VOWELS.

A, a, pronounced as in rural, or the last a in America; A, a, as in tar, father; I, i, as in fill; I, i, as in police; U, u, as in bull; U, u, as in rude; ?i, ?i, as in merrily; ?i, ?i, as in marine; E, e, as in prey; Ai, ai, as in aisle; O, o, as in go; Au, au, as in Haus (pronounced as in German).

CONSONANTS.

K, k, pronounced as in kill, seek; Kh, kh, as in inkhorn; G, g, as in gun, dog; Gh, gh, as in loghut; ?, ?, as ng in sing (si?).

C, c, as in dolce (in music), = English ch in church, lurch (lurc); Ch, ch, as in churchhill (curchill); J, j, as in jet; Jh, jh, as in hedgehog (hejhog); Ñ, Ñ, as in singe (siÑj).

?, ?, as in true (?ru); ?h, ?h, as in anthill (an?hill); ?, ?, as in drum (?rum); ?h, ?h, as in redhaired (re?haired); ?, ?, as in none (?u?).

T, t, as in water (as pronounced in Ireland); Th, th, as nut-hook (but more dental); D, d, as in dice (more like th in this); Dh, dh, as in adhere (more dental); N, n, as in not, in.

P, p, as in put, sip; Ph, ph, as in uphill; B, b, as in bear, rub; Bh, bh, as in abhor; M, m, as in map, jam.

Y, y, as in yet; R, r, as in red, year; L, l, as in lie; V, v, as in vie (but like w after consonants, as in twice).

?, ?, as in sure, session; Sh, sh, as in shun, hush; S, s, as in sir, hiss. H, h, as in hit.

In Tibetan the vowels, including even e and o, have generally the short sound, but accentuated vowels are comparatively long. I have marked such words as Lama with a long mark to denote this, but Koeppen and JÄschke write Lama. JÄschke says that the Tibetan alphabet was adapted from the LaÑcha form of the Indian letters by Thumi (Thonmi) Sambho?a (see p. 270) about the year 632.