  The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, in offering me the Rhind lectureship in ArchÆology for the year 1888, left me no choice of a subject, as they had already suggested that the course should be on the "Lake-dwellings of Europe." Their communication embodying this proposal came upon me with complete surprise, and, indeed, it was with considerable misgiving that I pondered over the undertaking, because at that time I had no special knowledge of lake-dwellings beyond Scotland. But the kind encouragement of friends and the fact that I had two years to collect the necessary materials, ultimately overcame my scruples; and so with the acceptance of this appointment the work now offered to the public may be said to have been begun. My first and almost immediate step was a hasty run to the principal centres of lake-dwelling researches in Europe, so as to get a preliminary idea of the best and most practical way of carrying out this work. It was only then that the magnitude of the labours I had undertaken dawned upon me. The relics from the more important settlements, with few exceptions, were so widely scattered that, to form an intelligible notion of the civilisation and culture of their inhabitants from a study of their industrial remains, scores of museums and private collections had to be visited. Nor was the condition of the literature and records of the various discoveries more favourable to my purpose. The successive investigations by different parties in the more prolific stations were constantly altering the previous Since then, however (1878), the results of lacustrine researches have been greater and more important than during any previous corresponding period. The "Correction des Eaux du Jura," together with various harbour alterations in the lakes of ZÜrich, Geneva, etc., have been the means of enormously increasing the lacustrine collections of Switzerland. In North Italy not only have new and remarkably interesting lacustrine stations been discovered and exhaustively investigated, as Lagozza and Polada, but the researches in the terremare have been such as to entirely alter the previous opinions held in regard to them. Nor has the progress in this field of research in many other countries in Europe been scarcely less important, in proof of which I have only to mention the additions made to the Scottish and Irish crannogs; the curious fascine structures brought to light in Holderness, Yorkshire; the novel revelations extracted from the terp mounds in Holland and other low-lying districts on the coast of the German Ocean; the greatly extended and more accurate details of lacustrine structures in North Germany; the discovery in Hungary of prehistoric mounds analogous to the terramara deposits of Italy, etc. In short there is hardly any corner of the lake-dwelling In these circumstances I resolved to proceed de novo, and to construct my story of the lake-dwellings from whatever trustworthy sources I could lay my hands on. In order to carry out this intention my wife and I perambulated the whole of Central Europe with note and sketch books in hand, visiting, as far as practicable, the sites of lake-dwellings, and searching museums and libraries wherever we thought their relics or records were to be found. The eastern limit of the region thus visited may be represented by a line drawn from KÖnigsberg to Trieste, passing through the intermediate towns of Krakow, Buda-Pesth, and Agram. The materials brought together from within this area are, to a very considerable extent, absolutely new to British archÆologists. Of course, in a work which aims at putting into the hands of general readers an epitome of the essential facts and results of lacustrine researches since these singular remains were discovered in Europe, I had to take cognisance of some investigations that have already been fully recorded and illustrated. As it was impossible to illustrate typical groups of objects from all the lacustrine stations, I have, as a rule, in selecting the illustrations for this work, avoided those that have already come within the reach of English readers through the translation of Keller's works, except when they belonged to stations that are the best or only representatives of their kind in their respective localities—as, for example, the Rosen Insel in the Lake of Starnberg. Acting on this principle, I have given very few illustrations of objects from Nidau, Moosseedorf, St. Aubin, Wauwyl; nor, for the same reason, is a prominent place given to the earlier discoveries at Robenhausen, Estavayer, Concise, Cortaillod, etc. In this way I have endeavoured to combine in the work now issued as much novelty as possible, without detracting from its general and comprehensive scope. As our peripatetic labours drew to a close, the next point to be considered was the method of grouping the materials under six divisions, corresponding with the prescribed number of lectures. This was by no means an easy task, as neither the geographical distribution, nor the historical order of the discoveries, could be exclusively selected as a cementing element in dealing with remains so diversified in character and of so wide a range in space and time. The plan which I have here adopted seems to me to combine the greatest advantages with the fewest drawbacks. Its rationale is as follows:—After introducing my subject by a short account of the circumstances that led to the discovery of the Pfahlbauten in the Lake of ZÜrich, and glancing at the archÆological importance and surprising results of this discovery in other Swiss lakes, the historical element is dropped, and I conduct my readers over Western Switzerland and Savoy, summarising the discoveries in the successive lakes as we move along. In the second lecture we again start near the same place and continue our explorations in an easterly direction, and having examined the Upper Rhine district we cross over to the great Danubian basin, which we follow downwards as far as the lacustrine trail carries us, and ultimately finish with Laibach near the source of the Drave. The third lecture is entirely occupied with the palafittes and terremare in the Po valley. In these wanderings we have virtually made a circuit of the great Alpine chain of mountains, and have seen that the habit of constructing lake-dwellings was prevalent in the upper reaches of the four principal waterways which diverge from its flanks, viz. the Rhine, Rhone, Danube, and Po. The lake-dwelling area thus surveyed comprises all the remains that can unequivocally be said to belong to the primary development of these structures in Europe, their period of existence being almost exclusively confined to the prehistoric ages of Stone and Bronze. Such being the case, this might be a suitable opportunity for Excepting the well-known reports of Keller and a few monographs on particular stations or districts, the entire literature of the subject may be said to lie buried in the Transactions of learned societies. Having to hunt up and peruse most of these obscure and almost inaccessible articles—the number and extent of which may be estimated by a glance at the accompanying bibliography—it occurred to me that, by tabulating all the works and notices of these researches in chronological sequence, under the names of their respective authors and with correct references to their published sources, I might be conferring some benefit on future investigators, while supplying myself with a simple and ready means of referring to authorities, without the necessity of having to repeat over and over again the voluminous titles of publications. Hence the origin of the bibliography appended to this work, which, however imperfect, will, I trust, considerably enhance its value. Its compilation has given me a great deal of trouble, and the only valuable assistance I derived from There remains now only the pleasant duty of thanking those who have assisted me in bringing the work, so far, to a satisfactory conclusion. On this score my obligations are very great. (1) In collecting the materials on the Continent my work was greatly facilitated by introductory notes from and to eminent archÆologists, and among those who so honoured me I have especially to mention Evans, Franks, Voss, Tischler, the late Karl Deschmann, Major TrÖltsch, Pigorini, and Castelfranco. (2) To the custodians of museums and the owners of private collections I am indebted for permission to have notes and sketches taken of objects in their possession. The collections which have supplied me with original illustrations are the following:— MUSEUMS. Aix-les-Bains: MusÉe de la Ville. PRIVATE COLLECTIONS. Boynton, Thomas, F.S.A.Scot., Bridlington. (3) Messrs. Chantre, Gross, A. and E. Vouga, R. Forrer (editor of Antiqua), and others, as well as a large number of the secretaries of ArchÆological Societies, have most cordially granted me permission to take extracts or copy such illustrations from their published works as I might think necessary. The instances in which I have availed myself of this privilege are acknowledged in the text and in the tabulated list of illustrations. (4) The following Societies have kindly allowed me to use electrotypes of a number of their woodcuts, all of which are duly specified in the list of illustrations:— Ayr and Galloway ArchÆological Association. (5) The bibliography was to a large extent compiled at the British Museum Library, where I found greater facilities for such work than in any similar institution on the Continent. In addition to ready access to public libraries, I have to acknowledge the receipt of a number of valuable annotations and references in special libraries attached to museums or belonging to Societies. Among the archÆologists who have thus aided me I have specially to mention MM. Pigorini, Voss, and Reinach (St. Germain). The Hon. H. A. Dillon, Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries, supplied me with the reference to the capture of an Irish crannog by the English, quoted at page 482. My learned friend Joseph Anderson, LL.D., greatly assisted me in revising the proof sheets. For all these varied and valuable contributions to this work, as well as for the many acts of kindness and good wishes received during our peregrinations, I now express my warmest thanks and gratitude. Edinburgh, 15th May, 1890. CONTENTS.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. g@html@files@48514@48514-h@48514-h-9.htm.html#Fig_36" class="pginternal">154 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 37.— | No. 1, Peculiar iron knife—2 and 3, Cheek-pieces of horse-bits of bone—4 to 10, Bronze pins—11 and 13, Staghorn hammers (perforated)—12 and 17, Stone celts, one in horn holder—14 and 15, Flint saw and arrow-point—16, Portion of a dish of dark earthenware ?All the objects represented in Figs. 36 and 37 are in the Ethnographical Museum, Munich. | 155 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
MONDSEE AND ATTERSEE. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 38.— | Mondsee: Nos. 1 and 6 to 12, Flint arrow-points, one (No. 10) with portion of stem attached by asphalt—2 to 4, Flint saws (Krummesser)—5 and 9, Flint scrapers—13 to 15, Stone axes—16, 27 and 28, Bone chisels, showing marks of usage—17 and 18, Perforated teeth—19, Bone ornament—20, and 24 to 26, Bone and horn implements—21 and 22, Ornaments of white marble—23, Bone arrow-point ?All from the Collection of Dr. Much, Vienna. | 158 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 39.— | Mondsee and Attersee: Nos. 1, 2 and 5, Copper celts—3, 4, 6, and 17 to 19, Copper or bronze daggers—7 to 12, Bone implements—13, Marble button—14, Copper fish-hook—15, Clay figure—16, Necklace of marble beads, after Dr. Much (B. 287)—20 and 21, Flint knives—22, Fine specimen of perforated stone axe-hammer head ?Nos. 17, 18 and 22 from Nat. Hist. Museum, Vienna; 20 and 21 after Count Wurmbrand (B. 276); the rest from Dr. Much's Collection. | 159 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 40.— | Mondsee: Nos. 1 to 8, Specimens of pottery—9, Circular stone, highly polished and perforated ?All from Dr. Much's Collection. | 161 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
NEUSIEDLERSEE AND KEUTSCHACHERSEE. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 41.— | Nos. 1 and 3, Stone hammer-axes—2, Hammer-stone, with finger mark—4 and 5, Flint flakes—6, Fragment of polished celt—7, Small urn—8 to 10, Specimens of pottery ?Nos. 1 to 9 after Count Bela (B. 283); 10 from the Rudolfinum Museum at Klagenfurt. | 165 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
LAIBACH MOOR | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 42.— | Nos. 1 to 5, Flint implements and weapons—6 and 16, Well-finished hooks of horn—7, Peculiar object of bone, supposed to be a bait for catching fish—8, Ornament of horn—9, Chisel of greenstone—10, Ornamented dish of earthenware—11, Clay figurine like a hedgehog—12, Celt of nephrite—13, Horn object, perforated at the one end lengthways—14, Piece of horn ornamented with a check pattern of incised lines—15, Bone needle—17, Fragment of ornamented pottery with transverse perforation—18, Stone anvil with traces of copper—19, Object of pottery open at both ends—20, Base of a dish marked with a depressed cross—21, Object of pottery, conical at both ends—22, Mould of earthenware—23 and 24, Portion of a figure of earthenware resembling the human form (see Fig. 195) | 173 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 43.— | Nos. 1 to 4, and 6 to 9, Specimens of pottery—5, Perforated cone of earthenware—10, Stone hammer-axe | 175 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 44.— | Various forms of staghorn clubs or hammer-axes | 176 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 45.— | Nos. 1, 2 and 7, Bronze daggers—3 and 4, Handles of bronze swords—5, Winged celt of bronze—6 and 8, Copper implements—9, Copper axe—10 and 11, Copper daggers—12 and 13, Bronze pins—14, Crucible of earthenware—15, Scoop or mould of earthenware | 178 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 46.— | Beaver-trap of oak, thirty-two inches long ?All the objects represented in Figs. 42 to 46 are in the Landesmuseum at Laibach, with the exception of Fig. 42, No. 20, which is in the Natural History Museum, Vienna. | 179 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 47.— | Wooden machine found in the Moor of Samow, North Germany, and preserved in the Museum at Rostock. (After Professor Merkel in the Zeit. fÜr Ethn. Verhand., 1874.) | 180 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 47a.— | Similar machine from the Valle di Fontega, North Italy, showing the two central valves detached, and some sticks found along with it. (After Meschinelli, B. 467.) | 181 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 47b.— | Antique wooden implement from Ireland, showing upper and under surfaces. (From Ulster Journ. Arch., vol. vii.) | 183 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
LAKE VARESE. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 48.— | Isola Virginia: Nos. 1 and 2, Flint knife and saw—3, Flint scraper in a horn handle—4, Flake-knife of obsidian—5, Bronze knife—6, Bronze dagger—7 to 9, Bone needles, etc.—10, Conical object of burnt clay, perforated like the neck of a bottle—11, Polisher of serpentine, in the form of a stone celt (see p. 193)—12, Bronze fish-hook—13 to 17, 22 to 24, and 26 to 29, Specimens of pottery—18, Flat and circular stone, highly polished and perforated in centre—19, Mould of sandstone—20, Square piece of wood, supposed to have been used as a float for fishing net—21, The half of a spindle-whorl of earthenware—25, Bone chisel ?Nos. 25 to 29, after Ranchet and Regazzoni (B. 326), and the rest from Sig. Ponti's Museum on the Isola Virginia. | 191 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 49.— | Bodio, Cazzago, and Bardello: Nos. 1 to 7, Flint implements and weapons—8 to 11, 21 and 40, Bronze daggers—12, 22, 23, and 25 to 29, Bronze pins—13, Bronze chisel or awl—14 and 39, Fragments of pottery—15, Stone celts—16, 32, Anzeiger, 1882, Pl. xxv. | 287 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 90.— | Nos. 1 to 7, Hatchets—8 to 12, and 23, Knives—13 and 14, Prongs—15 to 17, Shears—18, 27 and 28, Razors—19, 20, 21, 35, 36 and 38, Various objects of conjectural use—22, Hammer—24, 25 and 29, Hand-saws—26, Pointed implement with wide socket—30 to 32, Sickles or scythes—33 and 34, Chisels—37, File—39 and 40, Fish-hooks (bronze). All the objects are of iron except No. 40 ?Nos. 3 to 6, 14, 24, 31, 37, 39 and 40, Collection Vouga; 7, 8, 9, 13, 15, 16, 22 and 29, after illustrations in Antiqua, 1884; 1, 18 and 25, in Museum at NeuchÂtel, and the rest in the Collections of Gross and Schwab. | 289 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 91.— | Nos. 1 to 6, Iron fibulÆ—7, 21, 22, 24 and 25, Glass beads—8 to 10, and 36, Bronze pins—11 to 14, Pincers of bronze and iron—15, Blunt needle—16 (gold) and 17 (iron), Halves of neck-rings—18 and 26, Bronze fibulÆ—19, Bronze etui, with iron needle (20) found in it—23, Bronze button—27, 28, 30 and 32, Iron buckles and clasps—29 and 33, Iron rings—31, A small bronze axe—34, Iron bracelet—35, Iron hoop ?Nos. 7, 17, 31 and 32, in Museum Schwab; 16, Museum at NeuchÂtel; all the rest after Vouga (B. 428), or in his Collection. | 291 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 92.— | No. 1, Iron chain (pot-hanger)—2 and 10, Gold coins—3 to 9, and 11, Coins of silver, bronze, and potin—12 (bronze), 13 and 14 (bone), Dice—15, Iron ring attached—16, Bronze figure—17, Small bronze wheel, supposed to have been used as money—18, Bronze cup—19, Large bronze cauldron, with iron rim and handles—20, Iron ladle—21, Bronze object, like a tobacco pipe ?Nos. 1, 10, 15, 17, 19 and 21, after Gross (B. 446); 8, after Desor (B. 95); 12 to 14, and 18, from Antiqua, 1886; the rest after Vouga (B. 428). | 295 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
LAKE OF PALADRU. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 93.— | No. 1, Half of a bracelet made of lead—2, One side of an iron shears—3, Iron knife—4, Iron spear-head—5 and 6, Horse shoes—7 and 8, Iron chains and staple—9, Iron key—10, Iron curry-comb—11, Iron axe—12, Iron spur—13 and 16, Wooden floats—14 and 15, Bone counters—17, Wooden mallet—18, and 22 to 24, Pottery—19, Wooden spoon—20, Piece of wood like a bobbin—21, Wooden comb ?All after Chantre (B. 193). | 301 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
MAESTRICHT. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 94.— | Bone and horn weapons after Ubaghs (B. 413) ???For sizes, see page 304. | 305 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
WISMAR AND GÄGELOW. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 95.— | Nos. 1 and 10, Flint daggers—2, Flint chisel or hatchet—3 and 6, Polished axes of flint—4, 7, 16 and 17, Perforated axes of stone—5, A stone pestle—8, Stone mortar—9, Fragment of dark coloured pottery—11 and 12, Semilunar flint saws or knives—13 to 15, Objects of bone and horn—18, Sharpening stone—19, Spindle-whorl (clay)—20, Flint arrow-point ?Nos. 5, 7, 8 and 19, after Lisch (B. 100), and the rest in the Museum at Schwerin. | 309 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PERSANZIG AND FRIESACK. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 96.— | No. 1, Iron ring—2, Iron hatchet—3 and 4, Fragments of pottery—5, Clay ring—6 to 9, Fragments of Slavish pottery of the type found in the BurgwÄlle ?Nos. 1 to 5 in the MÄrkisches Museum, and 6 to 9 in the VolkerkÜnde Museum in Berlin. | 318 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SPANDAU, NEAR BERLIN. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 97.— | Nos. 1 to 3, Bronze celts—4 and 17, Bronze lance-heads—5, 6, 7, 12 and 13, Bronze daggers—8 to 11, Bronze swords—14, A kind of saw of horn—15 and 16, Stone balls—18, An ornamented bronze "commandostab"(?) ?After Friedel (B. 396). All the objects are in the VolkerkÜnde Museum in Berlin. | 320 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CZESZEWO, OBJEZIERZE, ETC. (POSEN). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 98.— | Nos. 1 and 2, Perforated stone axes—3 and 8, Clay rings—4, Bone pointer—5, Fragment of percolator of earthenware—6 and 7, Flint celts—9, Bronze neck-ring—10, Silver neck-ring—11, Bronze pin, part of a fibula ?Nos. 10 and 11 after KÖhler (B. 430), the rest from objects in the ArchÆological Museum, Posen. | 322 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
LAKES OF ARYS AND KOWNATKEN. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 99.— | Nos. 1 to 7, Bone implements—8, 9 and 13, Flint scrapers—12, Stone celt—10, and 11, Earthenware vessels—14, Polisher or skate of the metacarpal of a horse ?All in the Prussia Museum, KÖnigsberg. | 327 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
TERP-MOUNDS (WEST FRIESLAND). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 100.— | Nos. 1, 16 to 19, and 30, Bone combs—2, 3, 6 and 22, Clay spindle-whorls and weights (?)—4, 20 and 23, Specimens of earthenware—5 and 15, Bronze dishes—7, Bone object—8, Bronze shears—9, Iron hammer—10 and 11, Bone handles—12, Bone ring, ornamented with incised circles—13 and 24, Horn implements—14, Bronze comb—21, Bone counter—25, Bone button, ornamented with incised lines—26 and 28, Bone pins—27, Bone ornament—29, Bone needle ?Nos. 25 and 29 are in the National Museum, Edinburgh, and all the rest in the Museum, Leeuwarden. | 341 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.— | Iron bridle-bit, found in the terp-mound at Achlum (now in the National Museum, Edinburgh) | 342 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IRISH CRANNOGS. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 102.— | Lagore: Bone with carved designs (Cat., p. 346) | 352 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 103.R
ml#Fig_171" class="pginternal">441 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 172.— | Carlingwark Loch: Large bronze cauldron (Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. vii. p. 7, and x. p. 286) | 444 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SKETCH-MAPS, PLANS, SECTIONS, ETC.
| Page | |
| Plan of lake-dwellings in the lakes of ZÜrich, PfÄffikon, Greifen, and Zug | 9 |
Plan of lake-dwellings in the lakes of Bienne, Morat, and NeuchÂtel; also showing Correction des Eaux du Jura | 23 |
Distribution of lake-dwellings at Cortaillod | 45 |
Sketch-map of the shore of lake NeuchÂtel, near Bevaix, showing the relative positions of the stations of the Stone and Bronze periods | 50 |
Sketch-map, showing stations in Lake of Geneva | 86 |
Sketch-map, showing stations in the Lake of Bourget | 95 |
Plan of lake-dwellings in the Lake of Constance | 129 |
Sketch of Laibach Moor, showing position of lake-dwellings | 171 |
Sketch-map, showing lake-dwellings in the Lake of Varese and neighbourhood | 189 |
Plan and sections of terramara at Gorzano | 263 |
Sketch-map, showing distribution of lake-dwellings and terremare in the eastern part of the Po valley | 266 |
Plan of lake-dwelling in Persanzigsee | 314 |
Plan and sections of Crannog at Lochlee | 416,417 |
THE Lake-Dwellings of Europe.
