1 Westergaard, Mortalitaet u. Morbilitaet, 2nd. Edit., 1901, pp. 653-655.
2 The volume of the urine excreted in 24 hours (in January 1905) was 500 c.c., with a density of 1019. There was no albumen or sugar. The quantity, per litre, of urea was 11·50 gr., of chlorides 9 gr., of phosphates 1·15 gr. The sediment contained crystals of uric acid, some pavement epithelium cells, a very few cells from the tubules, some hyaline platelets and isolated white corpuscles.
35 Ashworth and Annandale, Proceedings of the R. Society of Edinburgh, vol. xxv. part iv. 1904.
36 Bronn’s Klassen u. Ordnungen des Thierreichs, vol. iii. p. 466.
37 Weismann, The Duration of Life, in “Essays on Heredity” (English translation), Oxford, 1889.
38 Oustalet, “La LongÉvitÉ chez les Animaux vertÉbrÉs,” La Nature, May 12, 1900, p. 378.
39 “On the Comparative Ages to which Birds live,” The Ibis, Jan., 1899, vol. v. p. 19.
40 J. Maumus, “Les cÆcums des oiseaux,” Annales des sciences naturelles, 902. See also P. Chalmers Mitchell, “On the Intestinal Tract of Birds,” Trans. LinnÆan Soc. of London, vol. viii. part 7, 1901.
41 Weidersheim, Elements of the Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates, translated by W. Newton Parker, p. 236, 1886.
42 Elements of Comparative Anatomy, English translation by F. Jeffrey Bell, B.A., London, 1878, p. 562.
68 Researches into the Physical History of Mankind, 1836, vol. i, p. 1157.
69 I owe to the kindness of M. Chemin a memoir in which he has brought together the ancient and new records on the centenarians of all countries up to the end of the nineteenth century. M. Chemin was unable to find a publisher, but has given me his manuscript, extending to 182 pages.
70 Ueber die Kunst d. VerlÄngerung d. mensch. Lebens, Bonn, 1890, p. 23.
119 According to a recent publication of M. Ellenberger (Archiv. f. Anatomie u. Physiologie, Physiologische Abtheilung, 1906, p. 139), the cÆca of the horse, pig and rabbit, play an active part in the digestion of vegetable matter, which is rich in cellulose. At the end of his treatise, Ellenberger insists that the vermiform appendix of the cÆcum is not a rudimentary organ. The reason why the appendix can be removed in the case of man without disturbance to the functions of the body, is that this work can be performed by the Peyer’s patches of the intestine. The existence of the appendix is not necessary to the normal processes of the body, and is a real danger to health and sometimes to life. Comparative study of the cÆca in birds shows that these organs are in process of degeneration.
120 Archiv. fÜr experimentelle Pathologie, vol. xxviii, p. 311.
121 SixiÈme CongrÈs de Chirurgie, Paris, 1903, p. 86.
122 LeÇons sur les auto-intoxications, Paris, 1886.
123 Zeitschrift fÜr Hygiene, 1892, vol. xii, p. 88.
124 Zeitschrift fÜr klinische Medicin, 1903, vol. xlviii, p. 491.
125 There is a summary of this question in Gerhardt’s work on intestinal putrefaction, in Ergebnisse der Physiologie, 3rd year, section 1, Wiesbaden, 1904, pp. 107-154.
126 The A B C of our Nutrition, New York, 1903; Dr. Regnault, Nov. 1, “L’art de manger,” La Revue, 1906, p. 92.
127 Zeitschr. f. diatetische u. physikal. Therapie, t. viii, 1904, 1905.
128 Du Cap au lac Nyassa, Paris, 1897, pp. 291-294.
129 Gaffky and Paak, in Arbeiten d. k. Gesundheitsamtes, vol. vi, 1890.
131 Cormouls-HoulÈs, Vingt-sept annÉes d’agriculture pratique, Paris, 1899, pp. 57-58.
132 British Medical Journal, 1897, Dec. 25th, p. 1898.
133 Comptes rendus de la Soc. de Biologie, 1906, March 17th.
134 Dr. Combe, L’auto intoxication intestinale, Paris, 1906. This valuable work contains much useful information on the subject.
135 Grundzach, Zeitschrift fÜr klinische Medezin, 1893, p. 70; Schmitz, Zeitschrift fÜr physiologische Chemie, 1894, vol. xix, p. 401; Singer, Therapeutische Monatshefte, 1901, p. 441.
136 Journal fÜr praktische Chemie, 1882, vol. xxvi, p. 43.
137 Archiv. fÜr experimentelle Pathologie, 1883, vol. xvii, p. 442.
138 In the English authorised version as in the translation of Osterwald the word “butter” is used in place of “soured milk.” Professor Metchnikoff follows the translation given by Ebstein in his work on the Medicine of the Old Testament.
140 “An authentic narrative of the loss of the American brig Commerce wrecked on the western coast of Africa in the month of August, 1815, with an account of the sufferings of the surviving officers and crew, who were enslaved by the wandering Arabs on the African desert or Zaharah; and observations historical, geographical, etc.” by James Riley. Hartford, S. Andrus and Son, 1854.
141 Arbeiten a. d. k. Gesundheitsamte, 1889, vol. v, pp. 297-304.
142 See Grasberger and Schattenfroh, Archiv. fÜr Hygiene, 1902, vol. xlii, p. 246.
172 “The Coming Slavery” in Man versus the State, 1888, p. 18.
173 Human, too Human. French translation, 1899, pp. 405-407. A German critic has reproached me for my ignorance of Nietzsche’s works. I have read several of them, but the mixture of genius and madness in them makes them difficult to use. In this connection Moebius’ volume, Ueber das Pathologische bei Nietzsche (Wiesbaden, 1902), is of interest.
174 Quoted by Oldenberg, Le Bouddha, French translation, Paris, 1894, p. 214.
175 P. RÉgnaud, “Le pessimisme brahmanique,” in Annales du MusÉe Guimet, 1880, vol. i, pp. 110-111.
176 Guyau, La Morale d’Epicure, 4th edition, 1904, p. 116.
193 The Fifth Roman Elegy, Blaze’s French translation, 1873 p. 186. Some of Goethe’s biographers, and amongst them G. H. Lewes, maintain that these lines relate to Christine, Goethe’s wife. This is erroneous; they refer to Faustine (see Bielschowsky, i, p. 517).
