Particular Ceremonies 1

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Bindian

The bindian, called by the Kabayan Nabaloi bindayan, is celebrated in Buguias, but in no other Kankanay town. The ceremony is held to cure or to prevent sickness, or in compliance with a promise made while a person is sick.

In general, the celebration is similar to that conducted in Kabayan; but in Buguias instead of the dummy head being carved to represent the head of a person, it represents the head of a snake. In the bindian song for Buguias, the deeds of the heroes who went to Legleg and succeeded in killing two large snakes which had been responsible for the death of a large number of people, are commemorated. The olol, instead of representing the takers of human heads as they do in Kabayan, represent the persons who killed the snakes.

As among the Kabayan Nabaloi, hogs are used for sacrifice, and the dancing is the same in the two towns. The prayer is also similar. As a rule the celebration is not conducted on so large a scale in Buguias as it is in Kabayan, and fewer people attend.

I do not know whether or not this ceremony is given in any of the Lepanto Kankanay towns, but I have seen a dance in Bagnen which is similar to the bindian dance. The Igorot farther north have their head-taking celebrations, of which the bindian seems to be a survival.

Mandit

The mandit of the Kankanay corresponds to the pachit of the Nabaloi. The Nabaloi use the word manchit, meaning “to celebrate the pachit.” The Kankanay always substitute “d” for the “ch” of the Nabaloi.

However, there is a difference in the purpose for which the Nabaloi and the Kankanay of Kibungan and surrounding towns celebrate this ceremony. In Kibungan it is given neither to cure nor to prevent sickness, but only to cause the person celebrating it to become rich and to be honored by the people. In the Kankanay town of Buguias it is celebrated to cure or prevent sickness as well as to enhance the prestige and to increase the wealth of the giver.

The following is an account of a mandit which I saw on the 3rd and 4th of October, 1916, at the house of Damadan, a rich Igorot living in Kibungan:

The ceremony began about nine o’clock in the morning. The mambunong took a cocoanut shell filled with tapuy, and squatted in front of the house. He then prayed as follows, while holding the tapuy in his hand:

Sikayao ay pinading ay kayilinganmi, ipitikenmi dakayos nan tapuy ut makikan kayo; ut adayo golgolidan di pakanenmi.

You, the pinading living near us, we are giving you tapuy and food to eat and drink with us; so do not permit what we feed to have a skin disease.

The old men then squatted around in a group and sang the bayog, which is as follows:

Linmayad si Taydak, linmayad si Dakodak;

Ginmosad si Soyaan, linmayad si Taydak;

Ginmosad si Balitok, Balitok nay masobok.

Tadyonay manyokayok dalingyos bintauwanyo,

Linmoboi di baboiyo, inmingyap di manokyo,

Ganakyoi sauwaswoo. Siya say isongdoyo

Linan inmananito.

Ginmosad si Aponan, ingosadna baboina

Siay intayawanda sinan boi di mansina.

Siya sat matoganda mobalung ya ipidwada

Tamonmasinop nan litagua way panamtamangan un dayida.

Ginmosad si Maodi balitok nay masodi,

Madili ay babayi, dalingyos bintauwanyo,

Liniboi di baboiyo, inmingyap di manokyo.

Alanyat i songdoyo si bomooi ay nayo.

Balbalungmo matago, ipidwanas bungbungo

Ut maad adotako.

Ginmosad si Angtan; galinay kinadangian.

Tanbanos di baknang ingosad ni baboiyo

Ay inbayogunyo.

Became happy Taydak, became happy Dakodak;

Came down from the sky Soyaan, became happy Taydak.

Came down from the sky Balitok, Balitok who was kind.

The wooden dishes being carried in and out will be seen in your yard,

Will become fat your pigs, will increase in number your chickens.

Your children born will be eighteen. That is why you will mourn the death of the one celebrating the ceremony.

Came down Aponan, bringing hogs

So that there would be dancing at the house where the mandit was celebrated.

So that they would know when they did it next,

He called together the people that they might see everything.

Came down from the sky Maodi, gold-shining.

Growing fat are your pigs, increasing in number are your chickens.

Admit you will mourn the death of the giver of this ritual.

If you live, do it again in the future

That we may increase.

Came down Angtan; his blankets were those of a rich man.

The greatest of all the rich men brought down your hogs,

Singing the bayog.

After singing the bayog, the people danced and drank tapuy until noon, when twelve hogs which were to be killed were tied and put in a row in front of the house. Just before the first hog was killed the mambunong prayed the prayer which is called batbat in Kibungan. It is as follows:

Lumawig un Kabigat, si Pati, si Soyaan, si Amdoyan, si Wigan, si Bintauan, si Bangan, si Bogan, si Obongan, si Obung, si Laongan, si Singan, si Maodi, si Kolan, si Moan, si Angtan, si Gatan, si Angban, si Mantalau, si Balitok; minyaan midakayos, yan tagoundakami. Idauwatmoi masangbo, tamo matagokami pangiyaan di ibamin dakami; tamo dakayo ay kabunian waday pangiyaan min dakayo; tamo anakmi waday matago ya waday pangiyaan min dakayo.

Mopakenmi adadoenyo, tauaday piditenmi. Mo manokmi abu, matago tauwaday panbiagmi. Mo mansamakmi, abu, mataguay; batong mataguay, din togi mataguay; ta waday panbiagmi. Mo mansamakmi, abu, si pina, ya kapi adadoi bagasna, ta waday ilaukami, ta waday iami sigalimi.

Lumawig and Kabigat, Pati, Soyaan, Amdoyan, Wigan, Bintauan, Bangan, Bogan, Obongan, Obung, Laongan, Singan, Maodi, Kolan, Moan, Angtan, Gatan, Angban, Mantalau, Balitok; we are giving this to you that we may live long. Work for us to become rich so that while we live there will be the giving of meat to us by our companions; so that you the gods will have things given to you; so that our children will have life; so that there will be gifts for you.

What we feed increase, so that there will be celebrations of ceremonies again. Cause our chickens also to live to be for keeping us alive. Make what we plant also to live; beans to live; camotes to live; to be for keeping us alive. Make what we plant, also, pineapples and coffee, to have much fruit, so that we may have it to sell, that we may have something with which to buy blankets.

The hogs were then killed, and after the meat was cooked the same prayer was repeated. After the people had eaten, they began to dance and sing again and continued to do so throughout the night; but only a small number of those who were present during the day remained. The majority went home, taking with them part of the meat which had been left.

The second and third days were similar to the first; but fewer people attended, and fewer hogs were killed.

The mambunong stated that, if after a person has celebrated the mandit, a stone should become detached from the hillside and roll down near his house, or if there should be a slide near, it would be necessary for him to kill another hog, and have the mambunong pray the following prayer:

Sika ay napolug ay bato nay ay okaamka, ut bomaknangak ut adakna bitbitbitug. Mataguak abu ta maobananak.

You, the falling stone, I am giving you this so that you will make me rich and will not make me poor. Cause me to live also until my hair is white.

While this ceremony corresponds in general to the Nabaloi pachit, the song and prayer are entirely different. In the pachit the prayer is addressed principally to the souls of dead relatives, while in the mandit the hero deities are addressed. The prayer and song resemble more closely those for the Nabaloi bindayan than those for the pachit. It is not improbable that when the bindayan or its equivalent became obsolete among the Kibungan Kankanay, a part of it was incorporated in other rituals.

The corresponding Lepanto Kankanay ceremony is variously designated as the bayas, bagnas, and daaus. The corresponding Ifugao ceremony is called bumayah.

Dawak and Basit

The dawak is a small mandit, and corresponds to the Nabaloi chawak. A very small dawak called basit dawak corresponds to the Nabaloi bayog.

Batbat

The batbat is given in all Benguet towns, by the Kankanay as well as the Nabaloi, to cure or prevent sickness and to bring riches and long life to the giver. The ceremony is held for the same general purpose by both tribes, but the manner of celebrating it is different.

In the Kankanay towns from one to twelve hogs may be used for this ceremony. The number varies according to the wealth of the giver. Unlike the Nabaloi they do not pretend to deceive the spirits by tying hogs which are not to be killed. The following story regarding this difference was related in Legleg,2 a barrio of Kapangan:

Ud nabaon si Lumawig winatwatun ifugau gudu ta siay aduum si okana. Gomosad pay sin kayilokoan, ay mankadu si gudu adida donongun. Isakayatna pay sin Nabaloi; inamtada di nangia si esa ay yatdaum adadu di indawatna. Sin nangi bagaana sin Kankanay pay yaanda si adadu.

Sia say gapona ay iwud diidawat si Iloko sin batbat, mo din Inibiloi ya anda si usaloi, mo di Kankanay pay yaanda si adadu.

Long ago Lumawig gave the people hogs so that they would give some of the increase. When he came down from the sky to the Ilocano country and asked for hogs, they did not comply. He asked the Nabaloi; they knew how to give him one and pretend that many were given. When he asked the Kankanay, they gave him many.

This is the reason the Ilocanos do not celebrate the batbat; why the Nabaloi give one (hog) only; why the Kankanay give many.

Before each hog is killed, the mambunong prays as follows while holding a cup of tapuy in his hand:

Kabigat ay maybungan, Lumawig ay maybungan, Buliwan ay maybungan, Pati ay maybungan, Gatan ay maybungan, Dulo ay maybungan, Bintawan ay maybungan, Balitok ay maybungan, Ubang ay maybungan, Bangon ay maybungan, Bugan ay maybungan, Singan ay maybungan, Ubagan ay maybungan, Kolan ay maybungan, Angtan ay maybungan, Soyaan ay maybungan, Amdoyaan ay maybungan, Wigan ay maybungan, Mantalau ay maybungan; mo wada pay di sangbounda ya bomaknangda ut ta mapno di dapatanda, ya mapno di kuboda, ya magabay sinanak, ya gamun ya salon, to wada pansosokubantayo si tapin di agou. Bomangan sin sasakit.

Kabigat to whom prayer is offered, Lumawig to whom prayer is offered, Buliwan to whom prayer is offered, Pati to whom prayer is offered, Gatan to whom prayer is offered, Dulo to whom prayer is offered, Bintawan to whom prayer is offered, Balitok to whom prayer is offered, Ubang to whom prayer is offered, Bangon to whom prayer is offered, Bugan to whom prayer is offered, Singan to whom prayer is offered, Ubagan to whom prayer is offered, Kolan to whom prayer is offered, Angtan to whom prayer is offered, Soyaan to whom prayer is offered, Amdoyaan to whom prayer is offered, Wigan to whom prayer is offered, Mantalau to whom prayer is offered; since there is praying here may it cause them to be rich so that their yards will be filled with pigpens, and may they be lucky in having children and money and cattle pasturing, so that there will be our eating and drinking together some other day. May the sick be cured.

After the hog has been killed, the mambunong takes the stick with which it was stuck, and swings it while praying as follows:

Sika pay ay wikibuyak ta dakami di omanda ya bomaknang, nakasnatna, tan onmandakami, ta isakladmi di puogmi ya malipunan kami si anak, gamung, ya salon.

You, the stick, are swung so that we shall live long and become rich, so that we shall live long, so that our legs shall be as horn, so that we shall have many children, much money, and many cattle grazing.

The prayer recorded above is used in Legleg and all the other Kankanay barrios of Kapangan, but in Kibungan the prayer recorded under the mandit is also used for batbat. In Buguias the souls of the dead and the malevolent spirits as well as the deities are addressed, and the prayer as a whole is probably more similar to the Nabaloi prayer for batbat than to the one recorded above.

Dancing the tayo forms a part of this ceremony in all Benguet Kankanay towns.

The ceremony may last from one to three days, and is generally more expensive than the batbat of the Nabaloi. As a rule more hogs, tapuy, and rice are used.

It will be noted that in the prayer used by the Kankanay for batbat only the deities are addressed, while the Nabaloi not only relate a sacred story, but also petition the souls of ancestors, the pasang, and some of the constellations.

In some respects the Lepanto ceremony called keslei resembles the batbat.

Among the Benguet Kankanay as well as the Nabaloi the term saad is used to designate the batbat on a small scale.

Kapi

Kapi is celebrated by the Buguias Kankanay in compliance with dreams, or a vow made during sickness.

A hog, tapuy, and rice are necessary. Just before the hog is killed, the mambunong prays, addressing his prayer to the deities, the souls of the dead, and the malevolent spirits. They are asked not to cause sickness, but to give good luck, riches, and long life.

After the hog has been killed and cooked, the prayer is repeated. There is no dancing, but the people generally remain all day and spend the time drinking tapuy.

I have never seen this ceremony in any of the western Benguet Kankanay towns, but have been told that it is sometimes celebrated in Kapangan. It is celebrated in all Nabaloi settlements, and in the township of Mancayan in Lepanto.

Amlag

The amlag is a ceremony celebrated in all Benguet Kankanay towns. Its purpose is to cause the release of the captured soul of a living person.

A chicken, some rice, and a collection of tools are necessary for sacrifice. The mambunong holds the chicken in one hand and squats beside the tapuy and rice while he prays.

He begins his prayer by addressing the amlag of the various settlements from the coast town of San Fernando, La Union, to the place where the ceremony is held; and then requests that if any of them have captured the soul of the sick person, they release it in exchange for the food, tapuy, and tools.

This ceremony is celebrated for the same purpose as the amdag of the Nabaloi; but no sacred story is told by the Kankanay mambunong, nor are the deities addressed. The ceremony is celebrated in the Lepanto town of Mancayan, and probably in other Lepanto towns.

Lawit

Lawit is a ceremony celebrated by the Benguet Kankanay to cause the return of the soul of a living person which has wandered away. One of the Kibungan mambunong said:

Mo iitauum ay wadaka’s adaway sin buuina, ifugau, sia amona aydin ababiikna tinaymana.

If a person dreams that he is far away from his house, he knows that his soul has left him.

The mambunong takes a plate of rice from which tapuy has been fermented and holds it in one hand, while holding a chicken in the other. He turns his face toward the sky and says the following:

Sika ababiikna ——, omalika, mo sinoi inmoyan, sinan buuitaka, tan inayan nanbuui di kakading. Mo ituum isa matika, ut ungay adika mangan sinan ilagbuam.

You, the soul of ——, come back if you have wandered away from our home, because it is dreadful to live in the home of the souls of the dead. If you stay there you will die, and you will not eat what you have earned.

The lawit is celebrated in Kibungan, Kapangan, Bacun, and Ampusungan; but I do not know whether or not it is celebrated in any other Kankanay towns. It corresponds to the Nabaloi tawal and to the Bontoc ofat.

Tingiting

The Buguias Kankanay celebrate a ceremony called tingiting to cause the return of the souls of the persons who have occupied a house which has been burned. It is believed that the souls fly away with the fire and smoke.

One of those who has occupied the house holds some dried meat in his hand, while he calls the names of all the sky deities he can remember, and asks that they send the souls to earth again.

This ceremony is celebrated by the Nabaloi, and in the Lepanto Kankanay town of Mancayan.

Palis

The palis is celebrated by the Benguet Kankanay against witchcraft, and also to cause injury to befall an enemy.

Tapuy, cooked rice, and either a chicken or a dog are necessary for sacrifice.

The prayer is addressed by the mambunong to the amlag. They are asked to dissolve their alliance with the witch and take the side of the people, or to visit the enemy and cause him bad luck, in consideration of the tapuy and food which are furnished.

As soon as the prayer has been finished, the people present sing the angba, a song in which the deities are called by name and asked to witness the palis.

One man then dances and waves a spear as if he were attacking an enemy, while some of the people keep time by beating together wooden sticks.

The palis is celebrated by the Nabaloi and the Lepanto Kankanay. The ceremony, or its equivalent, is probably celebrated by all Igorot tribes, since a belief in witchcraft is prevalent throughout their territory. When the ceremony is celebrated to divert injury from oneself to an enemy, it corresponds to the Nabaloi sagausau.

Buang

The buang is celebrated to cure deafness in Buguias, in some of the Kankanay barrios of Atok, and probably in some if not all of the Benguet Kankanay settlements farther west.

The mambunong holds in one hand the chicken to be sacrificed and with the other hand he holds a cup of tapuy above the head of the deaf person, while relating the following story:

Kabigat of the earth was constructing a sod fence. While he was bending over to pick up a large piece of sod, he heard the noise of loud thunder. He did not look around, but continued to work.

Soon his wife Bangan, who was working in a nearby camote field, called to him saying that it was time to go home. Kabigat did not answer, but continued to build fence. His wife became angry and began to scold, but when she turned around she saw the Thunder standing near. The Thunder said, “Do not become angry with your husband. He does not answer because he can not hear you. I made him deaf. If you want him to be cured get one chicken and one jar of tapuy and celebrate the buang.”

Bangan did so and Kabigat was cured. Then they handed this down to the people, and commanded that the name of Thunder, Kabigat, and Bangan should be called.

This ceremony is celebrated by the Nabaloi, but a different version of the story is told.

Mayilutlutkan

Mayilutlutkan is a ceremony given by the Kankanay against headache. The mambunong takes a camote in his left hand and holds it against the head of the sick person. He holds a knife in his right hand against the camote, while praying as follows:

Sika pay ay mayilutlutkanka’s sumingising di agou, mayilutlutkanka’s pangawan di agou, mayilutlutkanka’s kalibiana agou, mayilutlutkanka’s dimana agou, mayilutlutkanka’s gomabisana agou, ya mayilutlutkanka’s kapat aana; ado ut diya tubum dan dangau ay nay ta pangamoak di kasika ya dagosak iyuan sika’s manokmo.

You the mayilutlutkan of the morning sun, you the mayilutlutkan of the midday sun, you the mayilutlutkan of the afternoon sun, you the mayilutlutkan of the setting sun, you the mayilutlutkan of the time the cocks first crow, and you the mayilutlutkan of the dawn; may a complete cure be made by the dangau so that you will show yourself to me, and I will make you a gift of a chicken.

The mayilutlutkan corresponds to the Nabaloi nansaang.

Palis chi Kabunian

The palis chi kabunian is celebrated in Buguias to cure toothache, but I do not think it is celebrated in any other Benguet Kankanay towns.

A jar of tapuy and a chicken are used for sacrifice. The mambunong holds the chicken in one hand, while with the other he holds a spear against the aching tooth. He prays to the amlag asking that they cease causing the tooth to ache, and that they visit their malevolence on the patient’s enemies instead.

The people then sing the angba, a song in which the deities are asked to witness the palis. The patient then holds a spear in his hand while he dances to the music produced by beating together two seasoned wooden sticks.

The ceremony is celebrated by the Nabaloi, but the spoken ritual is different.

Mantuis Bilig

Mantuis bilig is one of the ceremonies celebrated to cure pains in the chest. A chicken, a jar of tapuy, and a basket of blankets, breech-clouts, and headbands are necessary. The mambunong holds the chicken in one hand, puts the basket on his head, squats beside the tapuy, and says the following:

Wada si Damogo ay manili us Natoo. Sia say Mantuis Bilig ay makagayang si ipugau. Inapuna usay galui, usay budbud, usay wanus, ya usay manok. Wada’s Mayang ay manili ud Ampungut. Wada’s Bokosan ay manili ud Odosan. Wada’s Sigmayo ay manili ud Tabayo. Wada’s Gomi ay manili ud Kasili. Wada’s Palatang ay manili ud Manalang. Omali kayo ta badanganyo dakami si mugmug ya pakan tamo waday kamanina ya waday pangay ay yaganmin dakayo.

There is Damogo, who lives in Natoo. He is Mantuis Bilig who spears the people. He requires one blanket, one breech-clout, one headband, and one chicken. There is Mayang who lives in Ampungut. There is Bokosan, who lives in Odosan. There is Sigmayo, who lives in Tabayo. There is Gomi, who lives in Kasili. There is Palatang, who lives in Manalang. You come to help us in feeding our chickens and in feeding our hogs, so that there may be (a ceremony) like this, so that there will be (something) for calling you names.

Bilong

Bilong is a ceremony which is celebrated to cure diseases of the lungs. The mambunong holds in one hand a piece of dried meat and says the following:

Wada, kano, da Ginsingan un Suyan. Mansida pay, kano, san tonodaisan adue ya mayaganda Ginsingan ya si Suyan. Amuida pay, kano, yan pinoda san usay takbada si patok yan pinoda san usay takbada san inapoi. Somaada pay, kano, yan manbidbidbidang ut san usay batang. Ingayon kinwanina ut, kano, un, “Manototo ut sina ta manganta.”

Omada ut, kano, isan patok ud idawista apoi. Kanuttut, kano, adi makaoto san apoi ay manbidbidang. Amui dapag pay, kano, gogoabna, yan tomagoda ut sia nangidawisan isan panganda ay patok ut dagos naoto.

Makakanda pay, kano, yan somaada ud baboida. Manokda duandan mantogas eda. Anapunda pay, kano, yan bilong. Ingayan kinwanina, kano, un, “Payun tako’s nan ipugau ta mo waday nankios bakun ya mantogpasda, ya daita di poon di sapon di bilong.

There were Ginsingan and Suyan. A person celebrating a ceremony and his relatives far away invited Ginsingan and Suyan. When they went one basket of meat fell, and one basket of cooked rice fell. While they were on the way home, there was one tree blazing. Then they said, “Let us cook and eat here.”

They took the piece of meat and roasted it on the fire. They could not cook it on the blazing fire. They went below a little distance and roasted their food, the meat, and it cooked easily.

When they had eaten they went home. They were coughing and spitting blood. Then they discovered the bilong. Then they said, “We will hand it down to the people so that if they have sickness or spit blood, we shall be called and shall be the origin of the prayer of bilong.”

Maydosadan

Maydosadan is one of the ceremonies which is held to cure pains in the chest. The mambunong holds a chicken which is to be sacrificed, while he relates the following:

Bangan un Kabigat unda manorian. Inagton Bangan tagbana, yan inaligida Kabigat din pataklangna. Dintangda san dorian ay sin poon; anayan kaotanda ut mapno san tagban Bangan, ya mapno san pataklang Kabigat sin bugas di dorian.

Angayan idondon Bangan si Kabigat ut inmangaya. Itotukduun pay sina ay Bangan. Amui pay si Kabigat ya binutbutna san kayi ay dakdakui yan tinmudtud san dada. Angayan kaapap si Kabigat isan paguna yan tamokdo.

Ingayan sumaa ut asina kanan, “Kaasita pay sina adi pay nanatui sina tan samo waday kayi ay mandada.” On gayutkan kinwanin Bangan, “Kambau! sian ay poon di atud di maydosadan.” Ut magay pagnan ipaytok sinan kay ipugau.

Bangan and Kabigat went to get dorian.3 Bangan carried on the head in the carrying basket, and Kabigat carried on the back in the carrying frame. They found the dorian and then dug it up, and Bangan filled the carrying basket and Kabigat filled the carrying frame with the root of the dorian.

Then Bangan sent Kabigat to get wood. Kabigat then went and picked up a large piece of wood dripping with blood. Then at once Kabigat put his hand on his chest and sat down.

Then he went home immediately and said, “Pity us because there has been death here, since the wood was bleeding.” Then Bangan said, “Oh! This is the origin of the remedy for maydosadan.” So it was handed down to the people.

After the chicken has been killed and cooked, the story is repeated.

Manbating

Manbating is one of the ceremonies which is held when a person is bleeding from the nose or mouth. The mambunong holds a chicken in one hand, while he sits in front of a basket containing a rope and says the following:

Wada, kano, san dua sin agi—Timungau. Unda pay, kano, nanogian. Datgnunda ut san usay togi ay imui us dalum san bugasna ut duiay pakdanonodun, yan dintangda san usay dalipoi ay bato. Tokwabunda payan.

Ilaunda, kano, ut nabokalan san kadan di bato, ut nandahos san matada ud dalum. Ilaunda, payun nada, kano, baoi yan nada mansida us dalum. Ungayun alaunda ut, kano, san talida ut pansissilpoonda ut itakudda ut siay pandananda ay amui adalum.

Domatunga payan mansida. Daeda unda mangan. Mangmanganda pay, kano, yan nguda utut, kanon, san iposan un, “Dupapuntako to ipangantako.” Ungayan inmagyatda ut duiata kaaninta san iniwitanda ut itakudda isan pantu ta siay pangililanda si kawadata, yan duantapui komaan. Inayan siay inyatda.

Asida ut dupapunda eda ut pay kanon nan sin agi, un “Adi kayo pompomsu ta asauwak san anakmo.” Ungayan adida pinpinsuida eda ut pangasauwaun san anak Maseken. Ingayan konan, kono, Maseken, “Tako manganop.”

Amui dapag, kano, yan ituiun san inapona isan subang duanpag. Amuida Maseken yesan oduum ay kadwana, ut unda apayauun san kananda un noang ay nakay. Bumatung ut, kano, isan kadan si inapona, ut ilana nabakus san manugtug ay kadanda un anapanda.

Ungayan adina siniloan yan pinalobosna, ut amui. Dumatung pay si Maseken yan yamyamana san inapona, ut ungayan apayau unda san nabakus ay si ininada, ut dupapunda ut labakunda. Idatungda payan ut kananda ipanganda. Asi ut kinwanin san inapona un, “Adikami pay ladum san ipugau ay ipangan.” Ingayan kinwanin Maseken un, “Mantaolika mo adi kayo laydum di ipugau ay ipangan.”

Ingayan mantaolida sinan sapui di lota, ut asida, kano, kinwanida un, “Manalako’s tali ta waday sapountako si batun ta waday panbatungtako si ipangantako.” Ingayan mansapoda si batun ta waday panbatung si ipugau. Asi kinwanin dua ay sin agi un, “Alauntakona ta ipangan.” Asi ut kinwanin Maseken un, “Dakui ta omyada’s tali ya manok ta mo adida omiya, asi alaun nan ipugau ay batungantako.”

There were two brothers, the Timungau. They went to get camotes. They found one camote the root of which went far into the ground, and they dug after it and found a wide stone. They turned it over.

They looked into the opened place, and their eyes saw to the underworld. They saw there a house, and there was being celebrated a ceremony in the underworld. Then they got their rope and fastened and tied it, and it was this way they went to the underworld.

Then they arrived at the ceremony. They went to eat. They were eating when they heard the inhabitants of the underworld say, “We will catch you so that we may eat you.” Then they became afraid, and took off their breech-clouts and tied them on the door so that it would be thought they were there. This they did.

Then they caught them, and one of the brothers said, “Do not kill us because I will marry your daughter.” Then they did not kill them, and he married one of the daughters of Maseken. Then Maseken said, “Let us go to hunt.”

They went below, but the son-in-law stayed in the trail. Maseken and his companions went, and ran after an old carabao. They arrived at the place of the son-in-law, and he saw that an old woman was running at the place they were hunting.

Then he did not lasso her, but let her go; then he went away. Maseken arrived and scolded his son-in-law, and then ran after the old woman, their mother, and caught her and wounded her. Then the son-in-law said, “We do not like to eat people. Then Maseken said, “Return, if you do not like to eat people.”

Then they returned to the top of the ground and said, “We will get the rope so that there is something for making a net so that we can catch our food with the net.” Then they made a net so that there was something to net people with. Then the two brothers said, “Take this in order that you may eat.” But Maseken said, “They will give us rope and chickens, because if they do not give them to us we will catch the people with the net.”

Liblibian

The liblibian is a ceremony which is celebrated in Kibungan and the neighboring Kankanay towns to cure diarrhoea and pains in the abdomen.

The mambunong holds in one hand a kind of plant called dungau while relating the following story:

Wada, kano, san dua ay sin agi, Bogan un Singan. Si Bogan baybayi, si Singan lalaki. Maanakda pay, kano, yan dua ay lalaki. Din dakdakui si Pintun; din banbanug sia si Liblibian.

Ungay pay, kano, madakdakda yan adi da mangan. Idawad amada tan inada san gawan di inapoi ya gawan di atui yan adida laydum.

Usay agou pay, kano, yan inmauway da amada ya inada dumatungda ut, kano, yan ingay kinanda pinilak san gambangda. Kinwanida un, “Ay takun ay gambang landok di laydingyo ay kanun.” “Au, landok di laydunmi ay kanunmi.”

Ungayan mankoyog ut, kano, Liblibian un Pintun ut amuida isan kayiloguan. Domatungda payan siblaganda san anak di Iloko ta waday gapona si pangianda undaita si banig ta wada kanunda. Adi ut, kano, amonsan Iloko di mangiya un daeda si banigda, kano, yan pagdin adas di amoda. Kinwanida un, “Kambau! Adi amom nan Iloko di buni, ut amuitako’d sinan kayigorotan.”

Amuita pay, kano, yan sinan kayigorotan, yan siblaganda san usay anak di Igorot. Kaa ut, kano, usay, manok ya sinpo ya lima ay banig ut isay paday liblibian. Kinatut kakansan ut pay bomangan san anakda.

There were a brother and sister, Bogan and Singan. Bogan was a woman and Singan was a man. They had children, two boys. The larger was Pintun, the smaller was Liblibian.

When they became older they did not eat. Their father gave the cooked rice from the center (of the pot) and the center of the liver, but they did not like it.

One day when their father and mother had gone to cultivate the land and had returned, they had already eaten one-half of their pot. They said, “How is this? you like to eat iron pots.” “Yes, iron is what we like to eat.”

Then Liblibian and Pintun left together and went to the land of the Ilocano. When they arrived they made one child of an Ilocano sick so that there would be a reason for giving them bolos to eat. The Ilocano did not know enough to give them bolos to eat, but knew of medicine only. They said, “Oh! The Ilocano do not know the prayer, so let us go to Igorot land.”

They went to Igorot land and made sick one child of an Igorot. He took at once one chicken and fifteen bolos and held the ceremony liblibian. As soon as this was done, the sickness of the child was cured at once.

Ampasit

The ampasit is a ceremony which is celebrated by the western Benguet Kankanay to cure sexually caused diseases. The mambunong holds in one hand a chicken which is to be sacrificed, and relates the following story:

Ud bayag waday isa ifugau ya asauwana waday isay anakda babayi mangadan si Ampasit. Sinamingsan si Ampasit inmui nan si lokto. Sinkadona sinadan isa anak Timungau ay lalaki intabona di anak ay babayi Ampasit. Sinkatauwataun si ama’n Ampasit adi makaanop. Yatda un natui si Ampasit.

Sinisay agou sin inmoyan ama’n Ampasit ay manamus inilada si Ampasit ay imaylagui si abalug ay bato. Sin ama inyatna un, “Tola di inmoyarn?” “Inasauwak di Timungau ay lalaki, ut intabona sakun sina.” Inyagan amana sin buida ut nankaÑauda ut inayagana si Timungau ya din kabaena.

Kakdinganda ay mangan, si Timungau ya din kabaena sin naada. Si Timungau binmayun, ut nangamag, abu, kaÑau. Inayagona si Ampasit ya si amana ya si inana.

Sin inmayan Ampasit ya si amana ya si inana sin kaÑau Timungau, inmagyatda mosino di namolod si gudu sin balayan tan adi di inila angan ililauunda.

Si ama’n Ampasit nanmimi. Anmimianda din mata’n di asauwan Ampasit tan adina inila. Si Timungau inyatna, “Adimi pian ay makiasauwa sin anakmi ay lalaki din Ampasit tan angan mosin buuitako manmimianda din matatako. Sapoantabos da eda ta mansakitda ta adika manmimi.”

Ta makabangon sin sakit, si ama’n Ampasit nangamag si kaÑau, ut say inamwan ifugau di yatna ay maamay.

Long ago there were a man and his wife who had a daughter named Ampasit. One day Ampasit went to get camotes. While she was on the way, a son of Timungau hid the girl Ampasit. For a long time the father of Ampasit could not find her. He thought that Ampasit was dead.

One day when the parents of Ampasit had gone to bathe, they saw Ampasit standing on a large rock. Her father said to her, “Where have you been?” She said, “I married the son of Timungau, and he hid me here.” Her father called her to the house and gave a ceremony, and invited Timungau and his family.

After Timungau and his family had finished eating, they went home. Timungau was ashamed, and celebrated a ceremony also. He invited Ampasit and her father and her mother.

When Ampasit and her father and her mother went to the ceremony of Timungau, they wondered how the pigs in the yard were tied, because they did not see, although they were looking.

The father of Ampasit urinated. He urinated on the face of the husband of Ampasit, because he did not see him. Timungau said, “We do not wish to have Ampasit married to our son, because even at our own house they urinate on our faces. We will make them sick so that they can not urinate.”

So that they might get cured of the sickness, the father of Ampasit had a ceremony, and taught the people what to say in order to celebrate it.

The ampasit of the Kankanay is entirely different from the ceremony of the same name celebrated by the Nabaloi. The Kankanay ampasit corresponds in purpose to the Nabaloi basil. There is no similarity, however, in the spoken rituals of these two ceremonies.

Dayau

The dayau is celebrated in all Benguet Kankanay towns to cure sores.

A chicken and a jar of tapuy are necessary for sacrifice. The mambunong holds the chicken in one hand, a cup of tapuy in the other, and relates a version of the story recorded under the bilig (p. 377); but he adds that after the quarrel both the Wind and the Lightning became covered with sores, and that in compliance with the advice of Lumawig the dayau was celebrated in order that a cure might be effected.

After the ceremony the patient bathes while saying:

I am bathing for dayau. May my sores be cured. May I be like you, Water, free of sores.

The ceremony is very similar to the diau kasib of the Nabaloi. It is celebrated in Mancayan, but I do not know whether or not it is celebrated in any other Lepanto towns.

Tamo

The tamo is held in Buguias to cure insanity. It is also made in some of the villages of Mancayan, but I do not know whether it is celebrated in other Kankanay towns.

The mambunong holds the chicken in his hand and prays, but I can not state the nature of the prayer. After the prayer one man dances with a spear in his hand. The dance, which is similar to that of the palis, is repeated three times. Between dances the people sing, but no one seems to be able to explain the meaning of the song. The majority of the words used in both the song and the prayer are probably obsolete.

The ceremony is similar in some respects to the tamo of the Nabaloi.

Pasang

The pasang is celebrated to cause children to be born. The mambunong holds a chicken in each hand and squats between two baskets of blankets, while relating the following story:

Wada, kano, Bintauan un Apinan. Sin Agida. Adida, kanon, mananak ya mo manawasda pay, kano, sumakisakit sin agusda asauwada.

Amuida ut, kanominda manpaanap. Datgnunda, kano, san usay bato ay bui; binmali san usay dakdakui ya ando ay ipugau ay maata di kadumna. Asi ibaganda Bintauan un Apinan ay mananap mo sinoi inmat un asauwada. Asina kanon un, “Amui kayo un boan si agou tan siay mangamo si anap.”

Ungayanan amuida Bintauan un Apinan. Datunga pay, kano, san nantotomtoman di lota ya ud tagui. Wada san dadakui ay buui. Binmali ut, kano, abu san usay ipugau ay mandada di matana mayatag kaduna. “Sinoi gapona si inmalianyo?” “Inkami manpaanap tan mo manowas san asauwami ya mansakit ya adikami mananak.” “Adi pay, amok di anap, ut amui kayo unda agou un Boan tan daeda dimangamo si anap.”

Amuida ut, kano, ingilada di mantumtumog san dua ay kaman buui ay bato ay kalimlimosan si danom. Amugyapda, kano, ay amui ut impaononada san asoda. Ilanda ut, kano, nabasil. Ungayan omonodda si asoda. Mabas ilda ut diay nayapapa ut tagui, yan wada san adado ay buui ay nanataatang.

Dumatang pay yan kabala san si asauwa’n agou, ut kinwanina, “Sinoi kayo?” “Unmali kami ta kami nanpaanap tan adi mananak si asauwami yan mo manawas da mansakitda.” “Sangupkayo sian daounmi tan mo dumatung si agou malpa kayo.” Ungayan singupda sin daoun di buui di agou.

Dumatung pay, kano, si agou ut inbaga un, “Mo waday inmali ay ipugau ud kugau?” “Au, ay panada si daon di buui. Unda kanon manpaanap tan adi mananakda asauwada ya mansakitda mo manowasda.” Ungayan ay agou inbgana Apinan un Bintauan, “Sinoi gapona si inmalianyo?” “Inmali kami tan un kami manpaanap.” Ungayan kinwanina agou, “Sumaa kayo ut yaanyo di pasang, ut maganak kayo.”

Sumaada Apinan un Bintauan ut siay inyatda ut nanganakda, ya adi nansakit si asauwada mo manawasda.

There were Bintauan and Apinan. They were brothers. They did not have children, and when their wives had their menses, they were sick in the abdomen.

They went then to get some one to make the divination ceremony. They found a stone house; a large tall man with green eyebrows came out of it. Then Bintauan and Apinan asked him to make the divination ceremony so that they could learn what troubled their wives. Then he said, “Go to the Sun and Moon because they know the divination ceremony.”

Then Bintauan and Apinan went away. They arrived then at the meeting place of the earth and the sky. There was a large house. A red-eyed man with green eyebrows came out of it. “For what reason did you come?” “We came to cause the divination ceremony to be made, because when our wives have their menses they get sick and do not have children.” “I do not know the divination ceremony; go to the Sun and the Moon, because they know the divination ceremony.”

They went on and saw two stones as large as a house striking each other, where the water empties. They were afraid to go farther, but sent their dog ahead. They saw he was on the other side. Then they followed their dog. They arrived on the other side, where there were many houses joined together.

They arrived then, and the wife of the Sun came out and said, “Who are you?” “We came to have the divination ceremony made, because our wives do not have children and when they have their menses they are sick.” “Come under the house because when the Sun arrives he will wilt you.” Then they went under the house of the Sun.

When the Sun arrived, he asked, “Did men come at noon?” “Yes, they are waiting under the house. They came to have the divination ceremony held, because their wives do not have children and they get sick when they have their menses.” Then the Sun asked Apinan and Bintauan, “Why did you come?” “We came to have the divination ceremony celebrated.” Then the Sun said, “Go home and celebrate the pasang, and you will have children.”

They went home and did so and had children, and their wives were not sick when they had their menses.

There is no dancing in connection with this ceremony in the western Benguet Kankanay towns, but in Buguias the wife and husband dance. The wife carries her camote basket filled with blankets, breech-clouts, and cloth, which are offered to the pasang.

The pasang is celebrated for the same purpose by the Nabaloi, the Lepanto Kankanay, and probably other Igorot tribes. I have been told that a corresponding ceremony is celebrated as far north as Kalinga.

Abasang

The abasang is celebrated in all Benguet Kankanay towns when children are born.

A chicken and a jar of tapuy are used for sacrifice. The mambunong holds the chicken in one hand, and prays to the laglagawin or guardian spirit of the child, asking that it may live long and be lucky. A magical story, which I was unable to secure, is also related.

This ceremony is celebrated by the Nabaloi, but I do not know whether or not it is held in any Kankanay towns outside of Benguet.

Sibisib

The Kankanay as well as the Nabaloi celebrate sibisib to cure wounds. The mambunong holds against the wound the instrument with which it was inflicted, while relating the following:

Si Boliwan waday dua anakna—da Lumawig un Kabigat.

Sin agou inmeda manganop, ut inaday isa makawas. Sumaada pay nabayda ut nanibayda sin ilungan. Ginudgudda din patang ut inbilagda.

Sin tinmotokdowanda din asoda inapayoda di oduum ay makawas. Din dua sin agi inonodda di asoda. Inyudda un amada un bantayana din patang.

Din isa sinsin agi niangna din makawas, yan adida ut maykapsu. Din makawas linmayau ay waday gayang sin angina. Nantaolida sin nanayanda un amada. Inilada ay yuwud patang.

Inyatna un amada, “Insedan mut patang.” Inyat amada, “Adak insida, nayiwud sin manaukak.” Inyat anakna, un “Adika ibagay maptung; insedan mut.”

Bintyakanut, Boliwan, agusna sin bangina ut mati. Ut inila din san agi ay iwud din patang sin agusna. Ut yatda un, “Angan yatmi insidam, adan binutyakan akusmo ta adika natay.”

Ut inbaladda ay manilit mo sino dinangisida sin patang. Inilada di idu sin tongdon di bimabaktadanda, ut inyatna un, “Au, insedak.” Din dua sin agi inyatna un, “Puslundaka ut.” Din idu inyatna un, “Adikayo pomsu, ta asak todoan si dakayo si mamuyan si magud, ya pabilayuk si amayo loman.” Din idu inyatna un, “Yalio san gayang, banig, bislak, ya matadum ay bato.” Ut inamagda. Din idu inpauina din gayanag, banig bislak, ya bato sin sagun nagudgud, ya inbunongna. Si Boliwan natagu loman.

Din sin agi inyatda sin idu, “Waada ay anitoka.” Din idu inyatna un, “Au, sakun di anito.” Din sin agi inyatda, un, “Ingosadtako sin anak di ifugau tamo waday ingus nina ay manomang ya sidotako di pangigapwanda mo sibsibanda.”

Boliwan had two sons, Lumawig and Kabigat.

One day they went hunting, and caught a deer. They started home, but became tired on the way. They cut the meat into pieces and dried it.

While they were sitting down, their dogs ran after another deer. The two brothers followed their dogs. They told their father to guard the meat.

One of the brothers hit the deer with his spear, but did not kill it. The deer ran away with the spear in his body. They returned to the place where their father was staying. They saw that the meat was gone.

They said to their father, “You surely ate the meat.” Their father said, “I did not eat it, it was taken away while I was sleeping.” The sons said, “You do not speak well; you certainly ate it.”

Boliwan cut open his (own) abdomen with a bolo, and died. Then the two brothers saw that there was no meat in his stomach. Then they said, “Although we said that you ate the meat, you should not have cut open your abdomen and then you would not have died.”

Then they lay down and watched to see who had eaten the meat. They saw a snake above where they were standing, and said to it, “Probably you ate the meat.” The Snake answered, “Yes, I ate it.” The two brothers said, “We shall certainly kill you.” The Snake answered, “Do not kill me; I will teach you how to cure wounds, and you can make your father alive again.” The Snake said, “Give me your spears, bolos, sticks, and sharp stones.” They gave them. The Snake put the spears, bolos, sticks, and rocks near the wound and prayed. Boliwan became alive again.

The brothers said to the snake, “We think you are a god (anito).” The Snake answered, “Yes, I am a god.” The brothers said, “We will tell the children of the people, so that if there is something like this they may cure it, and may call our names when celebrating the sibisib.

The story related in Buguias is substantially the same as the one related by the Kabayan Nabaloi in the same ceremony.

The sibisib is celebrated in the town of Bacun in Amburayan, and in Ampusungan of Lepanto, but I do not know whether it is made in other Lepanto towns.

Gaysing

The larger number of the Benguet Kankanay are betrothed while children by their parents. The betrothal ceremony is called gaysing. As a rule this caÑao is celebrated when the children are very young; frequently while they are infants; and occasionally before one of them is born.

One of the primary objects of the gaysing is to cement friendship between the parents, and it is frequently held after they have quarreled and pressure has been brought to bear to cause them to become friendly again.

An animal, generally a cow, is killed and tapuy is furnished, but there is no spoken ritual.

The Nabaloi custom of betrothal is the same, and the same ceremony is celebrated.

Galon

The betrothal ceremony celebrated by the young people themselves without the intervention of their parents is called galon. It is held only in the instances where there has been no gaysing, or where the parties for whom the gaysing has been celebrated refuse to marry. Except in the case of the rich, refusal to marry is rare, since the one who refuses must pay all expenses incurred for the gaysing.

The galon is celebrated exactly like the gaysing.

The corresponding Nabaloi ceremony is called kalon.

Mangilin

The marriage ceremony, called mangilin, is similar to the mangidin of the Nabaloi.

A hog is always offered for sacrifice, and the mambunong prays, calling the names of the sky deities and asking them to witness the marriage. They are also requested to cause those marrying to treat each other properly, to cause them to have many children, to cause everything which they plant to grow well, to cause them to have luck with their livestock, and to give them long life and riches.

After the prayer the Mambunong passes a cup of water to the bridegroom, who drinks, and then gives the cup to the bride.

A taboo is effective against both the bride and groom for three days after the ceremony. At the end of this time they go to the brook to bathe, the man taking his ax and the woman her camote basket. While bathing each one repeats a short formula, after which they are husband and wife.

Mansiyanun

In case of divorce the mansiyanun, which is the same as the pansijanun of the Nabaloi, is made. There is no spoken ritual, but a hog and tapuy are furnished the people.

The engagement, marriage, and divorce ceremonies are similar throughout Benguet, eastern Amburayan, and southern Lepanto.

Siling

The siling, or funeral ceremony, is celebrated in all Benguet Kankanay towns, and, indeed, under various names, by the majority if not all of the Igorot tribes.

Except in the case of infants or very small children the dead are not buried immediately, but are put into a death chair around which funeral rites are held. In the meantime animals belonging to the dead person or his relatives are killed and eaten, while the burial is delayed.

The interval between the death and the burial varies according to the wealth of the deceased, sometimes lasting for months in the case of the very wealthy. Even when the health authorities force immediate burial on account of danger from infectious diseases, the siling continues just the same with a dummy corpse in the death chair.

Before anything is killed, the mambunong prays, asking that the food eaten at the siling may not cause sickness. A female relative then leans on the death chair and says the following:

“You are dead, ——. We are giving everything we can for your siling. Do not come back for us, but let us live long.”

After the siling ends the corpse is put into the coffin and buried in the ground, or placed in a natural cave. The burial takes place either in the afternoon, between sunset and dark, or in the morning before the sun rises.

Pugas

After a dead person has been buried, the people gather in his yard. They get a vessel of water, and the mambunong puts grass in it and sprinkles them, while saying the following:

Wada, kano, san dua sin agi. Daeda Balitok un Obog. Nananakda ut napno san kabilibilig. Asida naatui san kayilianda. Natui payan inkapotda. Asida matapog nan kayipupugau at alanda san usay pingan ya lima ay tabon di pao, ut manpagasda. Manpagasda pay, kano, yan laton utay magay mamatui un daeda. Ingayan duiay ya lida ut ipugasdasnan kayi ipuipugau ut sianan moada matui, maagum san ipugau ut manpagasna.

There were two brothers. They were Balitok and Obog. They had children, and the mountains fell. Then their neighbors died. When they died they buried them. Then the people gathered together, and took one plate and five leaves of cogon grass and made a ceremony. They made the ceremony then so that none of them would die. Then they handed it down to the people so that when there were deaths, the people would gather together and perform the ceremony.

The pugas corresponds to the Nabaloi okat.

Kiad

The kiad is a ceremony celebrated by the Kankanay of Kapangan and Kibungan to cure sickness inflicted upon the wealthy by the souls of their dead relatives.

A carabao, a cow, or a horse may be killed when the kiad is celebrated.

The people first take a jar of tapuy to the grave of that dead relative of the sick person who is indicated by the anap as having caused the sickness. A hole is made in the grave, and the mambunong prays as follows:

Amud, omalika ta yaanaka si noang, gale; ya maninommi tapuy.

Soul of dead relative, come because you are given a carabao, a blanket; and we will drink tapuy.

The blanket is put into the grave, after which the people go to the house of the sick person. They tie the animal to be killed, and give the rope to the mambunong. He then prays as follows, while holding the rope:

Ud niman nay yaanakka si noang, ut masaoan di sakitna.

Now I am giving you a carabao, and may the sickness be cured.

The carabao is then killed and cooked. Just before the people eat, the mambunong says:

Amud, omalika ta mangangtaka.

Soul of the dead relative, come and eat with us.

After the people have eaten, the mambunong shakes the two blankets to be used by the dancers, in order that he may shake out the spirits of the blankets for the dead relative. While doing this he says the following:

Bomaknangkami, onmandokami, ta waday kadayyawanmo.

May we be rich, may we live long, so that there is your remembrance.

The people then spend the rest of the day dancing and drinking tapuy.

The ceremony is entirely different from the kiad of the Nabaloi. It corresponds in purpose and occasion to the Nabaloi tabwak.

Kosde

Kosde, called pakde in some barrios, is celebrated in all Benguet Kankanay towns. The purpose of the ceremony is to cause agricultural products to grow well, and it is always celebrated some time between rice planting and rice harvesting, generally soon after the planting has been finished.

The night before the ceremony begins, every fire in the barrio is extinguished, and the next morning new fire is produced by means of friction.

Each household must furnish a hog or chicken and a jar of tapuy. The mambunong holds a separate ceremony at each house, and prays to the gods and spirits asking that the yield may be sufficient for the people and that there may be enough surplus with which to celebrate many ceremonies.

After the ceremony has been held at each house, the meat and tapuy are taken to one place. The men proceed to drink the tapuy, but the meat is divided among the people according to the number in each family. The part which can not be eaten is hung above the fire and dried.

This ceremony corresponds to the Nabaloi kosday; to the pakde or begnas of the Lepanto Kankanay; and, in a general way, to the honga of the Ifugao, and the chaka of the Bontoc.

Bugid

The ceremony called bugid is held in the Benguet Kankanay towns when the water for irrigation is not sufficient.

A jar of tapuy and some dried meat are taken to the field for sacrifice, and the owner of the field prays to the spirits of suicides asking them not to try to drink from the irrigation ditches.

The purpose of the ceremony corresponds to the tawal ni payu of the Nabaloi, and to the bakid as celebrated in some of the Lepanto Kankanay towns.

Pungau

The pungau is celebrated by the Benguet Kankanay at the beginning of rice harvest. Before any rice can be gathered, the owner of the field must procure a jar of tapuy and either a chicken or dried meat, which are taken to the field. The owner holds the chicken or dried meat in one hand and prays that the rice to be harvested may increase to an amount sufficient to last until the next harvest, and promises that a large part of it will be used for ceremonies.

After the prayer all who are to take part in the ceremony drink tapuy. No one else is allowed in the field until after the harvesting has been completed, and a piece of cloth is displayed to warn away intruders.

This ceremony corresponds to the pungau of the Nabaloi and the safosab of the Bontoc. The Lepanto Kankanay also celebrate a ceremony before beginning rice harvest, but I do not know by what name it is designated nor the manner in which it is celebrated.

Bugak

Before any new rice is eaten, the ceremony called bugak is held. Some of the new rice and either dried meat or a chicken are cooked. A mambunong is not necessary, but the head of the household throws some of the cooked rice in the fire and says:

You, the fire which did the cooking, shall be the first to eat, in order that the rice shall not cause us to become sick.

He prays a similar prayer to the pots in which the cooking has been done, to the rack on which the rice was dried, and to the mortar in which it was threshed.

This ceremony corresponds to the bakak of the Nabaloi.

Saldi

The ceremony called saldi is held before eating the meat of animals which have died of disease or have fallen from a cliff.

Pieces of the animals’ liver are thrown in various directions while the mambunong addresses the bilig living in the pasture lands of the animal, asking that sickness may not result from eating the meat.

After the meat has been cooked, the mambunong invites the fire and the pot to eat first, in order that the people who eat may not become sick.

This ceremony, which corresponds to the Nabaloi salchi, is celebrated in all Benguet Kankanay towns, and also in Bacun, Amburayan, and in Ampusungan and Mancayan, Lepanto.

Bilig

The bilig are spirits which are friendly to the people, but cause sickness when they need blankets or food. The ceremony called bilig is performed to cure the sickness caused by these spirits.

A chicken, tapuy, rice, and blankets are obtained. The mambunong puts a basket full of blankets on his head, holds a chicken in one hand, and while squatting beside the tapuy and rice says the following:

Usay agou ud nabaon, din dagum ya din kimat nanbatbatda isan mabilig. Kinwanin kanon, dagum un, “Wawadaak mo si sika.” Tumba pay, kano, si kimat, “Wawadaak mo si sika, tan mo kanuk sikayi, pantaoliuk ut matagua loman. Mo si sika payut mo waday kanun yan matui.” Asi abun kanon dugum un, “Mo sakun kanuk yan matagua loman.”

Asi kinwanina kimat un, “Mo si asa amuita sin bato ay dakdakui ta mo pitakun din bato. Ta mo adika pitakun din bato, asika pantaolinmo makipitak, yan mauabakko sika.”

Ungayan domagum si madadama yan adi makapitak sin bato. Mayisokat pay din kimat kapitat sin bato ut asina pantaoliun. Din kimat kinwanina un, “Mauabakko sika tan adika nakapitak sin bato.”

Ungayan alanda san takokoda ut inda manigay. Manigay pay si dagum yan usay odang yan usay dalit kitkitoi waday. Din kimat kinwanina un, “Sakun di manigay.” Sia din putna adado adadaka ikan. Sia kinwanina sin dagum un, “Sika manotoka.”

Din dagum inana sin usay sugat ut apoiana. Din kimat kinwanina un, “Ay bakun adadosa. Adi makakan san banga. Sakun din manoto ta ilaum.”

Kaa ut, kano, si kimat ut siay manoto. Kaa usay bugas, ut pay inana isan bangada. Din bugas pinmona san bangada.

Din kimat kinwanina un, “Manungdungka kakod.” Din dagum inpaina din usay dakdakui ikan sin bangada. Ilan pay, Kanon, kimat kinwanina un, “Nakun, adi makakan san banga. Ilaum sakun di manungdung.” Din kimat ginisgusna din ikan ut payuna di usay gusgus sin banga. Din gusgus pinmona san banga.

Din kimat kinwanina un, “Tapagunta nan igan di ikanta, asita panoliunta eda loman.” Makakanda pay, kano, yan itup eda san igan di inpangada. Itupada paysan igan di inpangan dagum. Adi nantaoli. Itupada paysan igan di inpangan kimat; manlangoi ut, kano, duwandan komaan.

Din kimat kinwanina un, “Inauabakko sika.” Din dagum kinwanina un, “Au, ungaykayiman naabakak isan.” Ungayan mankayunda.

One day, long ago, the Wind and the Lightning met on the top of a mountain. Said the Wind, “I am greater than you.” Then the Lightning answered, “I am greater than you because when I destroy a tree, I make it live again. But when you have it for food, it dies.” Then said the Wind again, “When I eat it, it lives again.”

Then said the Lightning, “Then we will go to a large rock, so that you can break the rock to pieces. Because if you do not break the rock to pieces and then return the broken pieces, I win against you.”

Then the Wind blew hard, but the rock was not broken. Immediately then the Lightning broke the rock, and then put it back together. The Lightning said, “I win against you, because you did not break the rock.”

Then they took their nets and went to fish. The Wind fished, and he caught one lobster and one small eel. The Lightning said, “I will fish.” He caught many large fish. He said to the Wind, “You cook.”

The Wind took one chupa (of rice) to cook. The Lightning said, “Not that much. The pot will not contain it. I shall cook so that you will see.”

The Lightning went immediately and cooked. He immediately got one grain of rice, and put it into the pot. The grain of rice filled the pot.

The Lightning said, “You cook the fish.” The Wind put one large fish into the pot. When the Lightning saw it he said, “Not that much; the pot will not hold it. Watch me cook.” The Lightning cut the fish into pieces and put one piece into the pot. The piece filled the pot.

The Lightning said, “Put into a pile the bones of the fish; then we will cause them to become alive again.” They finished eating, and then threw into the water the bones of what they had eaten. They threw into the water first the bones of what had been eaten by the Wind. They did not return to life. Then they threw into the water the bones of what had been eaten by the Lightning; they swam, and went away.

The Lightning said, “I won against you.” The Wind said, “Yes, truly, I lost this.” Then they became friends.

Dagas

When two or more persons living in one house become sick at the same time, the anap generally shows that the dagas, which are spirits that live in houses, have caused the sickness. When the people living in a certain house have not had a caÑao for a long time, the dagas which live with them become hungry and make them sick. The ceremony which must then be celebrated is called by the same name, dagas.

A chicken, rice, blankets, and tapuy are necessary. The mambunong holds the chicken in one hand, and squats near the rice, tapuy, and blankets while relating the following:

Wada, kano, san dua ay sin agi. Bomalada pay, kano, mo waday mansida. Pankapokapoan san ipugau. Ay kaasi ta pay kanosna adi unya nan manili si ipanganta. Daeda kinwanina un, “Amuita ut ta unta masapos boita sin lomasan.” Makasapoda payan unmadas asoda, ut unda manganop.

Manganopoda pay, kano, yan guniyagiak san asoda isan gawanda kadu. Amuida ut, kano, gigyakunda san malawas ay kayi, ya malawas ay bulo, malawas ay maka. Daeda kinwanina, “Alauntako ut nata sapounta si boita.”

Alaunda pay, kano, ut sapounda boida. Yan kanutnut kasindan sasakit; ungayan alanda ut, kano, san usay manokda, ut ya anda san dagas pay mayilatonan. Asida pay ipaytok sinan ipugau ut siay yat abun nan ipugau.

There were two brothers. They went out of the house when there was a ceremony. The people rubbed their greasy hands on them. They were sad because they were not given food by the people. They said, “Let us go and make our house out of sight.” When they had left, they took their dogs and went to hunt.

While they were hunting, their dogs barked in the midst of the forest. They went there, and they were barking at a branchless tree, a branchless bamboo, and a branchless vine. They said, “Let us take them and use (them) for making our house.”

They took them and used (them) for making their house. Then they were always sick, but they took one chicken and gave it to the dagas. Then they handed this down to the people, and it is being done again by the people.

Laglagiwin

When the mambunong decides that a person has been made sick by his guardian spirit, he causes the sick person to hold a chicken in his hand and to repeat the following:

Sika Laklakiwin, ay poon di ababiik, omalika tan magay ya ak sika si manok makon sikay mamaspasaki, un ya adodi ya adi un pansakitun sakun.

You, Laglagiwin, the origin of the ababiik, come, because I will give you a chicken if you are the one that has caused the sickness, and you will not again make me sick.

The chicken is then killed and cooked, and just before it is eaten the sick person repeats the prayer.

Tanong

The tanong is a ceremony celebrated to cure sickness caused by the souls of dead ancestors. A carabao, a cow, a hog, or a chicken may be sacrificed, according to the wealth of the sick person. A mambunong is not necessary, but the sick person himself prays as follows:

Yan nay ay din nouangko, ta mayilotonan din anguk, mokon dakayo paksau sinan angut ay mansakit. Yamo si bigat ya mataguak ya way nouangak ya andaka loman.

Here I am giving for tanong my carabao so that my body will be cured if you made my body sick. If tomorrow I am alive and have a carabao, I will give it again.

The promise to make additional sacrifice is rarely kept, and I have been told by those celebrating the ceremony that they had no intention of keeping it.

After the prayer has been uttered, the animal is killed. If a carabao or cow has been sacrificed, one of the men present cuts small pieces from its liver and throws them in different directions, while saying the following:

Dakayo ay kakading isan nanaraban di nouang, ya andakayo sinan ginotmo alti to pakamonyo ay inpangantka din noung aynay.

You, the souls of the dead in the pasture lands of the carabao, you are given these pieces of liver that you may know that the carabao has been sacrificed.

After the meat has been cooked, the sick person speaks the same prayer which he recited before the animal was killed.

Sagausau

Among the Kankanay of Benguet the sagausau is generally celebrated before starting on a journey, and always before starting on a journey to trade.

A chicken is first killed and its gall examined. If the gall is full and smooth the trader will have luck, but if the gall does not look right, the trip is delayed and the next day another chicken is killed. When the prospective trader finds a chicken whose gall is all right, he then proceeds to celebrate the sagausau.

In the western Benguet Kankanay towns, the person giving the sagausau prays as follows:

Sika agou ya boan, nay ay manaugasauak; sina yamo amoya sin amoyak, ya yaanda sakun si galiko ya takoanda sakun ni nalaka.

You, Sun and Moon, I am now celebrating the sagausau; and if I go, wherever I go, make them give me blankets and sell to me cheap.

In Buguias, where a large number of people make their living by acting as middlemen, between the Nabaloi and Ilocano on the one hand, and the Ifugao on the other, the prayer which is spoken by the mambunong is as follows:

You, Sun and Moon, come; witness the sagausau. —— is about to start on a journey to trade. May he be successful in trading. May he be able to collect all that is due him and evade payment of what he owes. Cause the people to give him food and blankets.

In the Lepanto town of Mancayan the sagausau is celebrated, but I do not know whether or not it is held in the other Lepanto towns.

The sagausau of the Nabaloi is celebrated for a different purpose and is an entirely different ceremony.


1 All the ceremonies described in this section were recorded among the Benguet Kankanay in the townships of Kibungan, Kapangan, and Buguias. All the texts were recorded in Kibungan except those of the kiad, which were recorded in the central barrio of Kapangan, and those of the ampasit and tanong, which were recorded in the barrio of Legleg, Kapangan. Kibungan is a town in the northwestern corner of Benguet. It is inaccessible, and has been affected very little by outside influence. It adjoins the Amburayan town of Bacun, and the Lepanto town of Ampasungan. Legleg is about midway between Kibungan and the Nabaloi boundary; the barrio of Kapangan is on the line between the Nabaloi and Kankanay; and Buguias is in the northeastern part of Benguet, north of the Nabaloi town of Kabayan. The dialect is spoken with some difference of pronunciation in the various towns. It is believed that all public ceremonies celebrated by the Benguet Kankanay are described in this section, but some of the private ceremonies were probably overlooked.

2 See note 7, p. 354.

3 A kind of root eaten by the Igorot when the supply of rice or camotes is limited.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

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