• Mercury 6
• Venus 7
• Planets, inferior and superior 7
• " conjunction and opposition of 8
• The Earth 8
• " form of, demonstrated 9
• " diurnal motion of 10
• " rate of motion of 10
• Equinoxes and solstices 12
• The Moon 12
• " phases of 13
• Mars 14
• Jupiter 16
• " satellites of 18
• Saturn 18
• " rings of 19
• Uranus 21
• Neptune 22
• The planetoids 22
• " supposed origin of 23
• The stellar system 24
• Stars, number of 24
• The Milky Way 24
• NebulÆ 24
• Constellations 25
• Stars, double 26
• " variable 27
• Comets 27

THE AIR.

• Air, how perceived 29
• " composition of 29
• " weight of 30
• Barometer, principle of 30
• Winds, course of 31
• Vapour, condensation of 31
• Snow, hail, and frost 32
• " red and green 32
• Air, temperature of 32
• Dew, cause of 33
• " artificial formation of 34
• Clouds and fogs 35
• Lightning 36
• " conductors 37
• Thunder-storms 38
• Rainbow 39
• Air, the source of nourishment 40
• " carbonic acid of 41
• " the source of coal 41

THE EARTH.

• Elements, list of 45
• Earths, list of 46
• Silica 46
• Alumina, Lime, Potassa 47
• Soda 48
• The Earth, surface of 49
• Strata 49
• " diagram of 50
• " various positions of 51
• Faults or dykes 52
• Granite 53
• Gneiss 54
• Strata, primary 54
• Earth, primary period of 55
• Stalagmites, formation of 58
• Terebratula 58
• Secondary system 59
• Trilobites 59
• Mountains, formation of 61
• Earth, section of part of 62
• Volcanoes, formation of 62
• Coral polypi 64
• Encrinites 65
• Mountain limestone 65
• Basalt 66
• Tree-ferns, Pines, &c. 66
• Air, purification of 67
• Coal, formation of 67
• " consumption of 68
• Coal shales, ferns found in 69
• Earth's surface, alterations of 69
• Labyrinthodon 70
• Red Sandstone, impressions in 70
• Saliferous system 71
• Lias and oolite 71
• Ammonites and pentacrinites 72
• Cretaceous system (chalk) 72
• Ichthyosaurus and plesiosaurus 73
• Coprolites 74
• Chalk, organic remains in 75
• " flints of 76
• Strata, tertiary 78
• Alluvium and diluvium 78
• " quadrupeds of 78
• Dinotherium 79
• Mammoth, &c. 80
• Irish elk, paleotherium 81
• Boulder formation 82
• Fossil leaves 83
• Man, as yet unformed 83
• " his remains only in upper strata 83
• Sculptures from Nineveh 84
• Earth's surface, always changing 84
• " as it is 86
• Earth, temperature of 86
• Europe 87
• Asia and Africa 88
• America 88
• Australia 89
• The Great Desert 89
• Oceans 90

THE WATERS.

• The waters 91
• Sea-weeds, &c. 92
• The horizon 93
• The cliffs 93
• The waters, their divisions 93
• The sea, always the same level 94
• " waters poured into it 94
• Rain, how produced 95
• Rivers and streams 96
• " causes of their overflowing 97
• Lakes 97
• Chalk downs, &c., once a sea bottom 98
• Sea, its encroachments 98
• " waves of 99
• " Sargasso 101
• Gulf stream 101
• Sand, formation of 102
• " none in deep seas 102
• DiatomaceÆ 103
• ForaminiferÆ 104
• Salt, the source of 104
• Sea-water, composition of 105
• Tides 105
• Waters, beneficially arranged 107
• Steam navigation 108
• Introduction to organic kingdoms 110

THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.

• Quantity, distribution, &c. 112
• Forests of Russia and America 113
• Sargasso sea, sea-weed 114
• DiatomaceÆ 114
• Fungi, mould, mildew, &c. 116
• Coral reef, fertilisation of 118
• Vegetables, composition of 118
• " feed on the air 119
• " the food of animals 119
• " mode of growth 120
• " action of light and heat on 121
• Seeds, germination of 122
• Growth, promoted by rain 123
• Endosmose, experiment on 123
• Carbonic acid decomposed by
• plants 124
• Sap, course of 124
• Vegetables, position they hold 125
• " compared with radiata 126
• " description of parts of 127
• Leaves, forms of 130
• Corolla, forms of 132
• Stamens, arrangement of 133
• Fruit, forms of 134
• Inflorescence, forms of 136
• Vegetable kingdom, divisions of 139
• AcrogenÆ 141
• AlgÆ 141
• Fungi 143
• Lichens, ferns 144
• Liverworts 145
• Mosses, various 146
• Horsetails 147
• EndogenÆ 147
• Bamboo, applications of 152
• EndogenÆ, orders of 154
• Grasses 154
• Sedges, Arums 155
• Bull-rush, Colchicum 156
• Lily, Narcissus 157
• Crocus, Orchids 158
• Naiads, Flowering rushes 159
• Water Plantain 160
• Exogens 160
• " wood of 161
• " age of 162
• Baobab 163
• Woods, various kinds of 165
• Galls, formation of 167
• Wood, uses of 167
• Exogens, size of 168
• Wellingtonia Gigantea 168
• Banyan 170
• Exogens, sub-classes of 170
• ThalamiflorÆ, orders of 171
• White Water Lily 171
• Poppies, Monkshood 172
• Fumitory, Water-cress 173
• Helianthemum, Berberry 174
• Violet, Sun-dew 175
• Milkwort, Bachelor's Buttons 176
• Lime Tree, St. John's Wort 177
• Marsh Mallow, Meadow Geranium 178
• Flax, Maple Tree 179
• Rue, Wood Sorrel 180
• CalyciflorÆ, orders of 181
• Spindle Tree, Buckthorn 181
• Broom, Garden Pea 182
• Pear Tree, Rose, Strawberry, Loose Strife 183
• French Willow, Myrtle 184
• House-leek, Gooseberry 185
• London Pride, Fennel, Hemlock 186
• CorolliflorÆ, orders of 187
• Melon, Dogwood 187
• Honeysuckle, Guelder Rose, Cross Wort 188
• Valerian, Red Valerian, Teasel 189
• Coltsfoot, Ox-eye Daisy, Harebell 190
• Grey Heath, Gentian, Buck-bean 191
• Pimpernel, Primrose, Bindweed 192
• Borage, Sage 193
• Tobacco 194
• Speedwell 195
• Butterwort, Plantain 196
• Thrift, Holly 197
• MonochlamydeÆ, orders of 197
• Ladies' Mantle 197
• Beetroot, Buckwheat 198
• Oleaster, Spurge Laurel 199
• Sweet Chestnut, Box 200
• Hop, White Willow 201
• Birch, Alder, Elm 202
• Larch, Yew, Bay 203
• Plants, list of poisonous 204
• Monk's-hood, Wolf's-bane 204
• Bryony, Green Hellebore, Stinking Hellebore 205
• Mezerium, Meadow Saffron 206
• Foxglove, Staves-acre 207
• Nightshade 208
• Hemlock, Thorn Apple 209
• Poppies, Henbane 210
• Caper, Wild Lettuce 211
• Fungi, poisonous 212

THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

• AnimalculÆ in water 215
• Man, created, not developed 217
• Animals, chief division of 217
• Animals, invertebrate 217
• Infusoria 218
• Protozoa 218
• Infusoria, higher kinds of 220
• Entozoa (intestinal worms) 221
• Zoophytes (Sertularia, &c.) 221
• Sponge 222
• Gorgonia 222
• Actinia 223
• Corals (Tubipora musica, &c.) 224
• Flustra (Sea mats) 225
• Echinodermata (Star-fishes, &c.) 225
• Sea urchins, &c. 226
• Articulata 227
• Annellata (Worms, &c.) 227
• Cirripeda (Sea acorns) 228
• Crustacea 229
• Insects 231
• " metamorphoses of 231
• " parts of 232
• " depredations by 234
• " orders of 236
• Beetles 236
• Grasshoppers, Locusts, &c. 237
• Dragon-flies, May-flies, &c. 238
• Bees, Wasps, &c. 240
• Ants, habitations of 240
• White Ants 245
• Stylops 247
• Butterflies, Moths, &c. 248
• Silkworm 249
• Bugs, Aphides, &c. 250
• House-fly, Gnat, &c. 250
• Flea, Chigoe 251
• Spiders and Scorpions 252
• Mollusca 252
• Nautilus, mussel, &c. 255
• Tunicated molluscs 255
• Lingula, Terebratula, &c. 256
• Oyster, cockle, scallop, &c. 256
• Clio borealis 257
• Snail, slug, whelk, &c. 257
• Cuttle-fish, nautilus, &c. 258
• Vertebrata 259
• Fishes, description of 259
• Fishes, divisions of 260
• Perch, Mackerel, Gurnard, &c. 261
• Salmon, Pilchard, Pike, &c. 262
• Turbot, Plaice, Soles, &c. 265
• Eels 266
• Pipe-fish, Sea Horse 267
• Sea Porcupine, Sun-fish 268
• Sturgeons, Sharks 269
• Lamprey 270
• Reptiles 271
• Frogs and Toads 271
• Snakes 272
• Lizards, Crocodiles, &c. 274
• Turtles and Tortoises 276
• Birds 279
• " divisions of 280
• Eagles, Falcons, &c. 281
• King-fisher, Woodpecker, &c. 281
• Poultry, Pheasants, &c. 282
• Herons, Cranes, &c. 284
• Swans, Geese, &c. 285
• Mammalia, orders of 286
• Kangaroo, Opossum, &c. 287
• Duck-bill 288
• Rat, Beaver, Hare, &c. 289
• Anteaters 291
• Ox, Deer, &c. 292
• Horse, Elephant, Hog, &c. 294
• Whale, Narwal, &c. 296
• Lion, Tiger, &c. 297
• Dogs, Wolves and Jackalls 302
• Bears 302
• Seals and Walrus 303
• Mole, Hedgehog, &c. 303
• Bats 304
• Monkeys 305
• Man 307
• Man the only possessor of reason 308
• Skeleton, diagram of 309
• " parts of 310
• Bones, description of 311
• Muscles 312
• " voluntary and involuntary 313
• Ligaments and cartilages 313
• Form, affected by age and sex 314
• " in infancy 315
• " in middle age 315
• " in old age 316
• " affected by sex 316
• Senses, special 317
• Sight 317
• Eye, structure of 319
• Eyes, compound 320
• Hearing, smell, taste 321
• Touch 322
• Digestion 322
• Respiration 325
• Circulation of Blood 326
• Man, his superior faculties 327
• " varieties of 328
• European race 328
• Basks 329
• Skiptar, Kelts (or Celts), Greeks and Latins, Sarmatians, Germans 330
• Abyssinians 331
• Mongolians 332
• Hottentots 333
• Malays 334
• Papuans, Negrillo 335
• Indians, or Telingans, Ethiopians 336
• Australians, Negro 337
• Races, numerical table of 338