Footnotes

Previous
[A] The degrees of temperature given in the text refer to the centigrade Thermometer; their equivalents on the Fahrenheit scale can be obtained by means of the formula:

9/5 C° + 32 = F°.

Trans.
[B] The sulphur, usually accompanying the precipitate of sulphide of arsenic, is insoluble in ammonia.—Trans.
[C] The fusing of the point of the tube is also prevented by platinizing it. The tube is drawn out, its end roughened by filing, and then immersed in solution of bichloride of platinum, so that a drop or two of the fluid adheres. The point, upon heating, now acquires a fine metallic lustre, and by repeating the operation a few times a good coating of platinum is produced both on the exterior and interior of the tube.—Trans.
[D] The addition of a few drops of solution of bichloride of platinum to the mixture of zinc, water and sulphuric acid is advisable.—Trans.
[E] The effervescence of the mixture is prevented by slowly adding the arsenical solution to the generating flask. In order to avoid loss of arsenetted hydrogen, the cold dish should be directly applied to the flame even before the introduction of the suspected solution, and its position changed at short intervals, so as to allow the deposit to be formed on different parts.—Trans.
[F] Owing to the impurities often occurring in zinc, the use of distilled magnesium in Marsh's apparatus has also been suggested. This metal is now to be obtained in a state of great purity; it is, however, sometimes contaminated with silicium, which body likewise gives rise to a metallic deposit, but one that is readily distinguished from arsenical spots by its insolubility in nitric acid, aqua regia, and in hypochlorite of soda. The presence of magnesium causes the precipitation of the non-volatile metals possibly contained in the fluid tested for arsenic.—Trans.
[G]The omission in the text of Reinsch's test should be supplied. This test is based upon the fact that when solutions of arsenious acid or an arsenide are acidulated with hydrochloric acid and boiled with metallic copper, the latter becomes covered with a film consisting largely of metallic arsenic: it is extensively employed in chemico-legal examinations. The materials to be examined are completely disintegrated by boiling with hydrochloric acid, and the fluid filtered. Some pure copper gauze or foil, having a polished surface, is then immersed in the boiling solution, and notice taken of the formation of a grey deposit. If a coating be formed, fresh pieces of the metal are added, so long as they become affected. The copper is then withdrawn from the solution, thoroughly washed with water, and dried, either by means of the water-bath or by pressing between bibulous paper. It is next introduced into a dry tube, and heated over a spirit lamp. The arsenic present volatilizes and is oxidized to arsenious acid which forms a deposit, consisting of octahedral crystals, on the cold part of the tubes. These are subsequently tested by means of the reactions distinctive of arsenious acid. It need hardly be added that the absolute purity of both the hydrochloric acid and of the copper is to be carefully established. The deposit obtained in the above operation was formerly regarded as pure arsenic, but it has been proved to be an alloy consisting of 32 per cent. arsenic, and 68 per cent. copper. Reinsch's test possesses the advantage of requiring but little time for its execution, of being applicable to complex organic mixtures, and of effecting the detection of a very minute trace of the poison.—Trans.
[H] Ferrocyanides and ferricyanides—non-poisonous compounds—likewise, evolve hydrocyanic acid when distilled with a strong acid. Their presence is indicated by stirring a small portion of the materials with water, filtering the fluid, acidulating the filtrate with hydrochloric acid, and testing two portions: one with sesquichloride of iron, the other with protosulphate of iron. If either of the above salts be present, a blue precipitate is produced.—Trans.
[I] Baryta and strontia dissolve in alcohol, but only when they are anhydrous and the alcohol is absolute, which is not the case here.
[J] The so-called "chloride of lime" is probably either a mixture of chloride and hypochlorite of calcium or an oxydichloride of the metal; "Eau de Javelle" is the corresponding potassium compound.—Trans.
[K] If an insoluble residue remains by the treatment with nitric acid, it may consist of tin. In this case, it is dissolved in aqua regia, the metal precipitated by immersing a plate of zinc in the solution and then re-dissolved in boiling hydrochloric acid. Upon adding chloride of gold to the solution so obtained, a purple precipitate is formed. Sulphuretted hydrogen produces a brown precipitate, soluble in sulphide of ammonium, in presence of tin.
[L] Colchicine, picrotoxine and digitaline.
[M] The necessity of decanting etherial and other solutions is advantageously obviated by the use of a pipette.—Trans.
[N] Cinchonine, when sublimed, condenses in minute brilliant needles.—Trans.
[O] An alkaline solution of tartrate of copper, employed in the examination of sugar, urine, and wine.—Trans.
[P] Most of the substances here enumerated are rarely, if ever, used for the adulteration of flour in this country. The analyst should, however, give attention to the examination for such salts as alum, sulphate of copper, plaster, kaolin, etc.—Trans.
[Q] It may be added, as a distinguishing property, that granules of potato starch, when viewed in polarized light by aid of a Nicol's prism, present a well-defined black cross, corresponding to the hilum; wheaten-starch fails to exhibit this phenomenon.—Trans.
[R] If the detection of alum in bread is desired, a portion of the crumb is incinerated in a platinum dish, the ash is treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid, the filtered solution evaporated to dryness, and the residue treated with hydrochloric acid, which now leaves the silica present undissolved. The acid solution is then filtered, nearly neutralized with carbonate of soda, and an alcoholic solution of potassa added in excess. The earthy phosphates present are now precipitated, alumina remaining in solution. The use of aqueous potassa in this case—as well as in the case mentioned in the text—is not advisable, as it is seldom entirely free from alumina. Upon slightly acidulating the alkaline filtrate with hydrochloric acid, and adding carbonate of ammonia, the alumina present is precipitated, and may be dried and tested by means of the reaction with nitrate of cobalt before the blow-pipe.
In the quantitative estimation of alumina, the phosphoric acid usually present in the precipitate should be removed. This is done by dissolving the precipitate in nitric acid and immersing a piece of metallic tin in the boiling solution: phosphoric acid is thrown down as a mixture of stannic oxide and phosphate, and the alumina is then precipitated as usual by carbonate of ammonia.—Trans.
[S] According to Wagner, if the ash, obtained by incinerating the adulterated bread, is washed with water, shining spangles of metallic copper are separated.—Trans.
[T] The British Society of Public Analysts regard the following as the minimum proportions of constituents in unadulterated milk:
Fat 2.5 per cent.
Solids, not fat 9. " "
Total 11.5 " "
Water 88.5 " "
Trans.
[U] Fragments of nerves, and other organic structures, are frequently observed in this examination.—Trans.
[V] Cotlini (Ann. du genie civil, No. 3, 1873) states that the following reactions occur when artificially colored wines are heated with potassa:
Pure wine no precipitate greenish hue
Elderberry violet "
Beet-sugar red "
Logwood red violet-red "
Privet violet-blue "
Turmeric light-blue "
According to M. de Cherville (Quar. Jour. Sc.), a bright violet coloration is produced in the above test, if litmus be present.
Fuchsin is separated by treatment with subacetate of lead and addition of amylic alcohol (Jour. de Ph. et de Ch. Mar. 1873).—Trans.
[W] Tralles alcoholmeter is almost exclusively employed in this country.—Trans.
[X] Fresh gluten, gum arabic, and caseine also cause the blue coloration.—Trans.
[Y] Menstrual blood is recognized by the presence of epithelial cells.—Trans.

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American and European Railway Practice in the economical Generation of Steam, including the Materials and Construction of Coal-burning Boilers, Combustion, the Variable Blast, Vaporization, Circulation, Superheating, Supplying and Heating Feed-water, etc., and the Adaptation of Wood and Coke-burning Engines to Coal-burning; and in Permanent Way, including Road-bed, Sleepers, Rails, Joint-fastenings, Street Railways, etc., etc. With 77 lithographed plates. Folio, cloth 12 00

HOTCHKISS, JED., and ALLAN, WILLIAM.—The Battle-Fields of Virginia.

Chancellorsville, embracing the Operations of the Army of Northern Virginia, from the First Battle of Fredericksburg to the Death of Lt.-Gen. T. J. Jackson. Illustrated with five maps and portrait of Stonewall Jackson. 8vo, cloth 3 50

HOWARD, C. R.—Earthwork Mensuration on the Basis of the Prismoidal FormulÆ.

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HUNTER, Capt. R. F.—Manual for Quartermasters and Commissaries.

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INDUCTION-COILS.—How Made and How Used.

63 illustrations. 16mo, boards. 50

INSTRUCTIONS FOR FIELD ARTILLERY.

Prepared by a Board of Artillery Officers. To which is added the "Evolutions of Batteries." Translated from the French by Brig.-Gen. R. Anderson, U. S. A. 122 plates. 12mo, cloth 1 00

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Arranged in the most practical and useful manner for Engineers. With illustrations. Two volumes in one. 8vo, cloth 2 50

IVES, Lieut. R. A.—Military Law.

A Treatise on Military Law, and the Jurisdiction, Constitution, and Procedure of Military Courts. With a Summary of the Rules of Evidence as applicable to such Courts. 400 pages. 8vo, law-sheep 4 00

JANNETTAZ, EDWARD—A Guide to the Determination of Rocks:

Being an Introduction to Lithology. Translated from the French by G. W. Plympton, Professor of Physical Science at Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute. 12mo, cloth 1 50

JEFFERS, Capt. W. N., U. S. N.—Nautical Surveying.

Illustrated with 9 copperplates and 31 wood-cut illustrations. 8vo, cloth 5 00

JOMINI, Gen. BARON DE.—Campaign of Waterloo.

The Political and Military History of the Campaign of Waterloo. Translated from the French by Gen. S. V. BenÉt. Third edition. 12mo, cloth 1 25

—— Treatise on Grand Military Operations.

Illustrated by a Critical and Military History of the Wars of Frederick the Great. With a Summary of the Most Important Principles of the Art of War. Illustrated by maps and plans. Translated from the French by Col. S. B. Holabird, U. S. A. 2 vols. 8vo and Atlas. cloth 15 00

Half calf or morocco 21 00

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JONES, H. CHAPMAN.—Text-Book of Experimental Organic Chemistry for Students.

18mo, cloth 1 00

JOYNSON, F. H.—The Metals used in Construction: Iron, Steel, Bessemer Metal, etc., etc.

Illustrated. 12mo, cloth 75

—— Designing and Construction of Machine Gearing.

Illustrated. 8vo, cloth 2 00

KANSAS CITY BRIDGE, THE.

With an account of the Regimen of the Missouri River, and a description of the methods used for Founding in that River. By O. Chanute, Chief-Engineer, and George Morrison, Assistant-Engineer. Illustrated with five lithographic views and twelve plates of plans. 4to, cloth 6 00

KELTON, Gen. J. C.—New Bayonet Exercise.

A New Manual of the Bayonet, for the Army and Militia of the United States. With 40 beautifully engraved plates. Fifth edition. Revised. 12mo, cloth 2 00

KING, W. H.—Lessons and Practical Notes on Steam,

The Steam-Engine, Propellers, etc., etc., for young Marine Engineers, Students, and others. Revised by Chief-Engineer J. W. King, U. S. Navy. Nineteenth edition, enlarged. 8vo, cloth 2 00

KIRKWOOD, JAS. P.—Report on the Filtration of River Waters for the supply of Cities,

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LARRABEE, C. S.—Cipher and Secret Letter and Telegraphic Code, with Hogg's Improvements.

The most perfect secret code ever invented or discovered. Impossible to read without the key. 18mo, cloth 1 00

LAZELLE, Capt. H. M., U. S. A.—One Law in Nature.

A New Corpuscular Theory, comprehending Unity of Force, Identity of Matter and its Multiple Atom Constitution; applied to the Physical Affections, or Modes of Energy. 12mo. 1 50

LECOMTE, FERDINAND.—The War in the United States.

A Report to the Swiss Military Department. Translated from the French by a Staff Officer. 12mo, cloth 75

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LENDY, Capt.—Maxims and Instructions on the Art of War.

A Practical Military Guide for the use of Soldiers of all Arms and of all Countries. Translated from the French. 18mo, cloth 75

LEVY, Com. U. P.—Manual of Internal Rules and Regulations for Men-of-War.

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Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field. 12mo, paper. 25

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LOCK, C. G., WIGNER, G. W., and HARLAND, R. H.—Sugar Growing and Refining.

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LOCKWOOD, THOS. D.—Electricity, Magnetism, and Electro-Telegraphy.

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Paper boards. 0 50

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LUCE, Capt. S. B.—Seamanship.

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?Text-Book at the U. S. Naval Academy, Annapolis.

—— Naval Light Artillery.

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MacCORD, Prof. C. W.—A Practical Treatise on the Slide-Valve by Eccentrics,

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McCLELLAN, Gen. GEO. B.—Report of the Army of the Potomac,

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Paper. 50

McCULLOCH, Prof. R. S.—Elementary Treatise on the Mechanical Theory of Heat, and its application to Air and Steam Engines.

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MANUAL OF BOAT EXERCISE.

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MENDELL, G. H.—Military Surveying.

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MERRILL, Col. WM. E., U. S. A.—Iron Truss Bridges for Railroads.

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MICHAELIS, Capt. O. E.—The Le Boulenge Chronograph.

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MICHIE, Prof. P. S.—Elements of Wave Motion relating to Sound and Light.

Text-Book for the U. S. Military Academy. 8vo, cloth, illustrated 5 00

MINIFIE, WM—Mechanical Drawing.

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—— Geometrical Drawing.

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MODERN METEOROLOGY.

A Series of Six Lectures, delivered under the auspices of the Meteorological Society in 1878. Illustrated. 12mo, cloth 1 50

MONROE, Col. J.—Light Infantry Company and Skirmish Drill.

Bayonet Fencing; with a Supplement on the Handling and Service of Light Infantry. 32mo, cloth 75

MOORE, FRANK—The Rebellion Record.

Containing a full and concise Diary of Events from December, 1860, to the close of the War of the Rebellion, with Official Reports of State Officers and Narratives of all the Battles and Skirmishes that occurred. Complete in twelve volumes royal 8vo. Illustrated with 158 steel engraved Portraits of distinguished Generals and Prominent Men, together with numerous Maps and Plans of Battles. Price in cloth 60 00

Library sheep 72 00

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—— Portrait Gallery of the War, Civil, Military, and Naval.

A Biographical Record. Illustrated with 60 fine portraits on steel. 1 vol. 8vo, cloth 6 00

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MORRIS, E.—Easy Rules for the Measurement of Earthworks, by Means of the Prismoidal Formula.

78 illustrations. 8vo, cloth 1 50

MORRIS, Gen. WM. H.—Field Tactics for Infantry.

Illustrated. 18mo, cloth 75

—— Infantry Tactics.

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2 vols. in one, cloth 1 50


Transcriber's Note: The following corrections which did not concern obvious printer's errors have been made to the text.
  • In the Table of Content, the formatting of the entry for "Dialysis" was changed in order to indicate that this part is a section of the chapter "Methods of Destruction of the Organic Substances"
  • "treated with "mÉlaÏnocome" was "treated with "melaniocome"
  • "M. Salleron offers for sale a small apparatus (Fig. 20)" wrongly referred to Fig. 16.
  • "If the crystals originate from fresh blood, they appear as represented in Fig. 21; crystals from old blood are represented in Fig. 22." wrongly referred to Fig. 17 and 18; same in "The fluid is examined from time to time under the microscope: when it is sufficiently concentrated, crystals, presenting the appearance represented in Figs. 21 or 22, will be observed."
  • "an oxidizing body" was "an oxydizing body"
  • "condenser" was "condensor"
  • "areometer (alcoholmeter)" was "areometer (alcoolmeter)"




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