ELECTROLYSIS.

Liquid which will conduct a current of electricity is called an electrolyte. All electrolytes are compounds, that is, they consist of more than one substance. When an electric current passes through a liquid it decomposes it. This process of decomposition is called electrolysis.

Pure water is not a conductor of electricity. If sulphuric acid is added to water, the mixture become an electrolyte and will conduct. If an electric current is passed through water containing sulphuric acid, it will decompose the water.

Water is composed of oxygen and hydrogen and so bubbles of oxygen and hydrogen gas will rise from the liquid.

Figure 185 illustrates a very simple arrangement for decomposing acidulated water into oxygen and hydrogen gases.

It consists of a bottle with the bottom broken out, and provided with a cork fitted snugly into the neck. Two glass tubes pass through the cork. A small piece of platinum wire is sealed into the inside end of each glass tube. The platinum wires are connected to copper wires leading out of the lower ends of the tubes.

If the bottle is inverted and filled with a dilute solution of sulphuric acid, the current from two or three dry cells will decompose the water. The battery should be connected to the wires running through the glass tubes.

Bubbles of gas will rise from the platinum wires. Oxygen gas will rise from the positive wire or electrode and hydrogen gas from the negative electrode.

If two test tubes are filled with acidulated water and then inverted over the wires, the tubes will collect the gas. In a few minutes it will be noticed twice as much hydrogen as oxygen has been generated.

If copper or brass electrodes &re used the acid will attack the positive one and a chemical action will take place which will prevent the liberation of any appreciable amount of oxygen, unless an excessive amount of current is passed through.

ELECTROPLATING.

Electroplating consists of coating bodies with metal by means of an electric current.

The proper chemicals, a small tank and a suitable source of current are the only apparatus required. The process may be outlined as follows: Thoroughly clean the article to be electroplated so as to remove all grease and dirt. Attach it to the negative pole of the battery and suspend it in an electrolyte composed of some chemical salt of the metal to be deposited. In order to maintain the strength of the solution, a piece of metal of the kind to be deposited is attached to the positive electrode.

A tank for plating small articles such as keys, rings, knives, etc., may be made out of a square glass battery jar by providing it with a wooden moulding fitted around the top edge to support the conductor rods. The rods are made of brass or copper and are threaded at one end so as to be provided with binding posts. The centre rod is the one from which the articles to be plated are suspended. They should be attached to it by means of a thin copper wire. The two outside rods support the anodes. The anodes are sheets of metal of the kind to be deposited which, in the case of copper plating, would be copper, in a case of silver plating silver, nickel for nickel plating, etc.

Objects which are to be plated must be free from all traces of dirt or grease or the plating will not be uniform because it will not stick to the dirty spots.

Articles made of plaster, wax, etc., which are not conductors of electricity can be plated by first covering with powdered graphite. Articles of iron, steel, zinc and tin cannot be silver or gold plated unless first covered with a thin coating of copper.

A single storage cell is an excellent source of current for electroplating. A rheostat should be placed in the circuit so that the current can be regulated. The negative pole should be connected to the centre rod from which the articles are suspended. The positive pole is connected to the rods supporting the anodes.

The tank should be filled with electrolyte to within about an inch of the top. The articles to be plated and also the anodes should be completely submerged.

The electrolyte used for copper plating is simply a solution of copper sulphate in water. The electrolyte for nickel plating is composed of one part of nickel sulphate dissolved in twenty parts of water to which one part of sodium bisulphate is added.

Articles which have been electroplated must be buffed to give them a bright polish.

ELECTRIC CURRENT GENERATED BY HEAT.

If the point of contact between two dissimilar metals is heated, a current of electricity will be generated.

This principle was discovered nearly one hundred years ago by a scientist named Seebeck, and has resulted in many attempts on the part of inventors to utilize the heat of the sun's rays in producing electricity.

An interesting experiment illustrating the production of electricity by heat can be easily performed with very simple apparatus. An alcohol lamp, candle or source of heat, a piece of copper, a steel needle and a galvanometer or a telephone receiver are all that are necessary.

The galvanometer or the telephone receiver, whichever is used, is for the purpose of detecting the electric current.

Connect the needle and the piece of copper, which should preferably be a small sheet, to the galvanometer or telephone receiver. Hold the copper sheet over the flame of the alcohol lamp until it is quite hot and then touch the hottest portion with the point of the needle. Enough current will be generated to produce a click In the telephone receiver or to cause the galvanometer needle to move. The needle should be pressed against the copper tightly enough so that the point cuts through the scale or oxide on the surface and makes a good electrical contact with the metal underneath.

Various devices for the production of electricity consisting of a large number of strips of dissimilar metals in contact with one another and arranged so that they can be easily heated have been invented. They are called "thermopiles."

A HANDY LIGHT.

Figure 188 shows a simple and handy form of light which utilizes the current from a home made primary cell. It consists of a glass fruit jar, fitted with a tight wooden top. A miniature porcelain socket and a 1.5 volt tungsten lamp are mounted on top.

The battery is arranged so that the zinc element can be drawn up out of the solution when the light is not in use and any waste thereby prevented. The zinc electrode consists of a strip of that metal fastened onto the lower end of a brass rod by means of two threaded nuts. The upper end of the rod passes through a small metal collar on the top of the cover, provided with a thumb-screw so that when the electrode is lifted up out of the solution it may be clamped firmly in that position.

The zinc strip should not be so long that it will not clear the solution when raised up if the jar is about half filled.

The positive electrode is a battery carbon mounted on the lower end of a brass rod. The brass rod in this case is not movable because the carbon can remain in the solution indefinitely without any waste.

The joint between the brass rods and the electrode should be coated with paraffine so that the chemicals in the solution will not cause any corrosion. The rods should be connected to the lamp socket. When the zinc is lowered into the solution, the lamp will be lighted by the current generated.

The electrolyte should be that described as the "bichromate" solution on page 34 of Vol. I of this book.

AN EXPERIMENTAL ARC LAMP.

An arc lamp is operated by causing an electric current to pass between two carbon rods. If the voltage is high enough, carbon vapor will form between the rods when they are separated a short distance. It requires an E. M. F. of approximately fifty volts to produce and maintain an arc.

A six volt storage battery will heat a pair of sharp pointed carbons to incandescence and produce a light somewhat similar to the electric arc.

Ordinary carbon rods such as those used in flashlight batteries will serve very nicely for a "battery arc lamp." The ends should be filed to sharp points. Figure 189 shows a simple method of mounting the carbons. The lower one is soldered to a piece of brass strip by taking advantage of the brass cap pressed over the upper end of flashlight battery carbons.

The upper carbon is mounted on the forward end of a brass lever which is pivoted near the back end so that an adjustable counterweight may be used to regulate the pressure on the point of contact between the two carbons.

If the carbons are touching lightly and are connected to a strong battery of six volts or more, the point of contact will be heated to incandescence and will produce a dazzling white light.

A real arc lamp for operation on the 110 volt current, in series with a bank of lamps, may be constructed on this same scheme by using larger carbons and eliminating the counterweight. The upper arm should be pivoted in the same manner but should move stiffly so that it will remain in any position in which it is set.

If the 110 volt current is used, the carbons should be brought together and then separated a short distance. The current will continue to flow across and will form an arc producing a very powerful purplish white light. The arc will consume the carbons quite rapidly and also generate a great deal of heat. Therefore if it is intended to use the light for any length of time it is advisable to fasten the carbons by means of a clamp so that they may be easily replaced.

A MAGNETIC DIVER.

This is a mystifying piece of apparatus to those who do not know its secret. The little diver apparently travels up and down from the bottom of a jar full of water to the surface at a word of command.

The diver consists of a small glass test tube about two inches long having the figure of a man painted upon it. The lower end is closed by a very small cork through which is pushed a large iron tack with the head on the outside. The test tube contains just enough water to float head up even with the surface of the water. The exact amount of water required to just permit enough buoyancy for the diver to rise again to the surface after he has been to the top will have to be determined by careful experiment.

The jar containing the diver should be set on a table having a drawer in which a pair of powerful electromagnets can be placed directly under the jar. The electro-magnets are connected to a strong battery and a switch located under the rug or carpet and so arranged that it may be closed by stepping on it lightly and without attracting attention. If the diver does not have too much bouyancy the attraction between the tack and the electro-magnets when the switch is closed should be sufficient to cause him to descend to the bottom of the jar. When the current is turned off the diver should rise again.

THE MAGNETIC FISH.

The same sort of a scheme employed in the Magnetic Diver may be used for producing a magnetic fish which will swim around and around a pan of water.

It consists of a small wooden fish having a magnetised sewing needle attached to the under side. The fish is placed in a bowl of water on a table having a drawer in which a pair of electro-magnets mounted on a rotating wooden arm may be placed so that they swing around directly underneath. A piece of strong twine wrapped around an empty spool and attached to the centre of the arm makes it possible to rotate the magnets by pulling on the string. When the magnets are connected to a battery they will exert a strong magnetic pull upon the needle fastened to the fish and if slowly rotated will cause the latter to follow slowly around the bowl.

A MAGNETIC CLOWN.

Small figures of men or animals cut out of sheet iron will perform many amusing acrobatic feats when under the influence of a magnet.

Such figures are easily cut out of an old tin cracker box with a pair of snips or strong shears. A realistic appearance may be secured with the aid of a little paint.

A tin clown having a sharply pointed hat, hands and feet will do all sorts of stunts when hanging from the poles of a horseshoe magnet. If several clowns are made they can be caused to hold hands, stand on each others heads, jump up in the air, etc.

AN ELECTRIC BREEZE.

If a sewing needle is connected to one of the discharge rods of a static machine and the point of the needle is presented to the flame of the candle while the machine is in operation, the flame will be repelled just as if a breeze or current of air were issuing from the needle. This is caused by the "brush" discharge which takes place whenever high voltage electricity has a chance to escape from a sharp point or edge. The brush discharge will be much more marked if the condensers or Leyden Jars are not connected to the discharge rods. The "electric breeze" can be felt if the point of the needle is brought near to the side of the face. It is necessary that the needle and the wire connecting it to the static machine be very carefully insulated from all surrounding objects which might dissipate the electricity before it has an opportunity to escape from the needle point.

A STATIC MOTOR.

This is a motor operated by the electricity from a static machine. It does not possess any appreciable amount of power and must be very carefully built and balanced in order to operate.

It consists of four celluloid "ping-pong" balls, B, B, B, B, covered with tinfoil and mounted on opposite ends of two wooden spokes. The balls should be at right angles to each other as shown in the illustration. The spokes pass through a cork. The cork is mounted on a wire spoke or knitting needle passing through its centre and supported in small notches in the top of two upright wooden bearings. The device must be very carefully balanced so that the slightest impulse will cause it to spin and so that there will not be any dead centre.

The upright bearings are mounted on a wooden base. Two other tinfoil covered balls A, A, are supported on glass or rubber insulating rods at opposite ends of the base on a level with the axle and in such a position that the balls B, B, B, B, almost touch A and A as they swing past.

Connect A and A each to one discharger rod on the Wimshurst machine. Start the machine and give the axle of the static motor a twist. As the balls B, B go past A and A they will receive a charge of electricity which will cause them to repel each other until they have swung past the other ball on the opposite side and discharge their electricity in return for a charge of the opposite sign.

This is the age of electricity. The most fascinating of all books for a boy must therefore be one dealing with the mystery of this ancient force and modern wonder, even a mere list of whose services is impossible. The best qualified of experts to instruct boys, Alfred P. Morgan, has in a book far superior to any other of its kind told not only how to make all kinds of motors, telegraphs, telephones, batteries, etc., and to do so economically, but has explained the principles upon which these depend for operation, and how the same thing is done in the every-day world be well presented and so attractive is this really great book that it will be an education for any bright boy to have it, as well as the best kind of a moral safeguard, by leaving no time or thought for evil, and a means of future benefit beyond the power of any one to reckon. Glancing over the pages of this book, one cannot but be impressed by the excellent illustrations, clearness of expression and the large number of subjects that are covered. It is beyond doubt the best book in this line that has ever been written or published. It is a book that will delight every boy who has a leaning towards electrical experiments. The author writes in a clear and chatty style and while he has a thorough technical knowledge of his subject he has succeeded in treating it in a simple manner so that it is readily intelligible to his young readers.

Magnets and Magnetism—Static Electricity—Static Electric Machines—Cells and Batteries—Electro-Magnetism and Magnetic Induction—Electrical Units—Electrical Appurtenances—Electrical Measuring Instruments—Bells, Alarms and Annunciators—Electric Telegraphs—Microphones and Telephones—Induction Coils—Transformers—Wireless Telegraphy—Wireless Telephony—Electric Motors—Dynamos—An Electric Railway—Miniature Lighting—Miscellaneous Electrical Apparatus.

"Even a casual glance through the many pages of the book does not fail to emphasize the fact that Mr. Alfred P. Morgan has indeed succeeded well in giving the juvenile electricians a work that has long been sought."—Popular Electricity.

"We have no hesitation in commending the book to the attention of the juvenile audience for which it is intended."—Boston Post.

"A great book for enterprising boys. Bright boys will highly appreciate it and feel like thanking the wideawake publishers for putting such a reliable and interesting work in the field."—New Haven Journal.

"The book covers the subject of electricity thoroughly in all its phases and is a splendid acquisition to any boy’s library."—Detroit Times.

"In this age of electricity a book like the present one is both fascinating and valuable especially to boys. The book is attractive with its many illustrations and will prove of much educational value for any bright boy."—Zion’s Herald.

"This is an admirably complete and explicit handbook for young boys who fall under the spell of tinkering with electrical apparatus."—Boston Transcript.

"Well presented and attractive this book will be a source of great benefit and delight for any bright boy."—New Orleans Times-Picayune.

Here at last is the book which every young experimenter interested in constructing his own wireless apparatus has been looking for.

A book which tells how to build apparatus which anyone would be proud to own. It is a more advanced book than "Wireless Construction and Installation for Beginners," and describes apparatus which is much more elaborate and sensitive. The instruments have all been the subject of considerable experimental work and study. All the apparatus has been put to practical test and carefully improved by clever experts. By purchasing this book you get the benefit of vast knowledge and experience and are enabled to build far better instruments than by following your own designs and haphazard methods.

THE TREMENDOUS POPULARITY OF THIS VALUABLE LITTLE BOOK IS ONLY AN INDICATION OF ITS GREAT WORTH.

It has only been on the market a short time, yet the sales will undoubtedly soon reach a point which would indicate that experimenters unquestionably consider, that in proportion to its size, it is the best book on the market.

It does not describe any old or obsolete forms of wireless apparatus but only the latest types of aerials, spark coils, keys, gaps, condensers, helixes, oscillation transformers, loose couplers, tuning coils, detectors, loading coils, variable condensers, aerial switches, etc.

IT IS ONE OF THE MOST DETAILED AND THOROUGH BOOKS EVER PUBLISHED.

The information is all intensely practical. Complete directions and dimensions are given. Nothing is left to be guessed at. The book must really be seen to be appreciated.

Chapter I.—THE AERIAL. The Location of the Station. The Construction of an Operating Bench. The Aerial and Ground. The Supports or Masts. Types of Aerials. How to Erect an Aerial. Protection from Lightning, Etc.

Chapter II.—SPARK COILS. The Construction of Spark Coils. A 1/4-inch Spark Coil. A 1/2-inch Spark Coil. A 1-inch Spark Coil. A 1 1/2-inch Coil. A 2-inch Coil. Sources of Current. Dry Cells. Storage Cells. Wireless Keys, Etc.

Chapter III.—TRANSMITTING APPARATUS AND ITS CONSTRUCTION. Step-down Transformers. Spark Gaps. The Oscillation Condenser. Leyden Jars. Helixes. Oscillation Transformers, Etc.

Chapter IV.—THE RECEIVING APPARATUS AND ITS CONSTRUCTION. A Silicon Detector. A Galena Detector. The Double Slide Tuning Coil. How to Make a Fixed Condenser. Building a Loose Coupler. The Loading Coil. How to Make a Variable Condenser, Etc.

Chapter V.—ARRANGEMENT AND OPERATION OF THE APPARATUS. Aerial Switches. The Buzzer Test. Using More Than One Detector. Shunting the Detector. Complete Outfits. Portable Sets. The Operation of the Station, Etc.

A systematic course in the elementary principles. Written so you can understand it. In 35 lessons.

1.—Magnetism. 2.—Magnetic Induction. 3.—Primary and Secondary Cells. 4.—Electric Currents. 5.—Electromagnetism. 6.—Dynamo-Electric Machinery. 7.—The Induction Coil. 8.—The Transformer. 9.—Leyden Jars and Condensers. 10.—Electromagnetic Theory. 11.—Electric Waves. 12.—Principles of Wave Telegraphy. 13.—The Aerial. 14.—The Wireless Coil. 15.—The High Potential Transformer. 16.—The Oscillation Condenser. 17.—The Helix. 18.—Spark Gaps. 19.—The Key. 20.—Aerial Switches. 21.—Anchor Gaps. 22.—Detectors. 23.—Tuning Coils. 24.—Loose Couplers. 25.—Fixed Condensers. 26.—Variable Condensers. 27.—Telephone Receivers. 28.—Hot Wire Ammeter. 29.—Potentiometer. 30.—Dead End Losses and Switches. 31.—Distributed Capacity. 32.—Poulsen Arc. 33.—Receiving Undamped Waves. 34.—The Audion Amplifier. 35.—Hook-Ups.

If you want to understand your apparatus and how it works, you will need this book—over 15,000 copies in use.

Model Aeroplaning is one of the most fascinating and instructive of sports.

Thousands of young men and boys have formed Model Aero Clubs and organized Flying Contests throughout the country.

"MODEL FLYING MACHINES" of the Arts and Sciences series is the only book giving reliable data and instructions for the construction of practical Model Aeroplanes.

IF YOU ARE A BEGINNER, this is the book that you ought to have. It will start you right. It tells how to build seven different types of machines, starting with the simplest Monoplane and finishing with several Long Distance Racing Models.

IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN MODEL AEROPLANING, this book will prove the one you have been looking for. Gives valuable "Kinks". Tells how to carve propellers, make winders, adjust and fly machines, etc. Fully illustrated with large size, detailed working drawings, showing the exact size of each part. Twelve full-page plates.

Printed on first-class paper. Heavy cover in three colors.

An indispensible book for the young wireless experimenter. It not alone shows how to build the various instruments but describes their actual workings and tells how to operate them.

Written in a very clear and simple style, the book is invaluable to a beginner. He will be able with its aid to construct simple apparatus of the latest and approved type. The instruments described in the book have been the subject of considerable experimental work and special study. They are modeled along simple lines so that they will be easy and inexpensive to construct, but at the same time combine features which make them very sensitive and capable of receiving or transmitting messages greater distances than some more complicated apparatus.

There are no old or obsolete forms of wireless apparatus discussed, but only the latest types of tuning coils, receiving transformers, fixed condensers, keys, spark coils, detectors, etc. The book is illustrated by numerous detailed working drawings giving all dimensions. Several full-page views of the apparatus enable the beginner to fully comprehend the text.

The pages on the construction and installation of aerials will be found to be of considerable help to the experimenter, for it is here that the most trouble is experienced by the beginner. The practical and helpful information on this subject is alone worth several times the cost of the book.

Chapter I.—WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. An intensely interesting subject; amateur wireless telegraphy; the purpose of the aerial and ground; the apparatus used to send messages; the apparatus used to receive messages.

Chapter II.—AERIALS AND GROUNDS. Where to put up the aerial; types of aerials; the "T" aerial; the masts; the wire; insulators; leading in the wires; the ground.

Chapter III.—HOW TO BUILD AND OPERATE THE SIMPLEX DOUBLE SLIDE RECEIVING OUTFIT. The tuning coil; the tube; the sliders; the fixed condenser; the detector parts; assembling the set; connecting the instruments; operation.

Chapter IV.—HOW TO BUILD THE SIMPLEX LOOSE COUPLER, DETECTOR AND CONDENSER. The base; the primary; the secondary; the pillar; the switch; How to make the Simplex cat whisker detector; How to make the Simplex fixed condenser; How to connect the apparatus; How to tune with the loose coupler; How to adjust the detector.

Chapter V.—TELEPHONE RECEIVERS AND HEADBANDS.

Chapter VI.—HOW TO BUILD THE SIMPLEX SPARK COIL. The core; the secondary; the condenser; the coil heads; the base; the interrupter parts; the bridge.

Chapter VII.—HOW TO MAKE THE SIMPLEX KEY.

Chapter VIII.—HOW TO CONNECT AND OPERATE THE APPARATUS. How to connect and operate a complete wireless station; How to operate; the code, etc.

The Book you are now reading is only the first volume of "Home-made Electrical Apparatus." Written in a very clear and simple style, the other volumes are invaluable to the young experimenter. There are no old or obsolete forms of apparatus described but only the latest electrical devices, making them

The partial Table of Contents below only gives a small idea of the interesting matter contained in these volumes.

Chapter VI—ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS. Galvanometers, Ammeters, Voltmeters, etc.

Chapter VII—CURRENT CONTROL DEVICES. How to Make a Pole Changing Switch or Current Reverser. How to Reverse Small Motors. Battery Rheostats.

Chapter VIII—HOW TO MAKE A TELEGRAPH KEY AND SOUNDER. How to Install a Telegraph Line and Learn to Operate. Learning the Morse Code.

Chapter IX—HOW TO MAKE AND INSTALL A TELEPHONE.

Chapter X—MEDICAL COILS AND SHOCKING COILS.

Chapter XI—THE CONSTRUCTION OF SPARK COILS. A one-quarter inch Coil, a one-half inch Coil, a one inch Coil. Experiments with Spark Coils.

Chapter XII—HOW TO MAKE A DYNAMO-MOTOR.

Chapter XIII—HOW TO MAKE A TOY BATTERY MOTOR.

Chapter XIV—HOW TO BUILD AN ELECTRIC ENGINE.

Chapter XV—MINIATURE BATTERY LAMP LIGHTING.

Chapter XVI—COHERER OUTFITS FOR WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY.

Chapter XVII—HOW TO BUILD A TESLA HIGH FREQUENCY COIL. Experiments with High Frequency Currents.

Chapter XVIII—AN EXPERIMENTAL WIRELESS TELEPHONE.

Chapter XIX—MISCELLANEOUS APPARATUS. Electrolysis of Water. Electro-Plating. Electricity from Heat. A Handy Light. An Experimental Arc Lamp. A Magnetic Diver. Magnetic Fish. A Magnetic Clown. An Electric Breeze. A Static Motor.

All three volumes can be supplied bound together with handsome cloth cover for $1.25 postpaid.

We have received so many requests from our customers for information as to where they may obtain some of the materials required to build the apparatus described in this book, that we have made arrangements to supply same. Our business is essentially publishing, and we do not intend to go into the manufacture of, or to push the sale of apparatus or parts. Knowing, however, that many of our customers live where they are remote from cities or suitable supply houses, where they might obtain the necessary materials, we believe that the value of our books will be increased ten fold to the reader if we are in a position to furnish parts, etc.

M500

Complete Set of Parts for Dynamo illustrated in Figure 132 $3.75

Shipping Weight, 5 lbs.

M631

Complete Set of Parts for Tesla Coil 4.50

Shipping Weight, 4 lbs.

M631A

Completed Tesla Coil 6.00

Shipping Weight, 10 lbs.

M631B

Complete Tesla Coil Outfit, consisting of Tesla Coil, two-inch Spark Coil, Spark Gap and Leyden Jars 25.00

Shipping Weight, 25 lbs.

Please use list number when ordering. Include postage to pre-pay mailing charges, or we will ship by Express Collect. No parts supplied other than listed above. All prices subject to change without notice. Send for latest price list.

We will update this book if we find any errors.

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