1 Twelve Lectures on the Connection between Science and Revealed Religion, by Nicholas Wiseman, D.D., Principal of the English College, and Professor in the University of Rome. Andover: Gould & Newman, 1837.

2 Prelectiones TheologicÆ.

3 Cosmogonia Naturale comparata Col Genesi.

4 A Manual of Geology; treating of the Principles of the science with special reference to American Geological History, etc., by James D. Dana, M. A., LL. D., etc., 8vo, pp. 998. Philadelphia: Thos. Bliss & Co.

5 January and July, 1856, and April and July, 1857, covering in all 219 pages, 8vo.

6 The Six Days of Creation, or the Scriptural Cosmology; with the Ancient Idea of Time Worlds in Distinction from Worlds in Space, by Tayler Lewis, Professor of Greek in Union College. 12mo, pp. 407. Schenectady, 1855.

7 Man in Genesis and Geology; or, the Bible account of Man’s Creation tested by Scientific Theories of his Origin and Antiquity, by Joseph P. Thompson, D. D., LL. D. New York, 12mo, pp. 149. 1870.

8 The Chemical History of the Six Days of Creation, by John Phin, editor of the Technologist. American News Company, New York, pp. 95, 12mo, 1870.

9 Genesis, or the First Book of Moses, together with a General Theological and Homitetical Introduction to the Old Testament, by John Peter Lange, D. D., Professor in Ordinary of Theology in the University of Bonn. Translated from the German, with additions by Professor Tayler Lewis, LL. D., Schenectady, New York, and A. Gosman, D. D., Lawrenceville, N. J. New York: Charles Scribner & Co., 654 Broadway. 1868. 8vo, pp. 665.

10 2 Cor. vi. 1.

11 2 Pet. iii. 10.

12 Rom. i. 18.

13 It may be useful once for all to inform the reader that the term Rock is employed by Geologists in a technical sense. It is applied to every large mass of mineral matter that goes to form the Crust of the Earth, whether it be hard and strong, or soft and plastic. Thus, for example, gravel and clay, coal and slate, are called Rocks, just as well as limestone and granite. “Our older writers endeavored to avoid offering such violence to our language, by speaking of the component materials of the Earth as consisting of rocks and soils. But there is often so insensible a passage from a soft and incoherent state to that of stone, that Geologists of all countries have found it indispensable to have one technical term to include both, and in this sense we find roche applied in French, rocca in Italian, and felsart in German. The beginner, however, must constantly bear in mind, that the term rock by no means implies that a mineral mass is in an indurated or stony condition.”—Lyell’s Elements of Geology, p. 4.

14 Lyell’s Elements of Geology, p. 7.

15 See Lyell’s Principles of Geology, vol. i., pp. 411-413.

16 See Jukes, The Student’s Manual of Geology, p. 125.

17 Professor Tyndall, Odds and Ends of Alpine Life.

18 Ecclesiastes, i. 7.

19 Page, Advanced Text-Book of Geology, p. 55.

20 See on this subject, Lyell’s Principles of Geology, vol. i., p. 458, and pp. 480-3; Jukes, Manual of Geology, pp. 105-11; Page, Advanced Text-Book of Geology, pp. 52-56.

21 Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., pp. 356-7.

22 Principles of Geology, vol. i., p. 360.

23 See Jukes, Manual of Geology, pp. 108-10; Hopkins, Presidential Address to the Geological Society of London, 1852, p. xxvii.

24 For these facts see Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., pp. 349, 350; Quarterly Journal of Science, No. xiii., New Series; The English CyclopÆdia, Natural History Division, Alluvium.

25 For these facts illustrating the destructive action of the waves of the sea we are chiefly indebted to the following authorities: Hibbert, Description of the Shetland Isles; Phillips, Rivers, Mountains, and Sea-coast of Yorkshire; Geology of Yorkshire, by the same author; Pennant’s Arctic Zoology, vol. i.; Lyell’s Principles of Geology, vol. i., chapters xx. and xxi.; Gardner’s History of the Borough of Dunwich; the English CyclopÆdia, Alluvium.

26 Rennell’s Investigation of the Currents in the Atlantic Ocean; Maury’s Physical Geography of the Sea, chapters ii. and iii.; Humboldt’s Cosmos; The English CyclopÆdia, Atlantic Ocean; Lyell’s Principles of Geology, vol. i., chapter xx.

27 Mantell’s Wonders of Geology, p. 70.

28 In his notes to the translation of Humboldt’s Cosmos, p. xcvii.

29 A Hymn before Sunrise in the Vale of Chamouni, by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.

30 Lyell’s Principles of Geology, vol. i., pp. 374-5.

31 Voyage in 1822, p. 233.

32 Elements of Geology, pp. 145, 146.

33 Captain Horsburg, On Icebergs in Low Latitudes. Phil. Trans., 1830.

34 Agassiz, Etudes sur les Glaciers; Tyndall, Glaciers of the Alps; also Heat as a mode of Motion, by the same Author; Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., chapter xvi.; Elements of Geology, chapters xi., xii.; Wallace, Ice Marks in North Wales, in the Quarterly Journal of Science, No. xiii.

35 Elements of Geology, p. 38.

36 Mantell, Wonders of Geology, vol. i., p. 102.

37 Lyell, Elements of Geology, p. 42; also Principles, vol. i., p. 410.

38 Mantell’s Wonders of Geology, pp. 70, 81, 82, 83.

39 Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., p. 431.

40 Id. ib., p. 429.

41 The figures given by Sir Charles Lyell, and derived from the observations of Mr. Everest, are these: total discharge during the four months of rain, 6,082,041,600 cubic feet; total discharge during the three months of hot weather, 38,154,240 cubic feet.—Principles of Geology, vol. i., p. 481.

42 From a Special Correspondent, in the Times Newspaper, December 7, 1866.

43 Horner, Alluvial Land of Egypt, Phil. Trans., part I., for 1855; Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., pp. 431-9.

44 The English CyclopÆdia, Alluvium.

45 Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., chapters XVIII., XIX.

46 Consolations in Travel, p. 127.

47 Handbook of Rome and its Environs: Murray, 1858, p. 325.

48 Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., 400-3.

49 Jukes, Manual of Geology, p. 127.

50 See his Lecture On a Piece of Chalk, delivered during the Meeting of the British Association at Norwich, 1868.

51 Lyell, Elements of Geology, p. 318.

52 Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. ii., chap. xlix.; Mantell, Wonders of Geology, Lecture vi.; Jukes, Manual of Geology, pp. 130-3.

53 Sacred Philosophy of the Seasons, by the Rev. Henry Duncan, D.D.; Summer, p. 168.

54 Ps. xcix. 3.

55 Kotzebue’s Voyages, 1815-18, vol. iii., pp. 331-33.

56 Wonders of Geology, p. 648.

57 Organic Remains of a Former World, vol. ii., p. 16.

58 Carbonic acid gas contains two equivalents of oxygen to one of carbon, the chemical expression for the compound being CO₂; carburetted hydrogen, which is the gas we employ in illuminating our streets and houses, contains four equivalents of hydrogen to two of carbon, and is chemically expressed by the symbols C₂H₄; water is composed of one equivalent of oxygen, and one of hydrogen, the symbolic form being HO.

59 See Jukes, Manual of Geology, pp. 138-141; Lyell, Elements of Geology, p. 500.

60 Jukes, Manual of Geology, p. 140.

61 See Mantell, Wonders of Geology, pp. 680-2; also 760; Lyell, Elements of Geology, 464, 465.

62 Elements of Geology, p. 488.

63 Mantell, Wonders of Geology, p. 67.

64 Mantell, Wonders of Geology, p. 66.

65 Id. Ib.

66 Chemical Technology, Ronalds and Richardson, vol. i., p. 32.

67 See Lyell, Elements of Geology, 477-81; Jukes, Manual of Geology, 138, 149-53; The English CyclopÆdia, Natural History Department, Article, Coal; Mantell, Fossils of the British Museum, Chapter i., Part I.

68 Page, Advanced Text-Book of Geology, n. 7, pp. 20, 21.

69 From the Latin Fossilis, dug up.

70 Elements of Geology, p. 38.

71 Elements of Geology, p. 40.

72 Manual of Geology, p. 375.

73 Lyell, Elements of Geology, pp. 40-41. The reader will find a singularly clear and simple exposition of this subject in Doctor Haughton’s Manual of Geology, Lecture III.; an exposition which it was not our good fortune to have read until our own brief summary was already in type.

74 Buckland, Bridgewater Treatise, vol. i., p. 123; Mantell, Wonders of Geology, p. 269; Lyell, Elements of Geology, p. 687.

75 Mantell, Wonders of Geology, Lecture IV., Fossils of the British Museum, chapter V.; see, also, Medals of Creation, and Fossils of the South Downs, by the same Author.

76 Owen’s PalÆontology, pp. 200-9; Buckland, Bridgewater Treatise, vol. i., pp. 168-186; Mantell, Wonders of Geology, pp. 576-581; Lyell, Elements of Geology, pp. 420-425; Jukes, Manual of Geology, pp. 598-599.

77 Buckland’s Bridgewater Treatise, vol. i., pp. 202-14; Owen’s PalÆontology, 223-232.

78 Buckland, Bridgewater Treatise, vol. i., pp. 139-164; Owen’s PalÆontology, pp. 390-2; Mantell, Wonders of Geology, pp. 166-9; Fossils of the British Museum, pp. 465-480; The English CyclopÆdia, Natural History Division, Article, MegatheridÆ.

79 Lyell, Elements of Geology, p. 4.

80 Wonders of Geology, p. 400.

81 See Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., p. 31, who refers to Da Vinci’s MSS. now in the Library of the Institute of France.

82 See Lyell, Elements of Geology, pp. 94-96; Principles of Geology, p. 116; Jukes, Manual of Geology, pp. 410, 411.

83 Elements of Geology, p. 95.

84 Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., p. 115.

85 Lyell, Elements of Geology, p. 100.

86 Principles of Geology, vol. i., p. 312.

87 Ib. 313.

88 Principles of Geology, vol. i., pp. 321, 322.

89 Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects: London, 1867; pp. 9, 10.

90 It would be more strictly correct to say that the rate of increase varies considerably in different places, though the main fact is everywhere palpably apparent that the deeper we descend into the Earth the higher the temperature becomes. Sir Charles Lyell records a number of careful experiments made in England, France, Germany, and Italy, which seem to show that an increase of one degree Fahrenheit for every sixty-five feet of descent would represent pretty correctly the general average. See his Principles of Geology, vol. ii., pp. 205, 206.

91 See Sir John Herschel, Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects, pp. 26, 27.

92 See the elaborate work of Sir William Hamilton, entitled Campi Phlegraei, in which he gives a full account of the formation of Monte Nuovo, accompanied with colored plates. He has preserved two interesting narratives of the eruption written at the time by eye-witnesses. See also Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i., pp. 606-616.

93 Sir John Herschel, Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects, p. 34; see also Lyell, Principles of Geology, chap. xxvii.; Mantell, Wonders of Geology, pp. 872-4.

94 See Herschel, Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects, pp. 34-6. Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. ii., pp. 104-6.

95 Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects, pp. 31, 32.

96 Principles of Geology, vol. ii., pp. 59, 60.

97 Principles of Geology, vol. ii. pp. 69, 70.

98 For the account of these various Earthquakes we are mainly indebted to the indefatigable industry of Sir Charles Lyell, who has collected the facts with great care partly from the descriptions of eye-witnesses, and partly from authentic documents written upon the spot. See his Principles of Geology, vol. ii., chap, xxviii., xxix., xxx. See also Mr. Mallet’s Earthquake Catalogue; and the first of Sir John Herschel’s Lectures on Familiar Subjects.

99 The following are the sources from which we have chiefly derived our information regarding the Peruvian Earthquake of 1868: (1) a series of letters written upon the scene of the catastrophe, and published in The Times of September 26, 1868; amongst them is one from the British Vice-consul, and one from the agent of the Pacific Steam Navigation Company, who were both at the time residents of Arica: (2) a letter of Mr. Clements Markham in The Times of September 15, 1868: (3) Captain Powell’s Report to the Admiralty, dated September 14, 1868.

100 Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. ii., p. 176.

101 Id. ib.

102 Letter from C. Hullmandel, Esq.; see Mantell, Wonders of Geology, Appendix G., p. 470. For a full and elaborate disquisition on the Temple of Jupiter Serapis, see also Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. ii., chap. xxv.

103 Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. ii., chap. xxxi.

104 Ibid.

105 On a Piece of Chalk: A Lecture to Working Men.

106 Genesis, v. 3-32.

107 Ib., xi. 10-26.

108 Ib., v. 3-9.

109 Genesis, xii. 4.

110 The Genesis of the Earth and Man, Edited by Reginald Stuart Poole: London; Williams and Norgate; 1860.

111 “Sem was a hundred years old when he begot Arphaxad, two years after the flood.”—Genesis, xi. 10.

112 This second Cainan does not appear in the Hebrew or the Samaritan version.

113 Appendix (1).

114 Appendix (2).

115 Appendix (3).

116 Exodus, xx. 9-11.

117 Appendix (4), (5), (6).

118 See Gesenius, sub vocibus.

119 Appendix (7).

120 Appendix (8).

121 Appendix (9).

122 Appendix (10).

123 Appendix (11) (12).

124 Appendix (13) (14) (15).

125 Appendix (16).

126 In Genes. cap. i. QuÆst. xiv.

127 Appendix (17).

128 See his various works upon Genesis, passim; in particular de Genesi ad Literam, Lib. i. cap. xv., Lib. iv. cap. xxxiii.; De Genesi Liber Imperfectus, cap. vii. and cap. ix.

129 This latter view might be fairly maintained in conformity with the principles which Saint Augustine professes to follow in the interpretation of Genesis. See De Genesi ad Literam, Lib. i. cap. xxi. and cap. xxii.

130 See De Genesi ad Literam, Lib. i. cap. xv.; De Genesi Liber Imperfectus, cap. vii.; Confess., Lib. xii. cap. xxix.

131 2 Peter, iii. 8.

132 Appendix (18) (19) (20).

133 Wisdom, ix. 13-16.

134 See Pianciani, Cosmogonia, pp. 384-90.

135 See Gesenius, Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures; in voce. He thus explains the first meaning of this word: “copulative, and serves to connect both words and sentences, especially in continuing a discourse.”

136 Appendix (21).

137 See De Genesi ad Literam, Lib. iv. capp. xxvi.-xxxv., Lib. v. cap. i. n. 3, and cap. iii. n. 6.

138 Ecclesiasticus, xviii. 1.

139 Appendix (22).

140 Appendix (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31).

141 See De Genesi ad Literam, Lib. iv. capp. xxvi., xxvii.; also Lib. i. capp. x., xi., xii.

142 Appendix (32) (33) (34) (35) (36) (37).

143 Amos, viii. 11, 12.

144 Psalm ii. 7.

145 Heb. i. 5.

146 Jeremias, cap. l. vv. 24-32.

147 Jeremias, li. 1, 2.

148 Jeremias, xlvi. 3-10, 19-21.

149 Ezechiel, xxix. 19-21.

150 Ezechiel, xxx. 3-9.

151 Sophonias, v. 8-11, 14-17.

152 Isaias, xxix. 17-19.

153 Matth. xi. 4, 5.

154 John, viii. 56.

155 2 Cor. vii. 1, 2.

156 Luke, xix. 41-43.

157 Dan. viii. 14.

158 Appendix (38) (39) (40) (41).

159 Exodus, xx. 9-11.

160 Exodus, xxiii. 10-12.

161 Leviticus, xxv. 2-7.

162 2 Cor. v. 14, 15.

163 Matt. viii. 22; Luke, ix. 60.

164 John, xx. 17.

165 Rom. xiii. 12, 13.

166 I. Thessal. v. 4, 5.

167 Amos, viii. 9.

168 Appendix (42) (43).

169 Gen. i. 11, 12.

170 The Testimony of the Rocks, p. 125.

171 Genesis, i. 20, 21.

172 Testimony of the Rocks, p. 126.

173 Genesis, i. 24, 25.

174 Testimony of the Rocks, pp. 127, 128.

175 Elements of Geology, p. 100.

176 “Aliquid esse a Deo conditum, de quo sileat liber Genesis, nihil repugnat.” Saint Augustine, Confess. Lib. xii., cap. xxii.

177 Appendix (44).

178 Ecclesiastes, iii. 2.