INDEX.

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Aalzum, Description of Terp at, 336
Aar, River, diverted into the Lake of Bienne, 22
Abbaye, Lake-dwelling at, 51
Achilty, Crannog in, 442
Achray L., Crannog in, 442
Aconnick, Crannog in, 389
Acrussel, Crannog in, 389
Adze (iron), 386, 391
Æppli, Mr., first draws attention to the
lacustrine remains at Ober-Meilen, 4
Aghakilconnel, Crannog in, 389
Aghaloughan. (See Lough Ravel.)
Aghnamullen, Crannog at, 389
Aiguebellette, Lake-dwellings at, 104
Airrieoulland, Crannog of, 434, 442
Alberti, Dr., 219, 227
Alesia (Alise St. Renne), Fortress of, 546
Allen L., Crannog in, 389
Allensbach, Lake-dwellings at, 132
Allevi, Marquis, on remains at Offida, 270
Alt-Friesack, Lake-dwelling of Slavish period at, 317
Alt-Gortzig, Lake-dwelling at, 323
Altnau, Lake-dwelling at, 145
Amber (generally as beads), 5, 12, 16, 25, 28, 45, 53, 58, 63,
68, 77, 102, 134, 141, 153, 194, 198, 226, 308, 343, 359,
366, 373, 386, 392, 403
——, as heads of pins, 224
——, Bead of, with portion of wire attached, 59
——, Disc of, 146
——, in Terremare, 275
Amiet, Mr., 73
Ammonite, Fossil, as ornament, 41, 503
Amphibolite, Implements of, 65
Amrein, Professor, on lake-dwelling in Baldeggersee, 81
Amulets of human skulls, 537, 542
——, of stone from Ballinderry, 362
Anchor, Wooden, 207
Ancient Scottish lake-dwellings quoted, 338, 408
Angelucci, Angelo, 188, 195
Anglo-Saxon coins in Terpen, 342
—— ——, in Scottish crannog, 432
AniÈre, Lake-dwelling at, 90
Animal's head in iron, 378
Animals, Breeding of, 534
Animals, Wild, in lake-dwellings, 535
Annagh L., Crannog in, 389
Annecy, Lake-dwellings in, 103
Annone, Palafittes in, 204
Anvils of bronze, 16, 28, 523
——, of iron, 393
——, of stone, 174, 411, 473
—— ——, set in a wooden casing, 44
Ansa canalicularis, 172
Anse lunate, 221, 229, 232, 234, 272
Anse, Various forms of, 226
Arbon (Bleiche), Lake-dwelling at, 145
ArchÆology, First application of scientific methods to, 1
Archbold, Rev. C., on crannog in Lough Faughan, 363
Ard L., Crannog in, 442
Ardakillen, Crannog of, 364, 368, 389
——, Objects from, sent to Museum of R.I.A., 369
Ardmore Bay, Submerged crannog in, 389, 443
Arisaig L., Crannog in, 443
Armilla sacra, 93, 531
Armlets. (See Bracelets.)
ArquÀ-Petrarca, Lake-dwellings at, 230
Arraschsee, Lake-dwellings in, 328
Arrow Lough, Crannog in, 399
Arrow-points, 47, 99, 160, 227, 236, 238, 286, 386, 500, 516
Arthur L., Crannog in, 480
Aryssee, Lake-dwelling in, 325, 330, 478
Arzruni, Dr., on composition of jade, 508
Asia Minor, Lake-dwellings in, 553
Ásott-halom, Terramara of, 168
Asphalt for fixing arrow-points, flint saws, etc., 126, 157, 236
——, Jug mended with, 121
——, largely used in Stone Age, 501
——, Lumps of, 151
——, made of birch bark, 346, 501
Ass, Remains of, at Auvernier, 535
Attersee, Lake-dwellings in, 162
Aube, Gaulish graves in, 546
Aufham, Lake-dwelling at, 162
Aughlish, Crannog at, 390
Auvernier, Lake-dwelling at, 42, 516, 520, 523, 526
——, Remarkable pendant from, 520
——, Sepulchre at, 539
Axes. (See Hatchets and Celts.)
——, of stone, perforation of, 505

Backgammon men, 366, 484
Badeplatz, Lake-dwelling at, 80
Baldegg L., Lake-dwellings in, 81
Ball of stone like cannon-ball, 321
Ballaghmore, Crannog at, 390
Ballinafad, Crannog at, 390
Ballinahinch, Crannog at, 390
Ballinderry, Crannog at, 359, 390
Ballinlough, Crannog at, 374, 390
Ballydoolough, Crannog in, 375, 390
Ballygawley L., Crannog in, 390
Ballyhoe L., Crannog in, 390
Ballykinler, Crannog at, 390
Ballylough, Crannog at, 390
Bally-na-huish Castle, 487
Ballywoolen, Crannog at, 390
Banchory L., Crannog in, 443, 484
Bardello, Lake-dwelling of, 197
Barean L., Crannog in, 443
Barhapple L., Crannog in, 436, 443
Barlockhart L., Crannog in, 443, 447
Barnsallzie L., Crannog in, 443
Barnwall, Mr., 352
BarthelÉmy, M., on Coins from La TÈne, 296
Barton Mere, Pile-dwellings in, 457
Basins of bronze. (See Dishes.)
BÂtons de commandement, 531
Battaerd, Mr., on terpen, 335, 338
Battle-axe, 371, 374
Battleknowes, Crannog at, 443
Bauschanze, Lake-dwelling at, 8, 12
Baye, Baron de, on trepanning, 537
Bayern, M., on lake-dwellings in Asia Minor, 553
Bayonet of iron, etc., 393
Beads of amber. (See Amber.)
——, of burnt clay, ornamented, 156
——, Enamelled, from Toome Bar, 488
——, of glass. (See Glass.)
——, of glass or vitreous paste, 208, 292, 357, 373,
386, 401, 417, 425, 434, 435
——, of glass, with bronze tube, 402
——, of Jura limestone, 136
——, like coral from Schussenried, 151
Beams, Wooden mortised, 10, 97, 138, 213, 405, 422, 437, 447, 476
——, in steinbergs, 21, 142
——, tied with birch thongs, 328
Beaver, 51, 70, 76, 128, 156, 163, 182, 185, 194, 317, 329, 474
——, Rubbing implement made of jawbone of, 74
Beaver-traps, 179-184
Beaulieu, Lake-dwelling at, 88
Beauregard, Comte de, 95
Behla, Dr., on BurgwÄlle, 332
Bell (bronze) found on Lough-na-Glack, 359
Bell-like object from Lake Bourget, 101 (Fig. 21, No. 5)
Bellanda, Terramara of, 269, 271
Bellerive, Lake-dwelling at, 90
Bellevue, Lake-dwel enberg@html@files@48514@48514-h@48514-h-10.htm.html#Page_194" class="pginternal">194, 200, 204, 213, 534, 550
Castellaccio, Terramara at, 250, 269
Castelnuovo, Terramara at, 249
Castiglione di Marano, Terramara at, 271
Castione, Terramara at, and investigations in, 248, 252
Castle Loch, Crannog at, 444
Castleforbes, Crannog at, 390
Castlefore L., Crannog in, 390
Castletown, Crannog at, 444
Cat, Remains of, 156, 238, 264
——, Domestic, not in Swiss lake-dwellings, 535
Caucasus, Lake-dwellings in, 553
Cauldron (bronze), 444
——, (iron), 386, 392, 393
Causeways to crannogs, 395
——, submerged, 446, 449
Cavazzocca, Sig. Alberto, 219, 227
Cavedoni on terremare, 248
Cazalis de Fondouce, M., 95
Cazzago-Brabbia, Lake-dwelling of, 195
CÉligny, Lake-dwelling at, 88
Celts, bronze, passim, in early lake-dwellings, 517
——, ——, flat forms only in Transition period, 84, 85, 93, 514
——, ——, with cutting edge parallel to wings, 13,

43, 143
——, ——, socketed with loop transverse to cutting edge, 59, 91, 100
——, ——, from crannogs, etc., 316, 319, 386, 393, 411
——, Copper, 16, 30, 40, 114, 128, 130, 139, 141, 160, 177, 198, 512-516
——, ——, with double-cutting edge, 33, 523
——, of flint, 47, 136, 139, 145, 308, 310, 321
——, Iron, socketed, and with loop, 388
——, of stone, 501, et passim, in early lake-dwellings
—— ——, Mounting of, 501
—— ——, with double-cutting edge, 214
—— ——, from crannogs, 386, 393, 394, 411
Cend L., Crannog in, 393
Chable À Perron, Lake-dwelling at, 60
Chains (iron), 290, 300, 351, 368
Chalmers, Mr. George, on Scottish Crannogs, 396
Chamblandes, Sepulchres of lake-dwellers at, 541
Chamblon Mount, Lake-dwellings at foot of, 59
Champ Martin, Lake-dwelling at, 66
ChamprÉveyres, Lake-dwelling at, 42, 516
Chantre, M. E., 95, 299, 553
Chariot, 63, 64, 524, 527, 548
Charpignat, Lake-dwelling at, 97
ChÂtaignier, Lake-dwelling at, 88
ChÂteau Beauregard, Lake-dwelling at, 90
ChÂtelard (Bevaix), Lake-dwelling at, 52
——, sur Lutry, Sepulchres at, 542
Chatillon (Bourget), Lake-dwellings at, 96
——, (Annecy), Lake-dwelling at, 104
Cheseaux, Lake-dwelling at, 60
Chevroux, Lake-dwellings at, 64, 527
Chez les Moines, Lake-dwelling at, 53
Chiavichetto, Terramara at, 267
Chierici on terremare, 248, 249, 269, 271, 276, 338
Chimneys of ovens, 538
Chisels (La TÈne), 288
Chloromelanite, 65, 135, 141, 144, 193, 200, 507
Christian relics found on crannogs, 451
Cimbe L., Crannog in, 392, 492
Circular stones, Perforated, 114, 157, 163, 198
CitÉ de Geneve, Lake-dwelling of, 89
Clairvaux, Lake-dwelling of, 104
Clasps of bronze, 522
Clay weights, kidney-shaped, 214
Cleland, Professor, 451
Clement, Dr., 51, 53
Clendy, Lake-dwelling at, 60
Clogherny, Crannog at, 390
Cloncorick L., Crannog in, 390
Cloneygonnell. (See Tonymore.)
Cloonbo L., Crannogs in, 390
Cloonboniagh L., Crannog in, 391
Cloonfinlough, Crannogs in, 366-368, 391
Cloonfinnen L., Crannog in, 391
Cloonfree L., Crannogs in, 365, 391
Cloonturk L., Crannogs in, 391
Closeburn, Remains at, 445
Cloth, Impressions of, 386, 498
Cloughwater, Crannog in, 391
Clunie L., Crannog in, 445
Coal-Bog, Crannog in, 378, 391, 489
Cogozzo, Terramara at, 261
Coins, 12, 31, 60, 190, 195, 218, 226, 281, 294,
342, 366, 395, 403, 432, 462, 543, 549
Cold Ash Common, Pile structures at, 467
Collessie, remains at, 445
Colomb, Mr., 87
Colombier, Lake-dwelling at, 42
Comabbio L., Remains in, 201
Combs of bone or horn, 32, 141, 226, 317, 340, 359, 366, 369, 373, 431, 446
——, for comparison with those from Scottish crannogs, 453
——, Mode of making, 504
——, of bronze, 16, 72, 224, 341, 355, 522
——, of wood, 55, 64, 75, 216, 302, 352, 446, 499
Commandostab, 319
Commerce among lake-dwellers, 533
Concise, Lake-dwellings at, 54, 523, 537
Conjux, Lake-dwelling at, 95
Constance, Lake of, 124-146
——, Lake-dwellings in Bay of, 133
Conturabia, Lake-dwellings in peat moor of, 209
Coolcranoge, Crannog at, 391
Coolnaman, Antique wooden machine found at, 182
Copper Age, Theory of, examined, 512-516
——, Objects of, 13, 16, 30, 33, 34, 40, 48, 49, 66, 81, 104,
114, 128, 130, 139, 141, 146, 147, 160, 177, 198
Coppet, Lake-dwelling at, 88
Coppi, Professor, on terramara of Gorzano, 248, 262
Coral, 151, 315
CorbiÈre, La, Lake-dwellings at, 63
Corcelettes, Lake-dwellings at, 57, 523, 525, 526, 534
Corcreevy, Crannog at, 359, 391
Cordenons, Professor, on lake-dwellings at ArquÀ-Petrarca, 230
Cornalia, Sig., 186, 276
Cornaseer, Crannog at, 391
Corncockle, Crannog at, 445
Correction des Eaux du Jura, 20-24
Corrib L., Stone-dwellings in, 391
Cortaillod, Lake-dwellings at, 44, 521, 523, 529
Costa de Beauregard, Le Comte, on age of the palafittes in the Lake of Bourget, 99
Cot L., Crannog in, 445
Cottbus, Quern from, 315
CoudrÉ, Lake-dwelling at, 93
Coulters of iron, 359
Counter of bone, 300
Crahay, Professor, 305
Craigywarren, Crannog at, 391
Crane Island, 395
Craniology of Swiss lake-dwellers, 537
Crannagh L., 391
——, Macknavin, 391, 486
Crannog-boy, 391
Crannog Mac Samhradhain, 391
Crannog-nan-Duini, 391
Crannogs, Irish, 349
——, ——, List of, 389-395
——, ——, attacked by the English, 481, 482
——, Scottish, Discovery of, 396
——, ——, List of, 442-449
——, ——, Critical examination of relics from, 449
——, ——, Celtic origin of, 452
——, in Scotland and Ireland, Late occupancy of, 481
—— —— ——, relation to ethnology, 489
—— —— ——, Antiquity of, 486
—— —— ——, Structure of, 475
—— —— ——, Access to, 477
—— —— ——, General remarks on, 494
Cranokis, name given to crannogs in Scottish annals, 486
Creenagh L., Crannog in, 391
Crescents, 12, 18 (et passim)
——, as religious emblems, 532
——, of stone, 25
Crespellani Cav., 248, 256
CrÊt, Lake-dwelling at, 42
Creuse la (Crasaz), Lake-dwelling at, 63
Creux de la Dullive, Lake-dwellings at, 88
——, de Tougues, Lake-dwellings at, 90
Croix gammÉe, 385, 415
Cross, Form of, on pottery, 234
——, Greek form of, on a piece of wood, 446
——, of tin, 224, 523
——, Sculptured, 392
Crossbow, Bolts of, 431
Crowland, Lake-dwelling at, 459
Croy, Crannog at, 445
Crozier (brass), 374
Crucibles, 18, 89, 114, 123, 160, 174, 370, 373,
???376, 387, 391, 392, 417, 430, 436, 523
Cudrefin, Lake-dwelling at, 66
——, Canoes at, 481
Cuirass, 389
Cullina, Crannog at, 391
Cully, Lake-dwelling at, 86
Cups of bronze, 48, 63, 71, 290, 385, 522
——, of horn, 82, 114, 28
Federatt, Remains at, 445
Federsee, Lake-dwellings in, 147
Feldbach, Lake-dwelling at, 130
Fell L., Crannog in, 445
Fellenberg, Dr. von, 26, 27, 31, 34, 36, 70, 511, 546
Felsite, Implements of, 65
Fence Wood, Dwellings in ponds at, 468
Fenland, Lake-dwellings in, 459
Fergus L., Crannog in, 445
Fergusson, Sir James, 419
Fermanagh, Crannogs in, 375
Ferrule of brass, 414
FibulÆ, 16, 28, 48, 63, 66, 102, 138, 142, 156, 197, 198, 203,
???205, 213, 224, 226, 290, 323, 329, 342, 393, 415, 543, 546
——, of Bronze Age, 521
——, of Scandinavian type, 58, 534
Figures of animals of clay, 25, 59, 160,

533
——, of bronze, 90, 138, 296, 533
File of bronze, 97
——, of iron, 288
Fimon, Lake-dwelling of, 227
Findruine, Brooch of, 376
Finger rings of gold, 432
Fiollets, les, Lake-dwelling at, 97
Fischbach, Lake-dwelling at, 144
Fischer on distribution of jade, 507
Fish-hooks of Stone Age, 75, 127, 141, 176, 504
——, of bronze, 16, 48, 72, et passim
——, in La TÈne, 290
Fish-spears of horn, with two or four prongs, 136
——, of bronze, 221
——, of iron, 290
Flax-combs, 13, 48, 66, 79, 127, 131
Flemington L., Crannog in, 445
Flint, Objects of, in British lake-dwellings, 378, 391,
392, 411, 422, 430, 436, 458, 473
Flon, Lake-dwelling at, 87
Flora of Swiss lake-dwellings, 536
Flute of bone, 343
Font, Lake-dwelling at, 60
Fontanellato, terramara of Iron Age at, 275
Fontega, Wooden machines from, 181
Foreign objects in lake-dwellings, 524
Forel, Lake-dwelling at, 64
Forel, M., 83
Forel, Dr., on stations in Lake of Geneva, 83-93
——, on sepulchres near Morges, 540
Forfar L., Remains in, 445, 483
Forgeries of objects in Switzerland, 64
Fork, Iron, 64, 543
Forrer, Mr. R., on copper objects, 514, 527
Fort L., Crannog in, 392
Foster, Mr. W. K., 190
Founders of lake-dwellings, 552
Foundry materials, 18, 28, 44, 89, 98, 174, 523
Fourdrignier, M., on Gaulish cemetery, 546
Fox, General Lane (Pitt-Rivers), 460
Fraas, Professor, on fauna from Schussenried, 151
Frai d'Aigue, Lake-dwelling at, 87
Frank, OberfÖrster, 147, 152, 502, 509
Franks, Mr., on pottery from pile-structures in London, 461
——, on "late Celtic" remains, 551
Frauenpfahl, Lake-dwelling at, 135
Freiburg, Jade at, 508
Freuchie L., Crannog in, 445
Freudenberg, Dr., 217
Friar's Carse, Crannog at, 438, 445
Friedrichsbruch Moor, Wooden machine found in, 180
Fromm, Herr, 307
Fruits from lake-dwellings, 536
Fry's Island, 391
Fullah L., Crannog in, 445
Funshinagh L., Crannog in, 392
Fuschlsee, Lake-dwelling in, 164, 492
Gabiule, Lake-dwelling at, 90
Gaff tipped with iron, 290
GÄgelow, Lake-dwelling at, 310
Gaienhofen, Lake-dwelling at, 133
Galbally, Crannog at, 392
Gallo-Roman remains, 31, 96, 108
Gangways, 407, 421, 437, 446, 477
Garda, Lake of, 216-227, 536
Gastaldi, Professor, 186, 206, 239
Gauls in North Italy, 549
Geneva, Lake of, Stations in, 82-94
Gerlafingen (Gerofin), Lake-dwellings at, 28, 511
Geserichsee, Lake-dwellings in, 325
Giacometti, Dr., 266
Gillespie, Rev. James, 480
Gimlet of iron, 300
Girdles, 16, 28
Guile L., Crannog in, 392
Gladiator, The dying, 293
Glass L., Stone island in, 445
Glass, 16, 28, 30, 45, 52, 53, 57, 58, 68, 77, 78, 102, 134, 142,
156, 192, 226, 292, 342, 392, 402, 417, 425, 434, 446, 543
——, bracelets, 293, 402, 446, 549
——, of the 6th or 7th century, 543
——, slag, 345
——, with gold enamel, 139
Glebe island, Crannog of, 389
Glencar L., Crannogs in, 392
Gletterens, Lake-dwelling at, 66
Goiran, Mr. A., 536
Gok-chai, Lake of, 553
Gold, Objects of, 16, 31, 53, 57, 63, 68, 432, 522
——, in crucible, 430
——, as mounting on a bronze spear, 487
——, on a dagger, 444
——, Coins of, 295, 342, 432
——, Pins of, 393
——, Torque of, 293
Gortalough, Crannog of, 392
Gorzano, Terramara of, 262, 264
Gosse, Dr., 89
Gottolengo, Terramara of, 267
Gouge (iron), 413
Grain, Enormous quantity of found at Wangen, 127
——, Cultivation of, 497
Grainger, Canon, 380
Grands Roseaux (Paladru), Lake-dwelling of, 298
Granech L., Crannog in, 445
Grangier, Professor, 60, 63, 66
Grantstown, Crannog at, 392
Grapes. (See Vine.)
Graseren, Lake-dwelling at, 25
Graves, Mr., on inscribed pins from Ballinderry, 361
Greaves and other mediÆval objects, 316
Green Knowe, 445
Green L., Crannog in, 392
Greifensee, Lake-dwelling in, 123
Greng-Insel, Lake-dwelling of, 69
Greng-MÜhle, Lake-dwelling of, 70
Gresine, Lake-dwelling at, 96
Greybeards, 359
Grigor, Dr., 390
Grindstones found on Crannogs, 376, 393, 429
Grose's antiquities of Scotland quoted, 440
Gross, Dr., 26, 28, 31, 36, 40, 44, 57, 497, 498, 507, 510, 526, 539
Gross Moos, 21, 22, 67, 278
Grosser-Hafner, Lake-dwelling of, 8, 10, 527, 543
Grossesee, Lake-dwelling in, 323
Gueglie, 204
Guevaux, Lake-dwelling at, 73
Gun-barrel, 359
——, locks, 386
Guns, 389
Gundolzen, Lake-dwelling at, 133
Gur L., Crannog in, 358, 392, 487
Gynag L., Crannog in, 445
Hackett L., Crannog in, 392, 492
Hadrian, Coin of, 366
Hafting stone celts, method of, 125, 501
Hagenow, Mr. von, on lake-dwellings at Ryck, 312
Hagneck, Lake-dwelling at, 30
Hagnau, Lake-dwelling at, 144
Hag's Castle, 394
Haltnau, Lake-dwelling at, 144, 498
Hammers of bronze, 16, 29, 44, 59, 63, 98, 100
——, of iron, 288, 374, 401
Hammer-stones, 114, 422, et passim
Hargham Mere, 467
Harp, Portions of, 361, 369, 378
Harpoon of bone, 26, 37, et passim
—— ——, with one barb, 97
——, of bronze, 221
——, of iron, 142, 543
Hartmann, Dr., on structure of Wurthen, 347
Hatchets of flint. (See Celts.)
——, of bronze, Evolution of, 517
——, of iron, 286, 300, 315, 317, 318, 323, 331,
???351, 354, 366, 386, 413, 431, 461
Haumessergrund, 10
Hauterive, Lake-dwelling at, 41, 529
Hay, Mr. Robert, 425
Hayes, Mr., 360
Hearths, 365, 407, 420, 437, 446, 452
Hearthstones, 394
Heer, Professor, 498, 536
Hegar, Lake of, 313
Hegne, Lake-dwelling at, 132
Heierli, Mr., 527, 541
Heimenlachen, Lake-dwellings at, 123
Helbig, Mr., 249, 552
Helmet, 316
——, Supposed ornament for, 498, 507
Jahn, Mr., 75, 498, 550
Javelins, La TÈne forms, 285
Jeitteles, Mr., 164
Jenner, Mr., 32, 74
Jet, Objects of, 59, 417, 425, 434, 436, 437, 473, 474, 519
Jones, Professor T. Rupert, 467
Jones, Rev. Harry, 457
Joristown, Crannog at, 393
Jura Lakes, Investigations in, 20
Kamienski, Major, 317
Kasiski, Major, 313
Keiser, Mr., 74
Keller, Dr., 3, 7, 49, 51, 62, 111, 281, 297, 505, 511, 534, 551
"Keller," or Del Gaggio, Lake-dwelling of, 195
Kelly, Mr., on Ardakillen crannog, 368
KemÉnytetÖ, Terramara of, 168
Kerkhoffs, M., on the "Crahay jaw," 305
Kesswil, Lake-dwelling at, 144
Keutschachersee, Lake-dwellings in, 168
Keys, 300, 302, 389, 393, 423, 543
Kielziebar L., Crannog in, 445
Kilbirnie L., Crannog in,

446
Kilchonan, Island in loch of, 446
Kilglass, Crannog at, 393
Kilknock, Crannog at, 393
Killynure, Crannog at, 393
Kilmore, Crannog at, 393
Kilnamaddo. (See Coal-bog.)
Kinahan, Mr. G. H., 374, 476, 486, 492
Kinder L., Crannog in, 446
Kinellan L., Crannog in, 446
King, Captain Cooper, on remains in drained lake, 467
Kinord. (See Caumor.)
Kirkor, Mr. Adam, 324
Kleiner Hafner, Lake-dwelling of, 8
Klemm, Mr. Hofrath, on glass, 142, 543
Kloppsee, Lake-dwelling in, 318
Knife of bronze, with handle containing less tin, 93
—— ——, Remarkable form of, 523
Knives of bronze, passim
—— ——, Double-edged, 221
—— ——, Elegance of, 518
—— ——, socketed, rare in Eastern Switzerland, 102, 518
—— ——, and iron, 70, 544
——, of flint, half-moon shaped, 157, 534
——, of iron (La TÈne), 288
—— ——, Remarkable forms of, 156
Knobs of bone ornamented, 431
Knockany, Crannog at, 393
Kocksee, Lake-dwelling in, 325, 328
Kohn and Mehlis, MM., 323
Koller, Lake-dwelling at, 80
Kollmann, Professor, on human remains, 18, 130, 536
Komorowo, Lake-dwelling at, 323
Kopp, The Brothers, 45
Kostersitz, Captain V., 218
Kowalewo, Lake-dwelling at, 325
Kownatkensee, Lake-dwelling at, 325, 327
KrÄhenried, Lake-dwelling at, 124
Kreuzlingen, Lake-dwelling at, 133, 145
KuczorgÓ (TÓszeg), Terramara of, 166
KÜhne, Mr., 316
Kwaczala, Lake-dwelling at, 324
Lachmann, Dr., 139, 141, 142
Ladders, 37, 213
Ladle of iron, 290, 355
Laggan L., Crannog in, 446
Lagiewnicki, Lake-dwelling at, 323
——, pottery of BurgwÄlle type, found at, 323
Lagore, Crannog of, 349, 350, 393
Lagozza, Lake-dwelling in, 212, 500
Laibach-Moor, Lake-dwellings in, 169, 498, 500, 507, 513, 533
Lake, Artificial, in Galloway, 445
Lake-dwellers of Europe, their culture and civilisation, 495
—— ——, Early, not Celtic, 550
Lake-dwellings of Stone Age, Area of, 497
—— ——, of North Germany related with BurgwÄlle, 317, 329, 332
—— ——, in Italy, 186
—— ——, of Bronze Age, 516; diminish in number, but increase in size, 538
—— ——, of Iron Age show no Transition period, 542
—— ——, British and Continental, Difference in structure of, 492
—— ——, liable to conflagrations, 496
—— ——, of Slavish period, 493
—— ——, Absence of in Spain and Northern Europe, 493
Lake stone-dwellings, 374, 441
Lakes, Filling up of, 110
Lamplugh, Mr., on changes in watershed of Holderness, 469
Lance-handles, Mountings of, 285, 384
——, heads (La TÈne), 284
—— ——, of Bronze Age, 516
Landerdon, Lake-dwelling at, 36
Landschlacht, Lake-dwelling at, 145
Landstuhl, Lake-dwelling at, 303
Lane L., Crannog in, 393
Lankorsz, Lake-dwelling at, 325
Lapos-halom, Terramara at, 166
"Late Celtic" period, 549
Lattmoor, Lake-dwelling in, 306
Lattringen, Lake-dwelling at, 26, 510
Lazise, Lake-dwelling at, 238
Lead, 16, 57, 415, 423
——, Bracelet of, 300
——, Pendant of, 224
——, Pigs of, 16, 57, 342
Leather, 315, 316, 347, 402, 417, 434, 461
Lecco, Lake of, 203
Ledaig, Crannog at, 446
Leesborough, Crannog at, 393
Leiner, Mr., 133, 136, 141
Leipzig, Jade found near, 508
Lenaghan, Crannog at, 393
Lepkowsky, Professor, 321
Les Uttins, Lake-dwelling at, 59
Letten, Remarkable find at, 19
Leven L., Pile-structure in, 446, 492
Ley, Mr., 136
Leys, Loch of, Crannog in, 443, 484
Lignite. (See Jet.)
Ligurians, 194
Lime, Carbonate of, 151
Limmat, Objects found in bed of, 20
Linch pins, 293
Lindau, Lake-dwelling at, 144
Lindenschmit, Professor, 303, 306
—— ——, on bone skates, 462
Lioy, Sig. P., on Lake-dwellings at Fimon, 227
Lisch, Dr., 306, 312, 330
Lisanisk, Island of, 358, 393
Lisnacroghera, Crannog at, 379, 393
Llangorse, Lake of, Crannog in, 464, 490
Llyn Savathan, 465
Lochanacrannog, 393
Loch-an-Eilan, 448, 483
Lochavoullin, Crannog in, 448
Lochindorb, Crannog in, 447, 483
Loch-inch-Cryndil, Crannog in, 446
Loch-in-Dunty, Crannog in, 446
Lochlea, Crannog in, 393
Lochlee, Crannog of, 403, 447
——, Age of crannog, 488
——, Canoe found at, 479
——, Gangway to, 407
——, Relics from, 411
——, Structure of, 406
——, Structure of island, 409
Lochmaben, Crannog in, 447
Loch-na-mial, Crannog in, 447
Loch-of-the-Clans, Crannogs in, 446
Lochore, Crannog at, 447
Lochrutton, Crannog in, 447
Lochspouts, Crannog in, 418
Lochwood, Remains at, 447
Lochy L., Crannog in, 447
Lock, Portions of, 300, 354, 431, 445
Locras, Lake-dwellings at, 31, 33, 498, 510, 513, 536, 537
LÖhle, Herr Casper, 124
Lomond L., Remains in, 447
London, Pile structures in, 460, 490
Lonkorreckersee, Lake-dwellings in, 325
Lorenz, Mr., 216
"Lo Spariss," 201
Lotus L., Crannog in, 447, 480
Loughannaderriga, Crannog in, 393
Loughavarra, Crannog in, 393
Loughavilly, Crannog in, 393
Lough Cam, Stone-dwellings in, 393
Loughinsholin, Crannog in, 393
Lough MacHugh, Crannog in, 364
Loughmagarry, Crannog in, 393
Lough-na-Glack, 358, 393
Lough Oughter, Crannogs in, 393
Loughran's Island, 393
Loughrea, Crannogs in, 374, 393, 487
Loughtamend, Crannog of, 393
Loughtown L., Crannogs in, 364, 393
LÜbbinchenersee, Lake-dwellings in, 317
Lubbock, Sir John, on Scottish lake-dwellings, 491
LÜbtowsee, Lake-dwellings in, 315
Ludwigshafen, Lake-dwellings at, 138
Luissel, Lake of, Remains in, 94, 516
Luschan, Mr. Von., 166
LÜscherz. (See Locras.)
Lutzelstetten, Lake-dwelling at, 135
Lyell, Sir Charles, 305
Lynch L., Crannog in, 393
Mace, or perforated stone ball, 163
Macfadzean, Mr. James, 419
Machermore L., Crannogs in, 447
Machine for boring stones, 40, 505
MacHugh L., Crannog in, 394
Mackinlay, Mr. J., 396
Maclagan, Miss, 443
Macnean L., Crannogs in, 394
Maestricht, Lake-dwelling at, 304
Maggi, Leopoldi, Professor, 202
Maggiolino, Lake-dwelling at, 205
Magnin, M., 88
Malahide Castle, Objects from Lagore at, 355
Malcomson, Dr., 372
Mallets, Wooden, 107, 411
Mammern, Lake-dwelling at, 130
Man Island, 395
Mann, Mr., 307, 311
MÄnnedorf, Lake-dwelling at, 4, 18
Manacles, 355, 359
Manorhamilton, Crannog at, 394
Mantovani, Sig., on terremare, 249
Manzell, Lake-dwelling at, 144
Mapleton, Rev. R. I., 445
Marble, Ornaments of, 162
Marbles, Round stones like, 296
Margarethen, Lake-dwelling at, 76
Mariazell, Lake-dwelling at, 76
Marine dwellings, 311, 333, 389, 443
Marinoni, Dr. Camillo, 188, 197, 205, 267
Markelfingen, Lake-dwelling at, 132
Marlacoo, Crannog at, 394
Marmirolo, Terramara of Iron Age at, 276
Marne, Graves of La TÈne period in, 546
Marsh-dwelling at Bordeaux, 108
Martinati, Cav., 218, 238
Marzabotto, Gallic graves at, 550
Mask L., Stone-dwelling in, 394
Matthys, M. Ed., 34
Mattirolo, Professor, 273
Maurach, Lake-dwelling at, 141, 507, 533
Maxwell, Sir William, 398
——, Sir Herbert, 434, 490
Mayence, Lake-dwelling at, 303
Mehlis, Mr. C., 303
Meimart, Lake-dwelling at, 97
Melvin L., Crannog in, 394
Mercurago, Lake-dwelling at, 186, 206
Meres of Norfolk and Suffolk, 524
——, of jet, 425, 451
——, of lead, 224
——, Phallic, 210
——, Remarkable form of, 520
Pendants of bronze, 519, passim
People of Bronze Age, 536, 538
Percolators, 68, 234, 529
Perforation of stones and horn, 174, 504
Perrin, M., on Lake Bourget, 95, 97
Persanzig, Lake-dwelling at, 313
——, Wooden structures at, 314, 478
Peschiera, Lake-dwelling at, 216, 220, 224, 521
Petrie, Dr., 349
——, Mr. Flinders, 502
Peruzzi, Mr. Martin, 170
PfÄffikon, Lake of, 111
Pfeffer, Dr., on animal remains from Wurthen, 346
PhalerÆ, 527
Phallic pendant, 210
Phasis, Lake-dwellings in, 553
Philip of Macedon, Coins of, 296
Pianta, La, Lake-dwelling at, 61
Piceno, Terremare in district of, 270
Picks of horn, 473
Pierra-Portay, Sepulchres at, 542
Pierre de Cour, Lake-dwelling at,

87
Pigments, 417, 542
Pigorini, Professor, 166, 224, 238, 251, 254, 270, 336, 478
Pile-driver of wood, 45
Pile-dwellings known in Britain, 446, 492
Pile-structures in W. Friesland, 334
Piles with iron spikes, 209
Pillichordy, Captain, swords found by, 55
Pin of bone ornamented, 431
——, of bronze with glass setting, 432
Pins, passim
——, double-stemmed, 30, 63, 292
——, of bronze, horn, and silver, 63
——, varieties of, 522
Pins with cup-shaped heads, 14, 71
——, with wheel-shaped heads, 102, 227
——, with disc-shaped and spiral heads, 224, 226
Pin-holders, 521
Pincers of bronze, 290, 518
Pipes, 296, 359, 374
Pirn-shaped objects of clay, 18, 25, 76, 143
Pleyte, Dr., 335
Pliny on the Chauci, 333
Plongeon, Lake-dwelling at, 544
Plunket, Mr., on remains in coal-bog, 378
Poel, Island of, 311
Poignard of iron, 85
Pointe de la Bise, Lake-dwelling at, 90
Pointers of bone, passim
——, double-pointed, 163
Polada, Lake-dwelling at, 232, 500, 502, 513
Pole (wooden) of carriage, 293
Polishing implements of bone and horn, 128, 177
—— ——, of stone, Peculiar forms of, 193, 201
Pont de la Thielle, Lake-dwelling at, 39
Pont, Mr. Timothy, 435
Ponti, Sig., 190, 195
Poppy, Cakes made of seeds of, 536
Port, Lake-dwelling at, 38, 52, 103
Portalban, Lake-dwelling at, 66
Portemonnaie, 16, 66
Porto di Pacengo, Lake-dwellings at, 219
Potin, Coins of, 296
Pot (iron) of a triangular shape, 389
——, hangers, 290
Pots of bronze and iron, 290
Potsdam, Jade found at, 508
Potter's wheel, 290, 315
Pottery, passim
——, of Bronze Age, 528
——, Mended, 121, 529
——, of Stone Age, 499
——, Toy dishes of, 530
——, ornamented with birch bark, 75, 499
—— ——, with string marks, 25, 34, 66, 328
—— ——, with impression like fern-leaves, 103
—— ——, with potter's fingers, 58
—— ——, with plaited reed-work, 190
—— ——, with pitted impressions, 441
——, with incised lines for receiving white substances, 68, 160, 172
——, with several colours in panels, 102
——, with tin strips, 529
——, suggestive of being made on wheel, 134, 166, 302, 417
——, with Roman name stamped on it, 544
——, with graffiti, 553
Poulson, Mr., on changes in Holderness, 469
PourtalÉs, Count, 67, 69
Pozzolo, Lake-dwellings at, 201
Pragatto, Terramara at, 271
Prasias, Pile-dwellings in Lake of, 553
Probchensee, Lake-dwellings in, 325, 328
Promenthoux, Lake-dwellings at, 88
Przezdiecki, Count, 323
Przyborowski, Professor, 324
Pulszky, F. von, on Copper Age, 512
Pupikofer, Rev. Mr., 118
Puschacher, Lake-dwelling at, 163
Pusiano, Pile-dwellings in Lake of, 204
Pustenga, Torbiera di, 198
Quaglia, Sig. G., 189, 198, 200
——, Dr. B., 197
——, Sig. Angelo, 198
Querns (handmills), 26, 308, 311, 315, 345, 351, 357, 359,
365, 372, 376, 390, 392, 394, 395, 403, 411, 422, 430
Quertz, Lake-dwelling at, 325
Quien L., Crannog in, 448
Rabut, M., on palafittes in Lake Bourget, 95
Raddatzsee, Burgwall in, 315
Raeber, Mr. B., 123, 124
Rahan's L., Crannog in, 394
Rambotti, Dr., on Polada, 227, 233
Ramor, L., Crannog in, 394
Ranchet Abate, 188
"Ranchet," Lake-dwelling of, 197
Rannoch L., Crannog in, 448
"Rapax," Mark of 21st legion, 208
Rattles of earthenware, 528
Rau, Dr. L. von, 527
Rauenegg, Lake-dwelling at, 133
Rautenburg, Dr., on animal remains from Terpen, 346
Ravel L., Crannog in, 370, 394
Ravenstone L., Crannog in, 448
Razor hammered out of fragment of a bracelet, 48, 58
——, Double-bladed, 58, 221
——, in wooden case, 71
——, with curved handle, 66
Razors of bronze, 518, et passim
——, of iron, La TÈne, 288
Reerasta, Chalice from, 451
Reeves, Dr., on structure of a crannog, 475
Regazzoni, Professor, 189, 195, 203, 213
Regensburg, Large ornamented ring from 533
Reindeer, Horns of, 136, 312, 316, 328, 331, 467, 488
Religion of lake-dwellers, 531
Reniform rings, 84, 531
Rescobie L., Crannog in, 448
Restaurant Lacustre, Objects at, 96, 102
Revilliod, M., 88, 93
Revon, M., 93, 95
Rey, M. Henri, 61
Riedsee, Lake-dwelling in, 122
Rigaux, M., 303
Ring-supports of clay for dishes, 523
——, tubes, 531
Rings, Large hollow bronze (ornamented), 16, 45, 71, 532
——, of bone and bronze, passim
Rinn L., Crannogs in, 394
Rion, Lake-dwellings in, 553
Robenhausen, Lake-dwelling at, 111, 498, 504, 507, 509, 513, 523, 536
Robertson, Dr. J., on Scottish crannogs, 396, 447, 483
Robinson, Mr., on crannogs in Lough Mourne, 386
Rocca di Garda, Lake-dwellings at, 219
Rochat, M., 54, 60
Rock-crystal, Objects of, 157, 193, 425, 451
Roediger, Mr., on jade at Freiburg, 508
Rolle, Lake-dwelling at, 87
Rolleston, Professor, 451, 467, 488
Roman remains, 12, 20, 30, 31, 50, 53, 60, 63, 66, 67, 73, 77,
???96, 103, 130, 138, 190, 195, 218, 278, 290, 342, 543
——, pottery, Manufacture of, 96
——, with inscriptions, 96, 130
Romanshorn, Lake-dwelling at, 144
Romer, Dr., on terremare in Hungary, 167
Rose, Mr. C. B., on osseous remains from various meres, 467
Roseaux (Morges), Lake-dwelling of, 85, 514
Roselet, Lake-dwelling at, 104
Ross L., Crannog in, 395
Roteglia, Terramara of, 250
Roth, Mr., 73
Rothfarb, Lake-dwelling at, 145
Rothiemurchus L., Crannog in, 448
Roughan L., Crannog in, 357, 395, 487
Round Island, 391
Roundlets of human skulls, 537
Rouskey L., Crannog in, 395
Rousselet, M., 52, 53
Runic writing on horn pins, 363
RÜtimeyer, Professor, 534, 535
Ryck, Lake-dwelling at, 312
Rye found at Peschiera, 218
Sabione, Lake-dwelling at, 200
SÄblenadeln, 527
Sacken, Baron von, 170, 218
Saham Mere, 467
Salt-mining at Salzburg, 502
Samian ware (terra sigillata), 12, 142, 340, 403, 417, 423, 434, 461
Samow, Moor of, 180
Sandstone blocks with cavities, 429
San Felice di Scovola, Lake-dwelling at, 219
San Giovanni del Bosco, 210
San Martino, Torbiera di, 210
Sanquhar, Black Loch of, 449, 477
Sauge, La, Lake-dwelling at, 67
Saussurite, Implements of, 65, 141
Saut, Le, Lake-dwelling at, 97
Saverough, Knowe of, 453
Saws of bronze, 436
St. Andreas, Lake-dwelling at, 80
St. Aubin, Lake-dwelling at, 53
St. Blaise, Lake-dwelling at, 40, 513, 523
St. Catherina, Lake-dwelling at, 139
St. Jean, Lake-dwelling at, 36
St. John's L., Crannogs in, 395
St. Prex, Lake-dwelling at, 87
——, Graves at, 540
Starnberg, Lake-dwelling of, 153, 526, 543
Steatite, 216, 270, 276
Steckborn, Lake-dwelling at, 130, 498
Stefani, Cav. Stefano de, 219-226
Steinberg, passim
Stirrup of iron, 316
Stone Age, Implements of, 500-502
—— ——, Three periods of, 49, 510
——, building over the Isle of the Loch of Banchory, 485
——, carved with devices, 393
——, circular and flat like a cheese, 411
——, disc, showing commencement of perforation, 174
Stone implements, with hollowed surfaces, 391, 448
——, lake-dwellings, 374, 441
Stones, Method of perforating, 504
——, Sawing of, 505
——, with curious scratchings, 216
Stool (wooden) with six legs, 238
Stoppani, Professor, 187, 197, 200, 203,

219
Stradonic, La TÈne objects at, 549
Stravithy, Crannog at, 449
Streitzigsee, Piles in, 315
Strobel, Professor, 240, 250, 273, 535
Strokestown crannogs, 365
Structure of crannogs, 475
Structures, Submerged, 300, 314, 316, 317, 318, 326, 327
Stuart, Dr., 397, 447
Studer, Dr., 534, 536
Studs of bronze, 16, 24, 45, 72, 227, 522
Styria, Jade found in, 508
Submarine crannogs, 389, 443
Sugiez-Zollhaus, Lake-dwelling at, 73
Sunonness L., Crannog in, 449
Surenbach, Lake-dwelling at, 18
SÜsstrunk, Mr., 67, 70, 71
Sutz, Lake-dwelling at, 25, 511, 536, 543
Swan Island, 104
——, Knowe, 425
Swastika, 385, 415, 538
Swords of bronze, 13, 28, 31, 33, 44, 47, 55, 58, 64, 83, 92,
94, 97, 99, 130, 144, 177, 211, 319, 487, 516
——, partly of bronze and partly of iron, 31, 516
——, with spiral handles, 516
——, of iron, 28, 139, 282, 316, 351, 354, 371, 382, 393, 543-552
Sword-needles, 12, 16, 28, 85, 527
Sydney, Lord, attacks an Irish crannog, 481
SzÉchenyi, Count, 164
SzelevÉny, Terramara at, 168
Szontagsee, Lake-dwelling in, 325, 328
Table of oak (Wangen), 127
Talbot, Lord, on Lagore crannog, 352, 354
Talogh L., Crannog in, 395
Tassoni, Pietro and Giacomo, discover a terramara, 260
Tay L., Crannog in, 449
TÈne, La, Lake-dwellings of Stone Age at, 39
——, oppidum, Description of, 277-298
——, Human skulls at, 537
——, Mixed people at, 546
——, Relics from, form a specific group, 546
——, Distribution of this group in Europe, 548
Tergast, Dr., on Warfen, 343
Ternati, Lake of, 201
Terpen, Description of, 333-344
——, Relics from, similar to those found at London Wall, 464, 494
Terramaricoli, Culture and civilisation of, 272
Terremare, Description of, 238, 276
Terreneuve, Lake-dwellings at, 87
Thielle, Pont de la, Lake-dwelling at, 39
——, La TÈne objects at, 546
Thonon, Lake-dwellings at, 93, 531
Thrasimene, Lake of, 276
Three-ages-system, 1 to 3
—— —— ——, Proofs of, in lake-dwellings, 496
Thuille, Lake of, 104
Tiberias, Coins of, 12
Tiefenau, La TÈne objects at, 546
Tile with Roman letters, 462
Tin, Objects of, 16, 42, 45, 55, 58, 59, 63, 68, 89, 90, 102, 224, 519, 523, 524
——, Strips of, used to ornament pottery, 42, 45, 58, 63, 68, 87, 96, 102, 529
Tinelli, Dr. Carlo, 202
Token of brass, 359
Tolsta, Crannog at, 449
Tonymore, Crannog in lake of, 372, 390
Toome Bar, Remains at, 395, 487
Toporovan, Lake of, 553
Torlundie L., Crannog in, 449
Torques of bronze, 102, 224, 293, 321, 520
——, of gold, 281, 293
Torre Bairo, Torbiera di, 210
Tortoise, Shell of, 147, 185
TÓszeg, Terramara at, 166, 276
Tougues, Lake-dwellings at, 90
Towey Mere, 467
Trachsal, Dr., on La TÈne coins, 295
Trajan's Column, Representation of pile village on, 333, 537
Trana, Torbiera di, 211
Transition period, 510, 512
Trapa natans, 116, 185, 229
Traube, Mr. H., on jade, 508
Tray, Wooden, 411
Trepanning, 537
Treytel, Lake-dwelling at, 53
Trillick. (See Drumdarragh.)
Trilocular dishes, 18, 44, 193
Triquetrum, 385
TrÖltsch, Major v., 527
Troy, Jade found in, 508
——, Pottery from, 174
Troyon, Mr. F., 45, 49, 51, 54, 60, 82, 92, 94
Tubes of bronze, with rings arranged symmetrically, 102, 531
TuiliÈre, Lake-dwelling at, 50
Tulewosee, Lake-dwelling in, 325, 327
Tullah L., Crannog in, 449
Tully L., Crannogs in, 395
Tullyline, Crannog at, 395
Tummell L., Crannog in, 449
Turgi, Lake-dwelling of, 130
Twann, Lake-dwelling at, 136
Tweezer of bronze, 366

Ubaghs, M., on Remains at Maestricht, 304
Ueberlingersee, 135-164
Uetikon, Lake-dwelling at, 19
Uhlmann, Dr., 69, 74, 498, 534
Ullepitsch, Mr., 169
Ullersberger, Mr., 139, 141
Unger, Professor Franz, 218
Unter-Uhldingen, Lake-dwelling at, 141, 507, 543
Uriconium, Roman city of, 453
Urr L., Crannog in, 449
Valcuvia, Torbiera di, 202
Vallamand, Lake-dwelling at, 71
Vallier, M., on Lake Paladru, 298
Valvasor, 168
Varano, Lake of, Palafittes in, 201
Varese, Lake of, 187
Vase, with marks of potter's fingers, 58
Vaux, Des, Lake-dwelling at, 50
Veagh L., Crannog in, 395
Vegetarians at Lagozza, 216
Vennacher L., Crannog in, 449
Venoge, Lake-dwelling at, 87
Venturi on terremare, 239
VerchÈre de Reffye on weapons from Alesia, 550
Versoix, Lake-dwelling at, 88
Vespasian, Coins of, 12
Vessels of bronze, 16, 29, 48, 71, 102, 446, 461
——, of pottery with graduated holes, 59, 71
Vevey, M. BÉat de, 61
Vie À l'Ane, Lake-dwelling at, 90
Vieugy, Lake-dwelling at, 104
Villa, Sig. Antonio, 186
——, Sig. G. B., 204, 205
Villa Cappella, Terramara at, 269
Vimfou, Lake-dwelling at, 312
Vine, 194, 218, 273, 498, 536
Vinelz, Lake-dwelling at, 33, 504, 513, 536
Vingelz, Lake-dwelling at, 38, 481
Virchow, Professor, 167, 303, 308, 313, 316, 317, 328, 329, 536, 537
Virchowsee, Burgwall in, 315
Vitreous paste, Oval objects of, 441
Vitrified forts, 331
——, fort over crannog, 443
Vivianite, Amorphous, 38, 343
——, Crystals of, in bones, 184
Vouga, Mr. A., 40, 64, 66
——, Mr. E., 278, 293, 294, 297
Vully, Mount, 67

Wabrzezno, Lake-dwelling at, 325
Waggons, portions of, 107, 293
Wakeman, Mr. W. F., 349, 375, 385, 489
Wallfisch, Island of, 311
Wallhausen, Lake-dwellings at, 135, 533
Wangen, Lake-dwelling at, 124, 497, 502, 504
Warfen in East Friesland, 343
Warlubie, Lake-dwelling at, 324
Water-chestnut, 116, 185, 229
Wattie, Rev. James, 480
Wauwyl, Lake-dwe

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United States, Cassell's History of the. By the late Edmund Ollier. With 600 Illustrations. Three Vols., 9s. each.

Universal History, Cassell's Illustrated. With nearly One Thousand Illustrations. Vol. I. Early and Greek History.—Vol. II. The Roman Period.—Vol. III. The Middle Ages.—Vol. IV. Modern History. 9s. each.

Vaccination Vindicated. An Answer to the leading Anti-Vaccinators. By John C. McVail, M.D., D.P.H. Camb. 5s.

Verdict, The. A Tract on the Political Significance of the Report of the Parnell Commission. By A. V. Dicey, Q.C. 2s. 6d.

Vicar of Wakefield and other Works, by Oliver Goldsmith. Illustrated. 3s. 6d.; cloth, gilt edges, 5s.

Water-Colour Painting, A Course of. With Twenty-four Coloured Plates by R. P. Leitch, and full Instructions to the Pupil. 5s.

Waterloo Letters. Being Original Letters bearing on the operations of the 16th, 17th, and 18th of June, 1815, by officers of the Duke of Wellington's staff and others. Edited, with Explanatory Notes, by Major-General Siborne, C.B. With Plans and Diagrams. Demy 8vo, 16s.

Web of Gold, A. By Katharine Pearson Woods, Author of "Metzerott, Shoemaker." 6s.

What Girls Can Do. By Phyllis Browne. 2s. 6d.

Wild Birds, Familiar. By W. Swaysland. Four Series. With 40 Coloured Plates in each. 12s. 6d. each.

Wild Flowers, Familiar. By F. E. Hulme, F.L.S., F.S.A. Five Series. With 40 Coloured Plates in each. 12s. 6d. each.

Woman's World, The. Yearly Volume. 18s.

Wood, The Life of the Rev. J. G. By his Son, the Rev. Theodore Wood. With Portrait. Demy 8vo, cloth, 10s. 6d.

Work. An Illustrated Magazine of Practice and Theory for all Workmen, Professional and Amateur. Yearly Volume, cloth, 7s. 6d.

World Before the Deluge, The. Edited and Revised by the late H. W. Bristowe, F.R.S., F.G.S., and newly Revised by Dr. Robert Brown, F.L.S., F.R.G.S., &c. Illustrated, 3s. 6d.

World of Wit and Humour, The. With 400 Illustrations. Cloth, 7s. 6d.

World of Wonders, The. With 400 Illustrations. Two Vols. 7s. 6d. each.

World's Lumber Room, The. By Selina Gaye. Illustrated. 2s. 6d.

Yule Tide. Cassell's Christmas Annual. 1s.


ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINES.

The Quiver, for Sunday and General Reading. Monthly, 6d.

Cassell's Family Magazine. Monthly, 7d.

"Little Folks" Magazine. Monthly, 6d.

The Magazine of Art. Monthly, 1s.

Cassell's Saturday Journal. Weekly, 1d.; Monthly, 6d.

Work. An Illustrated Magazine of Practice and Theory for all Workmen, Professional and Amateur. Weekly, 1d.; Monthly, 6d.

?Full particulars of CASSELL & COMPANY'S Monthly Serial Publications will be found in Cassell & Company's COMPLETE CATALOGUE.


Catalogues of Cassell & Company's Publications, which may be had at all Booksellers', or will be sent post free on application to the Publishers:—

Cassell's Complete Catalogue, containing particulars of upwards of One Thousand Volumes.

Cassell's Classified Catalogue, in which their Works are arranged according to price, from Threepence to Fifty Guineas.

Cassell's Educational Catalogue, containing particulars of Cassell & Company's Educational Works and Students' Manuals.

CASSELL & COMPANY, Limited, Ludgate Hill, London.


Bibles and Religious Works.

Bible, Cassell's Illustrated Family. With 900 Illustrations. Leather, gilt edges, £2 10s.; full morocco, £3 10s.

Bible Dictionary, Cassell's. With nearly 600 Illustrations. 7s. 6d.; roxburgh, 10s. 6d.

Bible Educator, The. Edited by the Very Rev. Dean Plumptre, D.D. With Illustrations, Maps, &c. Four Vols., cloth, 6s. each.

Bible Student in the British Museum, The. By the Rev. J. G. Kitchin, M.A. 1s.

Biblewomen and Nurses. Yearly Volume, 3s.

Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, and the Holy War, Cassell's Illustrated Edition Of. With 200 Original Illustrations. Demy 4to, cloth, 16s.

Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress (Cassell's Illustrated). 4to. 7s. 6d.

Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress. With Illustrations. Cheap Edition, 2s. 6d.

Child's Bible, The. With 200 Illustrations. Demy 4to, 830 pp. 150th Thousand. Cheap Edition, 7s. 6d. Superior Edition, with 6 Coloured Plates, gilt edges, 10s. 6d.

Child's Life of Christ, The. Complete in One Handsome Volume, with about 200 Original Illustrations. Cheap Edition, cloth, 7s. 6d.; or with 6 Coloured Plates, cloth, gilt edges, 10s. 6d. Demy 4to, gilt edges, 21s.

"Come, ye Children." By the Rev. Benjamin Waugh. Illustrated. 5s.

Commentary, The New Testament, for English Readers. Edited by the Rt. Rev. C. J. Ellicott, D.D., Lord Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol. In Three Volumes, 21s. each.

Vol. I.—The Four Gospels.
Vol. II.—The Acts, Romans, Corinthians, Galatians.
Vol. III.—The remaining Books of the New Testament.

Commentary, The Old Testament, for English Readers. Edited by the Rt. Rev. C. J. Ellicott, D.D., Lord Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol. Complete in 5 Vols., 21s. each.

Vol. I.—Genesis to Numbers.
Vol. II.—Deuteronomy to Samuel II.
Vol. III.—Kings I. to Esther.
Vol. IV.—Job to Isaiah.
Vol. V.—Jeremiah to Malachi.

Commentary, The New Testament. Edited by Bishop Ellicott. Handy Volume Edition. Suitable for School and general use.

St. Matthew. 3s. 6d. St. Mark. 3s.
St. Luke. 3s. 6d. St. John. 3s. 6d.
The Acts of the Apostles. 3s. 6d. Romans. 2s. 6d.
Corinthians I. and II. 3s. Galatians, Ephesians, and Philippians. 3s.
Colossians, Thessalonians, and Timothy. 3s. Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, and James. 3s.
Peter, Jude, and John. 3s. The Revelation. 3s.
An Introduction to the New Testament. 2s. 6d.

Commentary, The Old Testament. Edited by Bishop Ellicott. Handy Volume Edition. Suitable for School and general use.

Genesis. 3s. 6d.
Exodus. 3s.
Leviticus. 3s.
Numbers. 2s. 6d.
Deuteronomy. 2s. 6d.

Dictionary of Religion, The. An EncyclopÆdia of Christian and other Religious Doctrines, Denominations, Sects, Heresies, Ecclesiastical Terms, History, Biography, &c. &c. By the Rev. William Benham, B.D. Cloth, 21s.; roxburgh, 25s.

DorÉ Bible. With 230 Illustrations by Gustave DorÉ. Original Edition. Two Vols., best morocco, gilt edges, £15.

Early Days of Christianity, The. By the Ven. Archdeacon Farrar, D.D., F.R.S.

Library Edition. Two Vols., 24s.; morocco, £2 2s.
Popular Edition. Complete in One Volume, cloth, 6s.; cloth, gilt edges, 7s. 6d.; Persian morocco, 10s. 6d.; tree-calf, 15s.

Family Prayer-Book, The. Edited by the Rev. Canon Garbett, M.A., and the Rev. S. Martin. Extra crown 4to, cloth, 5s.; morocco, 18s.

Gleanings after Harvest. Studies and Sketches. By the Rev. John R. Vernon, M.A. Illustrated. 6s.

Gospel of Grace, The. By a Lindesie. Cloth, 2s. 6d.

"Graven in the Rock." By the Rev. Dr. Samuel Kinns, F.R.A.S., &c. &c. Illustrated. 12s. 6d.

"Heart Chords." A Series of Works by Eminent Divines. Bound in cloth, red edges, 1s. each.

My Father. By the Right Rev. Ashton Oxenden, late Bishop of Montreal.
My Bible. By the Rt. Rev. W. Boyd Carpenter, Bishop of Ripon.
My Work for God. By the Right Rev. Bishop Cotterill.
My Object in Life. By the Ven. Archdeacon Farrar, D.D.
My Aspirations. By the Rev. G. Matheson, D.D.
My Emotional Life. By the Rev. Preb. Chadwick, D.D.
My Body. By the Rev. Prof. W. G. Blaikie, D.D.
My Soul. By the Rev. P. B. Power, M.A.
My Growth in Divine Life. By the Rev. Prebendary Reynolds, M.A.
My Hereafter. By the Very Rev. Dean Bickersteth.
My Walk with God. By the Very Rev. Dean Montgomery.
My Aids to the Divine Life. By the Very Rev. Dean Boyle.
My Sources of Strength. By the Rev. E. E. Jenkins, M.A., Secretary of the Wesleyan Missionary Society.

Helps to Belief. A Series of Helpful Manuals on the Religious Difficulties of the Day. Edited by the Rev. Teignmouth Shore, M.A., Canon of Worcester, and Chaplain-in-Ordinary to the Queen. Cloth, 1s. each.

Creation. By the Lord Bishop of Carlisle.
Miracles. By the Rev. Brownlow Maitland, M.A.
Prayer. By the Rev. T. Teignmouth Shore, M.A.
The Morality of the Old Testament. By the Rev. Newman Smyth, D.D.
The Divinity of Our Lord. By the Lord Bishop of Derry.
The Atonement. By William Connor Magee, D.D., Late Archbishop of York.

Hid Treasure. By Richard Harris Hill. 1s.

Holy Land and the Bible, The. A Book of Scripture Illustrations gathered in Palestine. By the Rev. Cunningham Geikie, D.D. With Map. Two Vols. 24s.

Life of Christ, The. By the Ven. Archdeacon Farrar, D.D., F.R.S., Chaplain-in-Ordinary to the Queen.

Illustrated Edition, with about 300 Original Illustrations. Extra crown 4to, morocco antique, 42s.
Library Edition. Two Vols. Cloth, 24s.; morocco, 42s.
Popular Edition, in One Vol., 8vo, cloth, 6s.; cloth, gilt edges, 7s. 6d.; Persian morocco, gilt edges, 10s. 6d.; tree-calf, 15s.

Marriage Ring, The. By William Landels, D.D. Bound in white leatherette. New and Cheaper Edition, 3s. 6d.

Moses and Geology; or, the Harmony of the Bible with Science. By the Rev. Samuel Kinns, Ph.D., F.R.A.S. Illustrated. Cheap Edition, 6s.

My Comfort in Sorrow. By Hugh Macmillan, D.D., LL.D., &c., Author of "Bible Teachings in Nature," &c. Cloth, 1s.

Protestantism, The History of. By the Rev. J. A. Wylie, LL.D. Containing upwards of 600 Original Illustrations. Three Vols., 27s.; Library Edition, 30s.

"Quiver" Yearly Volume, The. With about 600 Original Illustrations and Coloured Frontispiece. 7s. 6d. Also Monthly, 6d.

St. George for England; and other Sermons preached to Children. Fifth Edition. By the Rev. T. Teignmouth Shore, M.A., Canon of Worcester. 5s.

St. Paul, The Life and Work of. By the Ven. Archdeacon Farrar, D.D., F.R.S., Chaplain-in-Ordinary to the Queen.

Library Edition. Two Vols., cloth, 24s.; calf, 42s.
Illustrated Edition, complete in One Volume, with about 300 Illustrations, £1 1s.; morocco, £2 2s.
Popular Edition. One Volume, 8vo, cloth, 6s.; cloth, gilt edges, 7s. 6d.; Persian morocco, 10s. 6d.; tree-calf, 15s.

Shall We Know One Another in Heaven? By the Rt. Rev. J. C. Ryle, D.D., Bishop of Liverpool. New and Enlarged Edition. Paper Covers, 6d.

Signa Christi: Evidences of Christianity set forth in the Person and Work of Christ. By James Aitchison. 5s.

"Sunday:" Its Origin, History, and Present Obligation. By the Ven. Archdeacon Hessey, D.C.L. Fifth Edition, 7s. 6d.

Twilight of Life, The: Words of Counsel and Comfort for the Aged. By John Ellerton, M.A. 1s. 6d.


Educational Works and Students' Manuals.

Alphabet, Cassell's Pictorial. Size, 35 inches by 42½ inches. Mounted on Linen, with rollers. 3s. 6d.

Arithmetics, The Modern School. By George Ricks, B.Sc. Lond. With Test Cards. (List on application.)

Atlas, Cassell's Popular. Containing 24 Coloured Maps, 3s. 6d.

Book-Keeping. By Theodore Jones. For Schools, 2s.; or cloth, 3s. For the Million, 2s.; or cloth, 3s. Books for Jones's System, Ruled Sets of, 2s.

Chemistry, The Public School. By J. H. Anderson, M.A. 2s. 6d.

Classical Texts for Schools, Cassell's. (A list sent post free on application).

Copy-Books, Cassell's Graduated. Complete in 18 Books. 2d. each.

Copy-Books, The Modern School. Complete in 12 Books. 2d. each.

Drawing Copies, Cassell's "New Standard." Complete in 14 Books. 2d., 3d., and 4d. each.

Drawing Copies, Cassell's Modern School Freehand. First Grade, 1s. Second Grade, 2s.

Electricity, Practical. By Prof. W. E. Ayrton. 7s. 6d.

Energy and Motion: A Text-Book of Elementary Mechanics. By William Paice, M.A. Illustrated, 1s. 6d.

English Literature, A First Sketch of, from the Earliest Period to the Present Time. By Prof. Henry Morley. 7s. 6d.

Euclid, Cassell's. Edited by Prof. Wallace, M.A. 1s.

Euclid, The First Four Books of. New Edition. In paper, 6d.; cloth, 9d.

French, Cassell's Lessons in. New and Revised Edition. Parts I. and II., each 2s. 6d.; complete, 4s. 6d. Key, 1s. 6d.

French-English and English-French Dictionary. Entirely New and Enlarged Edition. 1,150 pages, 8vo, cloth, 3s. 6d.

French Reader, Cassell's Public School. By Guillaume S. Conrad. 2s. 6d.

Galbraith and Haughton's Scientific Manuals.

Plane Trigonometry. 2s. 6d. Euclid. Books I., II., III. 2s. 6d. Books IV., V., VI. 2s. 6d. Mathematical Tables. 3s. 6d. Mechanics. 3s. 6d. Natural Philosophy. 3s. 6d. Optics. 2s. 6d. Hydrostatics. 3s. 6d. Astronomy. 5s. Steam Engine. 3s. 6d. Algebra. Part I., cloth, 2s. 6d. Complete, 7s. 6d. Tides and Tidal Currents, with Tidal Cards, 3s.

Gaudeamus. Songs for Colleges and Schools. Edited by John Farmer. 5s. Words only, paper, 6d.; cloth, 9d.

Geometry, First Elements of Experimental. By Paul Bert. Illustrated. 1s. 6d.

Geometry, Practical Solid. By Major Ross, R.E. 2s.

German Dictionary, Cassell's New. German-English, English-German. Cheap Edition, cloth, 3s. 6d.

German of To-Day. By Dr. Heinemann. 1s. 6d.

German Reading, First Lessons in. By A. JÄgst. Illustrated. 1s.

Hand-and-Eye Training. By G. Ricks, B.Sc. Two Vols., with 16 Coloured Plates in each Vol. Crown 4to, 6s. each.

"Hand-and-Eye Training" Cards for Class Work. Five sets in case. 1s. each.

Handbook of New Code of Regulations. By John F. Moss. New and Revised Edition. 1s.; cloth, 2s.

Historical Cartoons, Cassell's Coloured. Size 45 in. × 35 in. 2s. each. Mounted on canvas and varnished, with rollers, 5s. each. (Descriptive pamphlet, 16 pp., 1d.)

Historical Course for Schools, Cassell's. Illustrated throughout. I.—Stories from English History, 1s. II.—The Simple Outline of English History, 1s. 3d. III.—The Class History of England, 2s. 6d.

Latin-English Dictionary, Cassell's. Thoroughly revised and corrected, and in part re-written by J. R. V. Marchant, M.A. 3s. 6d.

Latin Primer, The New. By Prof. J. P. Postgate. 2s. 6d.

Latin Primer, The First. By Prof. Postgate. 1s.

Latin Prose for Lower Forms. By M. A. Bayfield, M.A. 2s. 6d.

Laundry Work (How to Teach It). By Mrs. E. Lord. 6d.

Laws of Every-Day Life. For the Use of Schools. By H. O. Arnold-Forster. 1s. 6d. Presentation Edition, 3s. 6d.

Lay Texts for the Young, in English and French. By Mrs. Richard Strachey. 2s. 6d.

Little Folks' History of England. By Isa Craig-Knox. Illustrated. 1s. 6d.

Making of the Home, The. By Mrs. Samuel A. Barnett. 1s. 6d.

Map-Building Series, Cassell's. Outline Maps prepared by H. O. Arnold-Forster. Per set of 12, 1s.

Marlborough Books;—Arithmetic Examples. 3s. Arithmetic Rules. 1s. 6d. French Exercises. 3s. 6d. French Grammar. 2s. 6d. German Grammar. 3s. 6d.

Mechanics and Machine Design, Numerical Examples in Practical. By R. G. Blaine, M.E. With Diagrams. Cloth, 2s. 6d.

"Model Joint" Wall Sheets, for Instruction in Manual Training. By S. Barter. Eight Sheets, 2s. 6d. each.

Natural History Coloured Wall Sheets, Cassell's New. Consisting of 18 subjects. Size, 39 by 31 in. Mounted on rollers and varnished. 3s. each.

Object Lessons from Nature. By Prof. L. C. Miall, F.L.S., F.G.S. Fully Illustrated. 2s. 6d.

Poetry Readers, Cassell's New. Illustrated. Twelve Books. 1d. each. Complete in One Volume, cloth, 1s. 6d.

Popular Educator, Cassell's New. With Revised Text, New Maps, New Coloured Plates, New Type, &c. To be completed in Eight Vols., 5s. each.

Popular Educator, Cassell's. Complete in Six Vols., 5s. each.

Principles of Perspective as Applied to Model-Drawing and Sketching from Nature, The. With 32 Plates and other Illustrations. By George Trobridge. Revised and Enlarged. Paper covers, 1s. 6d.; or in cloth, 2s. 6d.

Reader, The Citizen. By H. O. Arnold-Forster. 1s. 6d.

Reader, The Temperance. By Rev. J. Dennis Hird. Crown 8vo, 1s. 6d.

Readers, Cassell's "Higher Class":—"The World's Lumber Room," Illustrated, 2s. 6d.; "Short Studies from Nature," Illustrated, 2s. 6d.; "The World in Pictures." (Ten in Series.) Cloth, 2s. each. (List on application.)

Readers, Cassell's Historical. Illustrated throughout, printed on superior paper, and strongly bound in cloth. (List on application.)

Readers, Cassell's Readable. Carefully graduated, extremely interesting, and Illustrated throughout. (List on application.)

Readers for Infant Schools, Coloured. Three Books. Each containing 48 pages, including 8 pages in colours. 4d. each.

Readers, The Modern Geographical. Illustrated throughout. (List on application.)

Readers, The Modern School. Illustrated. (List on application.)

Reading and Spelling Book, Cassell's Illustrated. 1s.

Reckoning, Howard's Anglo-American Art of. The Standard Teacher and Referee of Shorthand Business Arithmetic. By C. F. Howard. Paper, 1s.; cloth, 2s.

School Bank Manual, A. By Agnes Lambert. 6d.

School Certificates, Cassell's. Three Colours, 6¼ × 4¾ in., 1d.; Five Colours, 11? × 9½ in., 3d.; Seven Colours and Gold, 9? × 6? in., 3d.

Science Applied to Work. By J. A. Bower. Illustrated. 1s.

Science of Every-Day Life. By J. A. Bower. Illustrated. 1s.

Sculpture, A Primer of. By E. Roscoe Mullins. Illustrated. 2s. 6d.

Shade from Models, Common Objects, and Casts of Ornament, How to. By W. E. Sparkes. With 25 Plates by the Author. 3s.

Shakspere Reading Book, The. By H. Courthope Bowen, M.A. Illustrated. 3s. 6d. Also issued in Three Books, 1s. each.

Shakspere's Plays for School Use. Illustrated. 5 Books. 6d. each.

Spelling, A Complete Manual of. By J. D. Morell, LL.D. 1s.

Technical Educator, Cassell's. Illustrated throughout. New and Revised Edition. Four Vols., 5s. each.

Technical Manuals, Cassell's. Illustrated throughout. 16 Vols., from 2s. to 4s. 6d. (List free on application.)

Technology, Manuals of. Edited by Prof. Ayrton, F. R.S., and Richard Wormell, D.Sc., M.A. Illustrated throughout.

The Dyeing of Textile Fabrics. By Prof. Hummel. 5s.
Watch and Clock Making. By D. Glasgow, Vice-President of the British Horological Institute. 4s. 6d.
Steel and Iron. By Prof. W. H. Greenwood, F.C.S., M.I.C.E., &c. 5s.
Design in Textile Fabrics. By T. R. Ashenhurst. 4s. 6d.
Spinning Woollen and Worsted. By W. S. McLaren, M.P. 4s. 6d.
Practical Mechanics. By Prof. Perry, M.E. 3s. 6d.
Cutting Tools Worked by Hand and Machine. By Prof. Smith. 3s. 6d.

Test Cards, Cassell's Combination. In sets, 1s. each.

Test Cards, Cassell's Modern School. In sets. 1s. each.


Books for Young People.

"Little Folks" Half-Yearly Volume. Containing 432 pages of Letterpress, with Pictures on nearly every page, together with Two Full-page Plates printed in Colours and Four Tinted Plates. Coloured boards, 3s. 6d.; or cloth gilt, gilt edges, 5s.

Bo-Peep. A Book for the Little Ones. With Original Stories and Verses. Illustrated with beautiful Pictures on nearly every page. Yearly Volume. Elegant picture boards, 2s. 6d.; cloth, 3s. 6d.

Wanted—a King; or, How Merle set the Nursery Rhymes to Rights. By Maggie Browne. With Original Designs by Harry Furniss. Cloth gilt, gilt top, 3s. 6d.

The Marvellous Budget: being 65,536 Stories of Jack and Jill. By the Rev. F. Bennett. Illustrated. Cloth gilt, 2s. 6d.

Magic at Home. By Prof. Hoffman. Fully Illustrated. A Series of easy and startling Conjuring Tricks for Beginners. Cloth gilt, 5s.

Schoolroom and Home Theatricals. By Arthur Waugh. With Illustrations by H. A. J. Miles. Cloth, 2s. 6d.

Lost in Samoa. A Tale of Adventure in the Navigator Islands. By E. S. Ellis. 3s. 6d.

Tad; or, "Getting Even" with Him. By E. S. Ellis. 3s. 6d.

Little Mother Bunch. By Mrs. Molesworth. Illustrated. Cloth, 3s. 6d.

Flora's Feast. A Masque of Flowers. Penned and Pictured by Walter Crane. With 40 pages in Colours. 5s.

Legends for Lionel. With Coloured Plates by Walter Crane. 5s.

Ships, Sailors, and the Sea. By R. J. Cornewall-Jones. Illustrated throughout, and containing a Coloured Plate of Naval Flags. Cheap Edition, 2s. 6d.

Famous Sailors of Former Times, History of the Sea Fathers. By Clements Markham. Illustrated. 2s. 6d.

The Tales of the Sixty Mandarins. By P. V. Ramaswami Raju. 5s.

Gift Books for Young People. By Popular Authors. With Four Original Illustrations in each. Cloth gilt, 1s. 6d. each.

The Boy Hunters of Kentucky. By Edward S. Ellis.
Red Feather: a Tale of the American Frontier. By Edward S. Ellis.
Fritters; or, "It's a Long Lane that has no Turning."
Trixy; or, "Those who Live in Glass Houses shouldn't throw Stones."
The Two Hardcastles.
Seeking a City.
Rhoda's Reward.
Jack Marston's Anchor.
Frank's Life-Battle.
Major Monk's Motto; or, "Look Before you Leap."
Tim Thomson's Trial; or, "All is not Gold that Glitters."
Ursula's Stumbling-Block.
Ruth's Life-Work; or, "No Pains, no Gains."
Rags and Rainbows.
Uncle William's Charge.
Pretty Pink's Purpose.


'Golden Mottoes" Series, The. Each Book containing 208 pages, with Four full-page Original Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 2s. each.

"Nil Desperandum." By the Rev. F. Langbridge, M.A.
"Bear and Forbear." By Sarah Pitt.
"Foremost if I Can." By Helen Atteridge.
"Honour is my Guide." By Jeanie Hering (Mrs. Adams-Acton).
"Aim at a Sure End." By Emily Searchfield.
"He Conquers who Endures." By the Author of "May Cunningham's Trial," &c.


"Cross and Crown" Series, The. With Four Illustrations in each Book. Crown 8vo, 256 pages, 2s. 6d. each.

Heroes of the Indian Empire; or, Stories of Valour and Victory. By Ernest Foster.
Through Trial to Triumph; or, "The Royal Way." By Madeline Bonavia Hunt.
In Letters of Flame; A Story of the Waldenses. By C. L. MatÉaux.
Strong to Suffer; A Story of the Jews. By E. Wynne.
By Fire and Sword; a Story of the Huguenots. By Thomas Archer.
Adam Hepburn's Vow; A Tale of Kirk and Covenant. By Annie S. Swan.
No. XIII.; or, the Story of the Lost Vestal. A Tale of Early Christian Days. By Emma Marshall.
Freedom's Sword; A Story of the Days of Wallace and Bruce. By Annie S. Swan.


Five Shilling Books for Young People. With Original Illustrations. Cloth gilt, 5s. each.

Under Bayard's Banner. By Henry Frith.
The Romance of Invention. By Jas. Burnley.
The Champion of Odin; or, Viking Life in the Days of Old. By J. Fred. Hodgetts.
Bound by a Spell; or, the Hunted Witch of the Forest. By the Hon. Mrs. Greene.
The King's Command. A Story for Girls. By Maggie Symington.


Albums for Children. Price 3s. 6d. each.

The Chit-Chat Album. Illustrated.
The Album for Home, School, and Play.
Set in bold type, and illustrated throughout.
My Own Album of Animals. Illustrated.
Picture Album of All Sorts. Illustrated.


Three and Sixpenny Books for Young People. With Original Illustrations. Cloth gilt, 3s. 6d. each.

Polly: A New-Fashioned Girl. By L. T. Meade.
The Palace Beautiful. By L. T. Meade.
"Follow my Leader;" or, the Boys of Templeton. By Talbot Baines Reed.
For Fortune and Glory; a Story of the Soudan War. By Lewis Hough.
The Cost of a Mistake. By Sarah Pitt.
A World of Girls: A Story of a School. By L. T. Meade.
On Board the "Esmeralda;" or, Martin Leigh's Log. By John C. Hutcheson.
Lost among White Africans: A Boy's Adventures on the Upper Congo. By David Ker.
In Quest of Gold; or, Under the Whanga Falls. By Alfred St. Johnston.
For Queen and King; or, the Loyal 'Prentice. By Henry Frith.


Books by Edward S. Ellis. Illustrated. Cloth, 2s. 6d. each.

The Hunters of the Ozark.
The Camp in the Mountains.
Ned in the Woods. A Tale of Early Days in the West.
Down the Mississippi.
The Last War Trail.
Ned on the River. A Tale of Indian River Warfare.
Footprints in the Forest.
Up the Tapajos.
Ned in the Block House. A Story of Pioneer Life in Kentucky.
The Lost Trail.
Camp-Fire and Wigwam.
Lost in the Wilds.


Sixpenny Story Books. By well-known Writers. All Illustrated.

The Smuggler's Cave.
Little Lizzie.
The Boat Club.
Luke Barnicott.
Little Bird.
Little Pickles.
The Elchester College Boys.
My First Cruise.
The Little Peacemaker.
The Delft Jug.


Cassell's Picture Story Books. Each containing 60 pages. 6d. each.

Little Talks.
Bright Stars.
Nursery Joys.
Pet's Posy.
Tiny Tales.
Daisy's Story Book.
Dot's Story Book.
A Nest of Stories.
Good Night Stories.
Chats for Small Chatterers.
Auntie's Stories.
Birdie's Story Book.
Little Chimes.
A Sheaf of Tales.
Dewdrop Stories.


Illustrated Books for the Little Ones. Containing interesting Stories. All Illustrated. 1s. each; or, cloth gilt, 1s. 6d.

Scrambles and Scrapes.
Tittle Tattle Tales.
Wandering Ways.
Dumb Friends.
Indoors and Out.
Some Farm Friends.
Those Golden Sands.
Little Mothers and their Children.
Our Pretty Pets.
Our Schoolday Hours.
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Footnotes

[1] Corr.-Blatt, p. 14, 1884. Antiqua, 1883, i. pp. 31, 55; and ii. pp. 47, 54. B. 336 and 462.

[2] Antiqua, 1883, p. 61.

[3] MatÉriaux, vol. xvi. p. 257.

[4] Dr. Gross in Corresp.—Blatt, 1882, p. 99.

[5] Antiqua, 1884, pp. 42 and 85.

[6] Antiqua, 1884, p. 59.

[7] Antiqua, 1885, p. 165.

[8] Bul. de la Soc. d'Hist. Nat., vol. xi.

[9] In 1861 Mr. Troyon carried on researches, under the superintendence of qualified persons, to prevent falsifications, which were frequently indulged in by the railway workers. And as the result, he enumerates the genuine objects collected as follows:—

A complete hatchet with a wooden handle, horn-holder, and serpentine axe; various horn handles, some bifurcated, still retaining their axes and chisels; a portion of wood pointed, fixed in a hatchet handle instead of the stone.
2 pointers of wood with horn handles.
6 hammers of staghorn, with remnants of their wooden handles.
8 bone arrow-points, with remains of mastic.
40 handles of horn for chisels, minus the tools.
200 axe-holders.
20 horn tynes used as chisels.
121 pointers of bone, from one to four inches in length.
46 chisels of bone.
4 boars' tusks, sharpened in form of a knife-blade.
Some bone pins and various ornaments.
145 hatchets and chisels of stone.
20 flint arrow-points and scrapers.
12 circular stones perforated; some rubbers and polishers.
Many bones of animals; but no trace of metal. (B. 39a.)

[10] Corr.-Blatt, 1881.

[11] "Recherches sur les AntiquitÉs d'Yverdon," Mitt. der Antiq. Gesel., ZÜrich, vol. xiv.

[12] Anzeiger, 1871, p. 280.

[13] Ibid., 1878, p. 803.

[14] Antiqua, 1885, p. 162.

[15] Antiqua, 1885, p. 97; and 1887, pp. 35, 51.

[16] Zeitschrift fÜr Ethn., vol. xvi., Verhand., p. 84; Antiqua, 1884, p. 167.

[17] Antiqua, 1886, pp. 12 and 21.

[18] Anzeiger, 1858, p. 57; "SupplÉment au Recueil d'AntiquitÉs Suisses, 1860."

[19] The catastrophe which befell Zug in the summer of 1887, by which a portion of the town slipped into the lake, has completely carried away the site of this lake-dwelling station.

[20] This mould is in two parts, and it is remarkable as having been found at different times. The first half was found by Mr. F. A. Forel on the 25th of February, 1855, and the second by his son, Dr. Forel, on the 18th of October, 1859. (B. 31, p. 111.)

[21] Das Ausland, 1884, p. 479; Antiqua, 1884, p. 70.

[22] Antiqua, 1885, p. 1.

[23] Corr.-Blatt, vol. xv. p. 55.

[24] Antiqua, 1884, p. 140.

[25] Antiqua, 1883, p. 14; and ibid., 1885, p. 2.

[26] MatÉriaux, vol. xvii. p. 321.

[27] Vereins fÜr Vater. Naturkunde, Stuttgart, 1878, p. 95.

[28] "Kupferzeit in Europa," p. 9.

[29] Mitt. Anth. Ges. Wien, vol. xv. p. 120.

[30] Pigorini, B. 298e; Virchow, B. 293; Mestorf, "Der Intern. Anthrop. und Arch. Cong. in Buda-Pesth."

[31] Mitt. des Hist. Vereins fÜr Krain, October and November, 1864.

[32] Zeit. fÜr Eth., vol. v., Verhand., p. 119.

[33] Zeit. fÜr Eth., vol. vi., Verhand., p. 180, 1874.

[34] Ibid., vol. ix., Verhand., p. 168.

[35] Atti della Soc. Veneto Trentina di Sc. Nat., vol. xi., 1889.

[36] Dr. Meschinelli, in reply to my observations on the Laibach machine, the advanced proofs of which I sent to him, rejects the beaver-trap theory as a possible explanation of the use of the Fontega machines, but suggests that they might have been used as traps for catching wild-fowl. (B. 469.)

[37] Atti della Soc. It. di Sc. Nat., vol. ii. p. 177.

[38] So called by the Congress of Italian Naturalists who met here in 1878, after Virginia Ponti, wife of the proprietor.

[39] Atti della Soc. It. di Sc. Nat., vol. ii.

[40] B. 90, and Giornale dell' Ing. Arch. ed Agri., an. xii.

[41] Brizio, "La Grotta del FarnÈ."

[42] Bul. Palet. It., 1883, p. 17.

[43] Atti della Soc. It. di Sc. Nat., vol. vii.

[44] Brizio, "La Grotta del FarnÈ," p. 45.

[45] Antiqua, 1886, p. 65.

[46] Antiqua, 1884, p. 128; and Bul. de la Soc. suisse de Num., 1884, No. 7.

[47] Rev. archÉologique, 1884. p. 194.

[48] Acad. de Lyon, tome xi. p. 229.

[49] Association FranÇaise pour l'avancement des Sciences, 1885, vol. i. p. 175.

[50] MatÉriaux, etc., vol. xi. p. 95.

[51] Bul. Soc. Anth., 1884. See also "Crannia Ethnica": "Les PrÉhistoriques" (Mortillet); Bul. Soc. Anth., 1874, 22nd Jan.

[52] "Antiquity of Man," 4th edition, p. 241.

[53] In a footnote on page 241 of his "Antiquity of Man," Sir Charles states that the Memoir of Professor Crahay was published in 1836, in the Bulletin de l'AcadÉmie Royale de Belgique, tome iii. p. 43. I find, however, that in this reference Crahay merely notices in a few lines the finding of the bones of the elephant in the excavations above referred to, and makes no mention whatever of the human jaw.

[54] Das Ausland, 1877, p. 960.

[55] "Ancient Scottish Lake-Dwellings," p. 219.

[56] Zeit. fÜr Ethn., Verhand., p. 39, vol. viii.

[57] Zeit. fÜr Ethn., vol. vi., Verhand., p. 228.

[58] Ibid., vol. x., Verhand., p. 52.

[59] "Die vorgeschichtlichen RundwÄlle im Östlichen Deutschland." Berlin, 1888.

[60] Zeit. fÜr Eth., vol. vi., Verhand., p. 115, and vol. vii., Verhand., p. 127.

[61] Ibid., vol. ix., Verhand., p. 449.

[62] Behla, "Die vergeschichtlichen RundwÄlle," p. 8.

[63] Ibid., p. 22.

[64] "Nat. Hist.," lib. xvi. 1.

[65] Inter. Cong, d'Anthrop. et d'Arch., Ses. V., p. 212.

[66] "Ancient Scottish Lake-Dwellings," p. 273.

[67] Cong. Inter. d'Anthrop. et d'Arch., Ses. V., 1871, p. 212.

[68] A comb precisely similar to the one here figured (No. 30) is described and figured by Ossowski as coming from the cavern of Wierzchowska-GÓrna in Poland. Antiqua, 1887, p. 41, and pl. vii. Fig. 10.

[69] Handelingen van het Friesch Genootschap, 1886-7, p. 12.

[70] "Die heidnischen AlterthÜmer Ostfrieslands." Emden, 1879.

[71] Journ. R. H. A. A., vol. v., 4th S., p. 325.

[72] ArchÆological Journal, vol. xx. p. 170.

[73] Proc. R. I. A., vol. v. p. 215.

[74] R. H. Arch. As., vol. v., 4th S., p. 330.

[75] Three iron pots were found on this crannog, one of them being of a triangular shape.

[76] Various mediÆval objects collected in the mud on and near the crannog sites: iron cuirass, matchlock guns, pistols, antique keys, spurs, implements of iron, bronze ladle, bronze spear-head. The swords and gun-barrels were found sticking up in the mud from the lake-bottom.

[77] A great many piles covering an oval enclosure about 100 feet in diameter. On submarine crannogs, see Kinahan's "Manual of the Geology of Ireland," p. 264, and Note 83 (p. 443) of Scottish list of crannogs.

[78] O'Flahertie in his history mentions that the ancient castle of the O'Flaherties of Bunowen, in Ballinahinch Lake, was built on an artificial island.

[79] Two crannogs, one large and the other small. The former is only separated from the mainland by a shallow channel, and is accessible in summer by a narrow causeway. On it were found "two fine specimens of bronze pins, besides other articles of less interest in lead and iron, and a flint spear-head."

[80] A stockaded enclosure, about 35 feet in diameter, lying some 12 or 14 feet below the bog surface. "A magnificent pair of quern stones" and a large bowl-shaped vessel of oak are known to have been found on it.

[81] A curious wooden flooring, buried 14 feet in the bog. It rested on "a thick deposit of hazel and birch branches." Over it was a "collection of stone slabs, closely fitted together with a substratum of blue clay, but all laid on planks of timber forming part of the floor. On this there were quantities of ashes, proving that this was the fire-place of the ancient dwelling."

[82] "With piles round the margin and amongst the stones on its surface were found querns, some perfect, some in a broken state." A canoe became visible at a depth of 2½ to 3 feet when the water of the lake was unusually low.

[83] A small crannog discovered by turf-cutters, and "interesting from the fact of instruments made of iron and stone having been found together." Among other things were a bronze pin, fragments of crucibles, bits of anthracite coal, a socketed iron implement, two small flint knives, a stone celt, a round flat stone with an oblong-worked indentation on each side, and several bits of rude pottery.

[84] An artificial island, 30 yards in diameter, thickly planted with timber and surrounded with piles. In 1870 a canoe was found on the shore of this islet, embedded in the mud and half destroyed by fire. In the stuff lying on its floor were found some iron tools—an adze, a hammer (both with handles), a socketed chisel, two whetstones, and some fragments of iron.

[85] A small lake, scarcely a mile in circumference, and about three miles from Cavan. About a hundred yards from shore a heap of stones, surrounded by circles of stockades about fifty feet in diameter. In the moss near the lake two canoes were found 21 and 18 feet long.

[86] This lake is in the parish of Clonbroney, and contains two crannogs, called "Round Island" and "Fry's Island." The former is 18½ yards in diameter, and the "wooden piles, though in a pulpy and rotten state, are still to be seen. In the lake a small canoe, 9½ feet long, an iron spear, the nether stone of a grain-rubber, and the antlers (with eighteen points) of a deer were found embedded in the silt."

[87] This is a small lake, three and a half miles north of Enniskillen, about a mile in length and half a mile in breadth. It contains three crannogs, the largest of which is 105 feet in diameter. "Here were found querns, whetstones, worked pieces of deer-horn, some fragments of iron plated with bronze, many pieces of ornamented pottery, some of which were furnished with ears or handles; a very curious stone (apparently a tombstone), sculptured with a cross and ornamented with four human heads, and scroll work, and a large boulder, upon which a cross-like figure had been picked or punched out."

[88] A large crannog, covering about an acre, but only partly artificial. About thirty thousand piles used in strengthening the island, which had a jetty, and near this a canoe was found. The principal relics are—some stone hammers, three pieces of flint scrapers, a bead of amber and another of glass, a small stone ring the size of a finger-ring, fragments of pottery, a crucible, some articles of brass, and portions of bog-ore. The piles were cut by very sharp metal implements.

[89] In 1833 Captain W. Mudge, R.N., discovered here a wooden hut made of a framework of large oak beams mortised at the four corners. It measured 12 feet square and 9 feet high, and about half way up there was a flooring which divided the space into two storeys. The roof of this unique hut was buried in the peat 16 feet from the surface, and its base rested on a substratum of brushwood resembling a crannog. (See p. 489).

[90] Two crannogs, one large, 100 feet in diameter. An iron cauldron, found near the shore of lake, made on the same principle as the usual bronze cauldrons, of beaten iron, and riveted.

[91] Ornamented quern stone found on the crannog.

[92] "Six stone and two bronze celts, an iron spear-head and a bayonet, three fibulÆ, one bridle-bit and two cheek-plates made of bronze," found on this island.

[93] From this crannog the following objects were presented to the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy:—"A piece of circular grindstone, block of flint, old iron key, two portions of blades of iron swords, and a piece of bone spike."

[94] A well-defined stockade, with horizontal beams. A canoe and the following objects recorded from this crannog:—"Two iron swords; a small anvil, very bright and clean; a pair of scales and several hammers; several gold pins; metal dishes; small axe-heads; an iron cauldron of a low dilated shape; a stone of yellowish-white colour, beautifully polished, about twelve inches long, three and a half broad, and two thick, accurately squared at the sides, having a round hole about one and a quarter inch deep and half inch in diameter at each end, the top surface and one of the sides being covered with carved devices; and a quern."

[95] "In another crannog in Rahan's Lake," says Mr. Morant, "we found five Queen Mary shillings, fused into a mass; a bronze pin; a flat spear-head, and a stone celt. We also found the hearth-stones and a quantity of ashes. The piles around the island are still visible above the water."

[96] Contained three or four crannogs. "In the one opposite Cloncahir were found several querns of different sizes and patterns (chiefly flat-shaped, ornamented with the usual cross design, varied more or less), and many of these were taken away by Mr. Kane to preserve at Mohill Castle. When the water was at a low level a slight examination was made in regard to the construction of the crannog. It was found that there were two, possibly three, concentric circles of piles of small size, enclosing an area considerably larger than that of the present island, and the space so enclosed seemed to have been filled with rough unhewn logs of wood up to about the present summer level of the water. Upon this had been deposited a stratum of stones and gravel, amongst which were found the querns already mentioned. In the same lake are three other crannogs—Man Island, Crane Island, and another."

[97] Three silver coins of the reigns of Edward I., II., and III. found on this crannog.

[98] Three crannogs in this loch, two close to each other, and are approached by a causeway which terminates about sixteen feet from the crannogs, both about twenty-five feet in diameter. On the margin of this crannog, under water, a bronze spear-head was found, 5¾ inches long, and a looped celt 4 inches long.

[99] Proc. S. A. Scot., vol. xv. p. 153.

[100] Among the objects from Lagore mentioned by Lord Talbot (Fig. 103) is a peculiar iron pipe, described as of unknown use. It is rather remarkable that it and this bayonet-like object from Buston should be the counterparts of a kind of padlock in use in the earlier Middle Ages, which acted in the following manner:—When a spring-bolt (like that of the object from Buston) was passed through the tube upwards, the spike attached to the latter passed through the perforation in the former. Inside the tube there were two small prominences, which when the bolt was pushed sufficiently home caught the tips of its springs and prevented its return. In this state the padlock was securely locked, and it could only be opened by a key consisting of another but smaller tube, which, when passed through the other end of the larger tube and over the springs, pressed the latter close to the body of the bolt until their tips became clear of the internal catches, and so allowed the spring-bolt to be extracted.

[101] Vol. i. p. 146.

[102] This crannog is of a rectangular shape, 43 feet by 41 feet, and formed of layers of large trunks laid transversely.

[103] See Note 3, p. 447.

[104] The question of submarine crannogs is still obscure, and the few facts that have come to light leave the matter in doubt as to whether the structures were originally constructed in the water or on dry land and subsequently submerged, in consequence of changes in the relative levels of sea and land. The only remains of this character that I know of in Britain are—(1) a cairn of stones on a substratum of wood near the island of Eriska, at the mouth of Loch Crerar; (2) the Black Cairn, in the Beauly Firth; and (3) some stumps of piles in Ardmore Bay, county Waterford. The mound at Eriska, which was found on examination to be of circular shape and 60 feet in diameter, was dry at low water, but submerged at spring-tides to the extent of five feet. Some ashes and charcoal and the broken bones of sheep and small oxen were the only relics of human occupancy found. The Black Cairn is noticed in the Statistical Account of Scotland, and also by Miss Maclagan. It is about four hundred yards within flood-mark. The top is only visible at low water, and the base is said to be composed of very large wooden beams.

[105] Mr. Wallace describes the island as entirely artificial, "raised upon piles and cross-beams, about fifty yards from the shore, and 189 feet long, with an average of 112 feet wide. The water immediately surrounding it is deep, and the margin of the island rises perpendicularly from the deep water, which is about seven or eight feet deep on the north and east sides, and ten or twelve feet on the south and west. The piles and cross-beams, on which it has been raised, lie like a pavement all round it, inclining to the centre. The beams are of oak, pine, and birch. Those of pine and oak are the largest. Between the beams, and all over the island, numerous pieces of charcoal were picked up. The island rises in the centre, and, after clearing away part of the luxuriant nettles and long grass, portions of a walled structure were disclosed. No trace of lime-cement could be detected, but the stones were large and well placed together. The ruins of this building raised the island to the height of seven feet above the present water-mark." The island is noticed in the historical annals, and in 1596 gave refuge to the Earl of Arran. The occurrence of vitrified materials on the surface gives to this crannog, according to Mr. Wallace, peculiar interest. I could understand this interest had it been proved that vitrified buildings had been constructed over the crannog. In the construction of the crannog, of course, stones taken from the shore were used, and in this way the vitrified materials might be accounted for, or, what is more probable, they are the slag of a smelting furnace. The following are Mr. Wallace's words: "I visited the island in July, 1885, and scarcely had I set my foot on shore when I found a small piece of true vitrified rock; and great was my astonishment when I discovered that the whole island was covered with fragments of different sizes of the same material. It was found among the piles and cross-beams in great quantities. Several larger masses—one measuring four feet by three—were found on the western margin of the island, and deeply embedded among the stones and above the piles and cross-beams, close to the water's edge. After careful examination the vitrified material was found to differ in no way from that forming our vitrified forts. Between the crannog and the shore there is a smaller island of large stones, which is only visible when the loch is exceptionally low, as it was this season. This island, which measures 90 feet by 60 feet, appears to be entirely built of stones. The sides, like those of the larger island, are perpendicular. One piece of vitrified rock was found here. The distance between the islands is about sixty feet, and between the smaller one and the shore about twenty feet."

[106] Upon the partial drainage of Carlingwark Loch, in 1765, various kinds of artificial structures were observed, as wooden roadways, dams built of stone and clay, and a couple of islets constructed on a framework of black oak. In the mud were also found various relics, as a brass dagger, 22 inches long, mounted with gold plaiting; a brass pan; a remarkable cauldron (Fig. 172), containing bronze and iron implements; and several large stag-heads.

[107] "In draining a lake at the east end of the parish of Croy, an artificial mound appeared within a few yards of the shore, about sixty feet in circumference and five in height. It was formed of alternate strata of stones, earth, and oak; piles of oak being driven in the ground were kept strongly fixed by transverse beams of smaller size. Over these were round stones, and on the surface some inches of fine black mould. Some fragments of brass rings, pieces of pottery, and the bolt of a lock of no ordinary size, were found on the mound. At about a hundred yards distance there is a circle of large piles of oak, driven deep in the earth, apparently the commencement of a second mound; but for what purpose they were intended it is impossible to conjecture. At the same time a canoe, of most beautiful workmanship, was found, which some modern Goth has since cut down for mean and servile purposes."

[108] See note 3, p. 443.

[109] Artificial lake, with two islands, said to be seats of Fergus, Lord of Galloway.

[110] Rev. R. J. Mapleton thus sums up his observations:—"Altogether, I think that it is evident that the crannog was entirely composed of rock and walling, with the middle part filled up with smaller stones; that there existed considerable works of wood on the east, south, and west sides, at least, but whether a rampart outside or a building on the structure itself, is not quite clear; that there was a partial causeway, now under water, and the interval either filled in with brushwood or passed over in a canoe."

[111] "In Loch Kinder there is an artificial mount of stones, rising six or seven feet above the surface of the water, and resting on a frame of large oaks, which is visible when the weather is clear and calm."

[112] An oval-shaped crannog, 50 feet long by 28 feet broad, constructed of layers of young trees laid transversely. Three fire-places were exposed over the structure, and among the rubbish were found two broken combs made of wood, one of which is here figured (Fig. 173), and a piece of wood with a Greek cross, with crosslets burnt on it.

[113] Half a century ago Loch Leven was lowered nine feet by drainage, and at the present time the remains of the lake-dwelling are always from one to three feet under water. The mound measures 35 yards by 20 yards, and 1½ to 2 feet in height. In this area were detected the stumps of two rows of piles, twelve feet apart, and each pile was four or five feet apart. Also, in a line stretching to the shore, which is about sixty yards distant, there were one or two piles encountered, as if forming part of a gangway. The lake-bottom is here firm, and not liable to compression, so that the structure, whether ancient or modern, was really a pile-building. The only relics are a bit of carved wood, which might have been a handle, and a fragment of archaic-like pottery.

[114] The island is oval in shape, 180 feet long and 135 feet broad in the widest part. Fire-places, wooden floorings, and other woodworks were exposed, and a few relics, viz. an ornamented bone comb (Fig. 174), a flat loop of bronze, part of the rim of a large vessel of cast bronze 3 inches in length, and portion of an armlet of greenish glass, with a blue-and-white twisted cable ornament running round it.

[115] Dr. Stuart quotes the following account of a crannog in Loch Lochy from Mr. Robertson's notes, extracted by the latter from a MS. in the Advocate's Library, written towards the end of the seventeenth century: "Ther was of ancient ane lord in Loquhaber, called my Lord Cumming, being a cruell and tyirrant superior to the inhabitants and ancient tenants of that countrie of Loquhaber. This lord builded ane iland, or an house, on the south-east head of Loghloghae; ... and when summer is, certain yeares or dayes, one of the bigge timber jests, the quantitie of an ell thereof will be sein above the water. And sundrie men of the countrie were wont to goe and se that jest of timber which stands there as yett; and they say that a man's finger will cast it too and fro in the water, but fortie men cannot pull it up, because it lyeth in another jest below the water." B. 94, p. 160.

[116] In Maitland's "History of Scotland" the curious observation is made that Boece states that in Loch Lomond there were fish without fins, waves without wind, and a floating island. (Boet. "Scot. Reg. Descript.," fol. 7.)

[117] The relics from the Wigtownshire crannogs, besides those already mentioned, are not numerous. From Barlockhart there is a stone ring (Fig. 175), two querns, and a spindle-whorl of clay-slate. From one of the crannogs at Machermore Loch there is a stone implement, with circular hollows on each face (Fig. 175). Regarding such implements Rev. George Wilson writes thus:—"These are of two types, elongated and oval, approaching a circular form, and I wish to direct attention to them because, as yet [1879], only eight have been reported in Scotland, seven of them being from Wigtownshire" (Proc. S. A. Scot., vol. xiv. p. 127). Shortly afterwards another, described at page 422, was found on the crannog of Lochspouts, in Ayrshire.

[118] Lochavoullin, situated to the east of the Oban railway station, was formerly, as the name implies, used as a dam for a water-mill, but for many years it was a marsh in the summer time, and much frequented by sportsmen on account of the number of snipes which it sheltered. It is now in the process of being utilised, partly as a green, by filling up its bed, and partly as a skating-pond; and in the course of these operations a submerged platform of wooden beams, laid in transverse layers, was detected about the centre of the marsh. I visited the locality in the spring of 1888, but beyond seeing portions of the woodwork, and determining, by probing the mud, that it extended for several yards in all directions, nothing of archÆological value was discovered. So far, however, it has all the appearance of the usual crannog, an opinion which is strengthened by the physical conditions of the environment.

[119] This loch covers about two acres. At the north end there is a small island, covered with a rank vegetation and a few stunted trees of Scottish fir and birch. A rough, crooked causeway extended from it to the shore. "Round the island could be seen driven piles, to which were attached strong transverse beams, and upon making a cut six or seven feet wide into the side of the island to ascertain its structure, we found a platform of about four feet in depth, raised by transverse beams placed alternately across each other, and kept in position by driven piles. These last were generally small oak trees, but dressed and sharpened by a metal tool, some of them mortised at the heads, where a transverse rail or beam could be fixed."

[120] Towards the north the author subsequently found a "plank with several Roman nails in it; and the number of loose nails found in the soil above it showed that they must probably have belonged to some wooden superstructure which had perished."

[121] Evans, "An. Br. Implements," p. 436.

[122] Proc. R. I. A., vol. ix. p. 176; and vol. i., 2nd Ser., p. 223.

[123] See translation of O. S., edited by Dr. Joseph Anderson, p. 182; also Proc. S. A. Scot., vol. viii.

[124] Antiqua, 1883, p. 15.

[125] MatÉriaux, etc., vol. xvi. p. 215.

[126] Bulletino Palet. It., An. i. p. 7.

[127] While visiting Mr. Flinders Petrie's collection of antiquities from Egypt lately exhibited in London, I was much interested in seeing a well-shaped wooden sickle with a groove in which a flint saw was still cemented in its place. The groove is adapted for three such saws, but only one remained in its place. The wooden portion of this unique instrument is shaped like a modern corn-hook, with the exception that the handle turns downwards at a right angle to the cutting plane, and the opposite end runs out into a long sharp point. It measures 12½ inches from tip to tip, and 17 from the point to the most bulging part of the body. From the same place were various other flint implements and some semilunar knives or saws, precisely similar to those so common in the Scandinavian archÆological area. Mr. Petrie also pointed out some flint objects which were undoubtedly an imitation of implements of copper and bronze with which they were associated. The tombs of Hawara in which these relics were discovered are said to be of the 12th dynasty, dating some 2,600 years B.C.

[128] B. 423, pp. 80, 90; Bul. Palet. Ital., An. xii. p. 80.

[129] Archiv fÜr Anthropologie, vol. xvi.

[130] Antiqua. 1883, p. 89.

[131] Corr.-blatt, 1882, 1883, and B. 401.

[132] Mitt. der Anth. Ges. Wien, B. xiii. pp. 213 and 216.

[133] Neues Jahrb. fÜr Mineralogie, B. iii., 1884.

[134] ArchÆological Journal, vol. xxxvi., 1880.

[135] Zeit. fÜr Ethn., bd. xv. pp. 163-190.

[136] Antiqua, 1885, p. 138.

[137] Zeit. fÜr Ethn., vol. xviii., Verhand., p. 83.

[138] Ibid., p. 411.

[139] Ibid., vol. xix. p. 97.

[140] Ibid., p. 140.

[141] Castelfranco: Bul. Palet. Ital., Anno iv. p. 50.

[142] Nuovo Giornale Bot. Ital., vol. xxii., N. 1, 1890.

[143] An excellent summary of the evidence establishing this fact is given by Baron de Baye in his recent work "ArchÆologie Prehistorique," chap. vi.

[144] Zeit. fÜr Ethn., vol. xviii., Verhand., p. 368.

[145] See also Anzeiger, 1880, p. 46; and 1882, p. 221.

[146] ArchÉologie Celtique et Gauloise, p. 368.

[147] Double SÉpulture Gauloise de la Gorge-Meillet (Marne). By Ed. Fourdrignier. Paris, 1878.

[148] W. Osborne, Zur Beurtheilung des prÄhistorischen Fundes auf dem Hradischt bei Stradonic in BÖhmen. Mitt. der Anth. Ges. Wien, vol. x.

[149] Bull. dell' Inst., 1875, pp. 50 and 178, and 1877, p. 74.

[150] Bull. Palet. It., anno xii., p. 194, etc., with six plates.

[151] Revue ArchÉologique, 1864.

[152] "HorÆ Ferales," pp. 172 to 189.

[153] "Recherches Anthropologiques dans le Caucase," vol i. p. 70.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

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