A
Acids, connected by Lavoisier with oxygen, 91;
Boyle's and other early definitions, 171;
opposed in early medicine to alkalis, 172;
grouped, 173;
salts, 173;
"the primordial acid," 174;
oxygen not a necessary constituent, 184;
new division of acids by Davy, 205;
acids of different basicity, 237;
modern conception of acids, 301.
Affinity, chemical, apparently suspended by electricity, 191;
history of term "affinity," 206;
tables of, 207;
dependent on electric states, 210.
Air, composition of, determined by Cavendish, 79;
Dalton's investigations, 116.
Alchemy, 5;
alchemical symbols of metals, 11;
quotations from alchemists, 15, 17;
alchemical poetry, 18.
Alcoates, 235.
Alkalis, 171;
fixed and volatile, 173;
mild and caustic, examined by Black, 176;
connection with earths, 178;
name of "base" given by Rouelle, 179;
Gay-Lussac's alkalizing principle, 203.
Ammonia, discovered by Priestley, 66.
Atmolysis, 243.
Atomic theory, dawn of, 117;
early views of Greek philosophers, 123;
of Epicurus and Lucretius, 124;
of Newton and Bernoulli, 125;
Dalton's new views—combination in simple multiples, 127, et seq.;
the theory made known by Dr. Thomson, 129;
it is opposed at first by Davy, 130;
Dalton's rules for arriving at atomic weights, 132;
more accurately applied by Berzelius, 133, 162;
diagrams of atoms, 118, 136;
the theory as carried out by Gay-Lussac and Avogadro, 138, et seq.;
conception of the molecule, 140;
molecular and atomic weight, 145;
Graham's work on molecular reactions, 249;
Berzelius's dualistic views, 212;
they are attacked by Dumas, 260;
conception of the compound radicle, 267;
Laurent's unitary theory, 272;
modern conception of molecule, 275;
revision of atomic weights, 285;
equivalency of atoms, 295.
Avogadro, his elucidation of the atomic theory, 138, et seq.;
introduces the idea of molecules, 140;
law known as Avogadro's law, 143.
B
Base (of salts), 179;
basic lines in spectrum, 311.
Becher, John J., born at Speyer, 26;
his three principles of metals, 26;
his principle of inflammability, 48;
his views on acids, 174.
Berthollet, analyzes ammonia, 66;
adheres to the Lavoisierian theory of combustion, 95;
questions doctrine of fixity of composition, 126;
and necessary presence of oxygen in acids, 184;
shows variable nature of affinities, 208.
Berzelius, Johann J., 106;
determines weights of elementary atoms, 133;
his birth and education, 157;
works at Stockholm, 159;
his slight appliances and large discoveries, 161;
he reviews Dalton's atomic theory, 162;
his views superseded by Avogadro's generalization, 165;
he accepts law of isomorphism, 166;
and Davy's discovery of chlorine, 204;
his views on affinity of atoms, 209;
his dual classification, 212;
works at organic chemistry, 220;
his dualism attacked by Dumas, 260.
Black, Joseph, born at Bordeaux, 30;
his education, 31;
his thesis on magnesia and discovery of "fixed air," 33, et seq.;
inquiries into latent heat, 39;
professor at Edinburgh, 41;
his death and character, 41, et seq.;
resumÉ of his work, 102;
his examination of alkalis, 176.
Boyle, Hon. Robert, 25;
his "Sceptical Chymist," 76;
law known as "Boyle's law," 77;
opposes doctrine of elementary principles, 93;
his definition of an acid, 171;
extends the knowledge of salts, 177.
Bromine, discovered by Balard, 291.
C
Carbonic acid gas, or "fixed air," studied by Black, 35;
by Priestley, 57, 69.
Cavendish, Hon. Henry, rediscovers hydrogen, 63, 78;
and composition of water and air, 78.
Chloral, } produced by Liebig, composition determined by Dumas, 273.
Chloroform,}
Chlorine, discovered by Davy, 202;
replaces hydrogen in organic compounds, 271.
Colloids, 247.
Combination in multiple proportions, 127.
Combustion, studied by early chemists, 24 (vide "Phlogistic theory");
studied by Black, 47;
his views of Lavoisier's theory, 51;
Priestley's views of combustion, 62;
Lavoisier's experiments, 83, et seq.;
Liebig's combustion-tube, 263.
Compound radicle, 267;
the idea of substitution, 270, 276.
Conservation of mass, doctrine of, 82.
Crystallization, water of, 237.
Crystalloids, 247.
D
Dalton, John, his birth and education, 107;
"answers to correspondents," 109;
his meteorological observations, 110;
teaches at Manchester, 110;
colour-blind, 111;
pressures of gaseous mixtures, 113;
strives after general laws, 115;
first view of atomic theory, 117;
visits Paris, 120;
honours conferred on him, 121, 122;
dies, 123;
consideration of atomic theory (which see), 123, et seq.;
his "New System of Chemical Philosophy," 129;
fixes atomic weight of hydrogen, 130;
small use he makes of books, 148;
inaccurate as an experimenter, 149;
his method compared with Priestley's, 151.
Davy, Sir Humphry, 106;
opposes the atomic theory, 129;
accepts same, 130;
studies the chemical aspects of electricity, 185;
experiments on the acid and alkali said to be produced by electrolyzing water, 186;
apparent suspension of chemical affinities by action of electricity, 191;
discovers potassium, 197;
and sodium, 198;
the metallic bases of earths, 200;
proves the elementary nature of chlorine, 202;
Davy's birth and youth, 215;
experiments on heat, 217;
his work at Bristol, 218;
inhales gases, 220;
lectures at the Royal Institution, 222;
discovers iodine and invents safety-lamp, 224;
dies, 226.
Dialysis, 247.
Diffusion-rates of gases, 241;
distinguished from transpiration-rates, 242;
diffusion-rates of liquids, 245.
Dulong, his law of atomic heat, 168.
Dumas, Jean B. A., birth and education, 257;
physiological studies, 258;
meets Von Humboldt, 259;
attacks the dualism of Berzelius, 260;
Dumas's vapour density process, 262;
ethers and alcohols, 265;
chlorine in connection with organic compounds, 271;
determines composition of chloral and chloroform, 273;
studies fermentation, 287;
member of the National Assembly, 288;
takes office, 289.
E
Earths, 177;
Stahl's views, 178;
the connection between earths and alkalis, 178;
their metallic bases, 182, 200.
Economy of waste materials, 300.
Electric affinity, 191, 210.
Electricity, Volta's battery, 185;
used to decompose water, 185;
new metals discovered by its help, 197.
Elements: old doctrine of elementary principles opposed by Boyle, 93;
modern definition of element, 95
(vide "Spectroscopic analysis"—basic lines, 311).
Equivalency, conception of, 294.
F
Fermentation, studied by Dumas, 287.
Fourcroy, calls Lavoisier's views "La chimie FranÇaise,", 95
G
Gay-Lussac, 138, 143, 201, 203, 257.
Gerhardt, 272, 279.
Graham, Thomas, early life, 233;
made Master of the Mint, 234;
his death, 235;
studies alcoates, 235;
formulates conception of acids of different basicity, 237;
considers hydrogen a metal, 238;
investigates phenomena observed by DÖbereiner, 240;
diffusion-rates of gases, 241;
of liquids, 245;
his atmolyzer, 243;
his dialyzer, 247;
studies movements and reactions of molecules, 249.
H
Hales's experiments on gases, 34.
Heat, Black's study of latent heat, 39;
specific heat, 98;
Dalton lectures on, 117;
law of capacity for heat, 168;
heat as produced by friction, 217.
Helmholtz, 143;
vortex atoms, 125.
Hooke, Robert, his "Micographia," 24;
studies combustion, 34.
Humboldt, Alexander von, assists Liebig, 256;
and Dumas, 259.
Hydrochloric acid discovered by Priestley, 66;
a stumbling-block to Lavoisierian chemists, 200;
studied by Davy, 201.
Hydrogen, rediscovered by Cavendish, 63;
experimented on by Priestley, 66;
its atomic weight decided by Dalton, 130;
Graham considers it a metal, 238.
I
Iodine, discovered by Davy, 224.
Isomerism, 297.
Isomorphism, law of, 167.
L
Laplace, assists Lavoisier, 90.
Latent heat, Black's theory of, 39.
Laurent, his unitary theory, 272, 278.
Lavoisier, Antoine L., born at Paris, 79;
confutes idea of transmutation, 81;
paper on calcination of tin, 84;
meets Priestley, 61, 85;
his theory of combustion, 51, 86;
his chemical nomenclature, 96;
he is guillotined, 99;
resumÉ of his work, 103;
his views on salts, 183, 184.
Liebig, Justus, birth, 256;
Humboldt and Gay-Lussac, 257;
his improved combustion-tube, 263;
studies the cyanates, *******

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