  All Index entries refer to items in separate files. Links lead to the top of their respective pages. Note that within each entry, subheads are generally listed in page order rather than alphabetical order. Adornment by Eskimo 138, 140-149 Adzes of the Eskimo, general description 165-172 of steel or iron 165-166, 168, 171 of bone 168-172 Amulets of the Eskimo, how carried 434 whales of glass, wood, and stone 435-436 reindeer antler 436 parts of various animals 437-438, 441 ancient weapons and implements 438, 439 stones 437 of seal skin for catching fowls 439 of dried bees 440 Animals of the Point Barrow region, Alaska 55-59 ApÚya. (See Snow-houses of Eskimo.) Arm clothing of Eskimo 123-125 Arrows of the Eskimo 201-207 Art of the Eskimo, incised patterns 389-391 painting 390-392 carving in various materials 392 carvings of human figures 373-398 carvings of quadrupeds 398-401, 406-407 carvings of walrus and seal 401-402 carvings of whales 402-406 carvings of various objects 406-409 pencil drawings 410 Automatons of the Eskimo 372-373 Bags, for tobacco 68-69 for tools 187-190 Bailer for Eskimo umiak 340, 341 Baird, Spencer F., acknowledgments to 19, 20 Baskets of the Eskimo 326-327 Beads of the Eskimo 149 Bear, Eskimo lance for hunting 240 Bear arrows of the Eskimo 202 Beechey, Frederick W., work consulted 21 description of Eskimo bracer 210 description of Eskimo seal dart 218 cited on Eskimo seal nets 252 description of Eskimo umiak 343 cited on Eskimo superstitions 434 Beggary among Point Barrow Eskimo 42 Belt fasteners of Eskimo 138 Belts of Eskimo 135-138 Bessels, Emil, acknowledgments to 20 description of Eskimo lamp 108 cited on Eskimo bows 199 cited on fire-making by Eskimo 290 cited on Eskimo dog sledges 360 cited on Eskimo abduction 411 cited on infantcide among Eskimo 417 cited on Eskimo children 419 cited on Eskimo mourning 425 Bird-darts of the Eskimo 210-214 Birds of the Point Barrow region, Alaska 56-58 Eskimo bolas for catching 244-246 Blubber-holder for Eskimo lamp 108-109 Blubber hooks for the Eskimo 310-311 Blubber rooms of Point Barrow Eskimo 76 Boas, Franz, acknowledgments to 20 work consulted 21 cited on Eskimo harpoons 221 cited on Eskimo kaiaks 331 cited on Eskimo umiaks 338 cited on Eskimo jackstones 365 cited on Eskimo customs concerning childbirth 415 Bolas of the Eskimo 244-246 Bone-crushers of the Eskimo 93-99 Boots of Eskimo 129-135 Borers of the Eskimo 175-182 Bow and arrow making by the Eskimo 291-294 Bow cases of the Eskimo 207-209 Bowls, for meat, of the Eskimo 89 Bows of the Eskimo 195-200 Boxes of the Eskimo, for tools 185-187 for harpoon heads 247-251 for trinkets 323-326 Bracelets of the Eskimo 148-149 Bracers for Eskimo bows 209-210 Braiding and twisting, Eskimo implements for 311-312 Breeches of Eskimo 125-129 Buckets of the Eskimo 86-88 Builders’ tools of the Eskimo 302-304 Burials, Eskimo, manner of preparing the corpse 424 implements of the deceased buried with him 424, 426 protection of corpse from animals 425 disposal of the corpse 425-426 mourning for the dead 425 cremation of the dead 426 dog’s head placed near child’s grave 426 Cache frames, for storage of property by Point Barrow Eskimo 75-76 sleds used for 82 Calls, for decoying seal 253-254 Canteens of the Eskimo 86 Carvings of the Eskimo 393-409 “Chiefs” of the Eskimo 429-430 Childbirth, Eskimo customs of 86, 414-415 Children, number of, among the Point Barrow Eskimo 38-39 Eskimo, number of births of 38-39, 414, 419 isolation of mother during birth of 86, 415 toys of 376-383 dolls of 380-381 sports of 383-385 term of nursing 415 method of carrying during infancy 415-416 infanticide 416-417 affection of parents for 417-419 rearing and education of 417-418 amusements of 417 adoption of 419 given away by parents 419 burial of 426-427 Chisels of the Eskimo 172-173 Climate of Point Barrow, Alaska 30-32 Clothing of Eskimo at Point Barrow, material of 109-110 style of 110-138 head clothing 112 frocks, description of 113-121 mantles 121-122 rain frocks 122 arm clothing 128-125 gloves 124 leg and foot clothing 128-135 breeches 125-129 pantaloons 126-129 stockings 129 boots 129-135 shoes 129-135 ice-creepers 135 belts 135-138 belt-fasteners 138 ornaments 138 Club, used as Eskimo weapon 191 Clubhouse, or kÛ´dyigi of Eskimo 79-80 Coal of the Point Barrow region, Alaska 61 for dressing deerskins 300, 301 Communal house of east Greenlanders 76 Cook, James, works consulted 21 description of Eskimo houses by 78 Cooking among the Point Barrow Eskimo 63 Crantz, David, work consulted 21 cited on Eskimo saws 174 cited on Eskimo bows 199 cited on Eskimo harpoons 222, 243 cited on seal catching by Greenlanders 256 cited on whale catching by Greenlanders 275, 276 cited on Eskimo fishing 284 cited on fire-making by Eskimo 290 cited on Eskimo umiak 337, 338 cited on condition of Greenland widows 414 cited on mode of carrying Eskimo infants 416 cited on Eskimo burials 426, 427 quoted on Eskimo amulets 437-440 Cremation of the dead by Eskimo 426 Crotches for harpoon in Eskimo umiak 341-343 Cups of Eskimo 101 Cups, scraper, for dressing skins 299-300 Daggers of bone of the Eskimo 191-192 Dall, William H., acknowledgments to 20 works consulted 21 description of Eskimo houses by 76, 78 cited on Eskimo clothing 125 cited on Eskimo labrets 143, 144, 145, 146, 148 cited on Eskimo seal nets 252 cited on customs of Eskimo whale fishing 274 cited on Eskimo fishing 286 cited on fire-making by Eskimo 290 cited on Eskimo umiak 344 cited on Eskimo snowshoes 352 cited on Eskimo sledges 357 cited on Eskimo masks 370 cited on Eskimo dance 376 cited on Eskimo music 389 cited on personal habits of Eskimo 421 cited on mortuary customs of Eskimo 424, 425, 427 Davis, John, works consulted 21, 22 description of Eskimo house by 77 description of fire-making by Eskimo 290 quoted on Eskimo burials 426 quoted on Eskimo amulets 434 cited on Indian medicine-men 167 Deer, Eskimo lance for hunting 240-244 Demarcation Point (Alaska), called Herschel Island 26 Eskimo villages at 43 Demons, Eskimo belief concerning 431-434 Dippers of Eskimo, of horn 101, 102 of ivory 103 Diseases of the Point Barrow Eskimo 39-40 Divorce among the Eskimo 411-412 Doctors, Eskimo 422-423 Dogs of the Eskimo 357-360 Dolls of Eskimo children 380-381 Domestic life of the Eskimo 410-421 Drags for hauling seal 256-259 Drill bows of the Eskimo 176-182 Drills of the Eskimo 175-182, 189 Drinking vessels of Eskimo 101-105 Drinks of the Point Barrow Eskimo 64-65 Drums of the Eskimo 385 Drumsticks of the Eskimo 388 Earrings of the Eskimo 142-143 Eating, time and frequency of, among Point Barrow Eskimo 63-64 Egede, Hans, work consulted 22 cited on Eskimo diet 64 cited on Eskimo drinks 65 description of Eskimo tents 85 cited on Eskimo saws 174 cited on Eskimo bows 199 cited on seal catching 256, 269 description of Eskimo deer hunt 265 cited on Eskimo whale hunting 272, 275 cited on Eskimo fishing 284, 286 cited on Eskimo fire making 290 cited on Eskimo umiak rowing 335 cited on Eskimo umiak oars 339, 343 quoted on Eskimo divorce 412 cited on exchange of wives by Eskimo 413 quoted on treatment of Eskimo women 414 cited on Eskimo customs in childbirth 415 quoted on personal habits of Greenlanders 421 cited on Eskimo mortuary custom 424 quoted on burial of Eskimo children 426 cited on Eskimo burials 427 Ellis, H., work consulted 22 cited on Eskimo fire making 290 Elson, —, visited Refuge Inlet, Alaska 52 visited Point Barrow 65 cited on Eskimo salutations 422 Elson Bay, Alaska, location of 27 Eskimo of Point Barrow, isolation of 26 range of 26-27 Excavating tools of the Eskimo 302-304 Feces and entrails of animals eaten by Point Barrow Eskimo 62 Feather-setter for making Eskimo arrows 294 Festivals of the Eskimo 365, 373-376 Fetus of reindeer eaten by Point Barrow Eskimo 61 Files of the Eskimo 182 Finger rings of the Eskimo 149 Firearms, introduction of and use by the Point Barrow Eskimo 53 Firearms of the Eskimo 193-195 Fire making by the Eskimo, with drill 289-291 with flint and steel 291 kindlings 291 Fishery season among the Eskimo 282-283 Fishes of the Point Barrow region, Alaska 58 Fishhooks of the Eskimo 279-284 Fishing, manner of, by the Eskimo 283 Fishing implements of the Eskimo 278-287 Fish lines of the Eskimo 278-284 Fish nets of the Eskimo 284-286 Fish scaler of the Eskimo 311 Flint flakers of the Eskimo 287-289 Flint working by the Eskimo 287-289 Flipper toggles for Eskimo harpoons 247 Floats for Eskimo seal darts 215 for Eskimo whale harpoons 236, 246-247 Food of the Point Barrow Eskimo 61-63 Food, preparation of, by Point Barrow Eskimo 63 Fox, Eskimo method of hunting 264 Franklin, Sir John, works consulted 22 cited on Eskimo deer-hunting 265 cited on Eskimo mode of carrying infants 416 cited on Eskimo snowshoes 352 Frobisher, works consulted 22 cited on Eskimo bows 200 cited on Eskimo arrows 205 description of Eskimo umiak 339 Frocks of Eskimo 113-121 Gambling among the Eskimo 364-365 Games of the Eskimo 364 Ghosts, Eskimo belief concerning 431-434 Gilder, W. H., work consulted 22 cited on Eskimo wolf-killer 259 quoted on exchange of wives by Eskimo 413 cited on Eskimo children 419 Gloves of Eskimo 124 Goggles, snow, of the Eskimo 260-262 Gorgets of the Eskimo 370 Government among the Eskimo, in the family 437 in the village 427 influence of elders 427 public opinion 427-428 “chiefs” are simply wealthy men 429-430 influence of property in 428-430 umialiks 429-430 Graah, W. A., works consulted 22 quoted on Eskimo ghosts or demons 431 Hardisty, Wm. Lucas, letter of, regarding Rat Indians 50-51 Harness for Eskimo dogs 358-360 Harpoon boxes of the Eskimo 247-251 Harpoons of the Eskimo, for throwing 218-233 retrieving 230-231 for thrusting 233-240 Hazen, Wm. B., acknowledgments to 20 Habitations of Point Barrow Eskimo 72-86 Habits, personal, of the Point Barrow Eskimo 420-421 Hair, Eskimo, method of wearing 140-142 Hall, Charles Francis, works consulted 22 cited on Eskimo whale fishery 274 cited on Eskimo sledge shoes 353 Hammers of the Eskimo 182 Handles for Eskimo drill cords 180 for Eskimo tool bags 190 for Eskimo seal drags 237-239 for Eskimo drums 386-387 Head bands, use of, by the Eskimo 112 Head clothing of Eskimo 112 Healing among the Eskimo 422-423 Henshaw, W. H., cited on amulets of Eskimo 439 Herendeen, E. P., interpreter of Point Barrow expedition 19 cited on Eskimo reindeer-hunting 256 cited on float for whaling 247 cited on Eskimo whale-hunting 272 cited on Eskimo gambling 364 description of Eskimo dance 374-375 Holm, G., work consulted 22 description of Eskimo house by 77 description of Eskimo tattooing 139 quoted on Eskimo marriages 411, 412, 413 quoted on Eskimo children 416, 418 quoted on Eskimo burials 425, 426 quoted on Eskimo government 427 quoted on Eskimo amulets 441 Hooper, C. L., work consulted 23 description of Eskimo kÛ´dyigi 80 description of Eskimo tattooing 138 cited on Eskimo knives 159 cited on firearms among the Eskimo 193 cited on Eskimo spears 240 Hospitality, prevalence of, among Point Barrow Eskimo 42 prevents saving of food by Point Barrow Eskimo 64 entrance passage to 73 window of 74 heating of 74 furniture of 75 number of occupants of 75 when occupied 76 built of bones 77 Fig. 214.—Walrus harpoons. The line catch (ki´lerbwiÑ) is a little, blunt, backward-pointing hook of ivory inserted in the shaft 17 inches from the tip and projecting about one-third inch. Ten and one-fourth inches farther back and 90 I will now consider the variations of the different parts of these harpoons in detail, beginning with the head. Our series is so large, containing in all forty-eight heads, besides some spare blades, that it probably gives a fair representation of the common variations. The longest of this series is 6 inches long and the shortest 3½, but by far the greater number are from 4½ to 5 inches long. Their proportions are usually about as in the types figured, but the long head just figured (No.56772 [534]) is also unusually slender. Sheet brass is the commonest material for the blade (thirty blades are of this material), though iron or steel is sometimes used, and rarely, at present, slate. There is one slate-bladed head in the series (No.56620 [199]) figured above, and four blades for such heads. The blade is commonly of the shape of the Fig. 215.—Typical walrus-harpoon heads. Fig. 216.—Typical walrus-harpoon heads. The blade, when of metal, is generally fastened in with a single rivet. One only out of the whole number has two rivets, and three are simply wedged into the blade slit. The slate blades appear never to have been riveted; NordenskiÖld, however, figures a walrus harpoon from Port Clarence The specimens figured show the different styles of ornamentation, which always consist of incised patterns colored with red ocher or rarely with soot. These never represent natural objects, but are always conventional patterns, generally a single or double border on two or more faces with short oblique cross-lines and branches. Harpoon heads at Point Barrow are probably never ornamented with the “circles and dots,” so common on other implements and on the harpoons of the southern Eskimo. Fig. 217.—Typical walrus-harpoon heads. Twenty-eight of the heads still have the leaders attached to them. The object of this short line is to enable the hunter to readily detach a broken head and put on a fresh one without going to the trouble of undoing a splice, which must be made strong to keep the head from separating from the line. It is made of a stout piece of rawhide thong, the skin of the walrus or bearded seal, about one-third inch in diameter, and usually from 2 to 3 feet long. It is always passed through the line hole, as in the specimen described, and the ends are made into a becket for attaching the line, with an end left to serve as a handle for pulling the two beckets apart when the main line ends in a becket. Occasionally (two are made this way) the longer end is simply doubled in a bight, and the three parts are then seized together with sinew braid, but it is generally made with a splice, the details of which differ slightly on the different leaders. Fig. 218.—Walrus-harpoon head, with leader. Fig. 220.—Walrus-harpoon head, with line. Fig. 219.—Walrus-harpoon head, with line. The commonest method is that already described. When the longer end is doubled over, aslit is cut through both parts close to the end of this through which the shorter end is passed. Aslit is then cut a few inches from the tip of this part, the bight of the becket passed through this slit and all drawn taut. This makes a very strong splice. Fourteen beckets are spliced in this way. Avariation of this splice has a slit only through the end part of the longer end, the shorter end being passed through and slit as before. In one becket the standing part of the longer end is passed through the slit of the end part before going through the line hole, while the rest of the becket is made as before. Areversed splice is found on three of the leaders, which is made as follows: When the long end is doubled over, the short end is slit as usual and the longer end passed through this and slit close to the tip. Through this slit is passed the head and all drawn taut. The splice is always firmly seized with sinew braid. The main line, which serves to attach the head to the float, is always made of stout thong, preferably the skin of the bearded seal (very fine lines are sometimes made of beluga skin), about one-third inch square, and, when properly made, trimmed off on the edges so as to be almost round. It is about 10 yards long. It is fastened into the becket of the leader with a becket hitch tied upside down (No.56771 [535], Fig. 218), or by means of a small becket, made either as on the specimen described (No.56770 [536], Fig. 219), or spliced with double slits. The long becket at the other end for attaching Fig. 221.—Walrus-harpoon head, with line. The loose shaft varies very little in shape, though it is sometimes rounded off at the butt without a shoulder, but the line which secures this to the foreshaft is put on differently on each of the six spears. Five of them have the end simply passed through the hole in the loose shaft and spliced to the standing part, but two (the type figured and No. 56768 [532]) have the other end carried down and hitched round the tip of the shaft; another has it passed through a hole in the foreshaft, taken 1½ turns round this and knotted (No.56771 [535]); another has a loop as long as the foreshaft with the short end passed under the first turn of the shaft lashing before it is spliced, and the long end secured as on the first mentioned; and the fifth has the end passed through a hole in the foreshaft and carried down and wrapped round the shaft lashing. The sixth has one end passed through a hole in the smallest part of the foreshaft and knotted at the end, the other end carried up through the hole in the loose shaft and down to a second hole in the foreshaft close to the first, then up through the loose shaft, and down through the first hole, and tucked under the two parts on the other side. The foreshaft is made of walrus ivory or the hard bone of the walrus jaw and varies little in form and dimensions. It is sometimes ornamented by carving, as in No. 56772 [536], or by incised patterns, as in Fig. 222, No. 56538 [98], and generally has one or two deep longitudinal notches in the thickest part, in which the lines can be drawn snugly down. It usually is joined to the shaft by a stout, wedge-shaped tang, which fits into a corresponding cleft in the shaft, and is secured by wooden treenails and a wrapping of seal thong or sinew braid, sometimes made more secure by passing Fig. 222.—Foreshaft of walrus harpoon. Fig. 223.—Harpoon head for large seals. Harpoons closely resembling these in type are used by the Eskimo of western North America wherever they habitually hunt the walrus. At many places this heavy spear is armed at the butt with a long sharp pick of ivory like the smaller seal spear. Two of these large harpoons appear to be rigged especially for the pursuit of the bearded seal, as they have heads which are of precisely the same shape and material as the small seal harpoons in the collection. Both these heads have lanceolate iron blades, conoidal antler bodies with double barbs, and are more slender than the walrus harpoon heads. No. 56770 [534], Fig. 219, has a head 4 inches long and 0.7 broad at the widest part, and fastened to a very long line (12fathoms long) without a leader, the end being simply passed through the line hole and seized down to the standing part with sinew braid. This is the method of attaching the head of the small seal harpoons. This line is so long that it may have been held in the boat and not attached to a float. No. 56768 [532], however, has a leader with a becket of the ordinary style. Fig. 223, No. 56611 [89], is a head similar to those just described, and probably, from its size, intended for large seals. It is highly ornamented with the usual reddened incised pattern. The throwing harpoon for small seals is an exact copy in miniature of the walrus harpoon, with the addition of a long bayonet-shaped pick of ivory at the butt. The line, however, is upwards of 30 yards long, and the end never leaves the hand. The line is hitched round the shaft back of the line catch, which now only serves to keep the line from slipping forward, as the shaft is never detached from the line. This harpoon is used exclusively Since my note in the Naturalist was written, I have learned from Mr. Henry Balfour, of the museum at Oxford, that their collection contains two or three specimens of this very pattern of harpoon, undoubtedly collected by some of the officers of the Blossom. Consequently, my theory that the retrieving harpoon was a modern invention, due to the introduction of firearms, becomes untenable, as the Blossom visited this region before firearms were known to the Eskimo. It was probably originally intended for the capture of seals “hauled out” on the ice in the early summer. There is no doubt, however, that it is at the present day used for nothing but retrieving. Fig. 224.—Retrieving seal harpoon. Fig. 225.—Details of retrieving seal harpoon. Though this weapon was universally used at Point Barrow, we happened to obtain only two specimens, possibly because the natives thought them too necessary an implement to part with lightly. No. 89907 [1695], Figs. 224, 225, has a new shaft, etc., but was used several times by the maker before it was offered for sale. Such a retrieving harpoon is called naÚlig?. The shaft (ipÚa) is of ash, 4feet 5 inches long and 1 inch in diameter, tapering very slightly to each end. The ice pick (tÚu) of walrus ivory, 14 inches long and 1 inch wide, has a round tang fitting into a hole in the butt of the shaft. Close to the shaft a small hole is drilled in one edge of the pick, and through this is passed a bit of seal thong, the ends of which are laid along the shaft and neatly whipped down with sinew braid, with the end wedged into a slit in the wood. No. 89908 [1058] is one of these spears rigged ready for darting. The line is secured at about the middle of the shaft with a couple of marling hitches. This specimen, except the head, is new and was rather carelessly made for the market. It has neither line catch nor finger rest. The Fig. 226.—Jade blade for seal harpoon. No. 89784 [1008] was made by IlÛ´bw’ga, the NunataÑmeun, when thinking of coming to winter at UtkiavwiÑ. He had had no experience in sealing, having apparently spent all his winters on the rivers inland, and this harpoon head seems to have been condemned as unsatisfactory by his new friends at UtkiavwiÑ. It looks like a very tolerable naula, but is unusually small, being only 2½ inches long. We saw only one stone blade for a seal harpoon, No. 89623 [1418], Fig. 226. This is of light olive green jade, and triangular, with peculiarly dull edges and point. Each face is concaved, and there is a hole for a rivet. (Compare the jade-bladed harpoon figured by NordenskiÖld and referred to above.) It is 2 inches long and 0.7 inch wide at the base. It appears to have been kept as an amulet. The other form of seal harpoon comes properly under the next head. THRUSTING WEAPONS.Fig. 227.—Seal harpoon for thrusting. Harpoons.—For the capture of seals as they come up for air to their breathing holes or cracks in the ice a harpoon is used which has a short wooden shaft, armed, as before, with an ice pick and a long, slender, loose shaft suited for thrusting down through We obtained two specimens, of which No. 89910 [1694], Fig. 227, will serve as the type. The total length of this spear when rigged for use is 5 feet 3 inches. The shaft is of spruce, 20½ inches long and 1.1 inches in the middle, tapering to 0.9 at the ends. At the butt is inserted, as before, an ivory ice pick (tÚu) of the form already described, 13¾ inches long and lashed in with sinew braid. The foreshaft (kÁtÛ) is of walrus ivory, nearly cylindrical, 5¾ inches long and 0.9 inch in diameter, shouldered at the butt and fitted into the tip of the shaft with a round tang. The latter is very neatly whipped with a narrow strip of white whalebone, which makes eleven turns and has the end of the last turn forced into a slit in the wood and wedged with a round wooden peg. Under this whipping is the bill of a tern as a charm for good luck. (Asthe boy who pointed this out to me said, “Lots of seals.”) Fig. 228.—Diagram of lashing on shaft. The loose shaft (ÍgimÛ) is of bone, whale’s rib or jaw, and has two transverse holes above the shoulder to receive the end of the assembling line (sÁbromia), which not only holds the loose shaft in place, but also connects the other parts of the shaft so that in case the wood breaks the pieces will not be dropped. It is a long piece of seal thong, of which one end makes a turn round the loose shaft between the holes; the other end is passed through the lower hole, then through the upper and carried down to the tip of the shaft, where it is hitched just below the whalebone whipping, as follows: three turns are made round the shaft, the first over the standing part, the second under, and the third over it; the end then is passed under 3, over 2, and under 1 (Fig. 228), and all drawn taut; it then runs down the shaft almost to the butt-lashing and is secured with the same hitch, and the end is whipped around the butt of the ice pick with five turns. The head (naÚl?) is of the ordinary pattern, 2.8 inches long, with a copper blade and antler body. The line (tÚkaktin) is a single piece of seal thong 9 feet long, and is fastened to the head without a leader, by simply passing the end through the line-hole, doubling it over and stopping it to the standing part so as to make a becket 21 inches long. The other end is made fast round the shaft and assembling line just back of the middle, as follows: An eye is made at the end of the line, by cutting a slit close to the tip and pushing a bight of the line through this. The end then makes a turn round the shaft, and the other end, with the head, is passed through this eye and drawn taut. When mounted for use, the head is fitted on the tip of the loose shaft as usual The other specimen is of the same pattern, but slightly different proportions, having a shaft 18½ inches long and a pick 19 inches long. The loose shaft is of ivory, and there are lashings of white whalebone at each end of the shaft. The assembling line is hitched round the foreshaft as well as round the two ends of the shaft, and simply knotted round the pick. The line is of very stout sinew braid, and has an eye neatly spliced in the end for looping it round the shaft. Fig. 229, No. 89551 [1082], is a model of one of these harpoons, made for sale. It is 16¼ inches long, and correct in all its parts, except that the whole head is of ivory, even to having the ends of the shaft whipped with light-colored whalebone. The shaft is of pine and the rest of walrus ivory, with lines of sinew braid. We also collected four loose shafts for such harpoons. One of these, No. 89489 [802], is of whale’s bone and unusually short, only 14 inches long. It perhaps belonged to a lad’s spear. The other three are long, 20 to 25 inches, and are made of narwhal ivory, as is shown by the spiral twist in the grain. Fig. 229.—Model of a seal harpoon. Fig. 230.—Large model of a whale harpoon. Fig. 231.—Model of whale harpoon with floats. The harpoon used for the whale fishery is a heavy, bulky weapon, which is never thrown, but thrust with both hands as the whale rises under the bows of the umiak. When not in use it rests in a large ivory crotch, shaped like a rowlock, in the bow. The shaft is of wood and 8 or 9 feet long, and there is no loose shaft, the bone or ivory foreshaft being tapered off to a slender point of such a shape that the head easily unships. This foreshaft is not weighted, as in the walrus harpoon, since this is not necessary in a weapon which does not leave the hand. The harpoon line is fitted with two inflated sealskin floats. No complete, genuine whaling harpoons were ever offered for sale, but a man at NuwÛk made a very excellent reduced model about two-thirds the usual size (No.89909 [1023], Fig. 230), which will serve as the type of this weapon Fig. 231 is a toy model of the whale harpoon, No. 56562 [233], 18½ inches long, made of pine and ivory, and shows the manner of attaching the floats, which are little blocks of spruce roughly whittled into the shape of inflated sealskins. Apiece of seal thong 13½ inches long has its ends looped round the neck of the floats and the harpoon-line is looped into a slit in the middle of this line. Fig. 232.—Flint blade for whale harpoon. Fig. 233.—Slate blade for whale harpoon. We collected thirteen heads for such harpoons, which have been in actual use, of which two have flint blades like the one described, two have brass blades, and the rest either blades of slate or else no blades. The flint blades are either triangular like the one described or lanceolate and are about 3 inches long exclusive of the tang. The three separate flint blades which we obtained (Fig. 232, No. 56708 [114], from UtkiavwiÑ, is one of these, made of black flint) are about 1 inch shorter and were perhaps intended for walrus harpoons, though we saw none of these with flint blades. They are all newly made for the market. The slate blades of which we collected eleven, some old and some new, besides those in the heads, are all triangular, with curved edges, as in Fig. 233 (No.56709 [139] from UtkiavwiÑ, made of soft purple slate), except one new one, No. 56697a [188a], which has the corners cut off so as to give it a rhomboidal shape. The corners are sometimes rounded off so that they are nearly heart-shaped. These blades are usually about 2¾ inches long and 2 broad; two unusually large ones are 3 inches long and nearly 2¼ broad, and one small one 2.1 by 1.6 inches, and are simply wedged into the blade slit without a rivet. The brass blades are of the same shape. The common material for the body seems to have been rather coarse whale’s bone, from the rib or jaw. Only two out of the thirteen have ivory bodies, and these are both of the newer brass-bladed pattern. The body is very long and slender, being usually about 8 or 8½ inches long (one is 9¼ inches long) and not over 1½ inches broad at the widest part. Fig. 234.—Body of whale harpoon head. Fig. 235.—Whale harpoon heads. The blade slit, and consequently the blade, is always in the plane of the barb, which position, as I have said before, corresponds to the last step but one in the development of the harpoon-head. When the blade is of flint and inserted with a tang, the tip of the body is always whipped with sinew braid, as in Fig. 212, No. 89748 [928], from Nuwuk. This specimen is remarkable as being the only one in the series with a double point to the barb. These bodies are sometimes ornamented with incised lines, in conventional patterns, as shown in the different figures. Ashort incised mark somewhat resembling an arrow (see above, Fig. 234, No. 89747 [1044]) may have some significance as it is repeated on several of the heads. Harpoon-heads of this peculiar pattern are to be found in the Museum collection from other localities. As we should naturally expect, they have been found at the Diomede Islands, St. Lawrence Island, and Plover Bay. It is very interesting, however, to find a specimen of precisely the same type from Greenland, where the modern harpoons are so different from those used in the west. That the line connecting the head with the float line is not always so Fig. 236.—Whale harpoon head with a “leader.” Fig. 237.—Foreshaft of whale harpoon. The foreshaft is much larger than that of the model, though of the same shape. No. 56537 [97], Fig. 237, from UtkiavwiÑ, is of walrus-ivory and 15.8 inches long with a diameter of 1½ inches at the butt. The oblong slot at the beginning of the chamfer is to receive the end of the lashing which secured this to the shaft. This form of foreshaft is very well adapted to insure the unshipping of the toggle-head, but lacks the special advantage of the loose-shaft, namely, that under a violent lateral strain it unships without breaking. The question at once suggests itself, why was not the improvement that is used on all the other harpoons applied to this one? In my opinion, the reason for this is the same as for retaining the form of toggle-head, which, as I have shown, is of an ancient pattern. That is to say, the modern whale harpoon is the same pattern that was once used for all harpoons, preserved for superstitious reasons. It is a well known fact, that among many peoples implements, ideas, and language have been preserved in connection with religious Why the development of the harpoon was arrested at this particular stage is not so easily determined. Anatural supposition would be that this was the form of harpoon used by their ancestors when they first began to be successful whalemen. That they connect the idea of good luck with these ancient stone harpoons is shown by what occurred at Point Barrow in 1883. Of late years they have obtained from the ships many ordinary “whale-irons,” and some people at least had got into the habit of using them. Now, the bad luck of the season of 1882, when the boats of both villages together caught only one small whale, was attributed to the use of these “irons,” and it was decided by the elders that the first harpoon struck into the whale must be a stone-bladed one such as their forefathers used when they killed many whales. In this connection, it is interesting to note a parallel custom observed at Point Hope. Hooper Fig. 238.—Whale lance. Fig. 241.—Bear lance. Lances.—As I have said on a preceding page, some of the natives now use bomb-guns for dispatching the harpooned whale, and all the whaleboats are provided with steel whale lances obtained from the ships. In former times they used a large and powerful lance with a broad flint head. They seem to have continued the use of this weapon, probably for the same reasons that led them to retain the ancient harpoon for whaling until they obtained their present supply of steel lances, as we found no signs of iron whale lances of native manufacture, such as are found in Greenland and elsewhere. We obtained nine heads for stone lances (kaluwi?) and one complete lance, avery fine specimen (No.56765 [537], Fig. 238), which was brought down as a present from Nuwuk. The broad, sharp head is of light gray flint, mounted on a shaft of spruce 12 feet 6 inches long. It has a broad, stout tang inserted in the cleft end of the Fig. 239.—Flint head of whale lance. Fig. 240.—Flint heads for whale lances. No. 89596 [1032] is the head and 5 inches of the shaft of a similar lance. The head is of black flint, and the sinew-braid forms a simple whipping. The remaining heads are all unmounted. Ihave figured several of them to show the variations of this now obsolete weapon. Fig. 239, No. 56677 [49], from UtkiavwiÑ, is of gray flint chipped in large flakes. The total length is 6.9 inches. The small lugs on the edges of the tang are to keep it from slipping out of the whipping. No. 56679 [239], also from UtkiavwiÑ, is of black flint and broader than the preceding. Its length is 6.3 inches. No. 56680 [394], from the same village, is of light bluish gray flint and very broad. It is 5.4 inches long. No. 56681 [5], from UtkiavwiÑ, is another broad Fig. 242.—Flint head for bear lance. We obtained one newly made lance of a pattern similar to the above, but smaller, which was said to be a model of the weapon used in attacking the polar bear before the introduction of firearms. The name, pÛ´nnÛ, is curiously like the name panna given by Dr. Simpson and Capt. Parry to the large double-edged knife. The specimen, No. 89895 [1230], Fig. 241, came from UtkiavwiÑ. It has a head of gray flint 3½ inches long, exclusive of the tang, roughly convex on one face, but flat and merely beveled at the edges on the other. The edges are finely serrate. The shaft is of spruce, 6feet 8 inches long, rounded and somewhat flattened at the tip, which is 1 inch wide and tapering to a diameter of 0.7 at the butt, and is painted red with ocher. The tip has a slight shoulder to keep the whipping in place. The tang is wedged in with bits of leather and secured by a close whipping of sinew braid 1¼ inches deep. Fig. 242, No. 89611 [1034], from Nuwuk, was probably the head of such a lance, although it is somewhat narrower and slightly shorter. Its total length is 3.4 inches. The other two large lance-heads, No. 56708a [114a] and No. 56708b [114b], are both new, but were probably meant for the bear lance. They are of gray flint, 3½ inches long, and have the edges regularly serrate. One form of lance is still in general use. It has a sharp metal head, and a light wooden shaft about 6 feet long. It is used in the kaiak for stabbing deer swimming in the water, after the manner frequently noticed among other Eskimo. Fig. 50.—Socket for blubber holder. Suitable material is not at hand for the proper comparison of the lamps used by the different branches of the Eskimo race. All travelers who have written about the Eskimo speak of the use of such lamps, which agree in being shallow, oblong dishes of stone. Dr. Bessels Fig. 50, No. 56492 [108], is a peculiar article of which only one specimen was collected. We were given to understand at the time of purchasing it that it was a sort of socket or escutcheon to be fastened to the wall above a lamp to hold the blubber stick described above. No such escutcheons, however, were seen in use in the houses visited. The article is evidently old. It is a flat piece of thick plank of some soft wood, 11.4 inches long, 4.2 broad, and about 1½ thick, very rudely carved into a human head and body without arms, with a large round hole about 1¼ inches in diameter through the middle of the breast. The eyes and mouth are incised, and the nose was in relief, but was long ago split off. There is a deep furrow all around the head, perhaps for fastening on a hood. CLOTHING.MATERIAL.The clothing of these people is as a rule made entirely of skins, though of late years drilling and calico are used for some parts of the dress which will be afterwards described. Petroff The chief material is the skin of the reindeer, which is used in various stages of pelage. Fine, short-haired summer skins, especially those of does and fawns, are used for making dress garments and underclothes. The heavier skins are used for everyday working clothes, while the heaviest winter skins furnish extra warm jackets for cold weather, warm winter stockings and mittens. The white or spotted skins of the tame Siberian reindeer, obtained from the “NunataÑmiun,” are especially valued for full-dress jackets. We heard no mention of the use of the skin of the unborn reindeer fawn, but there is a kind of dark deerskin used only for edgings, which appears to be that of an exceedingly young deer. This skin is extremely thin, and the hair so short that it is almost invisible. Siberian deerskins can always be recognized by Fig. 51.—Man in ordinary deerskin clothes The skins of the white mountain sheep, white and blue fox, wolf, dog, ermine, and lynx are sometimes used for clothing, and under jackets made of eider duck skins are rarely used. Sealskin dressed with the hair on is used only for breeches and boots, and for those rarely. Black dressed sealskin—that is, with the epidermis left on and the hair shaved off—is used for waterproof boots, while the white sealskin, tanned in urine, with the epidermis removed, is used for the soles of winter boots. Waterproof boot soles are made of oil-dressed skins of the white whale, bearded seal, walrus, or polar bear. The last material is not usually mentioned as serving for sole leather among the Eskimo. NordenskiÖld, STYLE OF DRESS.Dr. Simpson Instead of breeches and boots a man occasionally wears a pair of pantaloons or tight-fitting trousers terminating in shoes such as are worn by the women. Over the usual dress is worn in very cold weather a circular mantle of deerskin, fastened by a thong at the neck—such mantles are nowadays occasionally made of blankets—and in rainy weather both sexes wear the hooded rain frock of seal gut. Of late years both sexes have adopted the habit of wearing over their clothes a loose hoodless frock of cotton cloth, usually bright-colored calico, especially in blustering weather, when it is useful in keeping the drifting snow out of their furs. Both men and women wear gloves or mittens. These are of deerskin for ordinary use, but in extreme weather mittens of polar bear skin are worn. When hunting in winter it is the custom to wear gloves of thin deerskin under the bearskin mitten, so that the rifle can be handled without touching the bare hand to the cold iron. The women have a common trick of wearing only one mitten, but keeping the other arm withdrawn from the sleeve and inside of the jacket. Fig. 52.—Woman’s hood. The dress of the women consists of two frocks, which differ from those of the men in being continued from the waist in two rather full rounded skirts at the front and back, reaching to or below the knee. Awoman’s frock is always distinguished by a sort of rounded bulge or pocket at the nape of the neck (see Fig. 52, from a sketch by the writer), which is intended to receive the head of the infant when carried in the jacket. The little peak at the top of the hood is also characteristic of the Until they reach manhood the boys wear pantaloons like the women, but their jackets are cut just like those of the men. The dress of the girls is a complete miniature of that of the women, even to the pocket for the child’s head. Those who are well-to-do generally own several complete suits of clothes, and present a neat appearance when not engaged in dirty work. The poorer ones wear one suit on all occasions till it becomes shabby. New clothes are seldom put on till winter. The outer frock is not often worn in the iglu, being usually taken off before entering the room, and the under one is generally dispensed with. Men habitually leave off their boots in the house, and rarely their stockings and breeches, retaining only a pair of thin deerskin drawers. This custom of stripping in the house has been noticed among all Eskimos whose habits have been described, from Greenland to Siberia. The natives are slow to adopt any modifications in the style of dress, the excellence and convenience of which has been so frequently commented upon that it is unnecessary to refer to it. One or two youths learned from association with us the convenience of pockets, and accordingly had “patch pockets” of cloth sewed on the outside of the skirt of the inner frock, and one young man in 1883 wore a pair of sealskin hip boots, evidently copies from our india-rubber wading boots. Inow proceed to the description of the clothing in detail. Head clothing.—The only head covering usually worn is the hood of the frock, which reaches to about the middle of the head, the front being covered by the hair. Women who are carrying children in the jacket sometimes wrap the head in a cloth. (Ihave an indistinct recollection of once seeing a woman with a deerskin hood, but was too busy at the time to make a note or sketch ofit.) One man at UtkiavwiÑ (NÄgawau´ra, now deceased), who was quite bald on the forehead, used to protect the front of his head with a sort of false front of deerskin, tied round like a fillet. No specimens of any of these articles were obtained. Fancy conical caps are worn in the dances and theatrical performances, but these belong more properly under the head of Games and Pastimes (where they will be described) than under that of Clothing. Frocks (atige).—Two frocks are always worn by both sexes except in the house, or in warm weather, the inner (Ílupa) with the hair next the skin, and the outer (kalÛru´r?) with the hair out. The outer frock is also sometimes worn with the hair in, especially when it is new and the flesh side clean and white. This side is often ornamented with little tufts of marten fur and stripes of red ocher. The difference in shape between the frocks of the two sexes has been already mentioned. The man’s frock is a loose shirt, not fitted to the body, widening at the bottom, and reaching, when unbelted, just below the hips. The skirts are cut off square or slightly rounded, and are a little longer behind than in front. The hood is rounded, loose around the neck, and fitted in more on the sides than on the nape. The front edge of the hood, when drawn up, comes a little forward of the top of the head and runs round under the chin, covering the ears. Fig. 53.—Man’s frock. Fig. 54.—Pattern of man’s deerskin frock. There are in the collection three specimens, all rather elaborate dress frocks, to be worn outside. All have been worn. No. 56751 [184] (Fig.53), brown deerskin, will serve as the type. The pattern can best be explained by reference to the accompanying diagrams (Fig.54). The body consists of two pieces, front and back, each made of the Fig. 55.—Detail of trimming, skirt and shoulder of man’s frock. Fig. 56.—Man wearing plain, heavy frock. Apart from the trimming this is a very simple pattern. There are no seams except those absolutely necessary for producing the shape, and the best part of each skin is brought where it will show most, while the poorer portions are out of sight under the arms. Fig. 57.—Man’s frock of mountain sheepskin, front and back. The chief variation in deerskin frocks is in the trimming. All have the hood fitted to the head and throat, with cheek and throat pieces, and these are invariably white or light colored, even when the frock is made of white Siberian deer skin. When possible the head of the deer is always used for the back of the hood, as Capt. Parry observed to be the custom at Iglulik. Trimmings of edging like that above described, or of plain wolverine fur round the skirts and wrists, are common, and the shoulder straps rather less so. Frocks are sometimes also fringed on the skirts and seams with little strips of deerskin, after what the Point Barrow people called the “KÛÑmÛdliÑ” fashion. Fig. 58.—Man’s frock of ermine skins, front and back. No. 56757 [11] is a very handsome garment (Fig. 58). The body and sleeves are of white and brown (winter and summer) ermine skins arranged in an elegant pattern, and the hood of reindeer and mountain sheep skin. This is the only frock seen in which the hood is not fitted to the sides of the throat by curved and pointed throat pieces, after the fashion universal among the western Eskimo, from Cape Bathurst at least to Norton Sound. The pattern of the hood is shown by the diagram Fig. 59.—Pattern of sheepskin frock. Fig. 60.—Pattern of ermine frock. a, hood; b, body. The former owner of this beautiful frock (since dead) was always very elegantly dressed. His deerskin clothes were always much trimmed, and he owned an elegant frock of foxskins, alternately blue and white, with a hood of deerskin, which we did not succeed in obtaining for the collection. (The “jumper of mixed white and blue fox pelts,” seen by Dr. Kane at Ita, Fig. 61.—Woman’s frock, front and back. The woman’s frock differs from that worn by the men, in the shape of the hood and skirts, as mentioned above, and it is also slightly fitted in to the waist and made to “bag” somewhat in the back, in order to give room for carrying the child. The pattern is considerably different from that of the man’s frock, as will be seen from the description of the type specimen (the only one in the collection), No. 74041 [1791] (Fig. 61, a and b), which is of deerskin. The hood is raised into a little point on top and bulges out into a sort of rounded pocket at the nape. This is a holiday garment, made of strips of skin from the shanks and belly of the reindeer, pieced together so as to make a pattern of alternating Fig. 62.—Pattern of woman’s frock. Fig. 63.—Detail of edging, woman’s frock. Deerskin garments rarely have the ornamental piecing seen in this frock. Each one of the numbered parts of the pattern is generally in one piece. The pieces 8 and 9 are almost universally white, and 7 is often so. About the same variety in material and trimming is to be found as in the men’s frocks, though deer and mountain sheep skins were the only materials seen used, and the women’s frocks are less often seen without the fringe round the hood. Plain deerskin frocks are often bordered round the skirts with a fringe cut from deerskin. The Fig. 64.—Details of trimming, woman’s frock. The frocks for both sexes, while made on the same general pattern as those of the other Eskimo, differ in many details from those of eastern America. For instance, the hood is not fitted in round the throat with the pointed throat pieces or fringed with wolf or wolverine skin until we reach the Eskimo of the Anderson River. Here, as shown by the specimens in the National Museum, the throat pieces are small and wide apart, and the men’s hoods only are fringed with wolverine skin. The women’s hoods are very large everywhere in the east for the better accommodation of the child, which is sometimes carried wholly in the hood. The hind flap of the skirt of the woman’s frock, except in Greenland, has developed into a long narrow train reaching the ground, while the front flap is very much decreased in size (see references just quoted). The modern frock in Greenland is very short and has very small flaps (see illustrations in Rink’s Tales, etc., pp. 8 and9), but the ancient fashion, judging from the plate in Crantz’s History of Greenland, referred to above, was much more like that worn by the western Eskimo. In the Anderson and Mackenzie regions the flaps are short and rounded and the front flap considerably the smaller. There is less difference in the general shape of the men’s frocks. The hood is generally rounded and close fitting, except in Labrador and Baffin Land, where it is pointed on the crown. The skirt is sometimes prolonged into rounded flaps and a short scallop in front, as at Iglulik and some parts of Baffin Land. The men of the Siberian Eskimo and sedentary Chukches, as at Plover Bay, wear in summer a loose straight-bottomed frock without a hood, but with a frill of long fur round the neck. The winter frock is described as having “asquare hood without trimmings, but capable of being drawn, like the mouth of a bag, around the face by a string Fig. 65.—Man’s cloak of deerskin. Mantles.—“Circular” mantles of deerskin, fastened at the neck by a thong, and put on over the head like a poncho, are worn by the men in very cold weather over their other clothes when lounging in the open air about the village or watching at a seal hole or tending the seal nets at night. The cloaks are especially affected by the older men, who, having grown-up sons or sons-in-law, do not have to go sealing in winter, and spend a great deal of their time in bright weather chatting together out of doors. There is one specimen in the collection, No. 56760 [94] (Fig.65). It is made of fine summer doe-reindeer skin, in three pieces, back and two sides of dark skin, sewed to a collar of white skin from the belly of the animal. For pattern see diagram (Fig.66). The seams at a are gored to make the cloak hang properly from the shoulder. The collar is in two pieces, joined in the middle, and the edge c is turned over toward the hair side and “run” down in a narrow hem. The points b of the collar are brought together in the middle and joined by a little strap of deerskin about an inch long, so that the edge c makes a round hole for the neck. The width of the mantle is 60 inches and its depth 39. It is worn with the white flesh side out, as is indicated by the seams being sewed “over Fig. 66.—Pattern of man’s cloak. Rain-frocks.—The rain-frock (silÛ´Ña) is made of strips of seal or walrus intestines about 3 inches broad, sewed together edge to edge. This material is light yellowish brown, translucent, very light, and quite waterproof. In shape the frock resembles a man’s frock, but the hood comes well forward and fits closely round the face. It is generally plain, but the seams are nowadays sewed with black or colored cotton for ornament. The garment is of the same shape for both sexes, but the women frequently cover the flesh side of a deerskin frock with strips of entrail sewed together vertically, thus making a garment at once waterproof and warm, which is worn alone in summer with the hair side in. These gut shirts are worn over the clothes in summer when it rains or when the wearer is working in the boats. There are no specimens in the collection. The kaiak jacket of black sealskin, so universal in Greenland, is unknown at Point Barrow. The waterproof gut frocks are peculiar to the western Eskimo, though shirts of seal gut, worn between the inner and outer frock, are mentioned by Egede (p.130) and Crantz The cotton frock, already alluded to as worn to keep the driving snow out of the furs, is a long, loose shirt reaching to about midleg, with a round hole at the neck large enough to admit the head. This is generally of bright-colored calico, but shirts of white cotton are sometimes worn when hunting on the ice or snow. Similar frocks are worn by the natives at Pitlekaj. ARM CLOTHING.Mittens.—The hands are usually protected by mittens (aitka´ti) of different kinds of fur. The commonest kind are of deerskin, worn with the flesh side out. Of these the collection contains one pair, No. 89828 [973] (Fig.67). They are made of thick winter reindeer skin, with the white flesh side outward, in the shape of ordinary mittens but short and not narrowed at the wrists, with the thumb short and clumsy. The seams are all sewed “over and over” on the hair side. These mittens are about 7½ inches long and 4½ broad. The free part of the thumb is only 2¼ inches long on the outer side. Such mittens are the ordinary hand covering of men, women, and children. In extreme cold weather or during winter hunting, very heavy mittens of the same shape, but gathered to a wristband, are worn. These are made of white bearskin for men and women, for children of dogskin, with the hair out. When the hand covered with such a mitten is held upon the windward side of the face in walking, the long hair affords a very efficient protection against the wind. The long stiff hair of the bearskin also makes the mitten a very convenient brush for removing snow and hoar frost from the clothes. It is even sometimes used for brushing up the floor. Fig. 67.—Deerskin mittens In the MacFarlane collection are similar mittens from the Mackenzie region. Petitot Fig. 68.—Deerskin gloves. Gloves.—Gloves of thin deerskin, worn with the hair in, and often elegantly ornamented, are used with full dress, especially at the dances. As already stated, the men wear such gloves under the pualu when shooting in the winter. When ready to shoot, the hunter slips off the mitten and holds it between his legs, while the glove enables him to cock the rifle and draw the trigger without touching the cold metal with his bare hands. There are two pairs of gloves in the collection. No. 89829 [974] (Fig.68) illustrates a very common style called a´drigÛdrin. They are made of thin reindeer skin, with the white flesh side out, and are rights and lefts. The short and rather clumsy fingers and thumbs are separate pieces from the palm, which is one straight, broad piece, doubled so as to bring the seam on the same side as the thumb. The thumbs are not alike on both hands. The outside piece of the thumb runs down to the wrist on the left glove, but is shorter on the right, the lower 2 inches of the edge seam being between the edges of the palm piece. Each finger is a single piece doubled lengthwise and sewed over the tip and down one side. The wrists are ornamented with an edging of two narrow strips of clipped mountain sheep skin, bordered with a narrow strip of wolverine fur with the reddened flesh side out. These gloves were made for sale and are not well mated, one being 8½ inches, with fingers (all of the same length) 4½ inches long, while the other is 8 inches long with fingers of 3½ inches. No. 56747 [128] is a pair of gloves made in the same way but more elaborately ornamented. There is a band of deerskin but no fringe round the wrist. The back of the hand is covered with brown deerskin, hair out, into which is inserted the square ornamental pattern in which the light stripes are white deerskin and the dark pipings the usual almost hairless fawnskin. Gloves like this type are the most common and almost universally have a fringe round the wrist. They are also usually a little longer-wristed than the mittens. Mittens are universally employed among the Eskimo, but gloves with fingers, which, as is well known, are a much less warm covering for the hand than mittens, are very rare. They are in use at Norton Sound Fig. 69.—Man’s breeches of deerskin LEG AND FOOT CLOTHING.Breeches (ka´kli).—The usual leg-covering of the men is one or two pairs of knee breeches, rather loose, but fitted to the shape of the leg. They are very low in front, barely covering the pubes, but run up much higher behind, sometimes as high as the small of the back. They are held in place by a girdle of thong round the waist, and are usually fastened below the knee, over the boots, by a drawstring. There is one pair in the collection, No. 56759 [91], Fig. 69. They are of short-haired brown reindeer skin, from the body of the animal, worn with the hair out. The waist is higher behind than in front, and each leg is slightly gathered to a band just below the knee. Pattern (see diagram, Fig.70): There are two pieces in each leg, the inside and the outside. The spaces between the edges e of the two legs is filled by the gusset, Fig. 365.—Dancing cap. Festivals.—The most important festivals are apparently semireligious in character and partake strongly of the nature of dramatic representations. At these festivals they make use of many articles of dress and adornment, not worn on other occasions, and even some “properties” and mechanical contrivances to add to the dramatic effect. All festivals are accompanied by singing, drumming, and dancing. At the formal festivals, in the early winter, the performers are dressed in new deerskin clothing, with the snow-white flesh side outward, and in certain parts of the performance wear on their heads tall conical caps covered with rows of mountain sheep teeth which rattle as the wearer dances. We brought home one of these dancing caps (ka´brÛ, kÄluka´) (No.89820 [863] Fig. 365), made of deerskin with the hair inward and The series is regularly graduated, having the largest teeth in the middle and the smallest on the ends. Above this is a narrow strip of brown deerskin running two-thirds round the cap and sewed on flesh side out so that the hair projects as a fringe below. Above this are three ornamental bands about 2 inches apart running two-thirds round the cap, each fringed on the lower edge with sheep teeth strung as on the edge of the cap. The lower row contains 54 teeth, the middle 29, and the upper 31. The lowest band is made of 2 strips of mountain sheepskin with a narrow strip of black sealskin between them, and a narrow strip of brown deerskin with the hair out; the next is of coarse gray deerskin with the hair out; and the uppermost of brown deerskin with the flesh side out. The cap is old and dirty, and has been long in use. Fig. 366.—Wooden mask. The custom of wearing this style of cap appears to be peculiar to the northwestern Eskimo, as I find no mention for it elsewhere. It is perhaps derived indirectly from the northern Indians, some of whom are represented as wearing a similar headdress. In certain parts of the same ceremony as witnessed by Lieut. Ray the dancers also wore rattle mittens, which were shaken in time to the music. Apair of these were offered for sale once, but Lieut. Ray did not consider them sufficiently of pure Eskimo manufacture to be worth the price asked for them. They were made of sealskin and covered all over the back with empty Winchester cartridge shells loosely attached by a string through a hole in the bottom, so as to strike against each other when the mitten was shaken. The five men who wore these mittens wore on their heads the stuffed skins of various animals, the wolf, bear, fox, lynx, and dog, which they were supposed to represent. These articles were never offered for sale, as they were probably too highly valued. We collected twelve wooden masks, which we were told were worn in some of these ceremonies, though none of our party ever witnessed any Fig. 367.—Wooden mask and dancing gorget. A very old weathered mask (No. 56497 [235] from UtkiavwiÑ), 7.8 inches long, and made of soft wood, apparently pine, is similar to the preceding, but has no tongue, and the teeth in both jaws are represented as a continuous ridge. It has an “imperial” as well as a moustache, marked with blacklead like the eyebrows. The cheeks are colored with red ocher. The edge is much gapped and broken, but shows the remains of a deep narrow groove running round on the outside about ¼ inch from the edge, and pierced with small holes for fastening on a hood. Figure 367 (No. 89817 [856] also from UtkiavwiÑ) is a mask much like the preceding, 7.5 inches long, and made of spruce. It is peculiar Fig. 368.—Old grotesque mask. The remaining four ancient human masks are all masculine, and only one has any indication of labrets. On this mask, No. 89812 [1063], there are two small holes in the position of the labrets. It is probable that the wearers of these masks are supposed to represent the ancient Eskimo, who wore no labrets. Amask which was carelessly made for sale (No.89814 [1056] from UtkiavwiÑ), however, has large plug-labrets carved out. Though roughly carved this mask is a very characteristic Eskimo face, and would almost pass as the portrait of a man of our acquaintance in UtkiavwiÑ. The two little roughly carved human faces on the top of this mask are probably merely for ornament. No such things are to be seen on any of the old masks which have been actually used. This mask seems to have been whittled out of the bottom of an old meat tray, and has a string of whalebone. Most of the genuine masks are of excellent workmanship, but two are quite roughly carved. One of these especially is such a bungling piece of work that it would be set down as commercial were it not weathered and evidently old. The painting never goes farther than marking out the beard and eyebrows with soot or black lead, and sometimes reddening the cheeks with ocher. Fig. 368 (No.89816 [1583] from UtkiavwiÑ) is a very old mask of cottonwood, blackened with age and so rudely carved that the work was probably done with a stone tool. It is grooved around the edge for fastening on a hood and is 6.8 inches long. Fig. 369.—Rude mask of wood. The only female human masks seen are new and made for sale. One of these (No.89819 [1057], Fig. 369, from UtkiavwiÑ) is roughly whittled from the bottom of an old meat tray, and has the hair, eyebrows, and a single line of tattooing on the chin painted with soot. It is 8.7 inches long and has strings of whalebone. Another (No. 56498 [73] from UtkiavwiÑ) is about the size of the common masks and tolerably well made. It has the hair and eyebrows marked with black lead. The last is a foot long, and like the one figured Another “commercial” mask (No. 89813 [1074] from UtkiavwiÑ) is very elaborate, but roughly and carelessly made. It is almost flat, with the features hardly raised in relief. In each corner of the mouth is inserted a slender ivory tusk about 1 inch long, and besides the eyebrows, moustache, and imperial, there is a broad “whaleman’s mark” running obliquely across the right cheek from the bridge of the nose. Six long feathers are stuck in the edge of the forehead. Curiously enough these are the feathers of the South American ostrich, and came from the feather duster in use at our station. Fig. 370 (No. 56496 [258] from UtkiavwiÑ) represents, rather rudely, awolf’s face and ears, and is the only animal mask we obtained or saw. It is of cottonwood, old and weathered, and is 4.7 inches long and 6.5 wide. It is painted on the edge with red ocher and has a streak of the same color down the ridge of the nose. The string is of whalebone and unbraided sinew pieced together. Fig. 370.—Wolf mask of wood. Fig. 371.—Very ancient small mask. Fig. 371 (No. 89815 [1050] from UtkiavwiÑ) is a mask that seems almost too small to have been worn, being only 6.1 inches long and 4.7 wide. It is very old, made of blackened cottonwood, and is the rudest representation of the human face which we saw. It is simply an oval disk, concavo-convex, with holes cut for the eyes, nostrils, and mouth. The rough cutting about the chin appears to have been done with a stone tool, and the mouth seems to be smeared with blood. The string passed through the holes in the forehead to hang it up by is much newer than the mask, being braided from cotton twine and fastened to a common galvanized boat nail. The more southern Eskimo of Alaska are in the habit of using in their dances very elaborate and highly ornamented and painted masks, of which the National Museum possesses a very large collection. The ancient Aleuts also used masks. The masks appear to become more numerous and more elaborate the nearer we get to the part of Alaska inhabited by the Indians of the T’linket stock, who, as is well known employ, in their ceremonies remarkably elaborate wooden masks and headdresses. It may be suggested that this custom of using masks came from the influence of these Indians, reaching in the simple form already described as far as Point Barrow, but not beyond. No. 89818 [1132], Fig. 372a, has been selected as the type of the gorget (sÛkimÛÑ). It is made of spruce, is 18.5 inches long, and has two beckets of stout sinew braid, one to go round the neck and the other round the body under the wearer’s arms. The figures are all painted on the front face. In the middle is a man painted with red ocher; all the rest of the figures are black and probably painted with soot. The man with his arms outstretched stands on a large whale, represented as spouting. He holds a small whale in each hand. At his right is a small cross-shaped object which perhaps represents a bird, then a man facing toward the left and darting a harpoon with both hands, and a bear facing to the left. On the left of the red man are two umiaks with five men in each, awhale nearly effaced, and three of the cross-shaped objects already mentioned. Below them, also, freshly drawn with a hard, blunt lead pencil or the point of a bullet, are a whale, an umiak, and a three-cornered object the nature of which I can not make out. Fig. 372b (No. 56493 [266] from UtkiavwiÑ) is a similar gorget, which has evidently been long exposed to the weather, perhaps at the cemetery, as the figures are all effaced except in the middle, where it was probably covered by a mask as in Fig. 367 (No.89817 [855] from the same village). There seems to have been a red border on the serrated edge. In the middle is the same red man as before standing on the Fig. 372.—Dancing gorgets of wood. This man or giant, able to hold out a whale, appears to be a legendary character, as we have his image carved in ivory. We unfortunately did not succeed in learning anything more about him, except that his name (apparently) was “kikÁmigo.” Hanging by the head to each elbow of this figure is a seal, and opposite its thighs two of the usual conventional These gorgets appear to have gone out of fashion, as we saw none which were not very old, or which appeared to have been used recently. From the nature of the figures upon them, they were probably used in some of the ceremonies connected with the whale fishing. Kika´migo may be the “divinity” who controls the whales and other sea animals. Mechanical contrivances.—In one of the performances which Capt. Herendeen witnessed, there stood in the middle of the floor facing each other, the stuffed skins of a fox and a raven. These were mounted on whalebone springs and moved by strings, so that the fox sprang at the raven and the raven pecked at the fox, while the singing and dancing went on. These animals were never offered for sale, but they brought over a stuffed fox very cleverly mounted so as to spring at a lemming, which by means of strings was made to run in and out of two holes in the board on which the fox was mounted. (No. 89893 [1378] from UtkiavwiÑ.) We unfortunately did not learn the story or myth connected with this representation. The fox was attached to a piece of the paneling of a ship’s bulkhead, 29 inches long and 7.5 wide, by bending forward 2¾ inches of the end of the whalebone, and lashing it down parallel to the length of the board with four turns of stout thong, kept from slipping by a notch in each edge of the whalebone and running through holes in the board. One man manipulated the fox, pulling a string with each hand. The lemming’s holes were about 1¼ inches in diameter, one in each edge of the board and at such a distance from the end that when the string, which was 7 feet 4 inches long, was drawn through them, it crossed the board just where the fox’s nose struck, when it was pulled down. The ends of the string were reeled round bits of stick. The lemming was a narrow strip of wolf’s fur, about 3 inches long, doubled in the middle, with the middle of the string hitched into the bight. By pulling the ends of the string alternately, the lemming was made to jump out of the hole on one side, run across the board and into the other, very much as a live lemming runs from one tunnel to another on the tundra. It took two persons, one on each side, to handle the lemming. The foxskin and spring appeared to be older than the rest of the machine. The board was originally 10 inches or 1 foot longer at each end, but had to be cut off to pack it. Petroff mentions a similar custom among the “Nushegagmute” of Bristol Bay, of introducing stuffed animals moved with hidden strings in their performances; Description of festivals.—It is greatly to be regretted that we had not established such intimate relations with the natives, as afterwards was the case, in the winter of 1881-’82, since this was the only one of the two seasons that the great winter festival was held at UtkiavwiÑ. In the winter of 1882-’83 there had been so many deaths in the village that the natives did not feel like celebrating any regular festival, and only indulged in a few impromptu dances late in the season. These were unfortunately held in the evening when the writer’s tour of duty at the station prevented his witnessing them. Those of the party who did go over brought back only fragmentary and rather vague accounts of the performance. The confining nature of the work at the station prevented our witnessing any of the celebrations at Nuwuk or at PernyÛ, when the “NunataÑmiun” visitors were entertained. The best accounts we have of any performance is given by Lieut. They were all dressed in new deerskin clothes, with the snow-white flesh side turned out, and wore conical dance caps like that already described. They kept time to the music with their feet, moving their bodies to right and left with spasmodic jerks. To quote from Lieut. Ray’s MS. notes:
After all had finished as many as could get in entered the “dance house.” At one end of this a small space was partitioned off with a piece of an old sail, and from the roof in the middle hung an object intended to represent a tree. This was made of two oblong boxes about 6 inches in diameter, open at both ends, the lower about 2½ feet long and the upper about 1½, hinged together with seal thong. At one side hung a wolf’s skull, and on the other a dried raven. Two performers sat in the middle of the floor with their legs extended one between the other’s legs, with his nose touching the tree. Arow of old men beat drums and sang, while the performers chanted a monotonous song, in which could be heard the words “rum, tobacco, seal, deer, and whale.” Presently the bottom of the curtain was lifted and out crawled five men on all fours, wearing on their heads the stuffed skins of the heads of different animals—the wolf, bear, fox, lynx, and dog. They swung their heads from side to side in unison, keeping time to the music, uttering a low growl at each swing and shaking their rattle mittens. This they kept up for fifteen or twenty minutes, while the chant still went on, and the chief performer, with excited gestures, embraced the tree and rubbed his nose against it from time to time. At last all “sprang to their feet with a howl, and ended the dance with wild gestures.” Similar scenes, with new performers, which our party did not stay to witness, succeeded this, with feasting in the different houses. Capt. Herendeen also witnessed a small dance, lasting only one evening, which bore a curious resemblance to some of the so-called “favor figures” performed in the “German cotillon” of civilized dancers. This kind of dance was performed purely for pleasure, and had nothing We never heard of any such elaborate “donation parties” as are described at Norton Sound and the Yukon region, where a man “saves up his property for years” to distribute it among his guests. Fig. 373.—Youth dancing to the aurora. Dances in which the children only take part, entirely for amusement, sometimes take place in the kÛ´dyigi, and people occasionally amuse themselves by dancing in the iglu. Ihave often seen the natives, especially the children and young people, dancing in the open air, and the dancing was always of very much the same character. The feet were but slightly moved, keeping time to the music, while the body swayed gracefully and the arms were waved from side to side. All the dancing which I saw was rather quiet and graceful, but they told us that when they got warmed up at a great dance they went at it with tremendous vigor, throwing off their garments to the waist. The dance which accompanies the song sung by the children to the aurora, however, is more violent. The dancer clenches his fists and, bending his elbows, strikes them against the sides of his body, keeping time to the song and stamping vigorously with the right foot, springing up and down with the left knee (see Fig. 373, from a sketch by the writer). We never heard of any of the licentious festivals or orgies described by Egede The festivals of the eastern Eskimo appear to be less formal and elaborate than those in the west, consisting simply of singing and dancing. TOYS AND SPORTS FOR CHILDREN AND OTHERS.Playthings.—Though the children amuse themselves with a great many sports and plays, we saw very few toys or playthings in use. We brought home six objects which appear to have no use except as playthings. Fig. 374a (No. 89806 [1189] from Nuwuk) is a whirligig in principle very like that made for civilized children. It is a block of spruce, fitted with a shaft of narwhal ivory. This fits loosely in the straight tubular handle, which is a section of the branch of an antler, with the soft inside tissue cut out. Astring of seal thong passes through a hole in the middle of the handle and is fastened to the shaft. This string is about 8 feet long, and about half of it is tied up into the hank to make a handle for pulling it. It works very much like a civilized child’s whirligig. The string is wound around the shaft and a smart pull on the handle unwinds it, making the block spin round rapidly. The reaction, spinning it in the opposite direction, winds up the string again. Acouple of loose hawk’s feathers are stuck into the tip of the block, which is painted with red ocher for about an inch. Four equidistant stripes of the same color run down the sides to a border of the same width round the base. This was made for sale and appears to be an unusual toy. Ido not recollect ever seeing the children play with such a toy. It is called kai´psa (Gr.kÂvsÂk, “awhirligig or similar toy”). Fig. 374b is a similar whirligig from UtkiavwiÑ (No. 89807 [1356]). The block, which is 4.2 inches long, is made of the solid tip of a mountain sheep’s horn, and is elaborately ornamented with a conventional pattern of lines and “circles and dots,” incised and colored red with ocher. The shaft is of hard bone, and the line has a little wooden handle at the end. The block is so heavy that it will hardly spin. Fig. 374.—Whirligigs. Fig. 375 (No. 56491 [46] from UtkiavwiÑ) is a teetotum (also called kaipsa). The shaft is of pine and the disk of spruce and is ornamented with black lead marks, forming a border about one-quarter inch broad Fig. 375.—Teetotum. The same is true of No. 89722 [1087] (Fig. 376, from UtkiavwiÑ) which is what American boys would call a “buzz” toy. It is of pine wood, and through two round holes in the middle are passed the ends of a piece of stout sinew braid, which are knotted together. When the board is placed in the middle of the string it can be made to spin round and whiz by alternately pulling and relaxing the ends of the string. The board is rather elaborately painted. One end has a border of black lead on both faces, the other a similar border of red paint, which appears to be red lead. Broad red bands form a square 1 inch across around the holes, with lines radiating from each corner to the corners of the board, on both faces. On the spaces between these lines are figures rudely drawn with black lead. On one face, in the first space, is a goose; in the second, aman with a staff; in the third, the conventional figure of a whale’s tail; and in the fourth, awhale with line and float attached to him, pursued by a whaling umiak. On the other side, the first space contains a dog or wolf walking; the second, two of these animals, sitting on their haunches, facing each other; the third, another walking; and the fourth, areindeer in the same attitude. Fig. 376.—Buzz toy. Fig. 377 (No. 89800 [1331] from UtkiavwiÑ), on the other hand, is a toy which the children often play with. It is the well known “whizzing-stick” found among savages in so many widely distant parts of the world, and often used in religious ceremonies. The Eskimo name is imiglÚta. It consists of a thin board of pine wood, fastened by a string Fig. 377.—Whizzing stick. Fig. 378.—Pebble snapper. Fig. 378 (No. 56687 [181] from UtkiavwiÑ) is another plaything rather common with the boys, which takes the place of the American boy’s “bean snapper.” It is known by the name of miti´gligaun, and is a rod of whalebone, stiff and black, 4.8 inches long and 0.5 wide, narrowed and bent sharply up for about an inch at one end. On the upper side of this end, close to the tip, is a little hollow, large enough to hold a small pebble, and the other is cut into sharp teeth. This is purely an instrument of mischief and is used for shooting tiny pebbles at people when they are looking the other way. MÛÑialu showed us, with great glee, in an expressive pantomime, how a boy would hit a person in the eye with a little pebble, and, when the man turned round angrily, would have the snapper slipped up his sleeve and be looking earnestly in another direction. The toothed end, he said, was for mischievously scratching hairs out of a man’s coat when he was looking another way. The “snapper” is used as follows: It is held in the left hand, alittle pebble is set in the socket, and the tip of the whalebone bent back with the right hand. When this end is let go the elasticity of the whalebone drives the pebble at the mark with considerable force. As far as I can learn this mischievous toy is peculiar to the Northwest. Dolls.—Though several dolls and various suits of miniature clothing were made and brought over for sale, they do not appear to be popular with the little girls. Ido not recollect ever seeing a child playing with a doll. Those in the collection, indeed, seem rather less intended for playthings than as, so to speak, works of art to catch the fancy of the strangers. Such an object is No. 89728 [1304] (Fig. 379 from UtkiavwiÑ.) This is a human head carved out of pine wood, and shouldered off at the neck into a stout round peg, which is fitted into the middle of a thick elliptical pedestal of the same wood, flat on the bottom and convex on top. The head is dressed in a neatly made hood of thin deerskin with the flesh side cut off round the shoulders and exposing only the face. The face is very neatly carved, and has bits of green oxidized copper inlaid for the eyes. The cheeks, gums, and inside of the mouth are colored with red ocher, and the hair, eyebrows, and beard with black lead. The top of the pedestal is painted red and divided into eight equal parts by shallow grooves colored with black lead. The height of the whole object is 4½ inches, and the workmanship is remarkably good. Fig. 379.—Carving of human head. No. 89827 [1138] (from UtkiavwiÑ), on the other hand, is very roughly and carelessly made. It is 18.2 inches long, roughly whittled out of a flat piece of redwood board into the shape of a man with his legs wide apart and holding up his hands on each side of his head. The arms are very short and broad, with five fingers all nearly of the same length, and the legs are simply two straight four-sided pegs rounded on the edges. It is dressed in a hooded frock of seal gut reaching to the knees and leaving only the face and hands uncovered, and has sealskin knee boots on the legs. The face is rudely in relief, with two narrow bits of ivory inlaid for eyes, and a long canine tusk of the same material inserted in each corner of the mouth. Three small round bits of wood are inlaid in the forehead, one in the middle and one over each eye, and one in the right cheek above the corner of the mouth. The gut frock is carelessly made of irregular pieces. It is trimmed round the bottom and the edge of the hood with a strip of dogskin, but is left with a raw Fig. 380.—Mechanical doll: drum player. Fig. 380 (No. 89826 [1358] from UtkiavwiÑ) is a clever, though somewhat roughly made, mechanical doll. It represents a man dressed in deerskins sitting with his legs outstretched and holding in his extended left hand a drum and in his right a stick, as if beating the drum. The arms are of whalebone, and by pressing them he can be made to beat the drum. The doll is made of a single piece of wood—a knot with two branches, which make the legs. (Ilearned this from Capt. Herendeen, who saw this doll at the village before it was finished.) The height of the sitting figure is 11½ inches. Fig. 381.—Mechanical toy: kaiak paddler. A still more ingenious mechanical toy which, however, like the preceding, was made for sale, is shown in Fig. 381 (No.89855 [1351] from UtkiavwiÑ). This is a man sitting in a kaiak in the attitude of paddling Fig. 382.—Kaiak carved from a block of wood. The paddle is of the common shape, and has the blade and the lower end of the shaft painted red. The strings for working this contrivance are of fine sinew braid. One string is tied into a little hole in the edge of the hood, where the left ear would be, the other passes round the edge of the hood, and is tied at the right ear. These strings cross back of the head, and pass through two neat little ivory eyebolts inserted in the deck, 1inch abaft the cockpit, and 1 inch apart. The strings from the hands are not crossed, but pass through two similar eyebolts, one at each edge of the deck, 2.5 inches from the cockpit. The ends of each set of strings are tied together. When the right pair and left pair of strings are pulled alternately, the man makes a stroke and looks to the right, then “recovers” and looks to the left. Both stroke and “recovery” are aided by the elasticity of the arms. This specimen shows a great deal of mechanical ingenuity, and was the only finished object of the kind seen. Fig. 382 (No. 89856 [783] from UtkiavwiÑ) is a kaiak intended for a similar toy, which, when brought over for sale, had an unfinished armless doll in the cockpit. This was, unfortunately, lost in unpacking. The kaiak, which is 27.6 inches long, is not new, but has been freshly scraped and painted on deck. It is also a foreign kaiak, being precisely like a model brought by Mr. Nelson from Norton Sound. It is not unlikely that this boat itself came from that region through the “NunataÑmiun,” Juvenile implements.—We sometimes saw the children playing with little models of the implements and utensils used by their parents. Perhaps the commonest thing of this sort is the boy’s bow. As soon as a boy is able to walk his father makes him a little bow suited to his strength, with blunt arrows, with which he plays with the other boys, shooting at marks—for instance, the fetal reindeer brought home from the spring hunt—till he is old enough to shoot small birds and lemmings. We also saw children playing with little drums, and one man made his little boy an elaborate ka´moti about 4 feet long. In the collection are a number of miniature implements, spears, etc., some of which have been already described, which were perhaps intended as playthings for the children. As, however, they were all newly made, it is possible that they were merely intended to catch the fancy of the strangers. No. 89451 [1113], from Nuwuk, is a little snow shovel 4.5 inches long, with a blade 2.1 inches wide, rather roughly carved from a piece of walrus ivory. No. 89695 [1280] from UtkiavwiÑ, is a similar model of a deer lance, 7inches long, all in one piece and made of reindeer antler. No. 89797 [1186] from UtkiavwiÑ, is a quite well made model of the drum used for accompanying singing and dancing, and is almost large enough to have been used for a plaything. The stick is entirely out of proportion, being merely a roughly whittled bit of lath, 13 inches long. Games and sports.—The men have very few sports, though I have sometimes known them to amuse themselves by shooting at a mark with their rifles, and I once heard of a number of them wrestling. As far as I could learn, they wrestle “catch-as-catch-can” without any particular system. We never heard of anything like the athletic sports mentioned by Egede In the winter the young women and girls are often to be seen tossing a snowball with their feet. Agirl wets some snow and makes a ball about as big as her two fists, which of course immediately becomes a lump of ice. This she balances on the toe of one foot and with a kick and a jump tosses it over to the other foot which catches it and tosses it back. Some women will keep this up for a number of strokes. The young people of both sexes also sometimes play football, kicking about an old mitten or boot stuffed with rags or bits of waste skin. Inever saw them set up goals and play a regular game as they did in Greenland. The little girls also play with the skipping rope. I once watched three little girls jumping. Two swung the rope and the other stood in the middle and jumped. First they swung the rope under her feet to the right, then back under her feet to the left, and then once or twice wholly round under her feet and over her head, and then began again. I have already spoken of the formal children’s dances. They often also dance by themselves, beating on old tin cans for drums. One night I saw a party of children having quite an elaborate performance near our station. The snow at the time was drifted up close under the eaves of the house. On the edge of the roof sat three little boys, each beating vigorously on an empty tomato can and singing at the top of his lungs, while another boy and a little girl were dancing on the snow waving their arms and singing as usual, and at the same time trying to avoid another girl about thirteen years old, who represented a demon. She was stooping forward, and moving slowly round in time with the music, turning from side to side and rolling her eyes fiercely, while she licked the blade of an open clasp knife, drawing it slowly across her lips. They seemed intensely in earnest, and were enjoying themselves hugely. After dancing a while at the station they went over to the village, and as they told me the next day spent the whole night singing in a vacant snow-house. They also amuse themselves in the winter by sliding on their knees down the steepest snowdrifts under the cliffs. Agood deal of the time, however, they are following their parents or other grown people, catching little fish or fetching twigs for firewood or helping drive the dogs, though as a rule they are not made to do any regular work until they are pretty well grown. MUSIC.Musical instruments.—The only musical instrument in use among these people is the universal drum built of bones 77 Household utensils of the Eskimo. (See Utensils, household.) Hunting, methods of the Eskimo, the polar bear 263 the wolf 263-264 the fox 264 the reindeer 264-268 the seal 268-272 Hunting, methods of the Eskimo, the walrus 272 the whale 272-276 fowl 276-278 Hunting scores of the Eskimo 361-364 Ice, formation and movements of, at Point Barrow, Alaska 31-32 Ice creepers of Eskimo 135 Iglu (See House, winter, of Eskimo.) IkpikpÛÑ River, Alaska, location of 29 ImÉrnya, Alaska, location of 27 Implements of the Eskimo. (See Tools of the Eskimo.) Implements, Eskimo, for procuring and preparing food 310-316 Indians of Northern Alaska, intercourse of the Point Barrow Eskimo with 49 Indicators used in catching seal 254-255 Insects of the Point Barrow region, Alaska 59 International Polar expedition, organization and work of 19 Isolation of the Point Barrow Eskimo 26 ItkÛ´dlÎÑ, habitat and description of 49-51 Jigger of Eskimo, fishing tackle 282, 283 Kaiaks of the Eskimo 328-335 Kane, Elisha Kent, works consulted 23 cited on Eskimo frocks 118 cited on Eskimo harpoons 222, 243 description of Eskimo kaiak by 334 description of Eskimo dog harness 359 KilauwitawiÑ, Alaska, Eskimo village 44 Klutschak, Heinrich W., work consulted 24 cited on Eskimo wolf killers 259 cited on Eskimo deer hunting 268 cited on Eskimo customs of childbirth 415 Knives of the Eskimo, general description 150-165 method of using 150-151 of slate, for men 151-155 of whalebone 155 of iron and steel 155-160 of flint 160 for women 161-164 fish-cutters 164-165 for cutting snow and ice 304-305 Koyukun Indians of Alaska, character of 50, 51 Krause Brothers, work consulted 23 cited on Eskimo archery 207 cited on Eskimo bolas 246 cited on Eskimo fowl hunting 278 quoted on burial of Eskimo 426 quoted on Eskimo property customs 428, 429 KuÁru River, Alaska, position of 29 KÛdyigi, use of term by Eskimo 79-80 KulÚiagrua, or Meade River, Alaska, description of 29 Eskimo fishing in 58 Kumlien, Ludwig, work consulted 23 cited on Eskimo knives 161 cited on Eskimo arrows 201 cited on Eskimo archery 207 cited on Eskimo harpoons 221 cited on Eskimo lance 242 cited on seal burrows 271 cited on Eskimo fishing 287 cited on Eskimo umiak 343 cited on Eskimo snowshoes 352 cited on Eskimo masks 370 cited on marriage ceremonies of Eskimo 411 cited on exchange of wives by Eskimo 413 cited on childbirth customs of Eskimo 415 cited on Eskimo’s method of carrying infants 416 quoted on Eskimo amulets 437 KÛÑmÛdliÑ, habitat of 43, 45, 46, 47 KupÛÑmiun, habitat of 45, 48, 49 Labrets of the Eskimo, description of 143-148 lancets for making incision for 144 plug for enlarging hole for 144 glass stopples used for 145 Ladles of Eskimo, of horn 104 of bone 104-105 Lamplighters of Eskimo 106 Lamps of Eskimo 105-109 Lances of the Eskimo, for whale 240-242 for bear 240 for deer 240-244 Liquors, introduction among the Point Barrow Eskimo 54 taste for, of the Point Barrow Eskimo 65 List of works consulted in preparation of paper on Point Barrow Eskimo 20-25 Lyon, G. F., work consulted 23 description of Eskimo houses 72 cited on Eskimo harpoons 221 cited on Eskimo fire-making 290 cited on Eskimo snow shovels 306 cited on Eskimo needlecases 322 cited on Eskimo basket weaving 327 cited on Eskimo kaiaks 333, 334 cited on Eskimo umiaks 339 cited on Eskimo sledge-shoes 353 Maguire, commander of ship Plover, report of, consulted 23 visit of, to Point Barrow, Alaska 52 cited on Eskimo reindeer hunting 268 cited on Eskimo salutations 422 Mammals of the Point Barrow region, Alaska 55-56 Mantles of Eskimo 121-122 Marker for meat cache of the Eskimo 262-263 Marline spike of the Eskimo 291-292 Marriage customs of the Eskimo 410-413 Masks of the Eskimo 365-370 Mason, Otis T., acknowledgments to 20 cited on Eskimo basket weaving 326 Massingberd, Francis C., quoted on the Carmelites 358 Mattocks of the Eskimo 302-304 Mauls of the Eskimo, of stone 93-97 of bone 97-99 evolution of 98-99 McClure, cited on Eskimo whale fishery 276 Medicine, Eskimo 422-423 Medicine-men of the Eskimo 422-423 Mesh sticks of the Eskimo 312-315 Minerals of the Point Barrow region, Alaska 60-61 Morality of the Point Barrow Eskimo 41 Mortuary customs of the Eskimo 423-427 Mourning, Eskimo customs of 425 Mouthpiece for Eskimo drills 179 Music of the Eskimo 385-389 Musical instruments of the Eskimo 385-388 Names among Point Barrow Eskimo 42-43 Narcotics, use of, by the Point Barrow Eskimo 65-72 Necklaces, of the Eskimo 148 Needles, sewing, of the Eskimo 318-319 netting, of the Eskimo 312-313 Needle cases of the Eskimo 318, 320-322 Netting needles of the Eskimo 312-313 Netting tools of the Eskimo 312-315 Netting weights of the Eskimo 315-316 Nets of the Eskimo, for catching seal 251 for catching fish 284-286 Nomenclature of the Eskimo of Northern Alaska 42-43, 46-48 NordenskiÖld, Adolf Eric, work consulted 24 describes bone-crushers of Eskimo 96 mention of Eskimo lamplighters 106 cited on clothing of Eskimo 110, 122 cited on Eskimo labrets 148 cited on Eskimo harpoons 220 cited on Eskimo bolas 246 cited on Eskimo seal rattle 254 cited on seal catching 270 cited on Eskimo fishing 283, 285, 286 cited on fire-making by Eskimo 289 cited on Eskimo skin-scrapers 298 cited on Eskimo ice picks 304 describes Eskimo ice scoop 309 cited on Eskimo kaiaks 333 cited on Eskimo sledge shoes 353 cited on Eskimo dog harness 359, 360 cited on Eskimo masks 370 cited on Eskimo drums 385 cited on Eskimo drawings 410 quoted on character of Eskimo children 418 quoted on indoor habits of Eskimo 420, 421 cited on Eskimo burials 426 cited on Eskimo government 430 cited on Eskimo superstitions 434 cited on Eskimo amulets 441 NunataÑmiun, intercourse of with the Point Barrow Eskimo 44-45, 48 Nuwuk, Alaska, location of 26 population of 43 description of 79 Oars for Eskimo umiak 338-340 Oldmixon, Geo. Scott, surgeon of Point Barrow expedition 19 Ooglaamie, Alaska, name used by mistake 26 Ornaments of the Eskimo, tattooing 138-140 painting 140 earrings 142-143 labrets 143-145 necklaces 148 bracelets 148-149 finger rings 149 beads 149 Orthography of Eskimo words 20 Owen, L. C., cited on Eskimo whale fishery 276 Paddles for Eskimo kaiaks 331-335 Painting of face by Eskimo 140 Painting of the Eskimo 390-392 Pantaloons of Eskimo 126-189 Parry, Wm. Edward, works consulted 24 cited on Eskimo diet 61 description of Eskimo lamp 106 cited on Eskimo frocks 115 cited on Eskimo knives 157, 160 cited on Eskimo saws 174 cited on Eskimo kaiaks 333 account of Eskimo music by 389 quoted on treatment of Eskimo women 413, 414 cited on character of Eskimo women 420 quoted on Eskimo burials 426 cited on Eskimo amulets 436, 440 Pastimes of the Eskimo 364 Petitot, E. F. J., works of, on the Eskimo 24 nomenclature of the Eskimo people 46-48, 51 description of Eskimo house by 77 description of Eskimo lamps by 106 description of Eskimo clothing by 120, 123, 129, 138 cited on Eskimo mode of wearing the hair 140, 141 cited on Eskimo labrets 143 cited on Eskimo sledge shoes 353 description of method of carrying Eskimo infants by 416 quoted on Eskimo amulets 440 Petroff, Ivan, work consulted 24 cited on Eskimo wolf-killer 259 cited on Eskimo burials 427 cited on Eskimo "chiefs" 429 Physical characteristics of Point Barrow Eskimo 33-39 Pickers for pipes, used by Point Barrow Eskimo 67 Picks and pickaxes of the Eskimo 302-304, 307-308 Pipe, extemporized, by an Eskimo 68 Pipes, description of, used by Point Barrow Eskimo 66-68, 70-71 Eskimo terms for 70 Plants of the Point Barrow region, Alaska 59-60 Point Barrow, Alaska, topography of region of 27-29 Plover, the visit of the, to Point Barrow, Alaska 52 Polygamy among the Eskimo 411 Population of Point Barrow Eskimo 43 Pots of the Eskimo, description of 90-92 Pouches, tobacco, description of, used by Point Barrow Eskimo 68-69 Property rights among the Eskimo 428-430 Prostitution among the Eskimo 419-420 Psychical characteristics of the Point Barrow Eskimo 40-42 Quiver rods of the Eskimo 209 Quivers of the Eskimo 207-209 Rae, John, work consulted 24 cited on Eskimo fire-making 290 Rainfall at Point Barrow, Alaska 31 Rain-frocks of Eskimo 122 Rat Indians of Alaska 49-50 Rattles for decoying seal 254 Rau, Charles, cited on Eskimo knives 164, 165 cited on Eskimo bird darts 214 Ray, P. H., commander of Fort Barrow expedition 19 works consulted 24 description of pits for trapping reindeer 268 description of Eskimo house, kÛ´dyigi 80 cited on Eskimo diet 64 cited on Eskimo property marks 428 quoted on Eskimo ghosts 432 cited on Eskimo tabu 434 description of Eskimo dance 374 Reamers, flint bladed, of Eskimo 181-182 Reindeer, Eskimo method of hunting 264-268 Religion of the Eskimo, difficulty of gaining information concerning 430 rÔle of the wizards or shamans in 430-131 tuaÑa, or demons, of 421-434 manner of driving away evil spirits 432-433 seal and walrus heads, superstitions concerning 434 sacrifices to supernatural beings 433 Resources, natural, of the Point Barrow region, Alaska 55-61 Retrieving harpoon of the Eskimo 230-231 Richardson, Sir John, works consulted 24 cited on Eskimo burials 426 Rink, Henrik Johan, acknowledgments to 20 description of Eskimo kÛdyigi 80 description of Eskimo snow houses by 81 cited on Eskimo whale-fishing 274 cited on Eskimo fishing 287 cited on Eskimo kaiaks 332 quoted on property customs of the Eskimo 428, 429 cited on Eskimo demonology 431, 432 cited on Eskimo food superstitions 434 quoted on Eskimo amulets 435, 436, 437 Ross, John, works consulted 25 cited on Eskimo diet 62 Ruins of Eskimo houses near Point Barrow 79 Sail of Eskimo umiak 338 Salutation among the Eskimo 422 Saws of the Eskimo 174-175 Scaffolds, for storage of property, by Point Barrow Eskimo 75-76 Schwatka, Frederick, works consulted 25 cited on Eskimo wolf-killer 259 cited on Eskimo sledge-shoes 354 Scoops, ice, of the Eskimo 308-309 Scores, hunting, of the Eskimo 361-364 Scoresby, Capt. William, work consulted 25 cited on Eskimo arrows 207 cited on Eskimo burials 426 Scrapers for dressing skins 294-300 Scratchers for decoying seal 253-254 Seal darts of the Eskimo 214-218 calls for decoying 253-254 rattles for decoying 254 indicators used in catching 254-255 stool used in catching 255 drags for hauling 256-259 methods of hunting 268-272 Eskimo superstition concerning skulls of 434 Sewing, Eskimo implements for 317-323 Shoes of Eskimo 129-135 Shovels, snow, of the Eskimo 305 Sidaru, Eskimo village of, Alaska 44 Simpson, John, work consulted 25 descriptions of Eskimo houses by 78 descriptions of Eskimo villages 79 cited on ownership of Eskimo dwellings 79 description of Eskimo tents 84 description of Eskimo of Point Barrow 33, 36, 38, 39 “burglar-alarm” of Eskimo described by 41 cited on Eskimo commerce 48 cited on Eskimo language 53 cited on use of tobacco among Eskimo 65 description of Eskimo tents 84 description of Eskimo clothing 110, 125, 128, 130, 138 cited on Eskimo earrings 142 cited on Eskimo labrets 143, 146 cited on Eskimo knives 157, 161 cited on Eskimo arrows 201 cited on Eskimo seal nets 252 cited on Eskimo whale fishery 274 cited on fire-making by Eskimo 289 cited on Eskimo needle cases 322 cited on Eskimo kaiaks 328 cited on Eskimo snowshoes 351, 352 cited on Eskimo festivals 376 description of Eskimo marriage customs 410, 413 cited on Eskimo divorce 412, 413 description of condition of Eskimo women 414 cited on infanticide among Eskimo 417 cited on Eskimo children 419 quoted on conduct of Eskimo women 420 cited on Eskimo "chiefs" 429 cited on Eskimo demonology 431, 433 Simpson, Thomas, work consulted 25 visit of, to Point Barrow 52 cited on use of tobacco by Eskimo 70 cited on Eskimo fishing 285 description of fire-making by Eskimo 289 cited on Eskimo umiak oars 339 quoted on Eskimo salutation 422 Sinker for Eskimo fish line 282 Skin ornamentation by Eskimo, tattooing 138-140 Skin painting 140 Skin-working, Eskimo implements for 294-301 Skulls of seals and walrus, Eskimo superstitions concerning 434 Sledges of the Eskimo 353-357 Slungshot used as Eskimo weapon 191 Smith, E. E., cited on Eskimo whale fishery 275 Smoking, methods and habits of, among Point Barrow Eskimo 69-72 Snowfall at Point Barrow, Alaska 31 fireplace of 81 Household utensils of the Eskimo. (See Utensils, household.) Hunting, methods of the Eskimo, the polar bear 263 the wolf 263-264 the fox 264 the reindeer 264-268 the seal 268-272 Hunting, methods of the Eskimo, the walrus 272 the whale 272-276 fowl 276-278 Hunting scores of the Eskimo 361-364 Ice, formation and movements of, at Point Barrow, Alaska 31-32 Ice creepers of Eskimo 135 Iglu (See House, winter, of Eskimo.) IkpikpÛÑ River, Alaska, location of 29 ImÉrnya, Alaska, location of 27 Implements of the Eskimo. (See Tools of the Eskimo.) Implements, Eskimo, for procuring and preparing food 310-316 Indians of Northern Alaska, intercourse of the Point Barrow Eskimo with 49 Indicators used in catching seal 254-255 Insects of the Point Barrow region, Alaska 59 International Polar expedition, organization and work of 19 Isolation of the Point Barrow Eskimo 26 ItkÛ´dlÎÑ, habitat and description of 49-51 Jigger of Eskimo, fishing tackle 282, 283 Kaiaks of the Eskimo 328-335 Kane, Elisha Kent, works consulted 23 cited on Eskimo frocks 118 cited on Eskimo harpoons 222, 243 description of Eskimo kaiak by 334 description of Eskimo dog harness 359 KilauwitawiÑ, Alaska, Eskimo village 44 Klutschak, Heinrich W., work consulted 24 cited on Eskimo wolf killers 259 cited on Eskimo deer hunting 268 cited on Eskimo customs of childbirth 415 Knives of the Eskimo, general description 150-165 method of using 150-151 of slate, for men 151-155 of whalebone 155 of iron and steel 155-160 of flint 160 for women 161-164 fish-cutters 164-165 for cutting snow and ice 304-305 Koyukun Indians of Alaska, character of 50, 51 Krause Brothers, work consulted 23 cited on Eskimo archery 207 cited on Eskimo bolas 246 cited on Eskimo fowl hunting 278 quoted on burial of Eskimo 426 quoted on Eskimo property customs 428, 429 KuÁru River, Alaska, position of 29 KÛdyigi, use of term by Eskimo 79-80 KulÚiagrua, or Meade River, Alaska, description of 29 Eskimo fishing in 58 Kumlien, Ludwig, work consulted 23 cited on Eskimo knives 161 cited on Eskimo arrows 201 cited on Eskimo archery 207 cited on Eskimo harpoons 221 cited on Eskimo lance 242 cited on seal burrows 271 cited on Eskimo fishing 287 cited on Eskimo umiak 343 cited on Eskimo snowshoes 352 cited on Eskimo masks 370 cited on marriage ceremonies of Eskimo 411 cited on exchange of wives by Eskimo 413 cited on childbirth customs of Eskimo 415 cited on Eskimo’s method of carrying infants 416 quoted on Eskimo amulets 437 KÛÑmÛdliÑ, habitat of 43, 45, 46, 47 KupÛÑmiun, habitat of 45, 48, 49 Labrets of the Eskimo, description of 143-148 lancets for making incision for 144 plug for enlarging hole for 144 glass stopples used for 145 Ladles of Eskimo, of horn 104 of bone 104-105 Lamplighters of Eskimo 106 Lamps of Eskimo 105-109 Lances of the Eskimo, for whale 240-242 for bear 240 for deer 240-244 Liquors, introduction among the Point Barrow Eskimo 54 taste for, of the Point Barrow Eskimo 65 List of works consulted in preparation of paper on Point Barrow Eskimo 20-25 Lyon, G. F., work consulted 23 description of Eskimo houses 72 cited on Eskimo harpoons 221 cited on Eskimo fire-making 290 cited on Eskimo snow shovels 306 cited on Eskimo needlecases 322 cited on Eskimo basket weaving 327 cited on Eskimo kaiaks 333, 334 cited on Eskimo umiaks 339 cited on Eskimo sledge-shoes 353 Maguire, commander of ship Plover, report of, consulted 23 visit of, to Point Barrow, Alaska 52 cited on Eskimo reindeer hunting 268 cited on Eskimo salutations 422 Mammals of the Point Barrow region, Alaska 55-56 Mantles of Eskimo 121-122 Marker for meat cache of the Eskimo 262-263 Marline spike of the Eskimo 291-292 Marriage customs of the Eskimo 410-413 Masks of the Eskimo 365-370 Mason, Otis T., acknowledgments to 20 cited on Eskimo basket weaving 326 Massingberd, Francis C., quoted on the Carmelites 358 Mattocks of the Eskimo 302-304 Mauls of the Eskimo, of stone 93-97 of bone 97-99 evolution of 98-99 McClure, cited on Eskimo whale fishery 276 Medicine, Eskimo 422-423 Medicine-men of the Eskimo 422-423 Mesh sticks of the Eskimo 312-315 Minerals of the Point Barrow region, Alaska 60-61 Morality of the Point Barrow Eskimo 41 Mortuary customs of the Eskimo 423-427 Mourning, Eskimo customs of 425 Mouthpiece for Eskimo drills 179 Music of the Eskimo 385-389 Musical instruments of the Eskimo 385-388 Names among Point Barrow Eskimo 42-43 Narcotics, use of, by the Point Barrow Eskimo 65-72 Necklaces, of the Eskimo 148 Needles, sewing, of the Eskimo 318-319 netting, of the Eskimo 312-313 Needle cases of the Eskimo 318, 320-322 Netting needles of the Eskimo 312-313 Netting tools of the Eskimo 312-315 Netting weights of the Eskimo 315-316 Nets of the Eskimo, for catching seal 251 for catching fish 284-286 Nomenclature of the Eskimo of Northern Alaska 42-43, 46-48 NordenskiÖld, Adolf Eric, work consulted 24 describes bone-crushers of Eskimo 96 mention of Eskimo lamplighters 106 cited on clothing of Eskimo 110, 122 cited on Eskimo labrets 148 cited on Eskimo harpoons 220 cited on Eskimo bolas 246 cited on Eskimo seal rattle 254 cited on seal catching 270 cited on Eskimo fishing 283, 285, 286 cited on fire-making by Eskimo 289 cited on Eskimo skin-scrapers 298 cited on Eskimo ice picks 304 describes Eskimo ice scoop 309 cited on Eskimo kaiaks 333 cited on Eskimo sledge shoes 353 cited on Eskimo dog harness 359, 360 cited on Eskimo masks 370 cited on Eskimo drums 385 cited on Eskimo drawings 410 quoted on character of Eskimo children 418 quoted on indoor habits of Eskimo 420, 421 cited on Eskimo burials 426 cited on Eskimo government 430 cited on Eskimo superstitions 434 cited on Eskimo amulets 441 NunataÑmiun, intercourse of with the Point Barrow Eskimo 44-45, 48 Nuwuk, Alaska, location of 26 population of 43 description of 79 Oars for Eskimo umiak 338-340 Oldmixon, Geo. Scott, surgeon of Point Barrow expedition 19 Ooglaamie, Alaska, name used by mistake 26 Ornaments of the Eskimo, tattooing 138-140 painting 140 earrings 142-143 labrets 143-145 necklaces 148 bracelets 148-149 finger rings 149 beads 149 Orthography of Eskimo words 20 Owen, L. C., cited on Eskimo whale fishery 276 Paddles for Eskimo kaiaks 331-335 Painting of face by Eskimo 140 Painting of the Eskimo 390-392 Pantaloons of Eskimo 126-189 Parry, Wm. Edward, works consulted 24 cited on Eskimo diet 61 description of Eskimo lamp 106 cited on Eskimo frocks 115 cited on Eskimo knives 157, 160 cited on Eskimo saws 174 cited on Eskimo kaiaks 333 account of Eskimo music by 389 quoted on treatment of Eskimo women 413, 414 cited on character of Eskimo women 420 quoted on Eskimo burials 426 cited on Eskimo amulets 436, 440 Pastimes of the Eskimo 364 Petitot, E. F. J., works of, on the Eskimo 24 nomenclature of the Eskimo people 46-48, 51 description of Eskimo house by 77 description of Eskimo lamps by 106 description of Eskimo clothing by 120, 123, 129, 138 cited on Eskimo mode of wearing the hair 140, 141 cited on Eskimo labrets 143 cited on Eskimo sledge shoes 353 description of method of carrying Eskimo infants by 416 quoted on Eskimo amulets 440 Petroff, Ivan, work consulted 24 cited on Eskimo wolf-killer 259 cited on Eskimo burials 427 cited on Eskimo "chiefs" 429 Physical characteristics of Point Barrow Eskimo 33-39 Pickers for pipes, used by Point Barrow Eskimo 67 Picks and pickaxes of the Eskimo 302-304, 307-308 Pipe, extemporized, by an Eskimo 68 Pipes, description of, used by Point Barrow Eskimo 66-68, 70-71 Eskimo terms for 70 Plants of the Point Barrow region, Alaska 59-60 Point Barrow, Alaska, topography of region of 27-29 Plover, the visit of the, to Point Barrow, Alaska 52 Polygamy among the Eskimo 411 Population of Point Barrow Eskimo 43 Pots of the Eskimo, description of 90-92 Pouches, tobacco, description of, used by Point Barrow Eskimo 68-69 Property rights among the Eskimo 428-430 Prostitution among the Eskimo 419-420 Psychical characteristics of the Point Barrow Eskimo 40-42 Quiver rods of the Eskimo 209 Quivers of the Eskimo 207-209 Rae, John, work consulted 24 cited on Eskimo fire-making 290 Rainfall at Point Barrow, Alaska 31 Rain-frocks of Eskimo 122 Rat Indians of Alaska 49-50 Rattles for decoying seal 254 Rau, Charles, cited on Eskimo knives 164, 165 cited on Eskimo bird darts 214 Ray, P. H., commander of Fort Barrow expedition 19 works consulted 24 description of pits for trapping reindeer 268 description of Eskimo house, kÛ´dyigi 80 cited on Eskimo diet 64 cited on Eskimo property marks 428 quoted on Eskimo ghosts 432 cited on Eskimo tabu 434 description of Eskimo dance 374 Reamers, flint bladed, of Eskimo 181-182 Reindeer, Eskimo method of hunting 264-268 Religion of the Eskimo, difficulty of gaining information concerning 430 rÔle of the wizards or shamans in 430-131 tuaÑa, or demons, of 421-434 manner of driving away evil spirits 432-433 seal and walrus heads, superstitions concerning 434 sacrifices to supernatural beings 433 Resources, natural, of the Point Barrow region, Alaska 55-61 Retrieving harpoon of the Eskimo 230-231 Richardson, Sir John, works consulted 24 cited on Eskimo burials 426 Rink, Henrik Johan, acknowledgments to 20 description of Eskimo kÛdyigi 80 description of Eskimo snow houses by 81 cited on Eskimo whale-fishing 274 cited on Eskimo fishing 287 cited on Eskimo kaiaks 332 quoted on property customs of the Eskimo 428, 429 cited on Eskimo demonology 431, 432 cited on Eskimo food superstitions 434 quoted on Eskimo amulets 435, 436, 437 Ross, John, works consulted 25 cited on Eskimo diet 62 Ruins of Eskimo houses near Point Barrow 79 Sail of Eskimo umiak 338 Salutation among the Eskimo 422 Saws of the Eskimo 174-175 Scaffolds, for storage of property, by Point Barrow Eskimo 75-76 Schwatka, Frederick, works consulted 25 cited on Eskimo wolf-killer 259 cited on Eskimo sledge-shoes 354 Scoops, ice, of the Eskimo 308-309 Scores, hunting, of the Eskimo 361-364 Scoresby, Capt. William, work consulted 25 cited on Eskimo arrows 207 cited on Eskimo burials 426 Scrapers for dressing skins 294-300 Scratchers for decoying seal 253-254 Seal darts of the Eskimo 214-218 calls for decoying 253-254 rattles for decoying 254 indicators used in catching 254-255 stool used in catching 255 drags for hauling 256-259 methods of hunting 268-272 Eskimo superstition concerning skulls of 434 Sewing, Eskimo implements for 317-323 Shoes of Eskimo 129-135 Shovels, snow, of the Eskimo 305 Sidaru, Eskimo village of, Alaska 44 Simpson, John, work consulted 25 descriptions of Eskimo houses by 78 descriptions of Eskimo villages 79 cited on ownership of Eskimo dwellings 79 description of Eskimo tents 84 description of Eskimo of Point Barrow 33, 36, 38, 39 “burglar-alarm” of Eskimo described by 41 cited on Eskimo commerce 48 cited on Eskimo language 53 cited on use of tobacco among Eskimo 65 description of Eskimo tents 84 description of Eskimo clothing 110, 125, 128, 130, 138 cited on Eskimo earrings 142 cited on Eskimo labrets 143, 146 cited on Eskimo knives 157, 161 cited on Eskimo arrows 201 cited on Eskimo seal nets 252 cited on Eskimo whale fishery 274 cited on fire-making by Eskimo 289 cited on Eskimo needle cases 322 cited on Eskimo kaiaks 328 cited on Eskimo snowshoes 351, 352 cited on Eskimo festivals 376 description of Eskimo marriage customs 410, 413 cited on Eskimo divorce 412, 413 description of condition of Eskimo women 414 cited on infanticide among Eskimo 417 cited on Eskimo children 419 quoted on conduct of Eskimo women 420 cited on Eskimo "chiefs" 429 cited on Eskimo demonology 431, 433 Simpson, Thomas, work consulted 25 visit of, to Point Barrow 52 cited on use of tobacco by Eskimo 70 cited on Eskimo fishing 285 description of fire-making by Eskimo 289 cited on Eskimo umiak oars 339 quoted on Eskimo salutation 422 Sinker for Eskimo fish line 282 Skin ornamentation by Eskimo, tattooing 138-140 Skin painting 140 Skin-working, Eskimo implements for 294-301 Skulls of seals and walrus, Eskimo superstitions concerning 434 Sledges of the Eskimo 353-357 Slungshot used as Eskimo weapon 191 Smith, E. E., cited on Eskimo whale fishery 275 Smoking, methods and habits of, among Point Barrow Eskimo 69-72 Snowfall at Point Barrow, Alaska 31 fireplace of 81 plan of 82 windows of 82 plan of 82 windows of 82 used as storehouses 83 used as workshops 83 tools used in making 83 Snowshoes of the Eskimo 344-352 Social surroundings of the Point Barrow Eskimo 43-55 Song of the Eskimo 389 Spears of the Eskimo, for fishing 286-287 Spoons of Eskimo 104 Sports of Eskimo children 383-385 Staff, use of by the Eskimo 353 Stockings of Eskimo 129 Stool used by Eskimo in catching seal 255 Subsistence, means of, of the Point Barrow Eskimo 61-65 Surgery, Eskimo 423 Sutherland, P. C., work consulted 25 cited on Eskimo pathology 40 Tabu among the Eskimo, concerning a woman in childbirth 415 on the occasion of a death 423-424 of certain foods to certain persons 433-434 Ta?Éo?ment, habitat of 46-47 TasyÛkpÛÑ, Great Lake, Alaska, description of 29-30 Tattooing by Eskimo 138-140 Tempering metals, Eskimo knowledge of 182-183 used as summer dwellings 83 construction of 84 used for women during confinement 86 used for sewing rooms 86 Thimble-boxes of the Eskimo 322-323 Thimbles of the Eskimo 318-319 Thongs, manufacture of by the Eskimo 301-302 Thread, Eskimo 317-318 Throwing-boards for Eskimo seal-darts 217-218 Tobacco, use of, by the Point Barrow Eskimo 65-73 Eskimo terms for 71 introduction of among the Eskimo 71-72 Toilet articles of the Eskimo 149-150 Tool-bags of the Eskimo 187-190 Tool-boxes of the Eskimo 185-187 adzes 165-172 chisels 172-173 whalebone shaves 173-174 saws 174-175 bow drills 176-182 reamers 181-182 awls 181-182 hammers 182 files 182 whetstones 185 for excavating 302-304 picks and pickaxes 302-304, 307-308 mattocks 302-304 for building 302-304 for snow and ice working 304-309 (See also Utensils.) Toys of Eskimo children, whirligigs 376-377 teetotums 378 buzzes 378 whizzing-sticks 379 pebble-snappers 379 dolls 380-381 kaiak paddler 381-383 imitation implements 383 Transportation, means of, by the Eskimo 328-360 Traps of the Eskimo 260 Traveling, Eskimo means of 328-360 Trays used by Eskimo 99-101 TuaÑa, or demons of the Eskimo 431-434 Tubs of the Eskimo 86-88 Tunes of the Eskimo 388-389 Tupek. (See Tents of the Eskimo.) Turner, Lucien M., acknowledgments to 20 description of Eskimo lamps 108 cited on Eskimo records 177 cited on Eskimo seal darts 214 cited on Eskimo seal nets 252 cited on Eskimo kaiaks 332 cited on Eskimo umiaks 343 cited on Eskimo ornament 390 Twisters for making Eskimo bows 292-294 Umiaks of the Eskimo 335-344 Umialiks, Eskimo 429-430 wallets 86 buckets 86-88 tubs 86-88 meat bowls 89 pots 90-93 bone crushers 93-99 mauls 93-99 trays 99-101 drinking vessels 101-105 UtkiavwiÑ, Alaska, location of 26 signification of name 26 population of 43 description of 79 Villages, arrangement of Eskimo 79 Wallets of the Eskimo 86 Walrus, Eskimo method of hunting 272 Weapons of the Eskimo, hand-club 191 slung-shot 191 bone daggers 191-192 firearms 193-195 whaling guns 195 bows 195-200 arrows 201-207 bear arrows 202 bow cases and quivers 207 bracers 209-210 bird darts 210-214 seal darts 214-218 harpoons, for casting 218-233 harpoons, for thrusting 233-240 lances 240-244 bolas for birds 244-246 Weaving, Eskimo tools for 316-317 Whale, Eskimo lance for hunting 240-242 Whalebone shaves of the Eskimo 173-174 Whaling guns of the Eskimo 195 Whetstones of the Eskimo 183-185 Widows, Eskimo 414 Wife-beating among the Eskimo 414 Wizards, Eskimo 430-431 Wolf, Eskimo methods of killing 259 Eskimo method of hunting 263-264 Women, Eskimo, condition and treatment of 413-414 prostitution among 419 Words, foreign, introduced among the Point Barrow Eskimo 55 Error in IndexHooper, C. L., ... description of Eskimo kÛ´dyigi Fig. 243.—Deer Lance. Fig. 245.—Deer lance, flint head. No. 73183 [524], Figs. 243a, 243b (head enlarged), will serve as a type of this weapon, of which we have two specimens. All that we saw were essentially like this. The head is iron, 4¾ inches long exclusive of the tang, and 1½ inches broad. The edges are narrowly beveled on both faces. The shaft is 6 feet 2 inches long, and tapers from a diameter of 0.8 inch about the middle to about one-half inch at each end. The tip is cleft to receive the tang of the head, and shouldered to keep the whipping from slipping off. The latter was of sinew braid and 2 inches deep. The shaft is painted with red ocher. The other has a shaft 6 feet 4 inches long, but otherwise resembles the preceding. The heads for these lances are not always made of iron. Copper, brass, etc., are sometimes used. No. 56699 [166] is one of a pair of neatly made copper lance heads. It is 5.9 inches long and 1½ wide, and ground down on each face to a sharp edge without a bevel, except just at the point. Before the introduction of iron these lances had stone heads, but were otherwise of the same shape. Fig. 244 represents the head and 6 inches of the shaft of one of these (No.89900 [1157] from Nuwuk). The shaft is new and rather carelessly made of a rough, knotty piece of spruce, and is 5 feet 5¾ inches long. The head is of black flint and 2 inches long, exclusive of the tang, and the tip of the shaft is whipped with a narrow strip of light-colored whalebone, the end of which is secured by passing it through a slit in the side of the shaft and wedging it into a crack on the opposite side. This is an old head newly mounted for the market, and the head is wedged in with a bit of blue flannel. No. 89897 [1324], Fig. 245, from UtkiavwiÑ, on the other hand, is an old shaft 5 feet 7½ inches long, fitted with a new head, which is very broad, and shaped like the head of a bear lance. It is of variegated Fig. 244.—Part of deer lance, with flint head. Fig. 246.—Flint head for deer lance. THROWING WEAPONS.Fig. 247.—Bird bolas, looped up for carrying. The only throwing weapon which these people use is a small bolas, designed for catching birds on the wing. This consists of six or seven small ivory balls, each attached to a string about 30 inches long, the ends of which are fastened together to a tuft of feathers, which serves as a handle and perhaps directs the flight of the missile. When not in use the strings are shortened up, as in Fig. 247, No. 75969 [1793], for convenience in carrying and to keep them from tangling, by tying them into slip knots, as follows: All the strings being straightened out and laid parallel to each other, they are doubled in a bight, with the end under the standing part, the bight of the end passed through the preceding bight, which is drawn up close, and so on, usually five or six times, till the strings are sufficiently shortened. Apull on the two ends slips all these knots and the strings come out straight and untangled. The bolas is carried knotted up in a pouch slung round the neck, anative frequently carrying several sets. When a flock of ducks is seen approaching, the handle is grasped in the right We brought home one specimen of this implement (kelauitau´tin), No. 75969 [1793], Fig. 248, which is new and has the balls rather carelessly made. The balls, which are six in number, are of walrus ivory, 1.6 to 1.8 inches long and 1 inch in diameter (except one which is flattened, 2inches long and 1.3 wide; they are usually all of the same shape). Through the larger end is drilled a small hole, the ends of which are joined by a shallow groove running over the end, into which the ends of the strings are fastened by three half-hitches each. There is one string of sinew braid to each set of two balls, doubled in the middle so that all six parts are equal and about 28 inches long. They are fastened to the feather handle as follows: Nine wing feathers of the eider duck are laid side by side, butt to point, and doubled in the middle so that the quills and vanes stand up on all sides. The middle of each string is laid across the bight of the feathers, so that the six parts come out on all sides between the feathers. The latter are then lashed tightly together with a bit of sinew braid, by passing the end over the bend of the feathers and tying with the rest of the string round the feathers. Fig. 248.—Bird bolas, ready for use. These weapons are generally very much like the specimen described, but vary somewhat in the shape and material of the balls, which are sometimes simply ovoid or spherical, and often made of single teeth of the walrus, instead of tusk ivory. Bone is also sometimes used. In former times, the astragalus bones of the reindeer, perforated through the ridge on one end were used for balls. No. 89490 [1342], is a pair of such bones tied together with a bit of thong, which appear to have been actually used. No. 89537 [1251] from UtkiavwiÑ is a very old ball, which is small (1.1 inches long) and unusually flat. It appears to have been kept as a relic. There is very little information to be found concerning the extent of the region in which this implement is used, either in the Museum collections or in the writings of authors. Afew points, however, have been made out with certainty. The bolas are unknown among all the Eskimo east of the Anderson River, and the only evidence that we have of their use at this point is an entry in the Museum catalogue, to which I have been unable to find a corresponding specimen. Dease and Simpson, in 1837, did not observe them till they reached Point Barrow. HUNTING IMPLEMENTS OTHER THAN WEAPONS.Floats.—I have already spoken of the floats (apotÛ´kpÛÑ) of inflated sealskin used in capturing the whale and walrus. We obtained one specimen, No. 73578 [538] Fig. 249. This is the whole skin, except the head, of a male rough seal (Phoca foetida), with the hair out. The carcass was carefully removed without making any incision except round the neck and a few inches down the throat, and skinned to the very Fig. 249.—Seal skin float. All the floats used at Point Barrow are of the same general pattern as this, and are generally made of the skin of the rough seal, though skins of the harbor seal (P.vitulina) are sometimes used. One of these floats is attached to the walrus harpoon, but two are used in whaling. Flipper toggles.—We collected two pairs of peculiar implements, in the shape of ivory whales about 5 inches long, with a perforation in the belly through which a large thong could be attached. We understood that they were to be fastened to the ends of a stout thong and used when a whale was killed to toggle his flippers together so as to keep them in place while towing him to the ice, by cutting holes in the flippers and passing the ivory through. We unfortunately never had an opportunity of verifying this story. Neither pair is new. Fig. 250a represents a pair of these implements (ka´gotiÑ) (No.56580 [227]). They are of white walrus ivory. In the middle of each belly is excavated a deep, oblong cavity about three-fourths of an inch long and one-half wide, across the middle of which is a stout transverse bar for the attachment of the line. One is a “bow-head” whale (BalÆna mysticetus), 4½ inches long, and the other evidently intended for a “California gray” (Rhachinectes glaucus). It has light blue glass beads inserted for eyes and is the same length as the other. Fig. 250 (No. 56598 [407]) is a similar pair, which are both “bowheads” nearly 5 inches long. Both have cylindrical plugs of ivory inserted for eyes, and are made of a piece of ivory so old that the surface is a light chocolate color. The name, kagotiÑ, means literally “apair of toggles.” Harpoon boxes (u´dlun or u´blun, literally “a nest.”)—The slate harpoon blades already described were very apt to be lost or broken, so they always carried in the boat a supply of spare blades. These were kept in a small box carved out of a block of soft wood, in the shape of the animal to be pursued. Fig. 250.—Flipper toggles. Fig. 251a represents one of these boxes (No. 56505 [138]) intended for spare blades for the whale harpoon. This is rather neatly carved from a single block of soft wood, apparently spruce, though it is very old and much weathered, in the shape of a “bowhead” whale, 9½ inches long. The ends of the flukes are broken short off, and show traces of having been mended with wooden pegs or dowels. The right eye is indicated by a simple incision, but a tiny bit of crystal is inlaid for the left. Two little bits of crystal are also inlaid in the middle of the back. The belly is flat and excavated into a deep triangular cavity, with its base just forward of the angle of the mouth and the apex at the “small.” It is beveled round the edge, with a shoulder at the base and apex, and is covered with a flat triangular piece of wood beveled on the under face to fit the edge of the cavity. About half of one side of the cover has been split off and mended on with two “stitches” of whalebone fiber. The cover is held on by three strings of seal thong passing through holes in each corner of the cover and secured by a Fig. 251.—Boxes for harpoon heads. We collected seven such whale-harpoon boxes, usually about 9 to 9¾ inches long. Nearly all have bits of crystal, amber, or pyrite, inlaid for the eyes and in the middle of the back, and the cover is generally rigged in the way described. No. 56502 [198], from UtkiavwiÑ, is a Fig. 251b (No. 89733 [1161], from Nuwuk) represents a small box 4? inches long, probably older than the others, and the only one not carved into the shape of a whale. It is roughly egg-shaped and has no wooden cover to the cavity, which is covered with a piece of deerskin, held on by a string of seal thong wrapped three times around the body in a rough, deep groove, with the end tucked under. In this box are five slate blades for the whale harpoon. We also collected two boxes for walrus harpoons made in the shape of the walrus, with ivory or bone tusks. No. 89732 [860], Fig. 251c, from Nuwuk, is old, and 7 inches long, and has two oval bits of ivory, with holes bored to represent the pupils, inlaid for the eyes. There is no cover, but the cavity is filled with a number of slate blades, carefully packed in whalebone shavings. There is a little eyebolt of ivory at each end of the cavity. One end of a bit of sinew braid is tied to the anterior of these, and the other carried down through the hinder one, and then brought up and fastened round the body with a marling hitch. The other, No.56489 [127], is new and rather roughly made, 5inches long and painted all over with red ocher. It has a cover, but no strings. No. 56501 [142], Fig. 251d, from UtkiavwiÑ, is for carrying harpoon blades for the chase of the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus), and is neatly carved into the shape of that animal. It is 7.4 inches long and has ivory eyes like the walrus box, No. 89732 [860]. The cover is fitted to the cavity like those of the whale boxes, but is held on by one string only, apiece of seal thong about 3 feet long passing through the middle of the cover and out at a hole on the left side, about one-fourth inch from the cavity. The box is filled with raveled rope-yarns. Fig. 251e (No.89730 [981], from UtkiavwiÑ) is like this, but very large, 9.3 inches long. The cover is thick and a little larger than the cavity, beveled on the upper face and notched on each side to receive the string, which is a bit of sinew braid fastened to two little ivory hooks, one on each side of the body. It is fastened to the right hook, carried across and hooked around the left-hand one, then carried over and hooked round the other, and secured by tucking a bight of the end under the last part. The box contains several slate blades. We also collected one other large seal box (No.89731 [859], from Nuwuk), very roughly carved, and 9.8 inches long. The cover is fitted into the cavity and held on by a narrow strip of whalebone running across in a transverse groove in the cover and through a hole in each side of the box. Nets (ku´bra).—The smaller seals are captured in large-meshed nets of rawhide. We brought home one of these, No. 56756 [109], Figs 252a-252b (detail of mesh). This is a rectangular net, eighteen meshes long and twelve deep, netted of fine seal thong with the ordinary netting knot. The length of the mesh is 14 inches. Fig. 252.—Seal net. Such nets are set under the ice in winter, or in shoal water along the shore by means of stakes in summer. In the ordinary method of setting the net under the ice two small holes are cut through the ice the length of the net apart, and between them in the same straight line is cut a third large enough to permit a seal to be drawn up through it. Aline with a plummet on the end is let down through one of the small holes, and is hooked through the middle hole, with a long slender pole of willow, often made of several pieces spliced together, with a small wooden hook on the I had no opportunity of observing whether any weights or plummets were used to keep down the lower edge of the net. These nets are now universally employed, but one native spoke of a time “long ago” when there were no nets and they captured seals with the spear (u´n?) alone. The net was used in seal catching in Dr. Simpson’s time, though he makes but a casual reference to it, It is well known that seals have a great deal of curiosity, and are easily attracted by any unusual sounds, especially if they are gentle and long-continued. It is therefore easy to entice them into the nets by making such noises, for instance, gentle whistling, rattling on the ice with the pick, and so forth. Two special implements are also used for this purpose. The first kind I have called: Seal calls (adrigautin).—This implement consists of three or four claws mounted on the end of a short wooden handle, and is used to make a gentle noise by scratching on the ice. It is a common implement, though I never happened to see it in use. We obtained six specimens, of which No. 56555 [90] Fig. 253a, is the type. It is 11½ inches long. The round handle is of ash, the claws are those of the bearded seal, secured by a lashing of sinew braid, with the end brought down on the under side to a little blunt, backward-pointing hook of ivory, set into the wood about 1 inch from the base of the arms. Fig. 253b (No. 56557 [93] from UtkiavwiÑ is 9½ inches long and has four prongs. The haft is of spruce, and instead of an ivory hook there is a round-headed stud of the same material, which is driven wholly through the wood, having the point cut off flush with the upper surface. It has a lanyard of seal twine knotted into the hole in the haft. The other two specimens of this pattern, Nos. 56556 [100] and 56558 [51] have each three claws, and hafts of soft wood, painted with red ocher, with lanyards, and are respectively 10.4 and 10.7 inches long. One has an ivory hook, but the other in place of this has a small iron nail, and is ornamented with a medium-sized sky-blue glass bead inlaid in the back. The other two are both new and small, being respectively 7.5 and 7.6 inches long. The hafts are made of reindeer antler and have only two prongs. No. 89467 [1312] from UtkiavwiÑ, has the haft notched on each side, and has an irregular stud of bone for securing the lashing. Fig. 253.—Scratchers for decoying seals. No. 89468 [1354], Fig. 253c, from UtkiavwiÑ, has no stud and the claws are simply held on by a slight lashing of twisted sinew. Both of these were made for the market, but may be models of a form once used. There are two old seal calls in the Museum from near St. Michaels, made of a piece of reindeer antler, apparently the spreading brow antler, in which the sharp points of the antler take the place of claws. Seal rattle.—We obtained only two specimens, No. 56533 [409], which seem to be a pair. Fig. 254 is one of these. It is of cottonwood and 4 inches long, roughly carved into the shape of a seal’s head and painted red, with two small transparent blue glass beads inlaid for the eyes. The neat becket of seal thong consists of three or four turns with the end wrapped spirally around them. The staple on which the ivory pendants hang is of iron. This is believed to be a rattle to be shaken on the ice by a string tied to the becket for the purpose of attracting seals to the ice net. It was brought in for sale at a time during our first year when we were very busy with zoological work, and as something was said about “netyi” and “kubra” (“seal” and “net”) the collector concluded that they must be floats for seal nets, and they were accordingly catalogued as such and laid away. We never happened to see another specimen, and as these were sent home in 1882 we learned no more of their history. The late Dr. Emil Bessels, however, on my return called my attention to the fact that in the museum at Copenhagen there is a single specimen very similar to these, which was said to have been used in the manner described above. It came from somewhere in eastern America. There is one, he told me, in the British Museum from Bering Strait. The National Museum contains several specimens collected by Mr. Nelson at Point Hope. It is very probable that this is the correct explanation of the use of these objects, as it assigns a function to the ivory pendants which would otherwise be useless. They have been called “dog bells,” but the Eskimo, at Point Barrow, at least, are not in the habit of marking their dogs in any way. Fig. 254.—Seal rattle. Seal indicators.—When watching for a seal at his breathing hole a native inserts in the hole a slender rod of ivory, which is held loosely in place by a cross piece or a bunch of feathers on the end. When the seal rises he pushes up this rod, which is so light that he does not notice it, and thus warns the hunter when to shoot or strike with his spear. Most of the seal hunting was done at such a distance from the station that I remember only one occasion when this implement was Fig. 255b (No. 89454 [1114], from Nuwuk) is a similar indicator, 13½ inches long and flat (0.3 inch wide and 0.1 thick). The upper end is carved into scallops for ornament and has a small eye into which was knotted a bit of whalebone fiber. The tip is beveled off with a concave bevel on both faces to a sharp edge, so that it can be used for a “feather setter” (igugwau) in feathering arrows. Such implements are mentioned in most popular accounts of the Eskimo of the east, and Capt. Parry describes it from personal observation at Iglulik. Fig. 255.—Seal indicators. Sealing stools.—When a native is watching a seal-hole he frequently has to stand for hours motionless on the ice. His feet would become exceedingly cold, in spite of the excellence of his foot covering, were it not for a little three-legged stool about 10 inches high upon which he stands. This stool is made of wood, with a triangular top just large enough to accommodate a man’s feet, with the heels together over one leg of the stool, and the other two legs supporting the toes of each foot, respectively. The stool is neatly made, and is as light as is consistent with strength. It is universally employed and carried by the hunter, slung on the gun cover with the legs projecting behind. Fig. 256.—Sealing stool. When the hunter has a long time to wait he generally squats down so as almost to sit on his heels, holding his gun and spear in readiness, and wholly covered with one of the deerskin cloaks already described. They sometimes use this stool to sit on when waiting for ducks to fly over the ice in the spring. We brought home two specimens of this common object (nigawaÚotin). No. 89887 [1411], Fig. 250, will serve as the type. The top is of spruce, 8¾ inches long and 10¾ wide. The upper surface is flat and smooth, the lower broadly beveled off on the edges and deeply excavated in the middle, so that there are three straight ridges joining the three legs, each of which stands in the middle of a slight prominence. The object of cutting away the wood in this way is to make the stool lighter, leaving it thick only at the points where the pressure comes. The large round hole in the middle, near the front, is for convenience in picking it up and hanging it on the cache frame, where it is generally kept. The three legs are set into holes at each corner, spreading out so as to stand on a base larger than the top of the stool. Where they fit into the holes they are 0.7 inch in diameter, tapered slightly to fit the hole, and then tapering down to a diameter of one-third inch at the tip. On the under side of the top they are braced with a lashing of stout seal thong. Asplit on the right-hand edge of the top has been mended, as usual, with a stitch of whalebone. This stool is quite old and has been actually used. No. 89888 [1412], from the same village, is new and a little larger, but differs from the type only in having a triangular instead of a round hole in the top and no lashing. Those of our party who landed at Sidaru September 7, 1881, saw one of these stools hanging up in the then vacant village, and there is a precisely similar stool in the Museum from the Anderson region. MacFarlane, in his manuscript notes, describes the use of these stools as follows: “Both tribes kill seals under ice; that is, they watch for them at their holes (breathing) or wherever open water appears. At the former they generally build a small snow house somewhat like a sentinel’s box, on the bottom of which they fix a portable three-cornered stool, made of wood. They stand on this and thereby escape getting cold feet, as would be the case were they to remain for any time on ice or snow in the same immovable position.” Beyond this I find no mention of the use of any such a utensil, east or west, except in Greenland, where, however, they used a sort of one-legged chair to sit on, as well as a footstool, which Egede pictures (Pl.9) as oval, with very short legs. Seal drags (uksiu´tiÑ.)—Every seal hunter carries with him a line for dragging home his game, consisting of a stout thong doubled in a bight about 18 inches long, with an ivory handle or knob at the other end. The bight is looped into an incision in the seal’s lower jaw, while the knob serves for attaching a longer line or the end of a dog’s harness. The seal is dragged on his back and runs as smoothly as a sled. We Fig. 257.—Seal drags and handles. This consists of a stout thong of rawhide (the skin of the bearded seal) 0.3 inch wide and 37 inches long, and doubled in a bight so that one end is about 2½ inches the longer. These ends are fastened into a handle of walrus ivory, consisting of three pieces, namely: apair of No. 89467 [755], from UtkiavwiÑ, is a similar drag, put together in much the same way, but it has the mittens doweled together with two wooden pins, and a seal’s head with round bits of wood inlaid for eyes, ears, and nostrils, in place of the seal. The longitudinal perforation in this head shows that it was originally strung lengthwise on one of these lines. The “double slit splice” of the two ends of the thong is worked into a complicated round knot, between which and the handle the two parts of the line are confined by a tube of ivory 1 inch long, ornamented with deeply incised patterns. Fig. 257b is the upper part of a line (No.56622 [36], from UtkiavwiÑ), with a similar tube 1¾ inches long, and a handle carved from a single piece into a pair of mittens like the others. No. 56625 [81], also from UtkiavwiÑ, is almost exactly similar to the one first described, but has the seal belly up. Fig. 257c (No.89470 [1337], from the same village) has a seal 2.3 inches long for the handle, and No. 56626 [212], from UtkiavwiÑ, is like it. No. 89469a, [755a] Fig. 257d, from UtkiavwiÑ, has for a handle the head of a bearded seal 1.6 inches long, neatly carved from walrus ivory, with round bits of wood inlaid for the eyes and ears. It is perforated longitudinally from the chin to the back of the head, and a large hole at the throat opens into this. The longer end of the thong is passed in at the chin and out at the back of the head; the shorter, in at the back of the head and out at the throat; the two ends brought together between the standing parts and all stopped together with sinew braid. No. 56627 [45], Fig. 257e, has a handle made of two ivory bears’ heads, very neatly carved, with circular bits of wood inlaid for eyes, and perforated like the seal’s head just described. The thong is doubled in the middle and each end passed through one of the heads lengthwise, so as to protrude about 7 inches. About 4 inches of end is then doubled over, thrust through the throat hole of the opposite head, and brought down along the standing parts. All the parts are stopped together with sinew braid. This makes a small becket above the handle. We collected seven knobs for these drag lines, of which six are seals’ heads and one a bear’s. They are all made of walrus ivory, apparently each a single tooth, and not a piece of tusk, and are about 1½ inches to 2 inches long. They are generally carved with considerable skill, and Whalebone wolf-killers (isibru).—Before the introduction of the steel traps, which they now obtain by trade, these people used a peculiar contrivance for catching the wolf. This consists of a stout rod of whalebone about 1 foot long and one-half inch broad, with a sharp point at each end. One of these was folded lengthwise in the form of a Z, Fig. 258.—Whalebone wolf-killers. We collected four sets of these contrivances, one set containing seven rods and the others four each. Fig. 258a gives a good idea of the shape of one of these. It belongs to a set of seven, No. 89538 [1229], Fig. 258b, from UtkiavwiÑ, which are old and show the marks of having been doubled up. It is 12½ inches long, 0.4 broad, and 0.2 thick. The little notches on the opposite edges of each end were probably to hold a lashing of sinew which kept the folded rod in shape while the blubber was freezing, being cut by thrusting a knife through the partially frozen blubber, as is stated by Schwatka. This contrivance is also used by the Eskimo of Hudson Bay Traps.—Foxes are caught in the winter by deadfalls or steel traps (nÄnori´a), set generally along the beach, where the foxes are wandering about in search of carrion thrown up by the sea. In setting the deadfalls a little house about 2 feet high is built, in which is placed the bait of meat or blubber. Aheavy log of driftwood is placed across the entrance, with one end raised high enough to allow a fox to pass under it, and supported by a regular “figure of four” of sticks. The fox can not get at the bait without passing under the log, and in doing so he must touch the trigger of the “figure of four” (4), which brings down the log across his back. When a steel trap is used it is not baited itself, but buried in the snow at the entrance of a similar little house, so that the fox can not reach the bait without stepping on the plate of the trap and thus springing it. Many foxes are taken with such traps in the course of the winter. The boys use a sort of snare for catching setting birds. This is simply a strip of whalebone made into a slip-noose, which is set over the eggs, with the end fastened to the ground, so that the bird is caught by the leg. Once or twice, when there was a light snow on the beach, we saw a native catching the large gulls as follows: He had a stick of hard wood, pointed at each end, to the middle of which was fastened one end of a stout string about 6 feet long. The other end was secured to a stake driven into the frozen gravel, and the stick wrapped with blubber and laid on the beach, with the string carefully hidden in the snow. The gull came along, swallowed the lump of blubber, and as soon as he tried to fly away the string made the sharp stick turn like a toggle across his gullet, the points forcing their way through, so that he was held fast. Asimilar contrivance, but somewhat smaller and made of bone, is used at Norton Sound for catching gulls and murres, anumber of them being attached to a trawl line and baited with fish. Mr. Nelson collected a large number of these. Snow-goggles.—The wooden goggles worn to protect the eyes from snow-blindness may be considered as accessories to hunting, as they are worn chiefly by those engaged in hunting or fishing, especially when deer-hunting in the spring on the snow-covered tundra or when in the whaleboats among the ice. They are simply a wooden cover for the We brought home four pairs of these goggles (Í´dyigÛÑ), of which No. 89894 [1708], Fig. 259, represents the common form. These are of pine wood, 5.8 inches long and 1.1 inches broad, and deeply excavated on the inside, with a narrow horizontal slit with thin edges on each side of the middle. In the middle are two notches to fit the nose, the one in the lower edge deep and rounded, the upper very shallow. The two holes in each end are for strings of sinew braid to pass round the head. They are neatly made and the outside is scraped smooth and shows traces of a coat of red ocher. Fig. 259.—Wooden snow goggles. The history of this particular pair of goggles is peculiarly interesting. Though differing in no important respect from those used at the present day, they were found on the site of the ancient village of IsÛ´tkwa, where our station stood, buried at a depth of 27 feet in undisturbed frozen ground, and were uncovered in digging the shaft sunk by Lieut. Ray for obtaining earth temperatures. The pattern of these goggles is to my mind a very decided proof that at that early date this region was inhabited by Eskimo not essentially different from its present inhabitants. Goggles worn at the present day are almost always of the shape of these, though I remember seeing one pair made in two pieces joined by short strings of beads across the nose. They are, Ithink, universally painted with red ocher on the outside and Fig. 383.—Drum. We collected four of these drums, of which every household possesses at least one. They are all of essentially the same construction, but vary in size. No. 56741 [79], Fig. 383, has been selected as the type. The frame is a flat strip of willow 67 inches long, 1inch wide, and 0.3 inch thick, bent till the two ends meet, thus making a hoop 22.2 inches long and 19 inches wide. The ends are fastened together by a strap of walrus ivory on the inside of the hoop, secured to the wood by neat stitches of black whalebone. The handle is of walrus ivory 5.2 inches long. The larger end is rather rudely carved into a human face. Back of this head and 1 inch from the large end of the handle is a square transverse notch, deep and sufficiently wide to fit over both rim and strap at the joint. It is held on by a lashing of sinew braid passing through holes in rim and strap, one on each side of the handle, and a large transverse hole in the latter, below and a little in front of the notch. The membrane, which appears to be a sheet of the peritoneum of a seal, is stretched over the other side of the hoop, which is beveled on the outside edge, and its edge is brought down to a deep No. 56742 [514], from UtkiavwiÑ, is a similar drum, but somewhat larger, the hoop being 24.6 inches long and 22 inches wide. It is of the same materials, except that the strap at the joint is of reindeer antler. Opposite the joint the hoop appears to have shown signs of weakness, as it has been strengthened with two straps of walrus ivory, one on the inside and one on the outside of the hoop, fastened together by stitches of sinew which pass through the wood and through both straps. The inside strap is 4.7 inches long, the outer 3.5 inches long, and only half the width of the rim, and is let into the latter. This strap appears to have been put on first, as at each end there is a stitch which only runs through the wood. The handle is fastened on as before, but has two transverse holes instead of one, and has four deep rounded notches for the fingers. (See Fig. 384.) The joint is tightened by driving a thin sliver of wood in at the bottom of the notch. Fig. 384.—Handle of drum secured to rim. No. 56743 [31], from UtkiavwiÑ, closely resembles the type, but has a notch for the thumb as well as for the forefinger on the handle. The hoop is 23.5 inches long and 21 wide. No. 56740 [80] from the same village is rather smaller than the ordinary drums, having a hoop 16.2 inches long and 14.7 wide. The handle is of antler, but has the usual face on the large end. We also brought home eight handles for these drums, which exhibit but slight variations. The commonest material for the handle is walrus ivory. Only two out of the twelve are of antler. They are usually about 5 inches long (the longest is 5.4 inches and the shortest 4.6). Handles with grooves for the fingers and sometimes for the thumb seem to be quite as common as the plain handles. Fig. 385a represents an ivory handle from Nuwuk (No.89267 [898]), which has a groove for each finger and a shallow one on the right side for the thumb. It is 5 inches long. With one exception all these handles have the large end more or less neatly carved into a human face, with the mouth open as if singing, Fig. 385.—Drum handles. The stick employed for beating these drums is commonly a slender elastic wand about 2½ feet long, but they also sometimes use a short Holes in the membrane of the drum are sometimes mended with pieces of the crop of the ptarmigan. At any rate, this is what I was told by a native, who begged from me the crops of two of these birds that I was skinning, saying that he wanted them to mend his drum. These drums are always beaten as an accompaniment to invocations of spirits or incantations. This practice is so common that some authors are in the habit of always speaking of them as “shaman drums”. As I have already stated, their most common use is purely as a musical instrument, and they are used not only by the so-called “shamans” but by everybody. Fig. 386.—Ivory drumsticks. Character and frequency of music.—Their music consists of monotonous chants, usually with very little perceptible air, and pitched generally in a minor key. Icould not perceive that they had any idea of “tune,” in the musical sense, but when several sang together each pitched the tune to suit himself. They, however, keep excellent time. The ordinary songs are in “common” or time. Like all Eskimo, they are very fond of music, and are constantly Capt. Parry I regret extremely that I was not enough of a musician to write down on the spot the different tunes sung by these people. The ordinary monotonous chant is so devoid of air that I can not possibly recollect it, and the same is true of the chant which accompanies the game of pebble-tossing. Iwas able, however, to catch by ear the song sung by the children when they dance to the aurora. Inever had the whole of this song, which we were told had a large number of stanzas. The first three are as follows: 1. KiÓya ke, kiÓya ke, A, yÁÑ?, yaÑ?, ya, Hwi, hwi, hwi, hwi! 2. TÚdlimanÁ, tÚdlimanÁ, A yÁÑ?, yaÑ?, ya, Hwi, hwi, hwi, hwi! 3. KÁlutanÁ, kalutanÁ, A yÁÑ?, yÁÑ?, ya, Hwi, hwi, hwi, hwi! We did not succeed in learning the meaning of these words, except, of course, that the first word, kiÓya, is aurora. When there is a bright aurora, the children often keep on dancing and singing this song till late into the night. Atune was introduced in the spring of 1883 by a party of men from KilauwitÁwiÑ, who came up to take part in the whale-fishing at UtkiavwiÑ. It became at once exceedingly popular, and everybody was singing or humming it. It is peculiar in being in waltz or time, and has considerably more air than the ordinary tunes. Iheard no words sung to it except: “Ohai hai yÁÑa, Ohai yÁÑa, OhaÍja he, haÍja he.” Mr. Dall informs me that he recognizes this tune as one sung by the Indians on the Yukon. ART.The artistic sense appears to be much more highly developed among the western Eskimo than among those of the east. Among the latter, There are in the collections also many objects that appear to have been made simply for the pleasure of exercising the ingenuity in representing natural or fanciful objects, and are thus purely works of art. Want of space forbids any further discussion of these interesting objects. There is in the Museum sufficient material for a large monograph on Eskimo art. As would naturally be expected, art at Point Barrow occupies a somewhat intermediate position between the highly developed art of the southwest and the simple art of the east. Ihave given sufficient figures in my description of their clothing and various implements to illustrate the condition of purely decorative art. Afew words may be added by way of rÉsumÉ. It will be noticed that whenever the bone or ivory parts of weapons are decorated the ornamentation is usually in the form of incised lines colored with red ocher or soot. These lines rarely represent any natural objects, but generally form rather elegant conventional patterns, most commonly double or single borders, often joined by oblique cross lines or fringed with short, pointed parallel lines. A common ornament is the incised “circle and dot,” so often referred to in the foregoing descriptions. This is a circle about one-quarter inch in diameter, described as accurately as if done with compasses, with a deeply incised dot exactly in the center. This ornament is much more common south of Bering Strait, where, as Mr. L.M. Turner informs me, it is a conventionalized representation of a flower. Some of the older implements in our collection, ornamented with this figure, may have been obtained by trade from the southern natives, but the Point Barrow people certainly know how to make it, as there are a number of newly made articles in the collection thus ornamented. Unfortunately, we saw none of these objects in the process of manufacture, as they were made by the natives during odd moments of leisure, and at the time I did not realize the importance of finding out the process. No tool by which these figures could be made so accurately was ever offered for sale. Neither Mr. Turner nor Mr. Dall, both of whom, as is well known, spent long periods among the natives of the Yukon region, ever observed the process of making this ornament. The latter, however, suggests that it is perhaps done with an improvised centerbit, made by sticking The harpoon blade boxes of wood carved into the shape of the animal to be pursued have been already described. Other wooden objects, like the shafts of lances, and arrows, paddles, boxes, dishes, the woodwork of snowshoes, sledges, umiaks, etc., are frequently painted either all over, or in stripes or bands. The pigment generally used is red ocher, sometimes set off with stripes of black lead. The only case in which a different pigment is used is that of some arrows from Sidaru, which, in addition to the usual black or red rings, have a rather dingy green ring round the shaft. This green looks as if it might have been derived from the “green fungus or peziza,” mentioned by Dall as in use among the ancient Aleuts. The painting of the arrow shafts in many cases curiously resembles the marks used by modern archers to distinguish the ownership of their shafts, and may have formerly served the same purpose. We made no inquiries about the matter on the spot, and there is no certain evidence in the series of arrows collected that these are or are not marks of ownership. Some arrows, apparently the property of the same man, have different marks, while arrows from different villages are similarly marked. On examining our series of fifty arrows from the three villages (fourteen from Nuwuk, twenty from UtkiavwiÑ, and sixteen from Sidaru) it will be seen that the commonest style of painting is to have the shaft painted red from the beginning or middle of the feathering to about one-fifth of its length from the head. Twenty arrows are marked in this way—eleven from Nuwuk, belonging to at least two distinct sets, and nine from UtkiavwiÑ, belonging to three sets. Nine have A set of two small arrows which belong with the boy’s bow No. 89904 [786] are peculiar in their marking. About 5½ inches of the middle of the shaft is painted red, there is a black ring round the middle, and a black spiral running the whole length of the feathering. The only decorative work in metal is to be seen in the pipes and their accompanying picks and fire steel which have already been described. In addition to these illustrations of decorative art, we brought home a series of seventy-nine objects which may be considered as purely works of art without reference to decoration. Some of the older objects in this series perhaps also served the purpose of amulets or charms, Fig. 387.—Ancient carving, human head. Six of the representations of the human face or figure are of wood, Fig. 388.—Wooden figures. Figs. 388a and 388b (Nos. 89726 [1192] and 89727 [1193], from UtkiavwiÑ) are a pair of rather roughly whittled human figures, aman and woman, respectively, both without clothes (except that the woman has a black-lead mark round the calf of each leg to indicate the tops of the boots). They were made for sale, and are perhaps unfinished dolls. The man (No.89726 [1192]) is 11 inches long and tolerably well proportioned, except about the feet, which are very clumsily made. The eyes and mouth are incised and the hair colored with black-lead. The woman (No.89727 [1193]) is a very similar figure, but only 9.2 inches long. She has prominent breasts, and her legs are shorter in proportion than the man’s. No. 89725 [1185], from UtkiavwiÑ, is a clumsy image of a man, rudely whittled out of a flat, hardwood stick, 7¼ inches long. The body and legs are long, the latter somewhat straddling, with clumsy feet. The outstretched arms are very short and stumpy. It has been painted all No. 56495a [203], from UtkiavwiÑ, is of a pair of very rude images, also made solely for the market. Each is 8 inches long, and is merely an oblong piece of board, flat and rough on the back, roughly beveled from the middle to each side in front. One end is surmounted by a rather rudely carved human head, with the features in relief and the eyes and mouth incised. The eyebrows are marked out with black lead, and there is a longitudinal line of black lead down the middle of the front. Fig. 389 (No. 89724 [1123] from Nuwuk) is the face of a male Eskimo, 3.2 inches long, carved out of a flat piece of some coniferous wood weathered to a dark, reddish brown. The labrets are represented by two small, red glass beads with white centers, fastened on in the proper position with wooden pegs. There is a deep groove around the edge of the face into which is fastened a strip of yellowish wolfskin with long fur to represent the trimming around the hood of the jacket. This specimen was made for sale, and the carving is well executed. It is a characteristic Eskimo face, and would pass for a portrait of ApaidyÁo, awell known young Eskimo, who was employed by Lieut. Ray as a guide and hunter. Fig. 389.—Carving, face of Eskimo man. Fig. 390.—Grotesque soapstone image, “walrus man.” We collected only two soap-stone carvings representing men, both of which were newly made. One of these, Fig. 390 (No.89569 [1095] from Nuwuk), is a grotesque image 2.9 inches long, roughly carved from a flat piece of an old lamp or pot. This is almost exactly the form in which the Eskimo, especially the children, usually draw a man. The writer’s portrait No. 89568 [1108], from UtkiavwiÑ, probably represents the same being. It is a mask of soapstone, apiece of an old lamp, 2.8 inches long, with very characteristic features in low relief, and a pair of sharp, projecting, decurved tusks, about 1 inch long, which appear to be made of the vibrissÆ of the walrus. The back of the mask is roughly hollowed out. No. 89575 [1014], from Nuwuk, is a clumsy and carelessly made image of a man, 3.4 inches long, whittled out of a flat, rough piece of soft, white gypsum. The arms are short and clumsy and the legs straddling, and there is a large elliptical hole through the middle of the body. The features are indicated only by digging little cavities for the eyes, nostrils, and mouth. This and two other images of the same material, abear equally rude, and a very well carved and characteristic beluga, were made by the ingenious young native, YÖksa, previously mentioned. The best bone figure of a man is shown in Fig. 391 (No. 89353 [1025], from Nuwuk), also newly made. This is an image, 5inches long, of the giant “KikÁmigo,” previously mentioned, and is a very excellent piece of workmanship. The material is rather vascular compact bone. On the head is a conical dancing cap, 1.4 inches high, made of deerskin, with the flesh side out, and colored with red ocher, with a tuft of wolf hairs, 3inches long, protruding from the apex. Around the middle of the cap is a narrow strip of the same material fringed on the lower edge with fifteen flat, narrow pendants of ivory, made to represent mountain-sheep teeth. To the back of this strip is fastened a half-downy feather nearly 4 inches long. Aslender wooden stick is stuck into the strip behind, so that the tip reaches just above the apex of the cap. To a notch in the end of this is tied a bit of dressed deerskin, 1¼ inches long, cut into three strips. Fig. 391.—Bone image of dancer. Fig. 392.—Bone image of man. Fig. 393.—Grotesque bone image. Fig. 392 (No. 89348 [1127], from UtkiavwiÑ) is an image neatly carved from whale’s bone, which may have been meant for an amulet, or possibly the handle of a drill cord, as it is not new, and has two oblique holes in the middle of the back, which meet so as to form a longitudinal channel for a string. The eyes, mouth, and labret holes are incised and filled with black dirt. The total length is 3.3 inches. Fig. 393 (No. 89344 [1272], from UtkiavwiÑ) is a very grotesque image of a naked man, rudely carved from compact, rather porous bone, impregnated with oil, but scraped smooth. It is 5 inches long. The mouth and eyes are incised and blackened, and the nostrils simply bored out. The ivory carvings representing human figures are all of rather rude workmanship. No. 89352 [1100], Fig. 394, from Nuwuk, is a tolerably good figure, 3.3 inches long, of a sitting man holding up his hands before his face. This specimen is old and is made of walrus ivory yellow from age and oil. No. 89351 [1085] from Nuwuk, is a similar image, 3.8 inches long, newly made, with the arms at the sides, roughly carved from coarse walrus ivory. The eyes and mouth are incised and filled with dark colored dirt. Fig. 395 (No.89349 [980], from Nuwuk) is an old image made of yellow walrus ivory and closely resembling the bone image (No.89348 [1127]) already figured, but with the hands by the sides. It is 2.7 inches long and has a string 4 inches long tied into the channel in the back. Fig. 394.—Ivory image, sitting man. Fig. 395.—Human figure carved from walrus ivory. Nos. 89346 and 89347 [990], from Nuwuk, are a pair of little men, standing erect, about 2 inches high, rather roughly carved, of slightly yellow walrus ivory. Both have large, clumsy feet and legs, and the eyes, nostrils, and mouth incised and filled in as usual with dark colored dirt. The arms are in high relief. No. 89346 [990b] has his hands clasped in front of him, while No. 89347 [990a] has them clasped behind his back. The legs of the latter are excavated on the inside as if to fit it upon the end of some object. It is more probable, however, that this image was carved from the foreshaft of a seal-dart, and that the excavation is merely the slot in the end of the latter. These two images are evidently modern, but do not appear freshly made. No. 89345 [1273] from UtkiavwiÑ is a very rude image, 2.6 inches long, having a very small head and no arms. It is somewhat discolored walrus ivory and quite dirty, and though evidently modern, from the appearance of the ivory, does not appear to Fig. 396.—Ivory carving, three human heads. The best of our human figures from Point Barrow show much greater art, both in workmanship and design, than those just mentioned, but can not compare with the elegant figures in the museum from the more southern parts of Alaska. The four remaining ivory carvings represent the human face alone. No. 89342 [989], Fig. 396, from Nuwuk, is a thick piece of walrus ivory 3.3 inches long and 1.6 wide, carved into three human faces, aman in the middle and a woman on each side, joined together at the side of the head. Though the workmanship is rough, the faces are characteristic. The man has labrets and a curved line of tattooing at each corner of the mouth, indicating the successful whaleman, and the women, the usual tattooing on the chin. The eyes, nostrils, mouths, labrets, and tattooing are incised and blackened as usual. This specimen, though apparently modern, does not seem fresh enough to have been made for sale. The seller called it “aman and his two wives” without giving them any names. It may be intended as a portrait of some celebrated whaleman. Fig. 397.—Human head carved from a walrus tooth. Fig. 397 is one of a pair of very rude faces (No. 56523 [52] from UtkiavwiÑ), 1½ inches long, which were made for sale. It is simply a walrus-tooth cut off square on the ends and on one side rudely carved into a face, with the eyes and mouth incised and filled in with dark colored dirt. Fig. 398 (No.89343 [1124] from Nuwuk) is a flat piece of ivory (abit of an old snow shovel edge), 4inches long and 1.2 inches wide, roughly carved and covered with incised figures. The upper edge is carved into five heads: First, arude bear’s head, with the eyes and nostrils incised and blackened as usual; then four human heads, with a face on each side. The front faces have the noses and brows in low relief and the eyes, nostrils, and mouths incised and blackened; the back ones are flat, with the last three features indicated as before. At the end is a rude figure of a bear, heading toward the right, with the ears in relief, the eyes and mouth roughly incised and blackened, and the legs indicated by roughly incised and blackened lines on the obverse face. Both faces are covered with rudely incised and blackened lines. On the obverse there is a single vertical line between each pair of heads. Below the bear’s head is a bear heading toward the right; Fig. 398.—Elaborate ivory carving. On the reverse there are, below the bear, a bear heading toward the right, below each of the human heads a whale’s tail with the flukes up, and under the bear’s head a bear heading toward the right. This end is perforated with a large round hole, into which is knotted a bit of deer sinew about 3 inches long, the other end of which is tied round the junction of two little bowhead whales, each about 1 inch long and carved out of a single piece of ivory, head to head. They are rather rudely carved and have the spiracles incised and blackened. This object appears freshly made, but perhaps commemorates the exploits of some four hunters. It was purchased along with other objects and its history was not learned at the time. Fig. 399.—Bear carved of soapstone. Perhaps the best image of a polar bear is No. 89566 [1252], Fig. 399, from UtkiavwiÑ, which is quite characteristic. It represents the bear standing and was carved out of soft, gray soapstone with a knife, and finished off smoothly with a file. It is 4 inches long. No. 89571 [116b], from Nuwuk, is a very rude flat soapstone bear, 1.9 inches long, in profile, showing only one fore and one hind leg. It was made for sale, but No. 89576 [966], from the same village, which is almost exactly like this, though smaller, is old. No. 89574 [1027], from Nuwuk, is the gypsum carving of a bear, above referred to, which is very like Fig. 400.—Bear flaked from flint. No. 89578 [1051], Fig. 400, from UtkiavwiÑ, is a thin profile figure of a polar bear, made by flaking from dark gray flint. It is 1.4 inches long, and the tail is disproportionately long. The specimen does not appear to be new, and was perhaps intended for an amulet, like the flint whales already mentioned. The only bone figure of a bear in the collection, No. 89335 [1275], Fig. 401a, from UtkiavwiÑ, is very crude. It has a very long, slim body and neck, and short, slender legs. The mouth, eyes, and nostrils are incised and are blackened as usual. The carving is rudely done, but the specimen, which was made for sale, has been scraped smooth. It is 5.5 inches long, and made of whale’s bone, soaked in oil to make it appear old. Fig. 401.—Bone figures: (a)bear; (b)bear’s head. Fig. 401b (No. 89471 [997], from UtkiavwiÑ) is the end of some old implement, 6inches long, one end of which is carved into a rather rude bear’s head, with the ears, nostrils, outline of the mouth, and the vibrissÆ incised and blackened. Sky-blue glass beads are inlaid for the eyes and bits of tooth for the canine tusks. On the throat is a conventional figure with two “circles and dots,” all incised and blackened. The carving is freshly done, but soiled, to make it look old. The three newly made ivory bears are all represented standing and are quite characteristic. All have the eyes, nostrils, and mouth incised and blackened. Fig. 402a (No.89337 [1274], from UtkiavwiÑ) is the best in execution. It is made of white ivory and is 3.3 inches long. No. 56524, [92], from Nuwuk, is a small bear, 1.7 inches long, not quite so well carved, and disproportionally long-legged. The left hind leg has been broken off close to the body and doweled on with a wooden peg. Another little bear from Nuwuk (No.89841 [992]) is still more rudely carved, but closely resembles the preceding. A larger carving, rather roughly executed (No. 89338 [1098], from Nuwuk), represents a standing bear 3.2 inches long, holding a whale crosswise in his mouth. The whale is a separate piece, held in by a wooden peg driven through the bear’s lower jaw. This specimen is newly made from rather coarse walrus ivory. Fig. 402b (No. 89340 [953], from UtkiavwiÑ) is a very ancient ivory image of a bear, 3.4 inches long, which was evidently intended for an amulet, as there is a stout lug on the belly, into which are bored two oblique holes, so as to make a longitudinal channel for a string. Into this is knotted a stout cord of loosely twisted sinew. The execution of the image is particularly good, but the design is very rude. The specimen is so ancient that the ivory of which it is made has become almost black. Fig. 402.—Ivory figures of bears. No. 56528a [56a] from UtkiavwiÑ is a walrus tooth, 1.6 inches long, carved into the shape of a bear’s head. Both design and execution are very rude. Light blue glass beads are inlaid for the eyes, and the nostrils and outline of the mouth are incised and filled in with black dirt. It was made for sale. Astill more rude carving, also made for sale, is No. 56528, from UtkiavwiÑ, which is an old and weathered canine tooth of the polar bear, with the point freshly whittled so as to look something like a bear’s head. Two sky-blue glass beads are inlaid to represent the eyes and one for the nose, and the mouth is incised and blackened. The walrus does not appear to be a favorite subject for representation. The part of the collection already described shows that it occurs very seldom as a decoration, and we obtained only three images of this animal, one in soapstone and two in ivory, all small and very rude, both in design and execution. They are all newly made. The best image is shown in Fig. 403a (No.89333 [1384] from UtkiavwiÑ). This is 2.3 inches long and made of coarse walrus ivory. The head is rather good, but the body simply tapers to a broken point. Abit of wood is inlaid for the left eye, but the right is merely represented by a hole. Fig. 403.—Rude ivory figures of walrus. Fig. 403b (No. 89334 [1067], from UtkiavwiÑ) is exceedingly rude. The eyes, nostrils, and mouth are incised and blackened as usual, and the vibrissÆ (“whiskers”) are represented by rather large round pits on the snout, also filled in with black dirt. It is 2.9 inches long, and appears Fig. 404.—Images of seal—wood and bone. The seal, on the other hand, is a favorite object for artistic representation. It is seen often, as already described, as a decoration on various implements, especially the drag lines, generally in a very characteristic shape, and the five seal images in the collection are excellent in design and execution. Almost all are decidedly superior to those from Pitlekaj, figured by NordenskiÖld. The best figure (No. 89330 [999] figured in the Point Barrow Rept. Ethnol., Pl. V, Fig. 6, from UtkiavwiÑ) is carved from walrus ivory and is 4.3 inches long. It represents a male rough seal, and is exceedingly accurate and highly finished. The lower jaw is perforated and a bit of sinew thread tied in to represent the drag line. Small red glass beads with white centers are inlaid for the eyes. The other three are all of bone and represent dead male seals stretched on their backs with the drag line in their jaw as they are dragged home. No. 56579 [75], Fig. 404b, from UtkiavwiÑ, is 5.7 inches long, and very smoothly carved from walrus jaw bone, with round bits of wood inlaid for the eyes. The proportions are excellent, but the details are not strongly brought out. This specimen is a little older than the rest, and may have been an amulet for good luck in seal catching. The other two are of compact white bone, perhaps that of the reindeer. No. 89331 [1143], from UtkiavwiÑ, is 3.4 inches long, and has the breast and back flattened and the flippers in high relief. The anus, genital opening, and eyes are incised, the latter two filled in, as usual, with black dirt. The drag line is of sinew braid and has an ivory cylinder slipped over it. No. 89328 [1167], from UtkiavwiÑ, is the poorest in design. It is 5.6 inches long and has the neck bent up as in dragging. The back of a freshly caught seal is always somewhat flattened by dragging it over the ice, and this flattening is very much exaggerated in this carving by the natural shape of the bone. The fore flippers are in high relief, with three toes to each flipper, colored round the edge with red ocher. The tips of the hind flippers are joined together, and each has only two toes. The eyes, genital opening, and the spots on the back and belly are indicated by shallow round pits colored with red ocher. The drag line is a double bit of sinew braid, which has on it two ivory cylinders, one ornamented with an incised pattern. Fig. 405.—White whale carved from gypsum. We found but a single figure of the beluga, which is such a favorite subject for Eskimo artists farther south. This is the gypsum carving already mentioned (No.89573 [1015], Fig. 405, from Nuwuk). It is 3.5 inches long and is very characteristic, though rather short in proportion to its girth. It was neatly carved with a knife. The “bow-head” whale (BalÆna mysticetus), is a very favorite subject, appearing often as a decoration and represented by 21 carvings. Three of these are of wood, very much resembling in design and execution the harpoon boxes already described. They are all very old, and Fig. 406.—Wooden carving—whale. No. 89735 [1036] from UtkiavwiÑ, is also a rather well proportioned figure, rude in execution, with no details carved out except the flukes, one of which is broken. An angular bit of iron pyrites is inlaid to represent the left eye, and a similar piece appears to have been lost from the right eye. The anus is represented by a light blue glass bead inlaid in the belly. It is 8.8 inches long and made of soft wood, probably cottonwood, weathered and stained to a dark brown. It is very old and much chipped and cracked. Two small oblique holes in the middle of the back make a transverse channel for a string. This specimen was said by the man who sold it to have been dug up among the ruins of one of the old houses in the village. No. 89734 [987] from Nuwuk, is 12 inches long, very broad in proportion to its length, and rather rude in design, with a flat belly, though neatly carved and scraped smooth. The spiracles and the outline of the mouth are incised and little angular bits of brown quartz are inlaid for the eyes. Both flukes have been split off and part of the right fluke has been fastened on again with a single wooden treenail. It is of spruce or hemlock and has weathered to a brown color. Fig. 407.—Whale carved from soapstone. Fig. 407 (No. 89561 [1253] from UtkiavwiÑ) represents the best image of a whale in the collection. It is very well proportioned, though perhaps a little clumsy about the flukes, with the external details correctly represented. It is 4.5 inches long, neatly carved from soapstone, scraped smooth and oiled. It was made for sale. There are five other round soapstone carvings of whales in the collection, but none so good Fig. 408.—Rude flat image of whale. No. 89558 [1266] from UtkiavwiÑ, and No. 89572 from Nuwuk, both flat images, are carelessly made for sale. The latter is simply a representation in soapstone of the conventional “whale’s tail” with the “small” cut off to an angular point. No. 89325 [1160] from UtkiavwiÑ is a clumsy, broad whale with a flat belly, 4.1 inches long, freshly carved from whale’s bone, and soaked in oil to make it look old. The eyes, spiracles, and outline of the mouth are incised and filled in with dark oil lees. None of the ivory carvings of whales have any special artistic merit. Fig. 409 (No.89323 [1024a] from Nuwuk) is the best of these. It is a little better in design and execution than the preceding, which it resembles considerably. It is the female of a pair of little whales made of old brown walrus ivory, which is much cracked. The male differs from the female only in the shape of the external sexual organs, the male having a little round pit and the female a long sulcus. This, as well as the eyes, spiracles, and outline of the mouth, is incised and filled in with dark colored dirt. The female is 3.1 inches long, the male (No.89324 [1024b]) 0.1 inch longer. These specimens appear to be quite ancient. Fig. 70.—Pattern of man’s breeches. Fig. 71.—Trimming of man’s breeches. Pantaloons (kÛmÛÑ).—The women and children, and occasionally the men, wear pantaloons (strictly speaking), i.e., tight-fitting trousers continuous with the foot covering. Of the two pairs of pantaloons in the collection, No. 74042 [1792] (Fig.72) will serve as the type. The shoes with sealskin moccasin soles and deerskin uppers are sewed at the ankles to a pair of tight-fitting deerskin trousers, reaching above the hips and higher behind than in front. Pattern (diagram, Fig. 73a): Each leg is composed of four long pieces (front 1, outside 2, back 3, and inside4), five gussets (one on the thigh 5, and four on the calf, 6, 6, 6,6), which enlarges the garment to fit the swell of the calf and thigh and the half-waistband (7). The two legs are put together by Fig. 72.—Woman’s pantaloons. From the general fit of these garments they appear to be all made on essentially the same pattern, probably without greater variations than those already described. When worn by the women the material is usually, if not always, the skin of reindeer legs, and most commonly of Fig. 73.—Patterns of woman’s pantaloons. Boots and breeches united in this way so as to form pantaloons are peculiar to the west of America, where they are universally worn from the Mackenzie district westward and southward. We have no specimens of women’s leg coverings from the Mackenzie district, but Petitot Fig. 74.—Pattern of stocking. Stockings.—Next to the skin on the feet and legs the men wear stockings of deerskin, usually of soft, rather long-haired skin, with the hair in. These are usually in three pieces, the leg, 1, toe piece, 2, and sole, 3(see diagram, Fig.74). Astraight strip about 1 inch wide often runs round the foot between the sole and the other pieces. Stockings of this pattern, but made of very thick winter deerskin, are substituted for the outer boots when deer-hunting in winter in the dry snow, especially when snowshoes are used. They are warm; the flesh side sheds the snow well and the thick hair acts as a sort of wadding which keeps the feet from being galled by the bars and strings of the snowshoes. Many of the deer-hunters in 1883 made rough buskins of this pattern out of the skins of freshly killed deer simply dried, without further preparation. Boots and shoes.—Over the stockings are worn boots or shoes with uppers of various kinds of skin, with the hair on, or black tanned sealskin, always fitted to heelless crimped moccasin soles of some different leather, of the pattern which, with some slight modifications of form, is universal among the Eskimo. These soles are made as follows: A“blank” for the sole is cut out, of the shape of the foot, but a couple of inches larger all round. Then, beginning at one side of the ball of the foot, the toe part is doubled over toward the inside of the sole, so that the edges just match. The two parts are then pinched together with Fig. 75.—Man’s boot of deerskin. Fig. 76.—Pattern of deerskin boot. Different kinds of leather are used for the soles, and each kind is supposed to be best suited for a particular purpose. The beautiful white urine-tanned sealskin is used for winter wear when the snow is dry, but is not suited for standing the roughness and dampness of the salt-water ice. For this purpose sealskin dressed with the hair on and worn flesh side out is said to be the very best, preferable even to the various waterproof skins used for summer boot soles. For waterproof soles are used oil-dressed skins Fig. 77.—Man’s dress boot of deerskin. Boots of this style are the common everyday wear of the men, sometimes made wholly of dark deerskin and sometimes variegated. They are often made of a pattern like that of the lower part of the women’s pantaloons; that is, with the uppers separate from the leg pieces, which are brown, with four white gussets on the calf. Fig. 77, No. 56759 [91], is one of a pair of full-dress boots of a slightly different pattern. The leg pieces are the same in number as in No. 56750, and put together in the same way, but 2 and 3 are of a different shape. Fig. 78.—Pattern of man’s dress boot of deerskin. Fig. 79, No. 89834 [770], is one of a pair of almost precisely the same pattern as the last, but made of mountain-sheep skin. The soles are more deeply turned up all round and have three ornamental bands of sealskin around the edge, black, white, and black. Edging is inserted into both the seams on each side. It is strips of mountain-sheep Fig. 79.—Man’s dress boot of skin of mountain-sheep. The boots belong with the breeches, No. 56759. They fairly represent the style of full-dress boots worn with the loose-bottomed breeches. They all have drawstrings just below the knee, and often have no tie-strings at the ankles. The eastern Eskimo are everywhere described as wearing the boots tied at the top with a drawstring and the bottoms of the breeches usually loose and hanging down on them. Tying down the breeches over the tops of the boots, as is done at Point Barrow, is an improvement on the eastern fashion, as it closes the garments at the knee so as to prevent the entrance of cold air. The same result is obtained in an exactly opposite way by the people of Smith Sound, who, according to Bessels (Naturalist, vol. 18, p.865), tie the boots over the breeches. All fur garments, including boots, are sewed in the same way, usually with reindeer sinew, by fitting the edges together and sewing them “over and over” on the “wrong” side. The waterproof boots of black sealskin, however, are sewed with an elaborate double seam, which is quite waterproof, and is made as follows: The two pieces are put together, flesh side to flesh side, so that the edge of one projects beyond Fig. 80.—Pair of man’s dress boots of deerskin. Fig. 81.—Woman’s waterproof sealskin boot. There is one pair of waterproof boots in the collection (No. 76182 [1794] Fig.81). The tops are of black dressed sealskin, reaching to the knee and especially full on the instep and ankle, which results from their being made with the least possible number of seams, to reduce the chance of leaking. The soles are of white whale skin, turned up about 1½ inches all around. The leg and upper are made all in one piece so that the double water-tight seam runs down the front of the leg to the instep, and then diagonally across the foot to the quarter on one side. The bottom is cut off accurately to fit the top of the sole. The edges of the upper and the sole are put together so that the inside of the former comes against the inside of the latter, and the two are “run” together with fine stitches, with a stout double under-thread running through them along the surface of the upper. The ornamental band at the top is of white sealskin “run” on with strong dark thread, and the checkered pattern is made by drawing a strip of black skin through slits in the white. Round the top of the band is sewed a binding of black sealskin, which holds a drawstring of sinew braid. The sole is kept up in shape and the boot made to fit round the ankle by a string of sealskin twine passed through four loops, one on each side just back of the ball of the foot, and one on each quarter. These loops are made of little strips of white whale skin, doubled over and sewed to the edge of the sole on the outside. The ends of the string are passed through the front loop so that the bight Such boots are universally worn in summer. The men’s boots are usually left with an irregular edge at the top, and are held up by the breeches, while the women’s usually have white bands around the tops with drawstrings. Half-boots of the same material, reaching to midleg, without drawstrings, or shoes reaching just above the ankle with a string round the top are sometimes worn over the deerskin boots. Similar shoes of deerskin are sometimes worn in place of boots. Waterproof boots of black sealskin are universally employed by Eskimo and by the Aleuts. These boots stand water for a long time without getting wet through, but when they become wet they must be turned inside out and dried very slowly to prevent them from shrinking, and worked soft with a stone skin-dressing tool or the teeth. The natives prefer to dry them in the sun. When the black epidermis wears off this leather is no longer waterproof, so that the women are always on the watch for white spots, which are mended with water-tight patches as soon as possible. Fig. 82.—Sketch of “ice-creepers” on boot sole In the early spring, before it thaws enough to render waterproof boots necessary, the surface of the snow becomes very smooth and slippery. To enable themselves to walk on this surface without falling, the natives make a kind of “creeper” out of strips of sealskin. These are doubled lengthwise, and generally bent into a half-moon or horseshoe shape, with the folded edges on the outside of the curve, sewed on the toe and heel of the sealskin sole, as represented in Fig. 82. PARTS OF DRESS.Belts (tapsi).—The belt which is used to hold up the pantaloons or breeches is simply a stout strip of skin tied round the waist. The girdle, which is always worn outside of the frock, except when the weather is warm or the wearer heated by exercise, is very often a similar strap of deerskin, or perhaps wolfskin. Often, however, and especially for Fig. 83.—Man’s belt woven of feathers. The lower cut shows detail of pattern. No. 89544 [1419] (Fig. 83a) has been chosen as the type of a man’s belt. It is 35 inches long and 1 inch broad, and made of the shafts of feathers woven into an elegant pattern, bordered on the edges with deerskin, and terminating in a leather loop at one end and a braided string at the other. The loop is a flat piece of skin of the bearded seal, in which is cut a large oblong eye. The weaving begins at the square end of the loop. The warp consists of nine long strands sewed through the inner face of the leather so as to come out on the hinder edge. The middle strand is of stout sinew braid, ending in a knot on the inner side of the leather. The four on each side are of fine cotton twine or stout thread, each two being one continuous thread passing through the leather and out again. The woof is the shafts of small feathers regularly woven, the first strand woven over and under, ending over the warp, the next under and over, ending under the warp, and so on alternately, each strand extending about one-fourth inch beyond the outer warp-strand on each side. This makes the pattern shown in Fig. 83b, a long stitch on each side, three very short ones on each side of the middle, and a slightly longer one in the middle. The strips of feathers forming the woof are not joined together, but one strip is woven in as far as it will go, ending always on the inner side of the belt, anew strip beginning where the other ends. The shafts of black feathers, with a few of the barbs attached, are Fig. 84.—Diagram showing method of fastening the ends of feathers in belt. No. 89543 [1420] is a similar belt worn in precisely the same way, but with the black feathers introduced in a different pattern. The weaving is done by hand with the help of some little tools, to be described under implements for making and working fiber. Belts of this style appear to be peculiar to the Point Barrow region. Indeed, girdles of any kind are seldom worn over the jacket by the men in the eastern regions. Fig. 85.—Woman’s belt of wolverine toes. The women never wear anything except a simple strip of skin or the wolverine belt mentioned above. No. 89542 [1421], Fig. 85, is one of these. It is made of nine strips of dark brown skin from round the foot of the wolverine, sewed together end to end. Each strip, except the one at the end, has a claw at the lower corner (onsome of the strips the bit of skin bearing the claws is piecedin) so that there are Fig. 86.—Belt-fastener. Fig. 86, No. 89718 [1055], is an object which is quite uncommon and seldom if ever now seen in use. It is of walrus ivory, very old and yellow. It served as a belt-fastener (tÁpsig?). Ihave seen a brass clock wheel used on a girl’s belt for the same purpose. This specimen is very old, neatly made, and polished smooth, probably from long use. Ornaments.—In addition to the trimmings above described there are certain ornamental appendages which belong to the dress, but can not be considered as essential parts of any garments, like the trimmings. For instance, nearly every male in the two villages wears dangling from his back between the shoulders an ermine skin either brown or white, or an eagle’s feather, which is transferred to the new garment when the old one is worn out. This is perhaps an amulet as well as an ornament, as Dr. Simpson states. PERSONAL ADORNMENT.SKIN ORNAMENTATION.Tattooing.—The custom of tattooing is almost universal among the women, but the marks are confined almost exclusively to the chin and form a very simple pattern. This consists of one, three, five, or perhaps as Tattooing on a man is a mark of distinction. Those men who are, or have been, captains of whaling umiaks that have taken whales have marks to indicate this tattooed somewhere on their persons, sometimes forming a definite tally. For instance, AÑoru had a broad band across each cheek from the corners of the mouth (Fig. 87, from a sketch by the writer), made up of many indistinct lines, which was said to indicate “many whales.” Amaiyuna had the “flukes” of seven whales in a line across his chest, and MÛ´Ñialu had a couple of small marks on one forearm. NiaksÁra, the wife of AÑoru, also had a little mark tattooed in each corner of her mouth, which she said were “whale marks,” indicating that she was the wife of a successful whaleman. Such marks, according to Petitot (Monographie, etc., p.xv) are a part of the usual pattern in the Mackenzie district—“deux traits aux commissures de la bouche.” One or two men at Nuwuk had each a narrow line across the face, over the bridge of the nose, which were probably also “whale marks,” though we never could get a definite answer concerning them. Fig. 87.—Man with tattooed cheeks. The tattooing is done with a needle and thread, smeared with soot or gunpowder, giving a peculiar pitted appearance to the lines. It is rather a painful operation, producing considerable inflammation and swelling, which lasts several days. The practice of tattooing the women is almost universal among the Eskimo, from Greenland to Kadiak, including the Eskimo of Siberia, the only exception being the The simple pattern of straight, slightly diverging lines on the chin seems to prevail from the Mackenzie district to Kadiak, and similar chin lines appear always to form part of the more elaborate patterns, sometimes extending to the arms and other parts of the body, in fashion among the eastern Eskimo Fig. 88.—Woman with ordinary tattooing. Fig. 88, from a sketch made on the spot by the writer, shows the Point Barrow pattern. Painting.—On great occasions, such as dances, etc., or when going whaling, the face is marked with a broad streak of black lead, put on with the finger, and usually running obliquely across the nose or one cheek. HEAD ORNAMENTS.Method of wearing the hair.—The men and boys wear their hair combed down straight over the forehead and cut off square across in front, but hanging in rather long locks on the sides, so as to cover the ears. There is always a small circular tonsure on the crown of the head, and a strip is generally clipped down to the nape of the neck. (See Fig. 89, from a sketch from life by the writer.) The natives believe that this clipping of the back of the head prevents snow blindness in the spring. The people of the Mackenzie district have a different theory. “La large Fig. 89.—Man’s method of wearing the hair. Some of the little girls wear their hair cut short behind. The hair is not arranged every day. Both sexes are rather tidy about arranging their hair, but there is much difference in this between individuals. The marrow of the reindeer is sometimes used for pomatum. Baldness Head-bands.—Some of the men and boys wear across the forehead a string of large blue glass beads, sometimes sewed on a strip of deerskin. Occasionally, also a fillet is worn made of the skin of the head of a fox or a dog, with the nose coming in the middle of the forehead. Such head-dresses are by no means common and seem to be highly prized, as they were never offered for sale. MacFarlane (MS.) speaks of a similar head-dress worn at the Anderson River, “generally made of the skin of the fore part of the head skins of wolves, wolverines, and marmots. Very often, however, astring of beads is made use of instead.” Another style of head-dress is the badge of a whaleman, and is worn only when whaling (and, Ibelieve, at the ceremonies in the spring preparatory to the whaling). This seems to be very highly prized, and is, perhaps, “looked upon with superstitious regard.” Earrings (nÓgolu).—Nearly all the women and girls perforate the lobes of the ears and wear earrings. The commonest pattern is a little hook of ivory to which are attached pendants, short strings of beads, etc. Large, oblong, dark-blue beads and bugles are specially desired for this purpose. Cheap brass or “brummagem” earrings are sometimes worn nowadays. The fashion in earrings seems to have changed somewhat since Dr. Simpson’s time, as I do not remember ever having seen the long strings of beads hanging across the breast or looped up behind as he describes them. No. 89386 [1340] is a similar pair of earrings, in which the hook projects at right angles and terminates in a flat, round button. Both of the specimens are of the usual pattern, but very roughly made. The custom of wearing earrings is very general among the Eskimo. Ineed only refer to the descriptions of dress and ornaments already quoted. Fig. 90.—Earrings. Labrets.—As has been stated by all travelers who have visited Point Barrow since the time of Elson, all the adult males wear the labrets or stud-shaped lip ornaments. The discussion of the origin and extent of this habit, or even a comparison of the forms of labrets in use among the Eskimo, would lead me far beyond the scope of the present work. At Point Barrow at the present day the lip is always pierced for two labrets, one at each corner of the mouth, though one or both of them are frequently left out. They told us, however, that in ancient times a single labret only was worn, for which the lip was pierced directly in the middle. Certain old and large-sized labrets in the collection are said to have been thus worn. The incisions for the labrets appear to be made about the age of puberty, though I knew one young man who had been married for some months before he had the operation performed. From the young man’s character, Ifancy shyness or timidity, as suggested by Dr. Simpson, We heard of no special ceremonies or festivals connected with the making of these incisions, such as Dall observed at Norton Sound, The collection contains two specimens of such lancets. No. 89721 [1153] (figured in Rept. Point Barrow Expedition, Ethnology, Pl. V, Fig.4) is the type. Alittle blade of soft gray slate is carefully inclosed in a neat case of cottonwood. The blade is lanceolate, 1.3 inches long, 0.6 broad, and 0.1 thick, with a short, broad tang. The faces are somewhat rough, and ground with a broad bevel to very sharp cutting edges. The case is made of two similar pieces of wood, flat on one side and rounded on the other, so that when put together they make a rounded body 3 inches long, slightly flattened, and tapering toward the rounded ends, of which one is somewhat larger than the other. Round each end is a narrow, deep, transverse groove for a string to hold the two parts together. Ashallow median groove connects these cross grooves on one piece, which is hollowed out on the flat face into a rough cavity of a shape and size suitable to receive the blade, which is produced into a narrow, deep groove at the point, probably to keep the point of the blade from being dulled by touching the wood. The other piece, which serves as a cover, has merely a rough, shallow, oval depression near the middle. The whole is evidently very old, and the case is browned with age and dirt. used as storehouses 83 used as workshops 83 tools used in making 83 Snowshoes of the Eskimo 344-352 Social surroundings of the Point Barrow Eskimo 43-55 Song of the Eskimo 389 Spears of the Eskimo, for fishing 286-287 Spoons of Eskimo 104 Sports of Eskimo children 383-385 Staff, use of by the Eskimo 353 Stockings of Eskimo 129 Stool used by Eskimo in catching seal 255 Subsistence, means of, of the Point Barrow Eskimo 61-65 Surgery, Eskimo 423 Sutherland, P. C., work consulted 25 cited on Eskimo pathology 40 Tabu among the Eskimo, concerning a woman in childbirth 415 on the occasion of a death 423-424 of certain foods to certain persons 433-434 Ta?Éo?ment, habitat of 46-47 TasyÛkpÛÑ, Great Lake, Alaska, description of 29-30 Tattooing by Eskimo 138-140 Tempering metals, Eskimo knowledge of 182-183 used as summer dwellings 83 construction of 84 used for women during confinement 86 used for sewing rooms 86 Thimble-boxes of the Eskimo 322-323 Thimbles of the Eskimo 318-319 Thongs, manufacture of by the Eskimo 301-302 Thread, Eskimo 317-318 Throwing-boards for Eskimo seal-darts 217-218 Tobacco, use of, by the Point Barrow Eskimo 65-73 Eskimo terms for 71 introduction of among the Eskimo 71-72 Toilet articles of the Eskimo 149-150 Tool-bags of the Eskimo 187-190 Tool-boxes of the Eskimo 185-187 adzes 165-172 chisels 172-173 whalebone shaves 173-174 saws 174-175 bow drills 176-182 reamers 181-182 awls 181-182 hammers 182 files 182 whetstones 185 for excavating 302-304 picks and pickaxes 302-304, 307-308 mattocks 302-304 for building 302-304 for snow and ice working 304-309 (See also Utensils.) Toys of Eskimo children, whirligigs 376-377 teetotums 378 buzzes 378 whizzing-sticks 379 pebble-snappers 379 dolls 380-381 kaiak paddler 381-383 imitation implements 383 Transportation, means of, by the Eskimo 328-360 Traps of the Eskimo 260 Traveling, Eskimo means of 328-360 Trays used by Eskimo 99-101 TuaÑa, or demons of the Eskimo 431-434 Tubs of the Eskimo 86-88 Tunes of the Eskimo 388-389 Tupek. (See Tents of the Eskimo.) Turner, Lucien M., acknowledgments to 20 description of Eskimo lamps 108 cited on Eskimo records 177 cited on Eskimo seal darts 214 cited on Eskimo seal nets 252 cited on Eskimo kaiaks 332 cited on Eskimo umiaks 343 cited on Eskimo ornament 390 Twisters for making Eskimo bows 292-294 Umiaks of the Eskimo 335-344 Umialiks, Eskimo 429-430 wallets 86 buckets 86-88 tubs 86-88 meat bowls 89 pots 90-93 bone crushers 93-99 mauls 93-99 trays 99-101 drinking vessels 101-105 UtkiavwiÑ, Alaska, location of 26 signification of name 26 population of 43 description of 79 Villages, arrangement of Eskimo 79 Wallets of the Eskimo 86 Walrus, Eskimo method of hunting 272 Weapons of the Eskimo, hand-club 191 slung-shot 191 bone daggers 191-192 firearms 193-195 whaling guns 195 bows 195-200 arrows 201-207 bear arrows 202 bow cases and quivers 207 bracers 209-210 bird darts 210-214 seal darts 214-218 harpoons, for casting 218-233 harpoons, for thrusting 233-240 lances 240-244 bolas for birds 244-246 Weaving, Eskimo tools for 316-317 Whale, Eskimo lance for hunting 240-242 Whalebone shaves of the Eskimo 173-174 Whaling guns of the Eskimo 195 Whetstones of the Eskimo 183-185 Widows, Eskimo 414 Wife-beating among the Eskimo 414 Wizards, Eskimo 430-431 Wolf, Eskimo methods of killing 259 Eskimo method of hunting 263-264 Women, Eskimo, condition and treatment of 413-414 prostitution among 419 Words, foreign, introduced among the Point Barrow Eskimo 55 Error in IndexHooper, C. L., ... description of Eskimo kÛ´dyigi Missing . in figure captions has been silently supplied. Spelling in citations, including all French sources, is unchanged unless otherwise noted. Unexpected FormsA few words have Ä (a with umlaut) where  or a (long a) was expected: nÄ´nu (polar bear: both occurrences of the word) The spelling “slungshot” is used consistently. InconsistenciesThe spellings “Inuit” and “Innuit” (including “an Innuit” in one quoted passage) both occur. The word “Arctic” is generally capitalized, but exceptions were too frequent to regularize. Names of ships such as Vega are rarely italicized, and scientific names never. All are shown as printed. HyphenizationForms were only changed when there was a clear pattern. This list is not meant to be comprehensive: northeast, northwest; southeast, southwest never hyphenated ridgepole; tiestring, bowstring, drawstring woodenware, smoothbore, midleg, handboard pipestem, sealthong, centerbit whale-fish, whale-skin, whale-iron, whale-harpoon breechloader but muzzle-loader, -loading foreshaft and fore-shaft, treenail and tree-nail Words in -skin are generally hyphenated, but exceptions are not marked. The forms “needlecase” (one word, no hyphen) and “needle case” (two words) both occur. |
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