  Egypt: its geographical divisions and its cities. Egypt, called by its former inhabitants glyph Qem·t, "the black land", on account of the richness and color of its soil, and by the Greeks ????pt?? [Aiguptos], has been correctly and appropriately described by the ancients as "a gift of the river Nile", which flows throughout its entire length. Lying between two vast tracts of desert land, and encompassed by immense ranges of mountains, the Nile is its only source of life and means of support. The country was divided from time immemorial into two large sections, Upper and Lower Egypt. The Hebrew name of Egypt, ????????? [Mizrayim], being a dual form, forcibly reminds us of this division. These two sections were at various times of Egyptian history independent principalities, and governed by different Pharaohs. Whenever the two sections had one and the same ruler, he was always called glyph suten-kaut?, "the king of Upper and Lower Egypt", Upper Egypt as the more important of the two always being mentioned first. These sections were again subdivided into "nomes" (from the Greek word ???? [nomos] "a province"), and each of them had its capital, governor, local deities, sacred animals, and sacred trees. Upper Egypt, called by the Egyptians glyph pa ta res "the land of the South", began in the south at the island of PhilÆ and extended as far as the Delta in the north. It is called "Upper", being bounded by mountains and highlands, as opposed to the low land of the north or "Lower" Egypt. This section of the country comprised 22 nomes. Following the course of the Nile some of the principal places and cities are: PhilÆ, in Egyptian glyph Aareq·t or glyph Pireq, one of the southern islands of the First Cataract, with the ruins of the magnificent temple of the goddess Isis, the fragment of an obelisk, and other monumental structures. Elephantine, in Egyptian glyph Âb·t "the ivory-island", the northernmost island in the First Cataract, opposite the modern AssuÂn. On it was situated the capital bearing the same name, Âb, with the famous Nilometer and a splendid temple of Khnum, the local deity of the island. Syene, in Egyptian glyph Sun·t, now AssuÂn, which was the site of the vast quarries, from which were taken most of the obelisks and statues scattered throughout Egypt. Ombos, in Egyptian glyph Nubi·t, "the gold-city", with the road leading to the Nubian gold mines, was noted for its temple of the crocodile-headed god Sebek-RÂ, its local deity. The modern name is KÔm-Omboo. Silsilis, the old Egyptian glyph Khennu, "the sailor-city", is known for its tombs which are cut into the mountain-side, its quarries, and its annual festivals in honor of the rise of the Nile at the time of inundation. The modern name of this part of the country is Jebel Selseleh. Redesieh, a modern village, was formerly the starting-point of an important road leading to Asia and the Red Sea. On this road is a temple of Seti I. and a Edfu, in Egyptian glyph Deb·t, "the city of transfixion" (referring to the legend of the battle between Horus and Set, the devil, in which the latter was pierced by the avenging spear of the son of Osiris), was the renowned city of the sun-god Horus. Because of his supreme worship it was also called glyph ?ud·t "the city of the winged sun-disk [glyph]". Here are to be found in a tolerably good state of preservation some of the grandest temple-buildings of Egypt. The temple of the hawk-faced sun-god, Horus, rivals in magnificence that of any other god. El-Kab, near the ancient city of glyph Nekheb·t, the Eileithyiapolis of the Greeks, contains the many dedicatory inscriptions to Nekheb, an otherwise rarely mentioned goddess, and a number of tombs. Esneh, in Egyptian glyph Seni·t, was the seat of the Khnum-worship, and still contains the ruins of the temple of the ram-headed god (glyph). He?monthis, in Egyptian glyph ?n-menth, the modern village of Erment, was at one time a most important city of Egypt, surpassing even Thebes. Now we find here only a few ruins of the temple of the sun-god Menthu, the local deity of the place. Thebes, in Egyptian glyph Us·t "the city of the Us-sceptre", or glyph Nu·t ?men "the city of the god Amen", was situated on the land occupied at present by Coptos, in Egyptian glyph Qebti·t, the modern Kuft, at the end of the road leading from KossÊr on the Red Sea, was formerly a place of great commercial activity, and became a mart for the products of Arabia and the far East. On this road to KossÊr are the extensive quarries of HammamÂt, the ancient glyph glyph du en Bekhen "the mountain of the bekhen-stone". Denderah, in Egyptian glyph ?n·t, "the city of pillars", or glyph Ta-en-ta-rer·t, with the grand and well-preserved temple of Hathor, glyph. Abydos, in Egyptian glyph ?bdu or glyph ?bdu·t, was especially famous for the temple of Seti I. Here also was said to be the tomb of the god Osiris near which it was the highest honor to be buried. El-Khargeh, in Egyptian glyph Kenem·ti, an oasis to the west of Thebes, at one time belonging to the VIIth nome of Upper Egypt. Thinis, in Egyptian glyph Theni·t, was according to tradition the home of the first Egyptian Pharaoh, Menes. Its site is now probably occupied by the village of El-Tineh. Panopolis, the Greek designation for the city called glyph Per-khem·t, "the city of the temple of the god Khem", the modern AkhmÎm, was the seat of the worship of Khem whose festivals were conducted with various gymnastic exercises, especially that of climbing smooth poles represented thus: glyph. Sioot, the modern name of the ancient glyph SaÎu·t, is at present the largest city of Upper Egypt. A number of rock-tombs are in the neighborhood. Its local deity was the jackal-headed god Anubis. Tel-el-Amarna is the present site of a city founded by Amenophis IV., which he named glyph khu en ?ten, "the glorious house of the sun-god Aten". It was this king who introduced the sole worship of the sun-disk and was ever after considered a heretic. Cf. the picture on page 30. Bersheh is a modern village with the remnants of some tombs. In one of them is the picture showing the mode of transporting a colossus (cf. page 15). Beni-Hassan is noteworthy for its beautiful sepulchral grottoes of the XIIth dynasty. The Fayoom is a large tract of fertile land Meydoom is situated on the site of the ancient glyph Mer-Tum·t, "the favorite city of the god Tum", and is famous for its quaintly terraced pyramid. Lower Egypt, called by the Egyptians glyph ta me?ηt, "the land of the flax plant" or only simply glyph me?·t, "the north", comprises the so-called Delta from the city of Cairo to the Mediterranean Sea. The Delta, intersected by the seven arms of the river Nile, was called glyph pa ta mer?·t, "the land of the inundation", and was so named from its resemblance to the Greek letter Delta, ?, our D. It was composed of 20 nomes or provinces. The following are the principal cities of Lower Egypt: Memphis, in Egyptian glyph Men-nefer·t, "the good place of rest", which became in Coptic glyph [Memphi], has left us hardly any vestige of its former greatness. It was the capital of Lower Egypt and the main seat of the worship of the god Ptah. Nothing remains to mark the site of the famous Memphis of old Tura, the present site of the quarries of Memphis from which the stone for the pyramids was taken. It received the name of Troja [Troy] from the Greeks. Heliopolis, the ancient glyph ?n and the modern MatarÎyeh, was the famous city of the Sun or the "City of Obelisks". Here stood the New York Obelisk in front of the temple of the Sun [RÂ]. The only monument to be seen there still is the obelisk of Usertesen I. Alexandria, the famous city founded by Alexander the Great on the site of the ancient glyph RÂqedηt, the RhakÔtis of the Greeks, is situated near the north-west corner of Egypt. To the south of it is the Lake Mareotis, in Egyptian glyph Merηt. Alexandria can boast of no ancient monument whatever, as its two obelisks have been conveyed to London and New York, and Pompey's Pillar is not of Egyptian workmanship. Rosetta is a considerable town at the mouth of the Rosetta branch of the Nile. Its world-wide fame is due Sais, in Egyptian glyph Sa·t, whose site is at present marked by the lofty mounds of Sa-el-Hajar, was the seat of the worship of the goddess Neith, and the capital of all Egypt under three dynasties of kings. Busiris, in Egyptian glyph Per-Us?r·t, "the house of Osiris", now Abu-SÎr, was situated on the Damietta branch of the Nile and had Osiris for its local deity. Tanis, in Egyptian glyph ZÂn·t, was situated to the south of Lake Menzaleh. At present there are only a few remnants of the many magnificent temples left to mark the site of that ancient city. It was the favorite residence of the Shepherd Kings or Hyksos. Mendes, in Egyptian glyph Per-ba-neb-ded·t, "the house of the ram, the lord of stability", was the seat of government under one dynasty of kings. Its sacred animal was the ram, which was the Egyptian emblem of the soul. Bubastis, in Egyptian glyph Per-Bas·t, was the principal seat of the worship of the lion-faced goddess Bast or Pasht (glyph). The ruins of her grand temple can still be partially seen near the present Tel-Basta. Pelusium lies at the mouth of the most easterly branch of the Nile and was built either on or else near the site of the ancient Avaris, the Egyptian glyph ?a·t-Ûar·t. This was the last stronghold of the Hyksos before they were driven out of Egypt. A GLOSSARY OF NAMES AND TERMS OCCURRING IN THIS BOOK AND PERTAINING TO EGYPTOLOGICAL SUBJECTS. The small numerals at the end of each item refer to the pages of the book. Aareq·t. The Egyptian name of the island of PhilÆ. 86 Âb, Âb·t, or Âbu·t. The Egyptian name of the city and island of Elephantine. 24 86 ?bdu or ?bdu·t. The Egyptian name of Abydos. 88 Abusimbel. Also called Ipsambul. The ancient Aboccis or Abuncis. A place in Nubia, situated on the Nile, and famous for its stupendous rock-temple of Ramses II., the largest in the world. Each of the four statues at the entrance represents the king himself, and is about seventy feet high. 27 AbÛsÎr. A village near the site of ancient Memphis. Here we find four pyramids, one built by SahurÂ, and another by UserenrÂ, kings of the vth dynasty. This place must not be confounded with that of the same name in the Delta. 91 Abu-SÎr. The modern name of the ancient Busiris. 92 Abydos [pronounced Ábidos]. The capital of the VIIIth nome of Upper Egypt. 88 A. D. The Latin Anno Domini "in the year of our Lord". ?Âdite. A person belonging to the ancient Arabic tribe of Âd. [The first sign ? is an Arabic gutteral which cannot be pronounced in English.] 80 AkhmÎm. The present site of the ancient Panopolis. 89 Albani Obelisk. A small obelisk of Roman workmanship, formerly in the Villa Albani near Rome, and at Alexander the Great, or Alexander III. The son of Philip II., king of Macedon. He was born B. C. 356 and died B. C. 323, and was one of the greatest military conquerors the world has ever seen. His triumphant entry into Egypt took place in 332, when he was welcomed by the Egyptians as their liberator from the Persian yoke. He died while preparing for an expedition against Arabia. His name in Egyptian is 32 91
Alexandria. The modern name of RhakÔtis, founded by Alexander the Great in B. C. 332. Its main attractions were the tomb of Alexander, the palace of the Ptolemies, a museum, the temple of Serapis (a GrÆco-Egyptian deity, a combination of Osiris and the bull Apis), the world-famous Library, and the Pharos or light-house, which was 400 feet high and one of the seven wonders of the world. The city flourished until the Mohammedans gained possession of it A. D. 650. On December 22d of that year the Library was burned by Amru, the general of the caliph Omar. All antiquities in the city were then destroyed except the two obelisks and Pompey's Pillar, which have come down to us, the latter, however, being the only object of interest still in Alexandria. The city at present has nothing to attract the antiquarian as it is altogether too modern in appearance. 8 39 40 41 42 43 72 73 79 81 82 91 Alexandrian Obelisk. The former name of the obelisk at present in London. It was the prostrate one at Alexandria, which had been presented to the English as early as 1820, but was removed in 1877, arriving in London on January 20, 1878. The money for its removal, amounting to £10 000, was furnished by Prof. Erasmus Wilson, of London. 8 10 41 81 Alnwick Castle Obelisk. Perhaps the same as the Sion House Obelisk. It was erected by Amenophis II., and only one face bears an inscription. It was brought to England in 1840.—Alnwick Castle is situated to the north-west of the town of Alnwick in Northumberland, England. 10 ?men. In Egyptian glyph ?men, "the hidden god". The Latinized form is Ammon. He was the tutelary god of Thebes, and was addressed as "the king of the gods". As such the Romans identified him with their Jupiter. He was worshiped only in Upper Egypt, and is represented on the monuments with a head-dress of two plumes or feathers, called shenti; thus glyph. Although at first the invisible or hidden deity, he was afterwards merged into Amen-RÂ (which see). 35 63 87 88 ?menem?Ât III. A powerful king of the XIIth dynasty. To guard against a time of drought and excessive inundation, he converted the Fayoom into a vast reservoir of fresh water, which was known to the ancients as Lake Moeris. Besides this he built two pyramids and a palace, the so-called Labyrinth, near this lake. His name in Egyptian is 90
?men-mer-RÂ-meses-su. The family name of Ramses II. 7 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 ?men-mer-Ûsarken. The family name of Osarkon I. 38 72 ?menÔphis II. A king of the XVIIIth dynasty, the son and successor of Thothmes III. He reigned for about seven years, at one time besieged Nineveh, made an expedition into Mesopotamia, and conquered the desert-tribes of Asia. His tomb is at Abd-el-Qurnah in Thebes. In Egyptian his name reads 6 10
?menÔphis III. The successor of Thothmes IV, a king of the XVIIIth dynasty, a great warrior, a bold lion-hunter, and the builder of the two large figures (colossi) of himself in the desert to the west of Thebes, one of which was called by the Greeks the Vocal Memnon. His name in Egyptian is written 16 88
?menÔphis IV. A king of the xviiith dynasty, the son and successor of Amenophis III. The worship of the Sun under the form of ?ten or ?ten-RÂ was forcibly introduced by him. His temple at Tel-el-Amarna was torn down by his successors, who considered him a heretic. His name in Egyptian is 29 30
This he changed, after introducing the Aten-worship, to
?men-RÂ. In Egyptian glyph ?men-RÂ, "the hidden Sun". The supreme deity of the Egyptians and really identical with the sun-god RÂ. Before the time of the XVIIIth dynasty he was worshiped as ?men simply, and especially at Thebes. Some of the grandest hymns in the Egyptian literature are addressed to this god. In painted inscriptions his body is generally colored light-blue. Cf. above under Amen. 29 37 88 ?menti. In Egyptian glyph ?menti, "the concealed land", and undoubtedly related to glyph ?menti, "the West", as the Egyptians thought that the Lower World lay toward the west where the sun set. It is the region below the earth or Hades, where the departed spirits assembled, and was said to be the dominion of the god Osiris. It was divided into "the field of the blessed", called glyph ?anuru or ?a?lu (the Greek Elysium), "the place of rest", called glyph Kher-nuter, and "the place of the condemned", called glyph Ruseti. In "the hall of the two Truths" the deceased was brought before Osiris, his heart weighed, and judgment pronounced on him. Besides the various gods, such as Osiris, Horus, Thoth, and Anubis, we also find here the four genii of Hades, glyph ?mseth (with the head of a man), glyph ?epi (with the head of a monkey), glyph DÛamutf (with the head of a jackal), glyph Qebe?senef (with the head of a hawk). To these were attached "the forty-two assessors", generally represented with the heads of various animals, who typified the negation of the forty-two Amyrtaeus Obelisks. Two small obelisks of a king of the XXVIIIth dynasty, who revolted against Artaxerxes I., the king of Persia, but was conquered and driven into the Delta. His two obelisks, which are made of dark green basalt, are at present in the British Museum. His name in Egyptian is 10
?n. The Egyptian name of Heliopolis. 51 52 53 56 58 69 91 Androsphinx. A Greek word (??d??sf???), which means "man-sphinx". This is the figure of a lion with the head of a man, and typifies the Pharaoh as the incarnation of divine wisdom. The Egyptian figure of the androsphinx is glyph. 46 Animals, sacred. ZoÖlotria or animal-worship was carried on extensively in Egypt from the earliest times down to the Christian era. The Apis-bull was sacred to Ptah, the Mnevis-bull to Osiris, the cat to Bast, the cobra or UrÆus-snake to all deities, the cow to Hathor, the crocodile to Sebek, the cynocephalus-monkey and the ibis to Thoth, the eel to Tum, the latus-fish to Isis, the frog to Heqet, the hippopotamus to TaÛrt, the jackal to Anubis, the lapwing to Osiris, the lion to Sekhet, the ram to Ptah and Khnum, the scarabÆus-beetle to Kheper-RÂ, the scorpion to Selq, the sparrow-hawk to Horus, the shrew-mouse to Buto, and the vulture to Ânkh. The Egyptian word for "life", written glyph. This refers to terrestrial as well as celestial life and carries with it our notion of "eternal life". The sign resembles the St. Anthony's cross, and is called the crux ansata "the cross with a handle"). It occurs in almost every Egyptian inscription and is represented as the most precious gift of the gods to man. 29 46 ?n-menth. The Egyptian name of Hermonthis. 87 ?n·t. The Egyptian name of Denderah. 88 ?ntef the Great. A king of the XIth dynasty of whom we know almost nothing. He erected a few small obelisks and was buried at El-AssasÎf in Thebes. He was a great hunter and delighted in dogs. His name in Egyptian, according to Lepsius, is 9 11
Anubis. In Egyptian glyph ?npu. He was one of the chief gods in the Lower World and was represented as a jackal-headed man. He was the deity of the embalmers and the guardian of the mummies of the dead and their tomb, whence his picture glyph. The Book of the Dead in the chapter on the "last judgment" portrays him in the act of weighing a person's heart on a scale with reference to Truth (glyph mÂ). If it was found Apis. In Egyptian glyph ?ep. This bull was the sacred animal of Ptah [others say Osiris], and was worshiped in Memphis. Its color was black, but on the forehead was a white spot, on its back a mark like a sickle, and under its tongue a lump of flesh similar to the sacred beetle (glyph) or scarab. It was worshiped for twenty-five years, when it was drowned and another Apis sought. When found, it was escorted to the temple by the priests and the rejoicing multitudes. The Apeium was the name of the temple in which it was worshiped, and the Serapeum that of the building where its sarcophagi were stored. ?piu·t. The Egyptian designation of the eastern part of Thebes or "the throne" of Amen-RÂ. It was the city proper, while the western part was given up totally to the dead. Out of this word, with the prefixed feminine article glyph ta [ta ?piu·t], the Greeks formed the word Thebes. 88 Arabia. This country was well known to the ancient Egyptians, especially the southern part, which they called glyph Pun·t. In the inscriptions of queen MÂkarÂ, published by DÜmichen, we find the country and its precious product of spices mentioned. An active trade was carried on between it and Egypt from the earliest times. 88 Arles Obelisk. This obelisk at Arles, a city in southern France, is uninscribed. ZoËga conjectures that it was brought to Arles by order of Constantine the Great in A. D. 315. It is very doubtful, whether this obelisk is Asia. This has no Egyptian name. The Asiatic tribes, however, gave no end of trouble to the Egyptian kings, and a continual warfare was kept up against them. Prominent among them were the Kharu, the Rotennu, the Zahi, and the Kheta or Hittites. The Hyksos were perhaps also Asiatics. 86 AssuÂn. The modern name of the ancient Syene, near the southern boundary of Egypt, and situated on the First Cataract. Most of the Egyptian granite was taken from its famous quarries. Its Egyptian name is glyph Sun·t which may be rendered "the city which gives entrance into Egypt". 11 13 23 24 86 AssuÂn Obelisk. The monster-obelisk still in the quarry of Syene and not yet detached from its native rock. It would have been the largest obelisk in existence. Three of its sides are finished, but have no inscriptions. 11 ?ten or ?ten-RÂ. In Egyptian glyph ?ten, "the sun's disk". This deity was represented as the sun stretching out many hands which carried the symbol of life, glyph Ânkh. At one time, under Amenhotep IV. and his queen ThiÎ, it became for a short time the supreme deity of Egypt, but after that was worshiped as only a form of RÂ, and sank back to a secondary place. 62 63 89 Atmeidan Obelisk. It was erected by Thothmes III., perhaps in Heliopolis. A single column of hieroglyphs extends down each face, and the lower end is broken off. Constantine the Great [A. D. 306-337] seems to have had it removed to Alexandria, where it remained until its transportation to Constantinople in the reign of ?tum. In Egyptian glyph ?tum (the last sign being here only a determinative). Another form of Tum. 29 51 Augustus Caesar. The first Roman emperor whose full name was Caius Julius CÆsar Octavianus. He reigned from B. C. 30 to A. D. 14, and, besides his many grand achievements, ordered the two obelisks in Heliopolis (at present in London and New York) to be erected in Alexandria. His name in Egyptian is 8 25 32 39 72 73 74 82
Autocrator. The Greek ??t????t?? "absolute ruler". This was a title of the Roman emperors and is our "autocrat". The Egyptians placed the word in either of the two cartouches of the emperors, and wrote it in many different ways; for instance, glyph (Augustus, Tiberius, and Claudius), glyph (Caligula), glyph (Nero), glyph (Trajan), glyph (Caracalla), &c. 39 Avaris. A city on the Bubastic branch of the Nile in the Delta, near the ancient Pelusium. Its Egyptian name was glyph ?a·t-Ûar·t. It was the last fortified stronghold of the Hyksos which was besieged and taken by Aahmes I., a king of the XVIIth dynasty. 92 Banner-shield. The oblong that contains the one established royal title and which, in all inscriptions of importance, must precede the cartouches, glyph. It occurs twelve times on our obelisk. 56 57 58 59 60 62 63 65 66 67 68 70 Barbarus. A prefect or governor of Egypt. According to Prof. Merriam his full name is Publius Rubrius Barbarus. History is silent about him. 39 73 74 82 Barberini Obelisk. Other designations for it are: Monte Pincio Obelisk, Veranian Obelisk, and the Obelisk della Passeggiata. It was cut in Egypt by order of Hadrian [A. D. 118-138] and erected in honor of AntinoÜs, who drowned himself in the Nile in order to avert the fulfillment of an evil oracle from the emperor. Pope Urban VIII. (Barberini) found it broken in three pieces, and it was placed in its present position on the Monte Pincio in Rome by Pius VII. in 1822. It has two columns of hieroglyphs on each face. 9 Bast. The Egyptian lion-headed goddess of love, also called Pasht or Sekhet (which see). 92 B. C. An abbreviation for "Before (the birth of) Christ". Bejij. Also called Ebjij. A city in the western half of the XXIst nome of Upper Egypt, whose Egyptian name was glyph ?a-Sebek, "the home of the god Sebek", the Crocodilopolis of the Greeks and Romans. 5 11 Bejij Obelisk. A prostrate and broken obelisk of Usertesen I. at Bejij in the Fayoom. It resembles more a stelÉ than an obelisk, as it has two large and two small faces and a rounded top, which is the usual form of a stelÉ. 11 Belzoni, Giovanni Battista. One of the most successful Egyptian explorers [died Dec. 3, 1823]. He was the first to penetrate the second large pyramid of Gizeh. 13 Benevento. A city of Italy, north-east of Naples. Its Egyptian spelling on the obelisks erected by the emperor Domitian is glyph Benemthesti. 8 10 Benevento Obelisks. Two obelisks bearing the cartouche of the emperor Domitian [A. D. 81-96]. One of Beni-Hassan. The present name of the place where the sepulchral grottoes of the XIIth dynasty were situated. These rock-tombs were in the XVIth nome of Upper Egypt, the most famous one of them being that of glyph Khnum-?otep. 89 Bersheh. The modern name of a place in the XVth nome of Upper Egypt, the site of many rock-tombs. 15 89 Boboli Gardens Obelisk. A small obelisk at present in the Boboli Gardens at Florence, Italy. It was probably erected in Heliopolis by Ramses II. and removed to Rome by the emperor Claudius [A. D. 41-54]. How it got to Florence is not known. 10 Bonomi, Joseph. An English Egyptologist [died 1808]. 11 Book of the Dead. Also called the Egyptian Ritual. A collection of chapters treating of the future state of the blessed in the realm of eternal life. It is also in part a catechism with questions and answers. Innumerable copies of it have been found written on papyrus and linen, some of them displaying beautifully executed pictures and vignettes. The first complete copy (of Turin, Italy) was published by Lepsius in 1842, the last by Naville in 1886. 33 34 Borgian Obelisk. A small obelisk in the Museum of Naples, Italy, bearing a single column of hieroglyphs. It was perhaps erected by Domitian, and had an inscription similar to that of the Albani Obelisk (which see). It was found at PrÆneste near Rome in 1791 and was formerly in the Borgian Museum at Velletri. 10 Boussard. A French engineer in the army of Napoleon I., who discovered the Rosetta Stone at Fort St. Julien in 1799. 92 Brugsch, Heinrich. The greatest living Egyptologist and disciple of Lepsius. He was born in Berlin on Feb. 18, 1827, and is at present Professor of Egyptology in the same city. 26 Bubastis. Now Tel-Basta. The capital of the XVIIIth nome of Lower Egypt, the ??????????, Pi-Beseth, of the Bible (Ezek. xxx: 17), and called by the Egyptians glyph Per-Bas·t, "the home of the goddess Bast". The temple of this deity, the goddess of love, is now a mass of ruins. 92 BÛlÂk. The port of Cairo. Here is the famous "MusÉe Boulaq", the national Egyptian Museum, founded by the French Egyptologist Mariette (died 1881). 38 Busiris. Now Abu-SÎr, situated about half-way down the Damietta branch of the Nile. The capital of the IXth nome of Lower Egypt, called in Egyptian glyph Per-Us?r·t, "the house of Osiris", and by the Copts glyph [PÛsiri], whence the Greek Busiris. 92 Byzantium. An ancient Greek city on the Bosphorus, now occupied by the city of Constantinople. It was founded about B. C. 667, and was for a long time the capital of the Eastern Greek Empire. 8 Caesar. At first the surname of the Roman gens (or house) Julia, but after the time of Augustus the title of the Roman emperors. The word was applied indiscriminately to all the emperors, but stands for Augustus on our obelisk-crab. 73 74 82 Caesar-Ânkh-zeta-Pta?-?s·t-mer. The family name of the emperor Augustus (which see). 39 Caesareum. A temple in Alexandria dedicated to the Cairo. The capital of Egypt, situated twelve miles above the place where the Nile resolves itself into its seven branches. It was founded about A. D. 973 on the site of the former town of FostÂt (???????). The stones of ancient Memphis helped to build up the city. The Arabic name of Cairo is El-KÂhira (??????? "the victorious city"). 1 5 11 36 38 90 91 Cairo Obelisk. This is said to have formed part of a gate-way in Cairo. It has now disappeared, but may be identical with one of the AmyrtÆus Obelisks. 11 Caligula, Caius CÆsar. The third Roman emperor (A. D. 37-41), whose name in Egyptian is 8
Caliph. A title of a high dignitary among the Mohammedans. The Arabic form is ????? Khalifa, which means "the successor of the Prophet (Mohammed)". 80 Cambyses. A king of Persia who conquered Egypt in 527 B. C., overthrowing and putting to death Psametik III. He was a ruthless destroyer of Egyptian monuments and acted like a demoniac. His name is 1
Campensis Obelisk. Also called the Monte Citorio Carkhemish. A city on the Euphrates and the capital of the vast Hittite empire, now called JerablÛs. It is also mentioned in the Bible (Isa. x:9; Jer. xlvii:2; II Chron. xxxv:20). Many important battles were fought at this place. On the Egyptian monuments it is called glyph glyph glyph glyph Karukamsha. 36 Cartouche [pronounced kartoÓsh]. An oval ring or seal containing the Pharaoh's name. The Egyptian figure of it is glyph ren, which means "a name". Every king had two such cartouches, the first being his royal or divine name which he adopted on his accession to the throne, and the second being the family name which he bore as prince. The first is generally introduced by the phrase "The king of Upper and Lower Egypt", and the second by "The son of Ra". The cartouches may be written in vertical or horizontal lines; thus glyph or glyph This is the usual form though variants are not of infrequent occurrence. These cartouches would also sometimes contain the names of gods, goddesses, queens, princes, and princesses, when the phrases introducing them were changed accordingly. [Also spelled cartouch.] 36 37 38 39 49 57 71 Catania Obelisk. A small obelisk standing on a stone elephant and set up in front of the Cathedral in Cataracts of the Nile. There are a number of cataracts formed by the Nile, where it passes over rocks and boulders, the largest and longest being the First Cataract. This forms the southern boundary of Egypt, and lies between Syene and PhilÆ. 24 86 Chronology, Egyptian. The ancient Egyptian chronology is hopelessly tangled. Some of the dates may be correct, especially those of the later dynasties, but when we turn to the early history of Egypt we are confronted by such a confusion of facts and dates, that makes the fixing of dates for the earlier dynasties an impossibility. There is a difference of more than 3000 years between the dates assigned by various Chronologists to the reign of the first king of Egypt, Menes; BÖckh setting it down as B. C. 5702, Unger as 5613, Mariette and Lenormant as 5004, Brugsch as 4455, Lauth as 4157, Lepsius as 3892, Bunsen as 3059, Poole as 2717, and Wilkinson as 2691. No scheme of chronology can be deduced from the monuments, for the ancient Egyptians cared nothing about history, a fact that is proved by the carelessness with which they recorded historical events. The big numbers above result from the supposition that the various dynasties reigned in succession, while some were undoubtedly contemporaneous. An important list of kings together with their dates, written in the third century B. C. by Manetho, an Egyptian priest, has come down to us. We herewith give his list as systematized by Lepsius. MYTHOLOGICAL PERIOD. Two Dynasties of Gods. 13 870 years. One Dynasty of Demi-gods. 3 650 years. One Dynasty of Prehistoric Kings of Thinis. 350 years. HISTORICAL PERIOD. I. OLD EMPIRE. 1.-11. DYNASTIES. B. C. 3892-2380. 1st Dynasty of Thinis, 3892 to 3639. Kings: Mena (Menes). Teta. Ateth (Athothis). Ata. Hesepti (UsaphaÏs). Merbapen (MiËbis). Semenptah (Semempses). Qebeh. 2d Dynasty of Thinis, 3639 to 3338. Kings: BazaÜ (BoËthos). KakaÜ (KaiËkhos). BaËnnuter (Binothris). Uaznes. Senda (Sethenes). Perabsen. Neferkar (Nepherkheres). Neferkaseker (Sesokhris). Hezef. 3d Dynasty of Memphis, 3338 to 3124. Kings: ZazaÎ. Nebka. Zeser (Tosorthros). Teta. Sezes. Zeserteta (Tosertasis). Ahtes (Akhes). NebkarÂ. Neferkar (Nekherophes). 4th Dynasty of Memphis, 3124 to 2840. Kings: Snefru (Soris). Khufu (Suphis or Kheops). KhÂfr (Sophris or Khephren). MenkaÜr (Menkheres, Mycerinus). DedefrÂ. Shepseskaf. Sebekkar (Seberkheres). 5th Dynasty of Memphis, 2840 to 2592. Kings: Userkaf (Userkheres). Sahur (Sephres). Neferarikar (Nepherkheres). Shepseskar (Sisires). NeferkhÂr (Kheres). RÂnuser (Rathures). MenkaÜher (Menkheres). Dedkar (Tankheres). Unas (Onnos). 6th Dynasty of Elephantine, 2744 to 2546. Contemporaneous with the fifth dynasty. Kings: Teta. AtÎ (OthoËs). PepÎ (Phiops I.). Heremsaf. PepÎ (Phiops II.). Netaqerti (Nitokris). 7th Dynasty of Memphis, 2592 to 2522. 8th Dynasty of Memphis, 2522 to 2380. 9th Dynasty of Heracleopolis, 2674 to 2565. 10th Dynasty of Heracleopolis, 2565 to 2380. The kings of these four dynasties were more or less contemporaneous. The exact position of their names in the lists cannot be given. Kings: Neferka. Neferseh.... Ab. NeferkaÜrÂ. KharthÎ (AkhthoËs). NeferkarÂ. NeferkarÂnebÎ. NeferkarÂkhendu. Merenher. Seneferka. KanrÂ. NeferkarÂtererel. Neferkaher. NeferkarÂpepÎseneb. NeferkarÂÂnnu. NeferarkarÂ. 11th Dynasty of Thebes, 2423 to 2380. Contemporaneous with the eighth and tenth dynasties. Kings: Antef I. Menthuhotep I. Antef II. Antef III. Antef IV. Antef V. SarÂanÂ. Antuf. AntufÂ. Antef the Great. Anantef. SeneferkarÂ. UserenrÂ. NebnemrÂ. Menthuhotep II. Menthuhotep III. Menthuhotep IV. II. MIDDLE EMPIRE. 12.-17. DYNASTIES. B. C. 2380-1591. 12th Dynasty of Thebes, 2380 to 2167. Kings: AmenemhÂt I. (Ammenemes I). Usertesen I. (Sesortasis I.). AmenemhÂt II. (Ammenemes II.). Usertesen II. (Sesortasis II.). Usertesen III. (Sesortasis III.). AmenemhÂt III. (Ammenemes III.). AmenemhÂt IV. (Ammenemes IV.). Sebekneferur (Sebeknophris). 13th Dynasty of Thebes, 2136 to 1684. 14th Dynasty of Xois, 2167 to 1684. The kings of these two dynasties reigned contemporaneously. Kings: Sebekhotep I. Sebekhotep II. Sebekhotep III. Sebekhotep IV. Neferhotep. Sebekhotep V. Sebekhotep VI. Sebekhotep VII. AÏ. Sebekhotep VIII. 15th Dynasty, the Hyksos, 2101-1842. Contemporaneous with the thirteenth and fourteenth dynasties. Kings: Apehutiset. ...banÂn (Banon). Abehenkhepesh. Apepa (Apophis). 16th Dynasty, the Hyksos, 1842 to 1591. Contemporaneous with the thirteenth and fourteenth dynasties. Kings: Apepa. AqenenrÂ. 17th Dynasty of Thebes, 1684 to 1591. Contemporaneous with the sixteenth dynasty. Kings: Seqenenr I. Seqenenr II. Seqenenr III. Kames. AÄhhotep. AÄhmessapaÄr. III. NEW EMPIRE. 18.-30. DYNASTIES. B. C. 1591-340. 18th Dynasty of Thebes, 1591 to 1443. Kings: AÄhmes I. (Amosis). AÄhmesnefertari (Nephris). Amenhotep I. (Amenophis I.). Thothmes I. (TÛthmosis I.). Thothmes II. (TÛthmosis II.). MÂkar (Mephre). Thothmes III., the Great (TÛthmosis III.). Amenhotep II. (Amenophis II.). Thothmes IV. (TÛthmosis IV.). Amenhotep III. (Amenophis III.). Amenhotep IV. SÂqanekhtkheperurÂ. TutÂnkhamen. AÎ. Heremheb (Horos). 19th Dynasty of Thebes, 1443 to 1269. Kings: Ramses I. (RamÉsses I.). SetÎ I. (Sethos I.). Ramses II., the Great (RamÉsses MiammÛn). Merenptah I. (Menephthes). Amenmeses. SetÎ II. (Sethos II.). Merenptah II. (Menephthes Siphthas). Setnekht (Sethnekhthes). 20th Dynasty of Thebes, 1269 to 1091. Kings: Ramses III. (RamÉsses III.). Ramses IV. (RamÉsses IV.). Ramses V. (RamÉsses V.). Ramses VI. (RamÉsses VI.). Ramses VII. (RamÉsses VII.). Ramses VIII. (RamÉsses VIII.). Ramses IX. (RamÉsses IX.). Ramses X. (RamÉsses X.). Ramses XI. (RamÉsses XI.). Ramses XII. (RamÉsses XII.). Ramses XIII. (RamÉsses XIII.). (RamÉsses XIV.) 21st Dynasty of Tanis, 1091 to 961. Kings: Samenthu (Smendes). PasebkhÂnu I. (Phusemes). Asehr (Osokhor). Amenemapt (Amenophis). PasebkhÂnu II. (Psinakhes). Opposition-kings of Thebes: Herher. PaÏnezem I. PaÏnezem II. PaÏnezem III. 22d Dynasty of Bubastis, 961 to 787. Kings: Sheshenq I. (Sesonkhis I. or Shishak). Osarkon I. (Osorkhon I.). Takelot I. (Takelothis I.). Osarkon II. (Osorkhon II.). Sheshenq II. (Sesonkhis II.). Takelot II. (Takelothis II.). Sheshenq III. (Sesonkhis III.). PamaÎ. Sheshenq IV. (Sesonkhis IV.). 23d Dynasty of Tanis, 787 to 729. Kings: Pedusabast (Petsybastis). Osarkon III. (Osorkhon). 24th Dynasty of Sais, 729 to 685. King: Bakenrenf (Bokkhoris). Opposition-kings of Ethiopia: PiÂnkhÎ I. PiÂnkhÎ II. 25th Dynasty of Ethiopia, 716 to 664. Contemporaneous with the twenty-fourth and twenty-sixth dynasties. Kings: Shabaka (Sebikhos). Shabataka (Sebitikhos). Taharqa (TeÄrkhos). Amenrud. 26th Dynasty of Sais, 685 to 525. Partly contemporaneous with the twenty-fifth dynasty. Kings: Psametik I. (Psametikhos I). NekaÜ (Nekhao II.). Psametik II. (Psametikhos II.). Uahabr or Apries (Uaphris). AÄhmes II. (Amosis). Psametik III. (Psametikhos III.). 27th Dynasty, the Persians, 525 to 405. Contemporaneous with the twenty-eighth dynasty. Kings: Kembathet or Cambyses (Kambyses). AntarÎush or Darius I. (Dareios Hystaspes). KhshÎarush or Xerxes I. (Xerxes the Great). Artakhshashs (Artaxerxes). AnthrÎsh or Darius II. (Dareios Xerxes). 28th Dynasty of Sais, 525 to 399. Kings: Amenrud or AmyrtÆus (Amyrteos I.). Khabbash. 29th Dynasty of Mendes, 399 to 378. Kings: NiafÂurud (Nephorites I.). Hager (Akhoris). Psimut (Psamuthis). 30th Dynasty of Sebennytus, 378 to 340. Kings: Nekhtherheb or Nectanebo I. (Nekhtharebes). Taher (Teos). Nekhtnebef or Nectanebo II. (Nekhthanebos). Manetho's list ends with this dynasty, the names of the following dynasty having been added by some other writer. All the names here given in parentheses are from his list. IV. EGYPT UNDER FOREIGN RULE, B. C. 340-A. D. 395. 31st Dynasty, the Persians, B. C. 340 to 332. Kings: (Okhos). (Arses). (Dareios). These names do not occur on the Egyptian monuments. 32d Dynasty, the Macedonians, B. C. 332 to 305. Kings: Aleksandres or Alexander the Great. PhÎulÎupÛs or Philippus AridÆus. Aleksandres or Alexander II. 33d Dynasty, the Ptolemies, B. C. 305 to 30. Kings: Ptolemy I. Soter I. Ptolemy II. Philadelphus. Ptolemy III. Euergetes I. Ptolemy IV. Philopator I. Ptolemy V. Epiphanes. Ptolemy VI. Eupator. Ptolemy VII. Philometor. Ptolemy VIII. Philopator II. Ptolemy IX. Euergetes II. Cleopatra III. Ptolemy X. Soter II. Ptolemy XI. Alexander I. Berenice III. Ptolemy XII. Alexander II. Ptolemy XIII. Neos Dionysios. Cleopatra VI. Ptolemy XVI. CÆsarion. 34th Dynasty, the Romans, B. C. 30 to A. D. 395. Emperors: Augustus. Tiberius. Caligula. Claudius. Nero. Galba. Otho. Vespasian. Titus. Domitian. Nerva. Trajan. Hadrian. Antoninus Pius. Aurelius. Verus. Commodus. Severus. Caracalla. Geta. Decius. .......... A. D. 251. Egyptian history ends here as far as the monuments are concerned, for Decius is the last Roman emperor mentioned by them. Prominent among the succeeding emperors are Gallienus, Aurelian, Probus, Diocletian, Constantine the Great, Constantius, and Theodosius the Great. The emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire, called the Byzantines, rule over Egypt from A. D. 395 to 638. The Mohammedans then conquer the country in 638, and have remained in possession until now. One of the best of these rulers or Khedives was the late Ishmael Pasha. "City of Obelisks." A designation of Heliopolis. 1 91 "City of the Seven Hills." A designation of Rome which was originally built on seven hills. 25 "City of the Sun." The translation of the Greek word ?????p???? [HÊliÛpolis], which is An or Heliopolis. 36 51 Claudius. The fourth Roman emperor (A. D. 41-54). His full name is Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus. In the Egyptian inscriptions he is called 8
Cleopatra II. The sister and wife of Ptolemy VII. Philometor, and afterwards wife of her brother Ptolemy IX. Euergetes II. She reigned with them at intervals,
Cleopatra VI. The famous and infamous queen after whom the New York Obelisk is named, though incorrectly. She was born B. C. 69, married her brother Ptolemy XIV. in 52, combined with Julius CÆsar in 49, and dethroned her brother who was soon after that drowned. In 47 she married her second brother Ptolemy XV. whom she poisoned in 44. She then made her own son by Julius CÆsar, Ptolemy XVI. CÆsarion, co-regent with herself, but, falling in love with Mark Antony, killed her son and placed her lover on the throne in 37. At the very height of her power she was vanquished by Octavius, who became afterwards the emperor Augustus, and died with Mark Antony in 30 B. C. Her Egyptian name is 39 40
"Cleopatra's Needle." The usual designation of the New York Obelisk. 8 10 41 42 81 Colossus. A Greek word ????ss??, "a gigantic statue". 15 Colossi of thebes. The two colossal statues of Amenophis III., one of them being the Vocal Memnon. Besides them there are at Thebes several others, notably of Ramses II. (Luxor and Karnak) and of Ramses III. Constantine the Great. The first Roman emperor of that name and the introducer of Christianity into the whole empire. He was sole ruler of the Eastern and Western Roman Empires from 323 to 337 A. D. 8 10 22 Constantinople. The capital of the Turkish Empire, founded by Constantine the Great 330 A. D. on the site of the ancient Byzantium. It is called in Turkish IstambÛl ????????. 8 Constantius II. A son of Constantine the Great who was sole ruler of the Roman Empire from 351 to 361 A. D. 8 Coptic Language. The name given to the Egyptian language [Coptic being an abbreviation for Egyptic] in use at the time of the Romans and spoken until the seventeenth century of our era. There were three dialects, the Sahidic (of Upper Egypt) and the Memphitic and Bashmuric (of Lower Egypt). The language was almost exclusively used by the Christian Copts. The alphabet is the Greek with some changes in the form of the letters and six additions from the Hieroglyphic. This is the alphabet: 90
and the syllabic sign glyph ti. Coptos. The capital of the Vth nome of Upper Egypt, Corfe Castle Obelisk. This was one of the two obelisks in front of the temple of Isis at PhilÆ and was erected by Cleopatra II. and Ptolemy IX. It has one column of inscriptions on each face and the cartouches of these sovereigns. Below is a very long Greek inscription which enabled Champollion to read these cartouches. The obelisk was removed in 1815 by Belzoni to England, and is at present in Corfe Castle, Isle of Purbeck, Dorsetshire. 10 Crab. In reality the scorpion, which was the symbol of the goddess Selq, a form of the goddess Isis. Its name in Egyptian is glyph serk or glyph serq. It must have been quite extensively worshiped in Dakkeh, Nubia, which received from it the name glyph Peserk·t, the ancient Pselcis. In Ptolemaic times the crab or scorpion seems to have been identified with the evil genius. 21 38 39 81 Crocodilopolis. The capital of the western half of the XXIst nome of Upper Egypt, the ?a-Sebek of the Egyptians, now Bejij in the Fayoom (which see). 5 11 90 Crowns of Egypt. To correspond with the divisions of Egypt there were two crowns; the one called ?ez "the white one" (glyph), signifying Upper Egypt, and the other desher "the red one" (glyph), signifying Lower Egypt. Whenever the king ruled over all Egypt these two crowns were joined into one glyph, which was called glyph sekhen·t in Hieroglyphic, but in Demotic, with the prefixed article pe, pskhent, or the Greek word ????t [pskhent]. This crown was worn by kings and gods. 31 60 Damascus. The capital of Syria. It is called in the Bible ?????????? [DammÊseq], in Arabic ???? [Dimashku], Damietta. A small town situated between the Damietta branch of the Nile and Lake Menzaleh, and at present called DumyÂt. It is perhaps the site of the ancient Egyptian glyph ?a·t-nebes·t. 92 DashÛr. A village near the site of the ancient Memphis and only a short distance from a number of small and two large pyramids. 91 Deb·t. The Egyptian name of Edfu. 87 De?uti. The ibis-faced god whose name is written in Egyptian glyph De?uti. The usual way of writing this god's name is Thoth (which see). 56 De?uti-meses. The family name of Thothmes III. in its simplest form. 49 58 60 61 De?uti-meses-nefer-kheperu. One of the variants of the family name of Thothmes III., which means "the child of Thoth, beautiful in his transformations". 58 60 61 Delta. The northern part of Egypt or Lower Egypt lying around the seven branches of the Nile. This part of the country forms a vast triangle and, because of its resemblance to their letter D [? Delta], was called by the Greeks "the Delta". Its Egyptian name is glyph pa ta mer·t, "the land of the inundation". 84 90 Demotic. The third kind of Egyptian writing which was formerly also called "enchorial" or indigenous. It was the simplest form in which the Egyptian picture-characters were written, and was introduced in the reign of Psametik I. [7th century B. C.]. Being read from right to left like the Hieratic, it was employed for the same class of literary work as this. The ease, however, The Demotic alphabet is here subjoined. Denderah. The capital of the VIth nome of Upper Egypt, called in Egyptian glyph or glyph ?n·t, "the city of pillars", or glyph Ta-en-ta-rer·t, "the city of Denys of Telmahre. Or Dionysius Tell-MahrÂyÂ. A native of Tell-MahrÊ, a village near the junction of the rivers Euphrates and BalÎkh in Syria, not far from Antioch. He was patriarch of the Jacobites (818-845 A. D.) and a great Syriac writer. 19 DÊr-el-baheri. "The northern monastery." A place opposite Thebes on the western bank of the Nile, famous for the magnificent temple of queen Hatasu. Here were discovered in 1881 the mummies of many kings and queens, and among them those of the great Pharaohs Thothmes III., Seti I., Ramses II., and Ramses III. 88 Diadems. Besides the crowns (cf. page 114) there are two diadems always specially mentioned, which also refer to the Pharaoh's power and rule over Upper and Lower Egypt, the diadems of the Vulture and the UrÆus snake or cobra, expressed thus: glyph [pronunciation very uncertain!]. Some other forms of royal head-gear or diadems were the helmet glyph kheperesh, the glyph or the simple head-dress, and most of the crowns with which the gods are represented. 56 57 70 Domitian. The eleventh Roman emperor (81-96 A. D.), whose name in Egyptian is 5 7 8 9 10 22
Drah-abul-Neggah. The modern name of a portion of the necropolis of ancient Thebes on the western bank Drah-abul-Neggah Obelisks. Two obelisks found at this place, near Thebes, in 1878, each broken into several pieces. They belong, perhaps, to the XIth dynasty, and would then be next to the Lepsius Obelisk the oldest in existence. 9 11 DÜmichen, Johannes. One of the triad of the greatest living Egyptologists [the two others being Brugsch and Ebers]. He is at present Professor of Egyptian in the University of Strassburg, Alsace. (The author's teacher.) 61 100 Dynasty. A set of kings belonging to one family. For a list of the thirty-four Egyptian dynasties, see under: Chronology. Edfu. Modern name of the Apollinopolis of the Greeks and Romans, or the Egyptian glyph, Deb·t, "the city of transfixion" or glyph, ?ud·t, "the city of the winged sun-disk". It was the capital of the IId nome of Upper Egypt, its local deity being Horus, who was identified by the Greeks with Apollo, the sun-god; whence the city's name. 31 87 Egypt. The oldest empire of the world, comprising the north-east corner of Africa and extending from the First Cataract to the Mediterranean Sea. Its modern name is ??? [Misr], and some of its Egyptian names are glyph, Qem·t, glyph or glyph, Beq·t, glyph or glyph, Mer·t, &c. It was the seat of the first civilization and in its golden age—in the time of the XIXth dynasty—the mistress of the world. At present it has lost all its prestige and is being ruined by Mohammedan misrule. For its divisions, &c., see pages 84 to 92. Egyptian Ritual. See under: Book of the Dead. 34 Eileithyiapolis. The Greek name of the Egyptian city glyph Nekheb·t, "the city of the goddess Nekheb", a deity whom the Greeks identified with their Eileithyia (the goddess of childbirth) and the Romans with their Lucina. It was the capital of the IIId nome of Upper Egypt. 87 Electrum. The name given by the ancients to an alloy of gold (4 parts) and silver (1 part). Some consider the so-called Egyptian gold-metal glyph, usem, to be identical with it. 59 Elephantine. [Pronounced Elefanteenay.] The Greek name of the town and island in the first nome of Upper Egypt, opposite AssuÂn. The Egyptian name (which the Greeks only translated) is glyph or glyph, Âb or Âb.t [Âbu·t], "the ivory island or city". The cataracts of Elephantine, called glyph, qerti, were regarded by the ancient Egyptians as the source of the Nile. 4 24 29 86 El-Kab. The modern name of Nekhebt or Eileithyiapolis, which see. 87 El-Khargeh. The present name of the oasis to the west of Thebes, called in the inscriptions glyph, Kenemti, "the wine-land". It formed at one time a part of the VIIth nome of Upper Egypt. In it stood a large temple of Amen-RÂ. 89 El-Lahoon. A village close to the Fayoom, the site of the pyramid of AmenemhÂt III. (according to Lepsius) or Usertesen II. (according to Brugsch). The modern name is derived from the Egyptian glyph, Ru?un·t, "the mouth of the canal." 90 El-ThabÛt-ben-Marrat. A mythical person. 80 El-Tineh. The modern name of the ancient Thinis, the Elysium. The Greek ???s??? [ÊlÛsion]. The abode of the blessed or the "Elysian Fields", called in Egyptian ?anuru or ?a?lu (see page 97). Erment. The present name of the ancient Hermonthis or the Egyptian glyph ?n-menth, "the city of the pillar of the god Menthu", the capital of an independent district to the west of the IVth nome of Upper Egypt. 87 Esmeade Obelisk. An obelisk formerly in the Esmeade garden near the Porta del Popolo in Rome and only a Roman imitation. 11 Esneh. The present name of the capital of the IIId nome of Upper Egypt, called in Egyptian glyph ?nηt or glyph Seni·t. Its sacred animal according to Strabo, a Greek geographer, was the fish Latus (cf. page 98), and its chief deities were Khnum and Neith. The ancients named the city Latopolis. 87 "Eternal City." A classical expression for the city of Rome, which was said to have been founded by the gods and to be under their constant protection. 5 Ethiopia. See under Nubia. Fayoom. The modern name of the tract of land which lay formerly in the XXth and XXIst nomes of Upper Egypt, south-west of the Pyramids. Its local deity was the crocodile-faced god Sebek, whence its name among the ancients, Crocodilopolis. In it is the famous Lake Moeris, as well as the Labyrinth and the pyramids of El-Lahoon and Meydoom. In Arabic the name is written ?????? [el-fayÛm]. 4 5 89 Flaminian Obelisk. Also called the obelisk of the Piazza del Popolo, in Rome. It was erected in Heliopolis by Seti I., and re-erected by the emperor Augustus in the Circus Maximus in Rome. After it had fallen Pope Sixtus V. removed the pieces of the obelisk and set them up in the present position [in 1589]. The inscriptions are by Seti I. and Ramses II.; the latter having appropriated the greater portion. From this obelisk the priest Hermapion (4th century A. D.) made the first attempt to decipher the Egyptian hieroglyphs. The result of his investigations appears extremely ridiculous to us at the present day. 9 Florence Obelisks. Two small obelisks with two columns of hieroglyphs on each face. They are at present in the Egyptian Museum at Florence. 10 Gizeh. The site of the monster-pyramids and the Sphinx. It is situated in the former Ist nome of Lower Egypt, and was the necropolis of ancient Memphis. 4 91 Greece. The first mention of the Greeks in history is in the inscriptions of the temple of Karnak, in which an incursion by them into Egypt at the time of Menephthah I. [XIXth dynasty] is described. The tribes mentioned there are the AkaÜsha (AchÆans), the Tursha (Etruscans), the Luku (Lycians), the Sharutana (Sardinians), and the Shakalusha (Sicilians). On the Rosetta Stone the Greeks are called glyph ?auinebu. Hades. The Lower World, the abode of the departed spirits. The Egyptian Amenti, which see. 28 30 Hadrian. The fourteenth Roman emperor [117-138 A. D.]. On the Barberini Obelisk occur the names of his wife glyph SÂbina·t, Sabina, and of his
HammamÂt. In the Vth nome of Upper Egypt, near Panopolis and on the road leading from this city to KossÊr, on the Red Sea. The Greeks called it p??f???t?? ???? [porphurÎtÊs Óros] "the porphyry-mountain" on account of the excellent stone that was quarried here. 16 23 88 Harmachis. The Greek transcription of the Egyptian glyph ?or-em-khuti, "Horus in the two horizons". This deity represents the sun at noon. Its symbolic representation was the sphinx, and its principal sanctuary was built between the paws of the Great Sphinx at Gizeh in front of the Pyramid of Kheops. (30) Hatasu. Or ?ashepes. A famous queen of the XVIIIth dynasty, the sister of Thothmes III. and at first co-regent with him. She despatched the first fleet mentioned in history to Arabia and the Somali Coast, where she obtained spices, perfumes, trees, &c. Her name in Egyptian (with masculine titles!) is 6 9 11 19 23 35
Hatasu Obelisks. The two largest obelisks in Egypt, erected by queen Hatasu in Karnak. Only one of them is erect. One line of hieroglyphs extends down on each Hathor. An Egyptian goddess who was represented in many ways; viz., like Isis with the disk of the sun between two horns, or with a cow's head with the disk between the horns, or as a spotted cow with plumes and the sun's disk, or as a hawk with a female face and surmounted by the horns and the disk. The Greeks identified her with their AphroditÉ and the Romans with their Venus, the goddess of love. She was the special guardian of the Egyptian queens. Her hieroglyphic name is glyph or glyph ?a·t-?er, "the house of Horus". 88 ?a·t-Ûar·t. The Egyptian name of Avaris or Pelusium. 92 Heliopolis. The Greek name of the Egyptian glyph ?n, at present MatarÎyeh, near Cairo, the biblical ???? [Ôn]. It was the capital of the XIIIth nome of Lower Egypt, and one of the most famous cities of antiquity. It was sacred to the sun-gods R and Tum. 1 2 4 9 10 19 21 36 51 52 53 56 57 58 69 82 91 Heliopolis Obelisk. The only remaining and erect obelisk at Heliopolis. It has one column of hieroglyphs on each face and was erected by Usertesen I. of the XIIth dynasty. Its companion fell in 1160 A. D. and has completely disappeared. Its apex was originally covered with a capping of gilded bronze, which was still seen by the Arabic physician Abd-el-LatÎf in the thirteenth century A. D. 9 Hermonthis. See under Erment. 87 Herschel, Sir John Fred. William. A famous English astronomer. Died May 11, 1871. 13 Hieratic. A more cursive form of the Hieroglyphic script, with fewer characters, and signs drawn only in outline. It was mostly used for state documents, letters, and scientific and religious papyri. The form of the characters varies according to the individual handwriting of the scribe. The Hieratic, like the Demotic, is always written from right to left. It was the second kind of Egyptian writing, and its alphabet is as follows. 34 Hieroglyphic. The name for the monumental language of ancient Egypt. The words are composed of hieroglyphs or "sacred carvings", which were at first quite simple but in the time of the Ptolemies became very complicated and enigmatical. The alphabet is given above under: Hieratic. Besides the simple letters there are also some two thousand syllabic signs and ideographs. The characters were written either Hittites. The biblical name of an Asiatic people, the hereditary foes of the Egyptians. They were called by them Kheta, which see. 36 37 Homer. The famous Greek poet, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey. 2 37 ?or-?ud·t. The name of Horus as he was worshiped at Edfu. 31 ?or-khuti, or ?or-em-khuti. The sun-god at his appearance in the horizon in the morning and at noon. From this word, which means "Horus of the two horizons", the Greeks coined the word Harmachis. 29 30 ?or-nub. "The golden Horus." This title may also be translated "the victorious Horus", referring in the first place to the victory of this god over the devil, Set (cf. page 87), and then to the personal bravery of his representative on earth, the king. 60 64 68 ?or-RÂ. A form of the solar deity, a combination of R and Horus. 30 Horus. One of the greatest of the Egyptian deities, the son of Osiris and Isis. He personified the Sun in his midday power, and his sacred bird was the hawk. He was the divine representation of the Pharaoh himself. On the monuments we find him pictured in many ways; viz., glyph, glyph, glyph, glyph, glyph, glyph, glyph, glyph, glyph, glyph, glyph, glyph, glyph, glyph, glyph, glyph, glyph, glyph, glyph, glyph, &c. 28 29 30 31 57 58 69 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 87 "House of the Sun." An appellation of Heliopolis. 2 ?ud·t. The Egyptian name of Edfu, which see. 87 Hyksos. Syrian invaders who conquered Egypt and founded the XVth and XVIth dynasties. According to Manetho (cf. page 108) the word signifies "shepherd-kings" and is probably the Egyptian glyph ?eq, "prince" glyph shasu, "the Bedouins", whence "Bedouin prince(s)". They introduced the sole worship of the ass-headed deity Set or Sutekh (which see). They were cruel masters and were finally driven out of the country by Aahmes I. of the XVIIth dynasty (cf. page 102). 92 Ibn-el-Vardi. An Arabic historian who died in the year 750 of the HÉgira [the flight of Mohammed from Mecca to MedÎna], about 1350 A. D. The passage from this author on page 80 is also given by the Arabic geographer Edrisi (1153 A. D.). 79 Iliad. The famous Greek epic of Homer, recounting the story of the siege and capture of Troy, in Asia Minor. 37 Intaglio-relievo. The usual mode of carving employed by the Egyptians, where the figures were cut altogether into the stone, that is, all below the surface of the stone. 18 IshmaËl or IsmaÏl. Ex-Khedive of Egypt, an able but extravagant ruler, who did much for the prosperity of that downtrodden country. In his reign the Suez Canal was completed. 40 82 Isis. The great Egyptian goddess in the triad: Osiris, Isis, and Horus. She was the queen of heaven and the wife of Osiris, whose members she gathered after Set, the devil, had slain him. Her name in Egyptian is glyph ?s·t, and she is represented with a throne on the head; thus, glyph, glyph, glyph. 86 Jebel Selseleh. "The mountain of the chain." The modern name of that part of the country where the ancient Joseph. The biblical patriarch. His name has not yet been discovered on the monuments, though there is much in the Egyptian literature to remind us of his story; viz., in the Ameni inscription, describing the years of famine, and the "Tale of the Two Brothers", setting forth the great temptation and the wicked accusation. 2 Kadesh. A town in Syria where Ramses II. defeated the Hittites. In Egyptian glyph Qedesh. 35 Karnak. A modern village on the east side of the Nile, marking the site of ancient northern Thebes. 2 3 6 9 10 11 19 Karnak Obelisks. There are still at Karnak six obelisks: two large ones of Thothmes I., one of them being prostrate and broken; two of queen Hatasu (which see); and two small ones, resembling stelÉ and bearing the name of Thothmes III. 9 10 11 19 Kenemti. The Egyptian name of the oasis El-Khargeh, which see. 89 Kharu. A Syrian tribe subdued by Seti I. 36 Khedive. The Persian word ???? [khedÎf] signifying "the monarch". This is the title of the governor of Egypt. 40 44 82 Khefren. The Greek form of the Egyptian KhÂfrÂ, a king of the fourth dynasty, and the builder of the second Great Pyramid of Memphis (Gizeh). His name in Egyptian is glyph glyph suten-kaut? Kh·f RÂ, "The king of Upper and Lower Egypt, His glory is Ra". 91 Khennu. The ancient name of Silsilis, in Egyptian glyph glyph and at present Jebel Selseleh, which see. 86 Kheops. The Greek form of Khufu, which see. 91 Kheper. An Egyptian deity symbolizing the creative energy of the sun, which is the source of all life. The deity is frequently represented as a man with the scarab or beetle on his shoulders, instead of a head. His name in Egyptian is glyph, which is derived from the verb glyph kheper, "to create". 28 29 Kheper?. The same as the above. In Egyptian glyph Kheper?. 63 64 Kherp-kheper-RÂ-sotep-en-RÂ. The royal name of the king Osarkon I. 38 72 Kheta. An Asiatic people, the Hittites of the Bible, where they are called ??????? [khittÎm]. They are constantly mentioned in the Egyptian inscriptions, especially in those that treat of the wars of Seti I. and Ramses II. Their Egyptian name is glyph, Kheta. 36 37 Khnum. The spirit of Amen-RÂ, represented as a ram-headed deity; thus, glyph, glyph, glyph. He was especially worshiped at Elephantine, and his figure was painted a bright green. His Egyptian name is glyph Khnumu. 86 87 Khnum-RÂ. A form of the solar deity, a combination of R and Khnum. 29 Khufu. A king of the fourth dynasty, the builder of the Great Pyramid at Gizeh, the Kheops of the Greeks. His name in Egyptian is written glyph glyph suten-kaut? Khufu, "The king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Khufu". 5 Kircher, Athanasius. A German scholar and mathematician, who endeavored to solve the mysteries of the Egyptian language, but signally failed in the attempt. He died in 1680. 79 KÔm-Omboo. "The hill of Omboo." The modern name of the Egyptian glyph nubηt, "the gold-city", called Ombos by the ancients, a city in the first nome of Upper Egypt. The crocodile-headed god Sebek was worshiped here. 86 KossÊr. "Small castle." A town in Egypt situated on the Red Sea, to which a road led in ancient times from Coptos by way of HammamÂt. The Greeks called it Leukos-Limen, "the white harbor". 23 88 Kuft. The modern name of Coptos, which see. 88 Labyrinth. The grand palace of AmenemhÂt III. in the Fayoom, described by the Greek geographer Strabo. At one corner of it was the Pyramid of Howara, which is built of brick. The name Labyrinth seems to be derived from the Egyptian glyph rupu ru?un, "the temple at the mouth of the canal" (see under El-Lahoon). 90 Lateran Obelisk. The largest of all the erect obelisks, in front of the church of St. Giovanni in Laterano, in Rome. It was ordered to be made by Thothmes III., but was completed by Thothmes IV., who added the outer vertical lines and erected the obelisk in front of the temple of Amen in Thebes. It was removed to Alexandria by Constantine the Great, but was taken to Rome by Constantius in 357. After its fall it was re-erected by Sixtus V. in 1588. 9 20 23 25 Lepsius, Richard K. The so-called "father of Egyptology", the teacher of the great Egyptologists of the present day. His greatest work was the DenkmÄler Lepsius Obelisk. A small obelisk discovered by Lepsius in a tomb at Gizeh in 1843. It is the smallest obelisk known and at present in the Berlin Museum. 4 10 Libyan Desert. The large tract of barren country to the west of Egypt, containing seven oases (see under El-Khargeh). 59 90 Lisht, Pyramid of. A small pyramid between those of DashÛr and Meydoom, situated near the Fayoom. 91 London Obelisk. The present name of the Alexandrian Obelisk, which see. 25 39 40 59 72 73 81 91 Lower Egypt. The northern part of Egypt, comprising the Delta. 16 31 51 65 90 Luxor. A village in the southern part of ancient Thebes on the east side of the Nile. 2 4 9 10 88 Luxor Obelisks. There are two obelisks of this name. One was brought to Paris in the reign of Louis Philippe of France, and erected on the Place de Concorde on Oct. 24, 1836. The cost of its removal was about $500 000. The other is now standing in Luxor.—Both obelisks stood originally, side by side, in front of the temple of Amenophis III. in Thebes, and are the most artistic obelisks extant. They were erected by Ramses II. 8 9 10 23 41 MÂ. An Egyptian deity, called the daughter of RÂ. Her name signifies "Truth", and she plays an important part in the theology of the ancient Egyptians. She represents the truth and justice of the supreme god. Hence the Pharaohs received her attributes and were called "truthful and just", or, as the inscriptions express it glyph M mer, "the beloved of Ma". Her name is written glyph M [really MaÂ] or glyph Ma·t. 65 68 69 MÂÂd Boat. The boat of RÂ, in which he was thought to travel over the expanse of heaven, changing to the Sekti boat as Tum in the latter part of his journey. The word is written glyph mÂÂd. 22 Mahutean Obelisk, or the Pantheon Obelisk. It was erected by Ramses II. in Heliopolis. Clement XI. re-erected it in front of the Pantheon in Rome in 1711. A single column of hieroglyphs is inscribed on each of its faces. 10 MÂkarÂ. The royal name of queen Hatasu, which see. 6 35 MÂ-men-RÂ. The royal name of Seti I., which see. 87 MaqdÂm-ibn-El·?Amr-ben-abi-Re?Âl. A mythical person. 80 Mars. The Roman god of war, the ArÊs of the Greeks, and the Menthu (which see) of the Egyptians. 61 Mareotis. The large lake south of Alexandria, called by the ancient Egyptians glyph Merηt, "the lake". 91 MatarÎyeh. The modern name of Heliopolis, a short distance from Cairo. 1 5 36 91 MedÎnet-Habu. The modern name of a part of the necropolis of ancient Thebes, and the site of many ruins, especially those of the temples of Thothmes II. and Ramses III. 88 Mediterranean Sea. This was well known to the ancient Egyptians and traversed by the fleets of many Pharaohs, who, at one time, even subjugated the islands in it. Its name in Egyptian is glyph Ûaz-Ûr, "the great sea". 90 Megiddo. A town of the Kharu [Syrians] in Palestine, on the border of the great plain of EsdraËlon, the scene of the battles between Thothmes III. and the Syrians, and between Neco and the Jewish king Josiah. The Memnonium. Or Rameseum. The incorrect name given by the Greeks to the temple of Ramses II. in Shekh-abd-el-Qurnah, in the necropolis of ancient Thebes. It is called by the Greek geographer Diodorus the "tomb of Osymandyas". There is one colossal statue of Ramses II. still in its ruins. 16 88 Memphis. The Greek form of the Egyptian glyph Men-nefer·t, "the good place of rest", the biblical ??? [mÔf] or ??? [nÔf]. It was the capital of the first nome of Lower Egypt, and its present site is the village MÎtrahÎneh. The whole district was a large necropolis with the famous pyramids from Gizeh to Saccarah. It is the "white wall" of the Greek historian Herodotus, or the Egyptian glyph ?nbu-?ez·t, "the white wall". Its chief deity was Ptah. 4 10 19 65 90 91 Mendes. The capital of the XVIth nome of Lower Egypt. 92 Menes. According to tradition the first Egyptian king, the founder of the Egyptian empire, and the builder of Memphis. In Egyptian his name is written glyph glyph or glyph (as on the necklace in the possession of the New York Historical Society) suten-kaut? Men?, "the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Menes". 89 Men-kheper-RÂ. The royal name of Thothmes III. 36 47 48 49 50 52 53 54 55 56 58 59 60 Menthu. The Egyptian god of war, identified by the Romans with their Mars. He is usually represented with the head of a hawk surmounted by the disk of the sun and two feathers (glyph). He was only a form Menzaleh Lake. A large and shallow tract of water in the north-east corner of Egypt, extending from Damietta to the Suez Canal. 92 Mer-?b. A son of Khufu of the fourth dynasty. The architect and builder of the Great Pyramid. 5 MerÌ·t. The Egyptian name of the Mareotis Lake. 91 Mer-Tum·t. The Egyptian name of the modern Meydoom, which see. 90 Mesopotamia. "The land between the rivers (Euphrates and Tigris)." The eastern part of ancient Syria [Assyria], called in the Bible Padan-aram or Aram-nahara-yim (Gen. xxiv:10), which means "Aram of the two rivers", whence the Egyptian designation glyph Nahar. The country was frequently invaded and subjugated by the Egyptian kings, notably by Thothmes III., AmenÔphis II., and Seti I. 36 Mesphres. Pliny's name for Thothmes III. It is in reality, however, the name of his great sister, queen Hatasu, which see. 36 Meydoom. Or Meydoon [MÊdÛn]. The modern name of the Egyptian glyph Mer-Tum·t, "the favorite city of the god Tum", situated in the XXIst nome of Upper Egypt, and famous for its quaintly terraced pyramid, ascribed by DÜmichen to king Snefru of the fourth dynasty. 90 MÎtrahÎneh. The present site of ancient Memphis. 91 Mizrayim. The Hebrew name of Egypt, really "the two Egypts". The Arabic is ??? [misr]. 84 Mnevis-bull. The sacred bull of Heliopolis, the incarnation of RÂ. (98) Moeris Lake. The so-called lake, or rather reservoir, in the Fayoom, constructed by AmenemhÂt III. to receive the excess of the waters of the inundation, and keep the water for the times of drought. 90 Monolith. A monument made of one stone only. 7 18 Monte Cavallo Obelisk. This is at present in front of the Quirinal in Rome, and is the companion of the Sta. Maria Maggiore Obelisk. As it is uninscribed, it is impossible to tell by whom or when it was erected. Perhaps the emperor Claudius [41-54 A. D.] had it removed to Rome. It was re-erected by Pius VI. in 1789. 9 Monte Citorio Obelisk, or the Campensis Obelisk, which see. 22 25 Monte Pincio Obelisk, or the Barberini Obelisk, which see. 22 Moses. The Jewish law-giver, who studied at the university in Heliopolis, was brought up at the court of the Pharaohs, and afterwards led the Israelites out of Egypt. He lived in the time of Ramses II., and departed with his people under Menephthah I. His name has not yet been found on the Egyptian monuments or in the papyri. 2 Mummies. The bodies of the Egyptian dead which were preserved in a mixture of salt, bitumen, cedar oil, &c. The bodies were prepared for embalming by the parakhistÆ or tarakheutÆ, who disemboweled them, wound linen bandages around them, placed with them chapters from the Book of the Dead (which see), and then deposited them in a sarcophagus of stone or wood, according to the means of the deceased. The purpose of this embalming was that the soul, on its return to the earth, would again find its body and reanimate it. Everything was, therefore, done by the ancient Mycerinus. The Greek form of the Egyptian Men-kau-RÂ, a king of the fourth dynasty and the builder of the third Great Pyramid. His sarcophagus and a part of his mummy are in the British Museum. His name is written glyph glyph suten-kaut? Men-kau-RÂ, "The king of Upper and Lower Egypt, The Sun, mighty in his works". 91 Nahasb Obelisk. A small and prostrate obelisk about 70 miles south-east of Suez, in the Sinaitic Peninsula. It was discovered by a German traveler in 1817, but nothing further is known of it. The place where it is standing is also called WÂdi Nasb. 11 Naples Obelisk. It is also called the Borgian Obelisk, having been for a time in the Borgian Museum at Velletri, and was discovered at PrÆnestÉ, Italy, in 1791, broken in four pieces. The inscription on it coincides with that of the Albani Obelisk (which see). It is now in the Museo Nazionale at Naples. 10 Necropolis. A Greek word meaning "the city of the dead", our "cemetery". In Egypt the necropolis was generally a collection of rock-hewn tombs, but always situated to the west of a city toward the setting sun, this being the first station on the road to the Lower World. It is expressed in Egyptian by the sign glyph ?a. 2 4 5 Nectanebo I. The Greek name of a king of the XXXth dynasty, who forced the Persian king Artaxerxes II. to relinquish his hold on Egypt and reigned for eighteen years. His Egyptian name is 9
Negative Confession. A passage in the 125th chapter of the Book of the Dead, where the deceased gives an account of his life and begs to be admitted into paradise. To that end he states that he has not committed the forty-two great sins. (98) Neith. The Egyptian goddess of the lower heavens, the sister of Isis and Nephthys. She is generally represented holding a bow and arrows in her hand. The Greeks identified her with their AthÊnÉ (Minerva). In Egyptian her name is glyph Net. 92 Nekheb. The goddess of Eileithyia and identified by the ancients with their Lucina, the goddess of childbirth. Little is known of her. The Egyptian form of her name is glyph Nekheb·t. 87 Nekheb·t. The Egyptian name of Eileithyiapolis, which see. 87 Nero. The fifth Roman emperor [54-68 A. D.]. His full name is Nero Claudius CÆsar Drusus Germanicus. On the Egyptian monuments he is called 11
New York Obelisk. It is usually, but incorrectly, called "Cleopatra's Needle". 20 23 25 49 72 73 81 91 Nile. The ancient Egyptians venerated it as a special deity, giving him the epithet glyph s·Ânkh, "he who produces life". He was generally represented thus glyph, and his name was glyph ?Âp. 2 4 16 27 84 86 88 90 92 Nilometer. This was erected by the Pharaohs on the island of Elephantine, to enable them to measure the height of the inundation. It was restored in 1870 by the Khedive IshmaËl. Another Nilometer is at present on the island of RhÔda at Cairo. The Egyptian sign of the Nilometer is glyph ded, which means "stability". 86 Nineveh. The capital of the Assyrian empire. It was taken by several Pharaohs in their Asiatic campaigns, especially by Thothmes III., AmenÔphis II., and Seti I. 36 Nome. The Greek word for "province". There were 22 nomes in Upper and 20 nomes in Lower Egypt. The Egyptian word is glyph ?esp, "the province". 84 90 Nubia. It is also called Ethiopia, and was incorporated into the Egyptian empire at the time of the XVIIIth dynasty. Its capital was Napata, now Jebel Barkal, which even became the capital of the whole empire during the XXVIth dynasty. The Egyptian name of Nubia is glyph Kush, the biblical ?????? [kÛsh]. 86 Nubηt. The Egyptian name of Ombos, at present KÔm-Omboo (which see). 86 Oasis. There were seven oases in the Libyan desert, to the west of Egypt. The Egyptian word is glyph ut, "the oasis". 89 Ombos. The modern KÔm-Omboo, which see. 29 86 Orontes. The principal river of Syria, called in Egyptian glyph ?runuth. 36 Osarkon I. A king of the XXIId dynasty, whose name in Egyptian is 38 71 72
Osiris. One of the oldest of the Egyptian gods and the judge of the dead in the Lower World. His worship was universal throughout Egypt at all times. His Egyptian name is glyph Us?r. The great Osiris-myth is this. Osiris was, at one time, a king, and reigned over Egypt. Going on travels he left Isis, his sister and wife, to conduct the government. The devil, Set, then revolted against him, killed him, cut his body into fourteen pieces, and scattered them over the country. Isis collected them, erecting a temple where a piece of his body was found, and called on her son Horus to avenge his father. Horus met Set in combat at Edfu. In this encounter Set was "transfixed". The inscriptions in the temple of Edfu give a glowing description of this battle. Osiris is generally represented with his whole body shrouded in a covering and his head surmounted by the atef-crown; thus, glyph. He has a peculiar beard curving outward at the end. He was considered to be the author of all animal and vegetable life, and the god of agriculture. All those that died were called by his name, "the Osirian", that is, "amenable to Osiris in his judgment-hall". 61 87 88 92 Palestine. Many Pharaohs, especially Thothmes III., subjugated this country in their Asiatic conquests. The names of most of its cities and provinces occur on the Egyptian monuments. One of its Egyptian names is glyph KanÂna, "Canaan". 36 Pamphilian Obelisk, or the Obelisk of the Piazza Navona in Rome. This is a pseudo-Egyptian obelisk, cut by the Romans in the quarry of Syene. It was erected by the emperor Domitian, and re-erected by Innocent X. (Pamphili) in 1651 in its present position. There is a single column of poorly executed hieroglyphs on each face of it. 9 Panopolis. The Greek name of the capital of the IXth nome of Upper Egypt, called in Egyptian glyph Per-Khem·t, "the city of the temple of (the god) Khem". It was the seat of the worship of Khem, whom the Greeks identified with their Pan. 89 Pantheon Obelisk. The same as the Mahutean Obelisk, which see. Papyrus. The Egyptian paper, made of thin slices of the papyrus plant, called in Egyptian glyph thufi. On it were written works on almost all subjects. The finest papyri are at present in the British Museum and the Museum of Bulak. 34 Pasht. The Greek name of the Egyptian goddess Sekhet, which see. 92 Pelusium. The classical name of a city near the site of the ancient Egyptian Avaris, which see. 92 PentaÛr. The Egyptian Homer, who described the exploits of Ramses II. in his war with the Hittites. His name is written glyph Pen-ta-Ûr. 37 Per-ba-neb-ded·t. The Egyptian name of Mendes, which see. 92 Per-Bas·t. The Egyptian name of Bubastis, which see. 92 Per-Khem·t. The Egyptian name of Panopolis, which see. 89 Per-Us?r·t. The Egyptian name of Busiris, which see. 92 Pharaoh. The Hebrew form of the Egyptian glyph per-Â, "the great house", or more correctly, as the Hieratic generally has it, glyph Per-Â, "he of the great double house". This was the official title of the Egyptian kings. 1 2 5 6 7 16 19 20 22 25 29 37 38 46 48 53 57 58 60 61 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 79 84 87 89 "Pharaoh of the Oppression." All Egyptologists are agreed that this was Ramses II. 37 63 "Pharaoh's Needle." The Arabic rendering for "obelisk". 79 Philae. An island in the Nile near the Nubian boundary, belonging to the first nome of Upper Egypt. 4 7 9 10 22 84 86 Philae Obelisk. A fragment of an obelisk which was erected, together with its companion, the Corfe Castle Obelisk (which see), in front of the temple of Isis by Ptolemy IX. Euergetes II. and his sister Cleopatra II. It has one column of hieroglyphs on each face, and is at PhilÆ. 9 PiÂnkhÎ. An Ethiopian king, of the XXIVth dynasty, who conquered Egypt at the close of the XXIId dynasty, when it was divided into thirteen petty kingdoms. His name in Egyptian is 21
Piazza della Minerva Obelisk. A small obelisk in Rome. It has only a single column of hieroglyphs on each face, and was probably erected by Psametik II. in SaÏs. It was removed by the Romans and re-erected by Pope Alexander VII. in 1667, who had it placed on a marble elephant. 10 Piazza del Popolo Obelisk. Another name of the Flaminian Obelisk, which see. Piazza Navona Obelisk. Another name for the Pamphilian Obelisk, which see. 22 Pliny, surnamed "the Elder". A famous Roman naturalist and author (23-79 A. D.). 36 "Pompey's Pillar." The only important monument of antiquity at present in Alexandria. It is a shaft of granite from the quarry of Syene rising, with the pedestal, to the height of 104 ft., and erected by the Roman prefect Pompeius in honor of the emperor Diocletian. 91 Pontius. The architect who transported the two obelisks of Heliopolis to Alexandria in 12 B. C. He may have possibly also removed the Flaminian and Campensis Obelisks (which see) to Rome for the emperor Augustus in 20 B. C. 39 73 74 82 Porta del Popolo Obelisk. Another name of the Esmeade Obelisk, which see. 11 Prioli Obelisk. A small obelisk in the gardens of the Sultan in Constantinople. Nothing is known of it, as its inscriptions have never been published. 9 Psametik II. A king of the XXVIth dynasty, the son of Psametik I. He conquered Ethiopia and reigned for six years. His son Hophra is mentioned in the Bible. His name in Egyptian is 7 9 10 22
Pseudo-Egyptian, that is, having the appearance of being Egyptian, but not so in reality. A number of the extant obelisks belong in this category. 4 Pthah [pronounced tÁ]. The chief deity of Lower Egypt, an emanation of RÂ. He is generally represented as a deformed child holding two serpents and stepping on two crocodiles. In Upper Egypt he was worshipped under the form of an upright mummy (glyph). His name in Egyptian is glyph Pta?. 65 69 90 Pta?-Sokar-Osiris. A form of Ptah, peculiar to Memphis, and represented as a deformed child. His Egyptian name is glyph Pta?-Seker-Us?r. 29 Pta?-tathunen. A title of Ptah of Memphis. The Egyptian form of the word is glyph Pta?-tathunen, meaning perhaps "Ptah of the stable earth". 65 Ptolemies. The descendants of Ptolemy SÔtÊr, a general of Alexander the Great, and forming the XXXIIId dynasty of Egyptian kings. Each of them married his sister. Their reign extended from 305 to 30 B. C., and was characterized by infamy, tyranny, murder, and poisoning. 9 21 22 Ptolemy IX. Euergetes II. A weak king of the XXXIIId dynasty, married to and reigning for a time with his sister Cleopatra II. and his niece Cleopatra III. His name in Egyptian is 7 10
Punt. The Egyptian name of the southern part of Arabia, which see. Pylon. The large mass of masonry of an Egyptian temple, resembling two truncated pyramids with the gate between them. A picture of one is given on page 20. Its hieroglyph is perhaps glyph. 20 24 Pyramidion. The apex of an obelisk which resembles a miniature pyramid. It was sometimes inscribed with pictures and hieroglyphs, and covered with a capping of gold-metal or electrum (which see). 18 19 21 22 26 47 50 51 52 53 54 55 Pyramids. The enormous masses of stone built by various kings, especially those of the fourth dynasty, and serving as their tombs. There are quite a number of them in and near ancient Memphis, the largest being that of Khufu, called the Great Pyramid, which is 480 ft. high. The usual Egyptian word for "pyramid" is glyph ?bmer. 12 27 91 Qebti·t. The Egyptian name of Coptos, which see. 88 Qem·t. The common Egyptian designation of Egypt, which see. 61 66 70 84 Qurnah. A modern village marking the site of a part of the necropolis of ancient Thebes, situated on the west shore of the Nile. Here are the ruins of the grand temple begun by Seti I., and completed by Ramses II. 88 RÂ. The Sun, the Supreme Being, and the organizer of the world according to Egyptian mythology. He was worshipped in the entire country, but especially in Heliopolis. He is always represented with the face of a hawk. With the fifth dynasty the Pharaohs began to call themselves the incarnation of RÂ, or glyph sa RÂ, "the son of the Sun", which title they retained until the time of the Roman emperors. The Egyptian name of the sun is glyph RÂ. 21 22 27 30 31 36 37 38 39 46 47 48 49 50 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 82 91 RÂ-?or-Khuti. A name of the sun-god, written in Egyptian glyph or glyph RÂ-?or-khuti, "the Sun, the hawk of the two horizons". 28 29 30 46 47 49 55 58 59 60 Ramses II. One of the greatest monarchs the world ever saw, the son of Seti I., and a king of the XIXth dynasty. He conquered most of the then known world, built magnificent temples, erected obelisks, and perpetuated his name on almost every Egyptian monument. His Egyptian name is 7 8 9 10 16 36 37 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 88 91
Ramses III. A famous king of the XXth dynasty, who conquered the Hittites, Syrians, and the tribes of Palestine. His name in Egyptian is 112 131
RÂqedηt. The Egyptian name of Alexandria (which see), called RhakÔtis by the ancients. 91 Redesieh. A modern village in what was formerly the first nome of Upper Egypt. 68 Red Sea. This was called in Egyptian glyph muqed·t. 86 88 Rhakotis. The Greek name of the town on whose site Alexander the Great built Alexandria (which see). 91 Rising Sun. The god RÂ. 22 Rome. The capital of the ancient world. Its Egyptian name occurs on the Barberini Obelisk as glyph Harm·t. 5 7 9 20 22 23 25 Rosetta. A modern town at the mouth of the Bolbitinic arm of the Nile. It was the ancient BolbitinÉ. 91 Rosetta Stone. Without a doubt this is the most important monument of antiquity that has come down to us. It is a stelÉ of black basalt, bearing an inscription in Hieroglyphic, Demotic, and Greek. It contains a decree of the priests in honor of Ptolemy V. Epiphanes, which was issued on March 27, 195 B. C. This stone, discovered in 1799, furnished the key for deciphering the hieroglyphs, and is now preserved in the British Museum. 92 Rotennu. A Syrian people who were repeatedly defeated and subjugated by kings of the XVIIIth and later dynasties. They were subdivided into the Upper and Lower Rotennu, and their Egyptian name was glyph Rethennu. 36 Saccarah. A modern village near the site of ancient Memphis with a number of famous pyramids. The name is undoubtedly derived from that of the god Ptah-Sokar-Osiris. 91 Sa-el-Hajar. The modern name of SaÏs. 92 SaÏs. The capital of the fifth nome of Lower Egypt, the Egyptian glyph Sa·t, and the Coptic glyph [saÏ]. Nothing now remains but a mass of dÉbris. 4 10 92 SaÎu·t. The Egyptian name of Sioot, which see. 89 Sallustian Obelisk. An obelisk in Rome standing opposite the church of Santa Trinita dei Monti. It is a poor Roman copy of the Piazza del Popolo Obelisk, and has three columns of hieroglyphs on it, together with the cartouches of Seti I. and Ramses II. It was re-erected by Pius VI. in 1789. 9 SÂn. The modern name of Tanis, which see. 11 SÂn Obelisks. As many as thirteen fragments of perhaps four obelisks are still at Tanis (SÂn). These obelisks appear to have been erected by Ramses II. 11 Sarbut-el-Khedem Obelisk. An erect obelisk in the Sinaitic Peninsula, on the way from Suez to Mount Sinai. The hieroglyphs on it are partially obliterated. 9 Sa·t. The Egyptian name of SaÏs, which see. 92 Sebek. The crocodile-headed deity and a form of RÂ. He was specially worshiped in the Fayoom, and his Egyptian name was glyph Sebek. 90 Sebek-RÂ. A combination of the gods Sebek and RÂ, the local deity of Ombos. 29 Sekhet. A lion-headed goddess and the wife of Ptah. As a destroying deity her name is glyph Sekhet, but as a goddess of love it was glyph Bast, or, as the Greeks called her, Pasht. She was usually identified with Diana. (92 98 103) Sektet Boat. The boat of the evening-sun Tum, in which he was thought to pass over the heavens. In Egyptian the word is written glyph sektet. 22 Seni·t. The Egyptian name of Esneh, which see. 87 Set or Sutekh. The national god of the Hyksos or the Shepherd kings of Asia, whose worship was forced on the Egyptians. He was the personification of evil, and was represented as an ass-headed deity with the usual divine insignia. He was the sworn enemy of Horus, whose father (Osiris) he had slain, and is identified with the devil. His picture, glyph, was afterwards completely erased by the Egyptians from their monuments. His Egyptian name is glyph Set or glyph Sutekh. 87 Seti I. A famous king of the XIXth dynasty and the father of Ramses II. He was an intense worshipper of Set, the devil, and forced his adoration on the people. His many wars carried him into Arabia Felix, Palestine, the Hittite territory, and beyond the Orontes and Euphrates. Out of him and his two successors the ancients fabricated the name Sesostris. His Egyptian name is 6 9 86 87 88
Setting Sun. The god Tum, which see. 22 Shepherd Kings. See under Hyksos. 92 Silsilis. The Egyptian Khennu, which see. 86 Sinaitic Peninsula. That part of western Asia lying between Syria and Egypt, and playing an important part in the forty years' sojourn there of the Israelites under Moses. 1 4 9 11 Sion House Obelisk. Perhaps the same as the Alnwick Castle Obelisk, which see.—Sion House is the country-seat of the Duke of Northumberland. 10 Sioot. The modern name of the capital of the XIIIth nome of Upper Egypt, called in Egyptian glyph SaÌu·t. Its local deity was the jackal-headed god Anubis. 89 Soughton Hall Obelisk. An obelisk mentioned by Bonomi, which may be identical with one of those at present in England. 11 Sphinx. There are three kinds of sphinxes: Androsphinxes, having the head of a man; Criosphinxes, having that of a ram; and Hieracosphinxes, having that of a Stele. A slab rounded off on top and covered with inscriptions. It was made either of wood or of stone. The word comes from the Greek st??? [stÊlÊ]. The Egyptian word for it is glyph utu. 5 31 37 48 St. Ephraim Syrus. A Christian writer of the Syrian church, who died 373 A. D. 19 Sta. Maria Maggiore Obelisk. The companion of the Monte Cavallo Obelisk, at present in front of the basilica (church) of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. It has no inscriptions, and was removed to Rome by the emperor Claudius. Sixtus V. re-erected it on its present site in 1587. 9 Stuart, Villiers. A traveler and author. 2 "Sublime Porte." The name of the place where the Sultan administers justice, and, with us, a designation for the Sultan himself. The Turkish term for it is ??? ???? [bÂbi 'ÂlÎ], "the high gate". 53 Suez Canal. The first attempt to construct it was made by Seti I., of the XIXth dynasty. It then only connected the Nile with the Red Sea, and was finished by Ramses II. Traces of it still remain. The present Canal was planned and completed by Lesseps in 1869. 40 Sun·t. The Egyptian name of SyÊnÉ. 86 SyÊnÉ. The Greek name of the modern AssuÂn, which was in the first nome of Upper Egypt, and called glyph Syenite. The reddish amphibole-granite of SyÊnÉ, which was taken for all the Egyptian obelisks. 23 Syria. A large tract of country in western Asia, bordering on Egypt. It was inhabited by many different tribes, with whom the Pharaohs of the XVIIIth and XIXth dynasties carried on extensive wars. 36 Ta-en-ta-rer·t. The Egyptian name of Denderah, which see. 88 Tanis. The Greek name of the Egyptian glyph ZÂn·t the capital of the XIVth nome of Lower Egypt, now SÂn. It was the main seat of the Hyksos, who embellished it in every possible way. 4 11 45 92 Tathunen. See under Ptah-tathunen. 65 Tel-Basta. The modern name of Bubastis, which see. 92 Tel-el-Amarna. The present site of a city founded by the heretic king AmenÔphis IV. in honor of the sun-disk Aten, in the XVth nome of Upper Egypt. It was totally destroyed after his death. 29 89 Thebes. The largest and most famous city of the ancient world, the capital of the fourth nome of Upper Egypt and of the whole empire. Its usual Egyptian name was glyph Us·t, or glyph nu·t ?men, which was sometimes shortened into glyph nu·t ·t, "the great city", or glyph nu·t, "the City" simply, the biblical ?? [nÔ]. Its site is now occupied by several villages, such as Karnak, Theni·t. The Egyptian name of Thinis. 89 Thinis or This. The capital of the eighth nome of Upper Egypt, the reputed home of the first king of Egypt, Menes. Its Egyptian name is glyph Theni·t, at present El-Tineh, which see. 89 Thoth [pronounced tÓt]. The Egyptian god of writing, learning, and medicine. He was thought to introduce the soul of the deceased into the Lower World and to read off its sins before the judgment-seat of Osiris. He was afterwards identified with the moon. His sacred animal was the cynocephalus-ape (glyph or glyph), and he himself is represented with the head of the ibis, glyph. His name in Egyptian is glyph or glyph De?uti. 49 56 57 Thothmes I. [tÓtmees]. A king of the XVIIIth dynasty and the son of Aahmes I. He was a mighty warrior, and his conquests were very extensive. His name in Egyptian is 5 9 10
Thothmes II. [tÓtmees]. A king of the XVIIIth dynasty and a son of Thothmes I. He was a weak monarch and altogether under the influence of his great sister Hatasu. His name in Egyptian is 6
Thothmes III. [tÓtmees]. The greatest king of the
Thothmes IV. [tÓtmees]. A king of the XVIIIth dynasty, the successor of AmenÔphis II. He reigned for nine years only, and his Egyptian name is 6 9 19
Troja. The name which the Greeks gave to the town near Memphis, the glyph Ru-Âu·t (with the feminine article ta-Ru-Âu·t) of the Egyptians. Here was situated the quarry of Memphis. The similarity of the words gave rise to the name "Troja" (Troy), which must not, however, be confounded with the famous Greek city of the same name in Asia Minor. 91 Tum. The Egyptian god of the setting sun. He was especially worshiped in Heliopolis. In painted inscriptions his color is generally red, like that of RÂ, sometimes, however, also green. His name in Egyptian is glyph Tum. 22 27 28 29 46 51 53 56 57 58 67 Tura. The quarry of Memphis from which the "white stone" was taken. The Greeks called it Troja, which see. 91 "Two Countries." A designation of Egypt, which was divided into two parts, Upper and Lower Egypt. It Upper Egypt. The southern part of Egypt from the Fayoom to AssuÂn. 2 3 31 84 89 Upper and Lower Egypt. The two divisions of Egypt, which were at certain periods of Egyptian history separate kingdoms. Some of the Egyptian designations are glyph ?ez-desher, "the land of the white and red crowns" (cf. page 31), glyph qebe?ui, "the land of the two sources (of the Nile)" (cf. page 119), glyph res-me?, "the south and north land", glyph qemÂ-me?, "the south and north land", glyph ?-Ûz, "the land of the lotus and the papyrus", &c. The usual title of the king was glyph suten-kaut?, "the king of Upper and Lower Egypt". 30 48 52 53 54 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 72 84 Uraeus Snake. The Cobra haje of Egypt, the most deadly reptile in that country, whose figure was worn as the head-dress of kings and queens. It typifies Pharaoh's power over the life and death of his subjects, and its Egyptian name is glyph Âr·t. The Greeks called it "basilisk", from which they took their word for "king", as??e?? [basileus]. 56 57 User-MÂ-RÂ-sotep-en-RÂ. The royal name of Ramses II., which see 37 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Usertesen I. The second king of the XIIth dynasty, the son of AmenÉmh I., and the conqueror of the Ethiopians. His name in Egyptian is 5 9 11 36 91
Us Sceptre. The symbol of power carried in the hands of kings and gods, written glyph us, or else glyph us, which is the "cucufa", also called the ZÂm-sceptre. 46 87 Us·t. The Egyptian name of Thebes, which see. 48 50 53 55 56 59 87 Vatican Obelisk. An obelisk without an inscription on the Piazza di San Pietro, in front of the Vatican, in Rome. Originally erected in Heliopolis, it was transported to Rome by the emperor Caligula (about 40 A.D.). It was the only one of all the obelisks not overthrown and broken during the times of anarchy, pillage, and destruction in that city. Sixtus V. had it removed and erected in its present position in 1586. 9 Victory StelÉ. A stelÉ which was found in Karnak. It contains a martial hymn of Thothmes III. 31 48 Villa Mattei Obelisk. A small obelisk in the Villa Mattei or the Villa Celimontana in Rome, presented by a certain Cyriacus MatthÆius to the Roman Senate. It was either erected by him in his gardens in 1582, or else by Sixtus V. in 1590. The lower portion of it is modern, but the upper half bears the cartouches of Ramses II. and Psametik II. 10 "Vocal Memnon." One of the colossal statues of AmenÔphis III. west of Thebes in the desert. It was thrown down by an earthquake about 27 B. C., and cracked. On re-erection it was found to emit a musical sound at sunrise. This gave rise to the Greek legend of Memnon and Aurora (the dawn). Since its restoration the sound is no longer heard. The Arabs call the two colossal statues Shamy and Damy. (96 112) Vulture Diadem. A diadem of Pharaoh, in Egyptian glyph neb mut or neb sheta (doubtful!). The figure of the vulture was generally worn as the head-dress of Wanstead Obelisk. A fragment of an obelisk which existed at the time of ZoËga in Wanstead, a suburb of London. It was brought to England from Alexandria in 1712. Its present location is unknown. 11 Wilkinson, Sir John Gardner. An English Egyptologist (born in 1797, died in 1875). His famous work is The Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians. 14 Ya?mer-ben-ShaddÂd. A mythical person. 80 ZÂn·t. The Egyptian name of Tanis, which see. 92 ZoËga, George. A Danish archÆologist interested in Egyptological subjects (born in 1755, died in 1809 in Rome). 11 |
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