The remains here described represent a small, salamander-like form, and they are among the earliest geological evidence of the group, which, without doubt, gave rise to the modern salamanders. The parts preserved in the specimen are: the complete outline of the head with most of the cranial elements clearly distinguishable, as well as the black pigment of the choroid; the entire vertebral column, including pits in the tail region, where the vertebrÆ were without doubt entirely cartilaginous; parts of the pectoral girdle; the ilium; the left humerus; the ventral scutellation; the ribs of one side of the body and indications of ribs on the other; portions of both hind limbs; and a complete impression of the fleshy tail. On this impression of the tail are preserved small, horny scales, transverse color-markings, and the distinct impressions of the lateral-line system.

The bones of Micrerpeton caudatum, as in so many of the fossils from this locality, have been replaced by a white, friable mineral which is probably kaolin. The animal is preserved on its back and it is thus illustrated from the ventral side. The entire length of the animal is only 49 mm., of which the tail occupies nearly half.

The head has much the same shape as in the species of Branchiosaurus described and figured by Fritsch (251), Credner (181), and Thevenin (568). The eyes occupy relatively the same position as in that genus. The orbits are very large and broadly oval. Within the borders of the rim the stone is blackened as though by the black pigment of the iris, such as Cope has described in Amphibamus. Under a rather high power of magnification the cranial bones are seen to be represented by mere flakes of white mineral matter. The sutures separating the cranial elements are distinctly preserved on the main half of the nodule.

The openings of the skull are five the two orbits, the two minute nostrils, and the pineal foramen. A median suture separates the skull into halves and the pineal foramen lies slightly anterior to the posterior third of its length. The boundaries of the premaxillÆ are not distinct, but they are very small elements and form the inner border of the nostrils, which are clearly indicated by bosses of stone. The nasal element is nearly square and lies anterior to the frontal, which it borders broadly. The parietal is about the same size as the frontal and it apparently forms a portion of the inner border of the orbit, although this is not assured. The parietal is elongate and unites posteriorly with the postparietal. The postparietal, with the tabulare and the squamosal, form the posterior boundary of the skull, and they are hence not unlike the same elements in other Stegocephala. The pref rental forms the anterior border of the orbit. The lacrimal has not been detected. The maxilla is elongate and forms the antero-lateral border of the skull. The jugal forms an important element in the lateral border of the cranium and joins the quadratojugal posteriorly. The postfrontal is triangular and with the postorbital forms the posterior border of the orbit. Both of the elements are acuminate posteriorly, although the suture between them is indistinct, and they inclose between their posterior acuminations an anterior projection of the supratemporal. The squamosal has the usual relations and borders the supratemporal laterally. The latter element forms the quadrate angle of the cranium.

The entire length of the vertebral column is preserved, although the nature and structure of its elements can not be determined. The impressions of a few of the vertebrÆ show that some of the centra were amphicoelous, but other than this nothing is definite. The cavities which the centra occupied were filled by the white mineral matter and the force of the blow which cracked the nodule destroyed the form of the mold. It is possible that where the mineral matter has filled the cavities the centra were osseous or partly cartilaginous, and where the cavities were unfilled the centra were entirely cartilaginous. The length of the vertebral column from the base of the skull to the last impression of a cartilaginous centrum is 33 mm.

The number of centra between the sacral vertebra and the skull is 20 as they are preserved, but there may have been one more, the atlas. Fritsch has represented 21 in his restoration of Branchiosaurus salamandroides, and this is a further indication of an affinity between the two genera, although Credner has represented 26 presacral vertebra; in Branchiosaurus amblystomus. The presacral vertebrÆ are thus seen to vary within narrow limits, but the number of presacrals is near 20, and this may be taken as typical. It is interesting to notice that in modern forms of the salamanders the presacral vertebrÆ number about 20. There is but a single sacral centrum in Micrerpeton. The sacral rib has not been detected, but it is restored after the condition found in Branchiosaurus. The right femur partially covers the sacral vertebra, and its structure can not be determined. I count impressions of 17 caudal centra, of which at least 12 may have been partially ossified. In the cervical region there are distinct impressions of transverse processes on at least 5 vertebrÆ, and this number is assigned to the neck, although it is by no means certain that this is the correct number. The neck was at least short, if we may judge from the position of the remains of the pectoral girdle. No cervical ribs are definitely determined. There is a short rib lying between the fifth and sixth vertebrÆ, but to which it belongs is uncertain.

There are impressions of 10 ribs preserved on one side of the vertebral column and one on the other side. They are short, straight, and heavy, as are the same elements in Branchiosaurus. This character alone is sufficient to place Micrerpeton among the Branchiosauria, since no such ribs are known in other groups of the extinct amphibians. The ribs preserved lie next the seventh to the seventeenth vertebrÆ on the left side, and there is one on the right side which may belong to either the fifth or sixth vertebra. They are central in their attachment, and in this they agree well with the mode of rib attachment in the modern salamanders. All of the ribs are single-headed and are composed, for the most part, of perichondral tissue. The position of the ribs in the matrix inclined backwards, and, making a small angle with the vertebral column, is very suggestive of the condition in Branchiosaurus.

The pectoral girdle is represented by three distinct elements of the left side, which are identified as scapula, clavicle, and coracoid, following the nomenclature given by Woodward (631), although Credner (186) would name them otherwise. The scapula is represented by an ovoid fragment lying next to the vertebral column. The clavicle was probably spatulate, as in Melanerpeton, but the inner end of the element is not visible. The coracoid is represented by its outer end only, and its inner pointed extremity is not visible. The interclavicle has not been detected.

The humerus lies somewhat to one side of the pectoral girdle, as if there had been a large amount of epiphyseal cartilage. Its position may be due to post-mortem shifting, but there is little other evidence of any movement after deposition. The humerus is a large, heavy bone in comparison with the rest of the skeleton. It is expanded at each end, and its ends show concavities, proving that the bone is formed principally of perichondral tissue, as would be expected from such an early Branchiosaurian. The endochondrium has not yet developed in this form, which is evidently adult. There is no other element of the arm present.

There is but a single element of the pelvis preserved, a slender elongate rod which is undoubtedly the ilium, since it has the usual position for that element and is much too large for a sacral rib. It has much the same shape as the ilium in the modern Salamandra, and is not expanded as is the ilium of Branchiosaurus. This element, like the humerus, seems to have been but a hollow cylinder of bone and undoubtedly had cartilaginous ends, as in the ilium of the recent Salamandra. The two femora are preserved nearly entire, the right one lying upon and partly obscuring the sacral vertebra. The femur is much more slender than is the humerus, with slightly expanded ends, and, like the humerus, shows the concavities at the ends, indicative of the perichondral character of the tissue composing it. There are two elements of the leg preserved more or less entire. The larger bone may represent the tibia and the smaller the fibula. They both present characters similar to those of the femur and humerus. They are simple rods of bone tapering at the distal end. The feet have been lost, though doubtless they were present at one time.

The ventral surface of the body, as in other members of the Branchiosauria, was covered and protected by a series of small scutes arranged in the regular chevron pattern. The form of the scutes and their number can not be determined. The lines which represent them are, however, distinct. Some of the scutes are missing and some of them are obscured by lying over the vertebral column. They are all somewhat shifted to the left. The lines are very small and close together. I count 16 of them in a distance of 2 mm. In length the longest line preserved is a little more than 4 mm., measuring from the point of the chevron. The lines representing the scutes come to a point in a median ridge which is now represented by a line. The dermal scutes on the abdomen were probably the forerunners of the abdominal ribs of the reptiles (fig. 9).

The impression of the tail contains some of the most interesting features in the entire specimen. Scattered over it and in places laid in mosaic are impressions of small dermal scales, which may have covered the entire body. In form the scales are ovoid, being half as wide as long, and the markings on the scales partake of the nature of radiating lines, much after the pattern of the sculpturing of the cranial bones in the Microsauria. The scales are less than 0.5 mm. in diameter and their character can only be ascertained under high magnification. Near the middle of the tail there are preserved distinct transverse bands of dark color, which are more or less evident throughout the entire tail impression, but they are elsewhere not so distinct as in the central region. The lines are evidently due to rows of pigmented scales, and in all probability the animal's body was transversely striped.

The most interesting and important single structure discovered on the specimen is the impression of the lateral-line system, which is clearly evident as two dark lines on the impression of the fleshy part of the tail. The sense-organs are represented by two longitudinal rows of pigmented scales, one beginning at the tip of the tail, the other taking its origin from the median line somewhat further forward. I am indebted to Dr. Katashi Takahashi for calling my attention to the similarity of this arrangement to that found in the recent Necturus. The arrangement and disposition of the lines containing the sense-organs is practically the same in the two forms. The median lateral-line takes its origin from the extreme tip of the tail and is continued to the base, where the impression is broken. The dorsal lateral-line has its origin rather abruptly from the median lateral-line at a distance of 6 mm. from the tip of the tail. The sense-organs were undoubtedly located beneath specialized pigmented scales on the surface, and to this pigment is due the preservation of the lines.

The fact that the arrangement of the sense-organs of Micrerpeton corresponds so exactly to the condition found in Necturus is of considerable interest. Necturus alone among the modern tailed Amphibia has the arrangement described for the lateral-line system of Micrerpeton. All other forms of the Caudata, as also the larval forms of the Salientia, have an arrangement of the lateral-line system which is perfectly distinct from that found in Necturus, although the basis of the same arrangement is found in all. In Amblystoma, for instance, the median lateral-line is not present on the tail, and the dorsal line is incompletely developed. The close similarity of the arrangement of the systems of sense-organs in the two forms, Micrerpeton and Necturus, may be of genetic significance with regard to the latter form. The lateral-line sense-organs are of a very fundamental significance, and it is not at all improbable that the same arrangement of the lines has existed from the Carboniferous period or earlier. We know that such has been the case in a great many of the fishes. The ancestors of the modern Caudata must have originated somewhere in the basal Carboniferous or earlier periods, and, in the writer's opinion, the Branchiosauria represent the ancestral group of the Caudata. This suggestion is by no means new, since Baur and others have held the same view. This topic has been discussed at length elsewhere (459) by the writer.

The relations of the form Micrerpeton caudatum are readily determined. The number of the presacral vertebrÆ, the form and position of the ribs, the shape of the skull, the arrangement of the cranial elements, the structure of the pectoral girdle and the character of the ventral armature all clearly bespeak a close relationship with Branchiosaurus, Melanerpeton, Pelosaurus, and other European branchiosaurian forms from the Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian.

The above-described species, with others given below, is the earliest geological evidence of the Branchiosauria, since the oldest European forms are from the Stephanian (Upper Carboniferous) , which probably lies somewhat above the horizon of the Allegheny series of North America. The presence of the Branchiosauria in America is of considerable interest in the bearing it has on the distribution and migration of the Paleozoic animals. Knowledge of how the group came to occur in such widely separated localities in approximately contemporary geological strata is an unsolved problem of paleontology. It is possible that the piscian ancestors of the Amphibia migrated across or along the borders of the seas and began the amphibian phase of development independently in the two continents. That evolution should, in this case, have followed almost exactly parallel lines seems incredible.

Genus EUMICRERPETON Moodie.

Type: Eumicrerpeton parvum Moodie.

The genus is established on three well-preserved specimens representing nearly the entire anatomy. The generic characters are found in the very broad posterior table of the skull, with its short length, reduction of tympanic notch, and shortness of body. The body-length of Eumicrerpeton (plate 5, fig. 1) is less proportionately than that of other closely allied genera. Other generic characters are found in the sharp postero-lateral angle of the skull, and it is to be distinguished from Micrerpeton, especially, by the short, stumpy limb bones. The narrow, elongate eye, placed close to the edge of the skull, is a character not observed hitherto in the Branchiosauria. The genus is closely allied to Branchiosaurus of Europe.

Eumicrerpeton parvum Moodie.

Type: Specimen No. 803, Yale University Museum. Other specimens, No. 802, Yale University Museum, and No. 4400, U. S. National Museum.

Horizon and locality: Mazon Creek shales, near Morris, Illinois.

The impression of the outline of the entire body is preserved (plate 3, figs. 1 and 2) in three specimens, and in all are found molds and impressions of the alimentary canal, which, in one specimen (471), are remarkably complete and instructive. The three specimens will be discussed separately, since they show different features.

The impression of the larger animal (No. 803, Yale University Museum), which is probably an adult, presents the following elements: the entire skull, both humeri, impressions of posterior and anterior ventral armature, portions of the alimentary canal, one femur, portions of a fibula and tibia, and the entire impression of the tail, on which, as in Micrerpeton caudatum, there occur two definite dark lines, one beginning at the tip of the tail and running obliquely along the tail to where the impression is broken at the anal region; the other beginning at a distance of 4.5 mm. from the tip and running almost parallel with the median line. These two lines undoubtedly represent the lateral-line system.

The skull is especially noted for its shortness and the great posterior width, as well as for the almost entire absence of the tympanic notch. The pineal foramen is located on a line with the posterior border of the orbits. The eyes themselves are narrow and acuminate at each end, with a pronounced convexity inwards and a flattening on the outer margin. They are located on the very border of the skull, but relatively more posterior than in Micrerpeton. No sclerotic plates are evident. The median suture can be indistinctly observed running the entire length of the skull. The sutures bounding the outside of the f rentals and the squamosals are partially evident, but not satisfactorily preserved. The mandible is represented by a mold which in wax impression shows short, stumpy teeth.

Posterior to the skull at a distance of a millimeter there are two sharp impressions which may represent the anterior edges of the interclavicle or they may be branchial elements. They are distinctly curved, however, and probably represent portions of the interclavicle. A wax impression does not show a discrete structure, but the boundaries of some larger element. No other remains of the pectoral girdle can be discerned. The humeri are short and relatively thick. Wax impressions show them to have had truncate or slightly concave ends, thus indicating the absence or slight development of the endochondrium. No other elements of the arm are preserved.

The impression of an elongate femur and the heads of the tibia and fibula of the left side are preserved.

The ventral armature is preserved in two small patches, and these show the chevron-shaped rods to have been very fine much more delicate than in Micrerpeton.

The body impression is very instructive and interesting, both in showing the form of the body and because in it are preserved the larger portions of the alimentary canal. The form of the body can best be discerned by reference to the figures (plate 3, figs. 1 and 2; plate 5, fig. 1).

The portions of the alimentary canal preserved consist of the greater portion of the stomach, three coils or loops of the small intestine, the rectum, and a pit which undoubtedly represents the anal opening. The anus is found at a distance of 16 mm. from the tip of the tail and is somewhat removed from the body portion, as in modern salamanders. On each side of the posterior end of the rectum there occur a pair of enlargements which probably represent the oviducts at their posterior ends (fig. 15, C).