Abbott, Ernest Hamlin, on industrial problem of South, 397.
Abolition, see Emancipation.
Abolitionists (Cf. Anti-slavery men), in England, 38;
opinions of North and South on, 54;
inclusiveness of term, 54 ff;
characterized, 56 ff;
conservatives ally themselves with Republicans, 130;
extremists not opposed to secession, 212;
favor disunion, 217.
Adams, Charles Francis, joins "Free Soil" party, 81;
nominated for Vice-President, 82;
proposes compromise on slavery, 229;
candidate for Presidential nomination, 328.
Adams, John Quincy, characteristics, 28;
relations with Clay, 29;
in Congress, 72;
believes abol. of slavery as war measure legal, 253.
Adams, Nehemiah (Dr.), 141.
Adams, Samuel, 8.
Alabama, admitted as slave State, 23;
forbids importation of slaves, later repeals, 36;
secedes, 225;
emancipation in, 260;
gives qualified assent to thirteenth amendment, 262;
provisional govt. formed, 275;
reconstructed, 310;
negro voters in majority in, 311;
Federal interference in election (1872), 323;
Democrats regain control in, 324;
legal limitation of suffrage in, 383, 384.
Alabama Claims, the, settled, 325.
Alcorn, J. M., first Republican governor of Mississippi, 336.
Alcott, Amos Bronson, characterizes John Brown, 160;
futile views of on war, 242.
Allen, Charles, refuses to support Whig party, 81.
Amendments, constitutional, Thirteenth, 262;
ratified, 268, 276;
declared adopted, 276;
Fourteenth formulated and discussed, 297 ff;
prob. reason for mistake of exclusion art. in, 301;
disqualifications under removed by Congress, 302;
restoration offered to South upon adoption of, 303;
rejected by South, 304, 310;
Grant against exclusion clauses in, 310;
scheme to apply to reduction of Southern representation, 403 ff;
Fifteenth proposed, 314;
adopted, 315, 403.
American Missionary Asso'n, labors of for freedmen, 362.
American Party. (See Know-nothing Party), 115, 151;
death of, 153.
"American system," 31.
Ames, Adelbert, governor of Mississippi, 336;
calls for Federal troops; impeached; driven from state, 340.
Ames, Charles G., characterizes Stroud's Slave Laws, 110.
Amherst agricultural college, chooses negro foot ball captain, 406.
Anderson, Major, at Ft. Moultrie, 223;
Buchanan refuses aid to; withdraws to Ft. Sumter; supported, 224;
surrenders, 235.
Andersonville, terrors of, 245.
Andrew, John A. (Gov.), denounces slavery, 154;
on John Brown, 165;
strongly opposes secession, 230;
course as war governor, 279;
suggests principles of reconstruction, 280;
endeavors to interest Northern capital in South, 319.
"Anti-Nebraska" party, 115.
Anti-secessionists, in North and South, 212.
Anti-slavery men (Cf. Abolitionist),
distinguished from abolitionists, 55;
disheartened by "Free Soil" nomination, 82;
outbreaks against in South, 169, 186.
Anti-slavery movement grows, 35 ff, 37, 51, 52, 71, 91;
women and literary men in, 56;
public leaders keep aloof from, 57;
petitions, 71;
documents excluded
from Southern mails, 72, 73;
made political issue, 74;
strong growth of in North, 113 ff;
assumed by Republican party, 127;
tabooed at South, 129.
Anti-slavery society, American, founded, 44;
purposes of, 45;
dissolution of, 367.
Arkansas, admitted as slave state, 23;
postpones action on secession, 227;
secedes, 235;
emancipation in, 260;
provisional govt. estab. in, 269, 275;
reconstructed, 310;
relative number of negro voters in, 311;
becomes Democratic, 323;
Grant recommends state govt. be declared illegal, 344;
bill defeated, 345.
Armstrong, Samuel Chapman (Gen.), birth and early life of, 356;
in Union Army;
begins labors for freedmen in Virginia; characterization of, 357;
special fitness for work, 359;
religious views, 360;
forms ideals of negro education, 360 ff;
founds Hampton Institute, 362 ff;
personality, 364 ff;
labors of for school, 365 ff;
death of; summary of life work; personal appearance, 366;
sayings of, 367;
Booker Washington, pupil and successor to, 378.
Arnold, Matthew, poem on his father, 369.
Atchison, Senator, of Missouri, 117.
Atlanta University, 358, 398.
Atlantic Monthly, begun, 144
Aycock, Governor, of N. C., 388.
Bacon, Leonard, 36.
Baltimore, Maryland, Mass. troops attacked at, 237.
Banks, Nathaniel P., joins "Free Soil" party, 81;
speaker of House, 115;
in Republican party, 127;
refuses nomination of "Know-nothing" seceders,
supports Fremont, 129;
governor of Mass., 193;
in House, 284.
Baptists, champion cause of freedom, 22.
"Barnburners," the, 82.
Barnwell, Senator, advocates secession, 89.
Bates, Edward, candidate for Presidential nomination (1860), 191;
attitude of on emancipation proclamation, 257.
Beauregard, Gen., leads attack on Fort Sumter, 235.
Beecher, Edward, 36.
Beecher, Henry Ward, characterization of, 141 ff;
active in political discussion, 142;
criticises Lincoln in Independent, 254;
labors in behalf of Union, 277;
outlines plan of reconstruction, 277 ff;
views on suffrage, 308.
Bell, John, nominated for President, 189;
popular vote for (1860), 194; 214.
Bennett, James Gordon, 141.
Berea College, beginnings of, 73;
discriminated against by Kentucky educational law, 385.
Bernard, John, meets Washington, 1 ff.
"Biglow Papers," Lowell attacks slavery and war in, 77; 144; 254.
Birney, James G., 36;
incidents in life of, 58 ff;
political ideas of, 59;
nominated for President, 74;
views of on slavery question, 74;
again nominated, 75.
Black, Jeremiah S., Attorney-General, 222;
Secretary of State, 244;
defends Johnson, 312.
"Black Codes" of 1865-6, 281 ff, 372.
Blaine, James G., in House, 284;
proposes amend. to Stevens's reconstruction bill, 306;
on debate of bill, 307;
on negro suffrage, 310;
leader in House, characterized, 331;
speaks against Davis, reputation discredited, Presidential candidate, 346.
Blair, Francis P. (Gen.), nominated for Vice-Presidency; defeated, 314.
Blair, Senator, of N. H., bill of for aid to local education on basis of existing illiteracy, 372, 404.
"Border Ruffians," the, 116, 118.
Border States, severity of war greatest in, 242;
Lincoln's scheme for compensated emancipation in, 252;
slave owners in alienated by emancipation proclamation, 261.
Boston Courier, denounces Republican party in 1860 campaign, 194.
Bourne, George (Rev.), denounces slavery, 37.
Boutwell, George S., governor of Mass., 92;
in House, 284;
House prosecutor of Johnson, 311.
Bowles, Samuel, 124;
"Life and Times of," 124 note;
gives opinion of Johnson imbroglio, 296.
leads reform element in Republican convention of 1876, 346.
Curtis, Justice, dissents from Dred Scott decision, 148.
Cushing, Caleb, joins seceding Democratic convention, 188;
supports Breckinridge Democracy; bitter words of on Mass. election, 193.
Dabney, Thomas, sketch of, 100 ff;
experiences of after war, 337, 339, 355.
Davis, David, on Hayes-Tilden commission; in Senate, 349.
Davis, Henry Winter, favors radical reconstruction, 270.
Davis, Jefferson, in Senate, 86, 89;
sketch of life and principles of, 132 ff;
active in politics, in Mexican war, in Senate, Sec'y of War, leader in secession, 134;
hostility toward, 135;
final estimate of, 136;
presents ultimatum of South in Senate (1859), 184;
residence of at North, 193;
defends secession, 215;
opposes immediate secession (1860), 221;
with others withdraws from Congress to organize Confederacy, 225;
elected President of Confederacy, 226;
North's hatred of, 301;
imprisoned by Pres. Johnson, 329;
attacked by Blaine, 346.
Davis, Rebecca Harding (Mrs.), describes terrors of Civil war in border states, 242.

Dawes, Henry L., in House, 284, 331.
Dayton, William L., Vice-Presidential candidate (1856), 129.
Declaration of Independence, clause in regarding wrongs of slave trade suppressed, 9.
DeForest, J. W., 209.
Delaware, votes against extension of slave trade, 13;
rejects Thirteenth amendment, 262, 276;
rejects Fifteenth amendment, 315.
Democratic party (see Democrats),
power of South in, 185;
extreme South breaks up, 187;
Alex. H. Stephens explains move, 189;
geographical lines of in campaign of 1860, 192.
Democratic sentiment, growth of, 21, 29.
Democrats, opposed to strong central gov't, 21;
favor annexing Texas, 75;
nominate Cass for President, 81;
combine with Free Soilers, 92;
nominate Pierce for President, desert Free Soilers, 93;
vote for Kansas-Nebraska bill, 114;
in Republican party, 127;
platform (1856), campaign, Buchanan candidate of, 128;
uphold Ostend manifesto, 129;
divided over Lecompton constitution, 151;
convention of 1860, 185 ff;
delegates from S. C. and Gulf States leave, 187;
adjourns, 188;
regular convention at re-meeting nominates Douglas and Johnson, seceders nominate Breckinridge and Lane, 188;
inharmonious in North, 253;
gain in 1862, 261;
nominate McClellan for Presidency, defeated, 265;
in Congress of 1865-6, 284;
hold convention of 1868, repudiate reconstruction acts, favor repudiation, nominate Seymour, 313;
regain control in many Southern States, 323;
join Independent Republicans, 328;
indorse Greeley's nomination, Independent Democrats nominate O'Conor, 329;
organize resistance to Republicans in South and begin intimidation, 339 ff;
in Congress of 1875-6, 346;
nominate Tilden for President, 347;
claim election, 348 ff.
Denison, John, Dr., characterizes Gen. Samuel Armstrong, 357.
Devens, Charles, Attorney-General under Hayes, 353.
Dickinson, Edward, helps organize Republican party, 114.
Dickinson, John, opinion of slave trade, 12.
"Disfranchisement," paper on, by Charles W. Chestnutt, 384.
District of Columbia, slavery abolished in, 251.
Dix, John A. (Gen.), in Buchanan's cabinet, 224.
Dorsey, Stephen W., in Grant faction, 344.
Douglas, Stephen A., sketch of, 112;
introduces "Kansas-Nebraska" bill to aid his Pres. candidature, 112 ff;
doctrine of "popular sovereignty," 150;
supports Republicans on Lecompton bill, 151;
returns to Democrats and becomes Senator, 153;
famous debates of with Lincoln, 180;
elected U. S. Senator, 181;
struggle of, with extreme South on Democratic platform (1860), 185;
great power of in convention; principles of; followers defy Southern Democracy, 186;
nominated for President, 188;
denounces secession; pop. vote for, 194;
assails Lincoln's position, proposes plans to conciliate South, 233;
supports Lincoln, 235.
Douglass, Frederick, 96.
"Dred," anti-slavery novel, 123 ff.
Dred Scott decision, 147 ff.
DuBois, Prof., 5, 379;
on need of higher education for negroes, 398, 399.
Dunbar, Paul Laurence, 379.
Duncan, James, 38.
Durell, E. H. (Judge), in Louisiana election struggle, 341.
Education, of negroes, 37;
urged by Beecher, 279;
nat'l, of negroes neglected, 325, 326;
higher, for negroes, 358, 377 ff, 398 ff;
Blair bill for local aid to, on basis of existing illiteracy, 372, 404;
of negroes undertaken by Southern whites, 373;
standard of in South being raised, 381;
efforts to restrict for negroes, unjust Kentucky law, 385;
estimate of amt. paid out for negro education to date, 388;
improved industrial for negroes, 388;
of negro presents great difficulty, 396-7;
amount spent by South for edu. of negro in past 30 years, 397;
problems of in South, 397 ff;
need of higher for negroes, 398-9;
gov't aid to in South advocated, 404.
Eggleston, General, Republican leader in Miss., 336.
Eliot, Thomas D., helps organize Republican party, 114.
Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln presents to cabinet, decides to delay promulgation of, 257;
reintroduces, 258;
discussed and approved by cabinet, issued (1862), 259;
goes into effect, immediate results of, 260 ff.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, in anti-slavery movement, 56;
in literature, 94;
influence of, 143;
pen picture of John Brown by, 160; 243.
"End of an Era, The," 169.
English bill, the, 151.
Evarts, William M., in Republican convention (1860), 191, 192;
defends President Johnson, 312;
Secy. of State under Hayes, 353.
Everett, Edward, nominated for Presidency, 189.
Federalist Party, principles of, 20.
Fee, John G., and Berea College, 73, 170.
Fessenden, William P., in Senate, 114;
in Republican party, 127;
heads reconstruction committee, 281;
in U. S. Senate, 283;
sketch of, 284, 285;
opposes President Johnson's plan of reconstruction, 286;
votes to acquit Pres. Johnson, 312;
death of, 331.
Fillmore, Millard, becomes President, character of, 90;
candidate for Presidential nomination, 92;
nominated (1856) by "Know-nothings," 129.
Fish, Hamilton, in Senate, 114;
in settlement of Alabama claims, 325.
Fisk University, 358.
Florida, secedes, 225;
emancipation in, 260;
provisional gov't of, 275;
reconstructed, 310;
rel. number of negro voters in, 311;
Presidential vote of contested (1876), 348 ff.
"Flower de Hundred," 100.
Floyd, John B., Secy. of War, resigns, 224.
Foot, Solomon, in Senate, 114.
Force bill, of 1833, 33;
—— proposed, of 1875, defeated in Senate, 345.
Fort Moultrie, commanded by Anderson, 223;
Buchanan refuses to aid, 224;
abandoned by Anderson, 224;
occupied by So. Carolinians, 224.
Fort Sumter, Anderson removes to, 224;
debate over, 233;
Lincoln sends aid to, 234;
Confederates attack and take, 235.
Fortune, T. Thomas, 379.
Fowler, Senator, votes to acquit Pres. Johnson, 312.
Franklin, Benjamin, 8;
labors against slavery, skill of as a leader, 19.
Freedmen's Bureau, 287, 289;
Pres. Johnson vetoes bill to increase powers of, 294;
bill amended, passed, 297;
labors of, 357, 362.
"Free Soil" party, previously "Liberty" party, gains from Whigs and Democrats, 81.
"Free Soilers," convention of (1848), nominates Van Buren, 82;
form alliance with Democrats, 92;
nominate John P. Hale for President, lose Democratic allies, 93;
vote against Kansas-Nebraska bill in House, 114;
unite with Whigs in Mich. in formation of Republican party, 115;
in Republican party, 127.
Free State men, in Kansas struggle, 117 ff;
refuse to vote in Kansas, 150;
give up separate organization, and win, 152;
triumph of, 153.
Fremont, John C. (Gen.), nominated for President, 126;
sketch of, 126 ff;
declares martial law, and emancipation of slaves in Missouri, 248;
emancipation measure of set aside by Lincoln, results of incident, 249.
Fugitive slave law, demanded by South, 85;
resisted in North, dissatisfaction over, 91.
Galveston Bulletin, view of reconstruction in, 267.
Garfield, James A., in House, 284, 331.
Garrison, Wm. Lloyd, becomes interested in emancipation, 39;
early experiences, founds Liberator, principles, 40;
founds New England Anti-S lavery Society, 44;
fight of against slavery, 51 ff;
aims and methods of, 52, 53;
followers of divided, 54;
personality of, 54;
mobbed, 55;
scorns Republican party, 127;
propagandism of inflames North and South, 207;
declares all war unchristian, 210;
favors disunion, 217, 228.
Geary, John W., governor of Kansas, 117, 121.
Genius of Universal Emancipation, founded, 38, 39.
Georgia, demands representation in Congress based on slave numbers, 11;
refuses to join Union if slave trade forbidden, 12;
forbids entry of free negroes into State, forbids circulation of insurrectionary pamphlets, 41;
citizens of characterized, 137;
becomes pivotal point of Southern politics, 138;
considers secession (1860), 221, 225;
secedes, 226;
emancipation in, 260;
provisional govt. formed, 275;
signs of promise in during reconstruction period, 301;
rights of negro conserved in, 302;
readmitted, relative number of negro voters in, 311;
Democrats regain control in, 323;
discrimination against negro suffrage in, 384.
Giddings, Joshua, in "Free Soil" convention, 82.
Godkin, E. L., 327.
Gold, at premium of 250, 264.
Gorman bill to limit suffrage, defeated (1905), 383, note.
Grand Army of the Republic, chooses negro commander in Mass., 406.
Grant, Ulysses S. (Gen.), votes for Buchanan, 130;
refuses to exchange prisoners, 246;
report of on conditions in South after war, 286;
on proper policy toward South, 302;
against exclusion clauses of 14th amendment, 310;
nominated for President, elected, 314;
problems of administration, displays lack of statesmanship, 324 ff;
defeats inflation policy, 325;
personal honesty of, 326;
strong opposition to develops, 327;
prominent men and events of second term, 331 ff;
growth of independence of, 332;
recommends State govt. of Arkansas be declared illegal, 344;
favors "Force bil /a>;
Lincoln tries to bind faster to Union, 252;
rejects 13th amendment, 262, 276;
rejects 15th amendment, 315;
law in to prohibit co-education of races, 385.
Kerr, Michael C., speaker of House, 346.
Key, David M., Postmaster-General under Hayes, 353.
"Kitchen Cabinet" of Gen. Grant, 325.
Knapp, Isaac, partner of Garrison, 40.
"Know-nothings," 115;
nominate ex-President Fillmore (1856); platform; seceders from nominate Banks, 129.
Ku Klux Klan, 322, 326, 327.
Lane, Joseph, nominated for Vice-President, 188.
Lane Seminary, trouble at, over anti-slavery movement, 37.
Lanier, Sidney, 410.
Lawrence, Kansas, founded, 116;
attack on, 119.
Leavitt, Joshua, 44.
Lecompton constitution framed, scouted by free State men, 150;
urged by Buchanan administration, 151;
defeated, 152.
LeConte, Joseph, reminiscences of slavery, 49.
Lee, Fitzhugh, 410.
Lee, Robert E. (Gen.), 95, 135;

captures John Brown, 163;
opposes secession, 227;
chief hero of Confederacy, 263;
surrenders, 270, 354;
becomes president of Washington Univ., 355.
Liberator, The, founded, 40.
Liberia, colony estab., 22.
Liberty, Washington's conception of, 3.
Liberty party, 75 ff;
becomes "Free Soil" party, 81.
Lincoln, Abraham, views on Dred Scott decision, 149;
nominated for Senator, defeated, 153;
on endurance of Union, 153;
early life and characteristics of, 172 ff;
political career begins, 177;
attitude of on slavery, 178, 181;
central figure in Ills. Republican convention, 179;
debates with Douglas, 180;
Cooper Inst. address of; proves right of Congress to control slavery in the Territories; shows stand Republicans must take, 182;
schemes of friends for in Repub. convention (1860), 190;
states principles, 191;
nominated for President, 192;
elected, 194;
answers secessionist arguments, 215;
personal interest of in slavery, 217;
immediate results of election of, 221;
pronounces inaugural, 231;
forms cabinet, difficulties, 233;
sends aid to Ft. Sumter, 234;
issues call for militia, 235;
attitude of toward emancipation, 249, 252, 253, 255;
tact and shrewdness of, 249, 256, 257;
in close touch with people, 249;
his conception of his mission, 249;
difficulties of administration, 249, 251;
his detestation of slavery, 250;
scheme of for compensated emancipation, 252;
announces his power as Commander-in-chief to emancipate slaves as war measure, 253;
criticism of, 253 ff;
replies to Greeley's criticisms, 255;
lays emancipation proclamation before cabinet, 256;
adopts Seward's advice, to delay promulgation of, 257;
reintroduces to cabinet after McClellan's victory, 258;
issues prelim. proclamation; embodies views on emancipation in message to Congress, 259;
administration of repudiated in election of 1862, 261;
re-elected, 262, 265;
delivers second inaugural, 266;
offers amnesty to Confederates, 268;
invites return of seceded States; leaves reconstruction bill (1864) unsigned, 269;
plans of opposed in Congress, 270;
makes public statement of views on reconstruction, 271;
assassination of, 271;
summary of political achievements of, 272.
Literature, growth of Southern, 380 ff.
Longfellow, Henry W., work of, 145.
Longstreet, Gen., advises acceptance of inevitable, acts with Republicans, denounced and ostracized, 318.
Louisiana, admitted as free State, 23;
secedes, 226;
emancipation in, 260;
new Constitution and State govt. in, 271;
provisional govt. established in, 269, 275;
applies for admission of U. S. Senators (1864-5), 270;
reconstructed, 310;
negro votes in majority in, 311;
Presidential vote of contested (1876), 348 ff;
State vote of contested, 349;
"carpet-bag" rule in, 341 ff;
"Conservatives" organize opposition in, struggle over governorship in, 341;
cruelty and corruption in, 342;
Federal intervention in, 343;
legal limitation of suffrage in, 83.
Louisiana purchase, 2, 24.
Lovejoy, Elijah P., 74.
Lowell, attacks slavery and war in "Biglow Papers," 77;
labors of for freedom; edits Atlantic, 144;
upbraids Lincoln in "Biglow Papers," 254;
war poems of, 265.
Lundy, Benjamin, sketch of, 38 ff.
Lynch, John R., speaker of the House, 336.
Lyon, Mary, founds Mt. Holyoke Seminary, 362.
McClellan, George B. (Gen.), leader of Conservatives, warns Lincoln not to move against slavery, 255;
success of against Lee, 258;
Democrats nominate for President.
McCrary, George W., Secy. of War under Hayes, 353.
McEnery, John, claims governorship of Louisiana, 341, 342.
McLean, Justice, dissents from Dred Scott decision, 148.
Madison, James, against strengthening slave power, 11;
as President, 21.
Mails, U. S., circulation of anti-slavery documents through, 72.
Marcy, William L., Secretary of State, 128.
Maryland, forbids importation of slaves, 9;
stops importation, 20;
elects anti-slavery members to House of Delegates, 36;
irregular secession convention in, 227;
remains in Union, 235;
Lincoln tries to bind faster to Union, 252;
rejects amendment against negro suffrage (1905), 383 note;
rejects 15th amendment, 385.
Mason, George, opposes strengthening of slave power, 11, 12.
Mason, James M., 89;
with Buchanan and SoulÉ issues Ostend manifesto, 128.
Massachusetts, slaves freed in, 9;
negroes granted suffrage in, number of negroes in, 1780; in slave trade, 9;
aids extreme South to prolong slave trade, 13;
indifferent to slave trade, 20;
"Know-nothings" carry election of 1854 in, 115;
leads North in opposing secession, 229;
Republicans in fail to indorse Pres. Johnson, 276.
May, Samuel J. (Rev.), 44;
conversation with Dr. Channing on anti-slavery, 61 ff.
Mexico, war with, 76 ff;
ends, 79;
proposal to annex, Calif. taken from, 79.
Middle States, in slave trade, 9;
slavery abolished in, 20.
Mississippi, admitted as slave State, 23;
considers secession (1860), 221;
secedes, 225;
emancipation in, 260;
gives qualified assent to 13th amendment, 262;
provisional gov't formed in, 275;
delays her return to Union, 310;
negro voters outnumber white in, 311;
under martial law, 316;
"carpet-bag" rule in, 333 ff;
statistics on misgovernment in, 334 ff;
misgovt. and corruption in exaggerated, 338;
Democrats organize opposition and practice intimidation in, 339 ff;
legal limitation of suffrage in, 383.
Missouri, bill to organize as State, 23;
geographical relation of to free States, 24;
debate on admission, 24 ff;
Compromise, 25 ff;
admitted as slave State, 27;
mobs form in struggle for Kansas, 116;
votes not to secede, 227;
remains in Union, 235;
Lincoln tries to bind faster to Union; Republican party breaks up in, 327.
Morgan, Edwin P. (ex-Gov.), supports Pres. Johnson, 204.
Morton, Oliver P., party leader, 331;
favors "Force bill" in Senate, 345;
Presidential candidate, 346.
Moses, F. J., Jr., governor of So. Carolina, 332.
Mott, Lucretia, 56.
Mount Holyoke Seminary, founded, plan for students to earn expenses fails at, 362.
Murphy, Edgar G., "The Present South," 388;
on negro problem, 408.
Nashville convention, to promote interests of South, 90, 138.
Nation, The, supports Independent Republicans, 327;
refuses to support Greeley, 329.
Nat Turner insurrection, 41.
Nebraska, 112.
Negroes (see also Slaves, Slavery, Education),
superiority of over Indians as slaves, 5;
advantages and disadvantages of slavery to, 5;
granted suffrage in Mass. and other States, 9;
number of in Mass. in 1780, 9;
number of in other States, see Slaves;
condition of in North before the war, 37;
(for condition of in South, see Slavery, Slaves);
proposed college for, 37;
violence against in North, 74;
status of in America defined by Dred Scott decision, 147, 148;
citizenship rights of declared in New York, 149;
U. S. army and navy opened to enlistment of, 260;
enlist in Union armies, martial qualities of, 261;
good qualities of displayed in war, 263;
Pres. Johnson favors qualified suffrage for, 276;
Henry Ward Beecher's views on suffrage for, 278;
education of urged by Beecher, 279;
South's estimate of after war, 280, 287;
behavior of after emancipation, 287;
repressive laws against, following war, 287, 288;
their misconception of freedom, 289;
laws governing labor of after war, 290 ff;
law against association of whites with, 290;
abuse of by Southern whites, 292;
their necessities force them to labor, 293;
leaders in Georgia plead for rights of, 301;
suffrage for in South the central feature of Reconstruction bill, 308;
suffrage for favored by North, 308, 309;
broad conception of, 309;
number of voters among in Southern States compared to white voters, 311;
many Northern States refuse suffrage to, 314;
unfitness of in South for suffrage, choose delegates to const. conventions, 317;
sudden political power of doubtful benefit to, 318;
as a body lack independence; affiliate with Republican party; become estranged from old masters, 319;
in high political offices, 321, 333, 336;
not guilty of physical violence, 323;
national education of neglected, 325, 326;
manner of toward whites, 338;
organized resistance to voting of in South, 340;
intimidated at polls, 352;
problem of disposition of, 355;
views on in North and South, 356;
condition and needs of after war, 357, 358;
beginnings of higher education for, 358;
religion of, 359;
Gen. Armstrong's labors in behalf of, see Armstrong, Samuel;
problem of disappears as central feature in national politics, 371;
polit. preponderance of in South ended, 371;
suffrage of practically nullified in South, but large degree of civil rights secured to, 372;
Southern whites undertake education of with energy and success, 373;
refused social equality at South, and often at North, 373 ff;
improved social conditions, and increased numbers of, 374 ff;
present wealth, skill, intelligence, and moral status of, 375 ff;
development of leadership among, 376 ff., 379;
legal limitation of suffrage of in South, 382 ff;
practical disfranchisement of, 384, 10.
Oregon, boundary dispute, 80;
rejects 15th amendment, 315;
double returns from in Hayes-Tilden election, 351.
Ostend manifesto, 128.
Packard, S. B., in govt. of Louisiana, 341;
claims governorship, 349.
Paine, Thomas, 8.
Parker, Theodore, influence of in church and state, 143;
supports John Brown, 160, 168.
Peace Congress, proposed, to find means to preserve the Union, 228.
Pendleton, George H., candidate for Presidential nomination, 313.
Pennsylvania, number of slaves in in 1790, 9;
votes against extension of slave trade, 13;
passes emancipation law, 21;
counted as free State, 23;
declares for emancipation, 35;
Republicans fail to indorse Pres. Johnson, 276.
Peonage cases, prosecution of, 388.
Personal Liberty Laws, passed in North, 91.
Petigru, James L., 223.
Petitions to Congress, anti-slavery, 71 ff.
Pettus, Gov., of Mississippi, 221.
Philadelphia, convention in behalf of Pres. Johnson at, 303.
Phillips, Wendell, becomes ally of Garrison, 54;
scorns Republican party, 127;
declares all war un-Christian, 210;
favors disunion, 217, 228;
abuses Lincoln, 254.
Pierce, Franklin, nominated for, and elected President, 93;
recognizes usurpers in Kansas struggle, 117.

Pierce, Henry L., in House, 331;
vote of in Hayes-Tilden contest, 352.
Pinckneys, Charles and Thomas, demand freedom of slave trade, 12 ff.
Pittsburg, counter convention at, 303.
Platte country, the, 112.
Polk, James K., nominated for President, 75;
elected;
declares war with Mexico, 76.
Poor whites, evil effects of slavery on, 110.
"Present South, The," by E. G. Murphy, 388, 408.
Pottawatomie massacre, 120;
results of, 121.
Presbyterian church, condemns slavery, 35.
Prisons, military, terrors of, 245 ff.
Protection. See Tariff, Protective.
Quakers, relation of to slavery, 7.
Randall, Samuel J., in House, 284;
speaker, 346.
Randolph, John, his opinion of slavery, 47.
Randolph, Thos. Jefferson, his scheme of emancipation, 43.
Rankin, John, 38.
Rantoul, Robert, joins "Free Soil" party, 81.
Raymond, Henry J., 141;
in House, 284;
supports Pres. Johnson's plan of reconstruction, 285, 303.
Reconstruction, 267 ff;
Lincoln's plans for and views on, 268 ff;
congressional bill (1864), rejected by Lincoln, 269;
Lincoln's plans for opposed by Congress, 270;
first Congressional plan of, 274 ff;
President Johnson's plan of, 275;
Henry Ward Beecher's plan of, 277 ff;
John A. Andrew's plan of, 280;
both latter plans too advanced for the time, 280;
action taken on by Congress (1865-6), 281 ff;
Pres. Johnson's plan of opposed in Congress, 285;
second Congressional plan of, 294 ff;
difficulties of question increased by lack of statesmen to handle, 302;
two policies of before the country, South indorses Pres. Johnson's plan of, 303;
final plan of, 306 ff; bill passed, 306;
results of bill, 307, 310;
verdict of country on work of, 312 ff;
the working out of, 316 ff;
the last act, 344 ff.
"Reconstruction and the Constitution," by Prof. J. W. Burgess, 290.
Reeder, Governor, of Kansas, 117.
Republican party (see also Republicans),
beginnings of, 114 ff;
components of, 115;
first Presidential convention of, 124 ff;
principles, leaders, constituency, successes, and failures of in first (1856) campaign of, 127;
opposition to in first campaign, 128;
weakness of in South, 129;
composition of opposition to, and causes of defeat of in first campaign, 130;
stand of on negro question (1860), 186;
origin of protectionist character of, 190;
geographical lines of in 1860 campaign, 192;
denounced in 1860 campaign, 193 ff;
restriction of slavery the supreme principle of, 212;
Sumner's belief in, 319;
freedmen instinctively turn to, 319;
leaders of in Grant's second term, 331.
Republicans, hold first (1856) Presidential convention, 124 ff;
nominate John C. Fremont for President, 126;
Wm. L. Dayton for Vice-President, 129;
platform, 126;
denounce Ostend manifesto, 129;
dissent from Dred Scott decision, 148, 149;
gain in numbers, name Lincoln for U. S. Senator, 153;
first Illinois convention of, 179;
campaign, 180 ff;
not in John Brown's raid, 183;
hold convention (1860), 189 ff;
platform, 190;
struggle bet. Seward and Lincoln men in, 190, 191;
nominate Lincoln and Hamlin, 192;
elect candidates (1860), 194;
results of success of, 221;
oppose secession, 223, 224, 225;
oppose schemes for extension of slavery, 228;
vainly concede many points to South, 229;
divide over war questions, 253;
reaction against in elections of 1862, 261;
success of in 1864, 262, 265;
indorse President Johnson, 276;
assert right of Congress to direct reconstruction, leaders oppose Pres. Johnson's plan of, 286;
opinion of turns against Johnson, 294;
increased strength of in Congress (1866-7), 306;
in Senate vote to acquit Pres. Johnson, 312;
adopt moderate platform, nominate and elect Grant (1868), 314;
in temporary control of South, 323, 327;
change attitude tword South, independent movement among, 327;
Independents hold convention (1872), 328;
in gov't of South, 332 ff;
lose heavily in Congressional elections of 1874, suspected of maladministration, 344;
many oppose Force bill of 1875, 345;
hold convention (1876), 346;
nominate Hayes, campaign, 347;
claim election of Hayes, 348 ff.
"Residence on a Georgia Plantation, A.", 103.
Rhett, Senator, proposes secession, 89.
Rhode Island, in slave trade, 9;
passes emancipation law, 21.
Rhodes, "History of the U. S.," quoted, 301, 302.
Robinson, Chas. S., gov. of Kansas, 117 ff;
his house burned, 119.
Roosevelt, President, South criticises for entertainment of Booker Washington, 386.
Ross, Senator, votes to acquit Pres. Johnson, 312.
Sanborn, Franklin B., supports John Brown, 160.
San Domingo, proposed annexation of, 328.
"Scalawags," the, 318.
Schurz, Carl, on conditions in South after war, 286 ff, 292;
favors negro suffrage, 309;
in Republican convention (1868), 314;
leads Independent Republicans in Missouri, 327;
in U. S. Senate, 328;
Sec'y of Interior under Hayes, 353;
on peonage cases in South, 388;
on future of negro question, 389.
Scott, R. K., governor of S. Carolina, 332.
Scott, Winfield (Gen.), nominated for President, 92;
against armed repression of secession, 228.
Secession, Clay denies right of, 86;
Webster declares impossible with peace, 87;
threats of in Congress denounced by Taylor and Clay, 89;
open threats of in South, 193;
not taken seriously at North, 194;
denounced by Douglas, 194;
Southern position on defined, 197 ff;
Northern position on defined, 200 ff;
slavery question the real basis of 211;
grounds for resistance of at North, 212;
extreme abolitionists not opposed to, 212;
arguments for and against, 212 ff, 226;
reasons for success of movement in South and failure of in North, 218 ff;
sources of movement in South, 219;
action of Southern States on following Lincoln's election, 221 ff;
discussed in Congress (1860), 223;
advised by Southern leaders in Congress, 225;
triumph of movement, 226;
movement halts, 227;
various Southern States take action on;
general sentiment in South against armed
repression of, 227;
disinclination in North to use force against, 228;
West strongly against movement, 228;
Mass. takes strong stand against, 229 ff;
plea of Lincoln against, 232;
current Northern opinion of causes of, 300.
Secessionists (see Secession),
propose disunion, and formation of Southern Confederacy, 215.
Seelye, Julius H., vote of in Hayes-Tilden contest, 352.
Senate, State representation in determined, 11;
South strives to keep up numbers in, 24;
stronghold of South, 81.
Sewall, Samuel, protests against slavery, 7.
Seward, William H., votes for Taylor, 82;
influence and strength of, 82;
his plan of emancipation, 83;
speaks in Senate against extension of slavery, 89 ff;
helps prolong Whig organization in New York, 115;
in Republican party, 127;
opinion of on Dred Scott decision, 149;
opinion of on future labor conditions in Union, 154;
logical candidate for Presidency (1860), 190;
in Lincoln's cabinet, 233, 249;
Lincoln adopts advice of to delay issuance of emancipation proclamation, 257;
in Johnson's cabinet, his influence on the President, 274;
supports Pres. Johnson, 303.
Seymour, Horatio, nominated for President, characterized, 313;
defeated, States carried by, 314.
Shadrach, fugitive slave, rescued, 91.
Shaffer, President, urges admission of capable negroes to trade unions, 395.
Shannon, Wilson, gov. of Kansas, 117.
Shaw, Robert Gould, 264.
Shellabarger, Samuel, in House, 284, 286.
Sheridan, Gen'l, sent to investigate Louisiana election scandals, 343.
Sherman, John, in U. S. Senate, 283, 285;
endeavors to stem tide against Pres. Johnson, 296;
defeats Stevens's reconstruction bill, 306;
superiority of over Blaine, 307;
Sec'y of Treasury under Hayes, 353.
Sherman, William T. (Gen.), his opinion of war, 244, 245.
Slaveholders, numbers of, characteristics, 95.
Slave Laws, compiled and published by Stroud, 110.
Slavery. (See also Slaves, Slave Trade.)
Washington's opinion of, 3;
origin, growth, regulation and defense of, 3 ff;
legally recognized in Judea, Greece, and Rome, by Jesus and the early church, 4;
supplants free peasantry in Italy, 4;
influence of Christianity on, 4;
absolute, abolished throughout Christendom, supplanted by serfdom, 4;
recrudescence of in 17th and 18th centuries, 4;
economic conditions determine location of in America, 5;
unprofitable in North, 5, 6;
need of in South, 5;
casuistical defense of by church, 5;
advantages and disadvantages of to negro, 5;
responsibility for denied by North and South, 6;
commercial demand for overrides humanity, 6;
unprofitable in New England, 6;
social conscience unawakened to enormity of, 7;
Sewall and Woolman protest against, 7;
relation of Quakers to, 7;
awakening to wrongs of, 8;
abolished in Mass., 9;
Jefferson strives to limit territory of, 9;
limited, 10;
impossible for convention of 1787 to prohibit, 14;
compromised, 14 ff;
views of Washington and other leaders on, 15;
Patrick Henry's views on, Franklin labors against, 19;
early anti-slavery sentiment, 20;
abol. in Northern and Middle States, 20;
question temporarily eclipsed, 21;
estab. in Kentucky, abol. in Sp lass="c3 pginternal" href="@public@vhost@g@html@files@24613@24613-h@24613-h-5.htm.html#Page_218">218 ff;
leaders of resign from Buchanan's cabinet, 224;
leaders of in Congress favor secession, last formal presentation of ultimatum of in Senate, 225;
general sentiment in against armed repression of secession, 227;
So. Carolina leader of, 229;
views on Civil war in, 237;
bitterness against North in, 241;
moral effect of war on, 244;
courage of in war, 262;
advantages of North over, 264;
social conditions in after war, 275;
State legislatures and conventions resumed in, 275, 276;
13th amendment ratified in 276;
Senators from refused admission to Congress, 218;
reports of Gen. Grant and Carl Schurz on conditions in after war, 286 ff;
views of on negro labor, 287;
laws governing negro labor in after war, association of whites and negroes forbidden in, 290;
Congressional represent. of conditioned on negro suffrage by 14th amendment, 298;
proposed to refuse suffrage to leaders of, 299;
mistake of such course, 301;
excepting Tennessee, rejects 14th amendment, 304;
reconstruction of, see Reconstruction; government of under reconstruction bill begins, 307, 310;
number of negro voters in various States of, 311;
trials and struggles of under new conditions, under martial law, restored to self-government, 316;
unfitness of negroes in for suffrage, whites refuse to vote, constitutional conventions held and negro delegates chosen, 317;
typical attitude of whites in;
under "carpet bag" rule, 318, 332;
Northern immigration into, 319;
Northern teachers insulted or disdained in; Northerners in politics in; legislation in during reconstruction, 320;
extravagance, waste and corruption in under Republican governments;

exaggeration of, 321;
negro rule in, 319, 321;
resumption of white leadership in, 322 ff;
continued interference of Congress in, 326;
growth of Republican opposition to Federal interference in;
repudiation in, 332;
Democrats organize resistance to Republican rule in and practice intimidation, 339 ff;
Federal troops withdrawn from, 353;
regeneration of, 354;
whites in driven to labor, 355;
end of Federal interference in, 371, 402;
negro suffrage practically nullified in, civil rights secured to negroes, 372, 382, 388;
refuses social equality to negro, 373, 407-8;
fear of race mixture in, 374, 407;
development of industrial democracy in, 379;
present condition of politics in, 379 ff;
why "solid," 380;
life in diversifying, growth of literature in, 380;
growth of standard of education in, 381;
widening gulf between the races in, 382;
legal and practical limitation of suffrage in, 382 ff, 388;
efforts in to restrict negro education, 385;
negro still has industrial freedom in, 385, 395;
pronounced attitude of on social inferiority of negro, 386;
hopes for better conditions, growth of good-will and confidence in, 389;
amount spent by for negro education, 397;
educational and industrial problems of, 397 ff;
suffrage laws in, 400;
politics in, no longer a struggle between whites and blacks, 401;
scheme to reduce representation of under 14th amendment, 403;
government aid to education in advocated, 404;
disproportionate share of national expense borne by, 405;
problem of social equal. of races in, 406 ff.
South Carolina (see also Carolinas, The),
demands representation based on slave numbers, 11;
refuses to join Union if slave trade forbidden, 12;
revolts over tariff, claims right of nullification, 32;
passes law against negro seamen, 73;
considers secession, 221;
passes ordinance of secession, 223;
occupies Ft. Moultrie and Castle Pinckney, 224;
leads South, 229;
emancipation in, 260;
provisional government formed in, 275;
reconstructed, 310;
negro voters in majority in, 311;
under "carpet-bag," rule, 332 ff;
Presidential and State vote of contested (1876), 348 ff;
legal limitation of suffrage in, 383.
Southern Democracy, asserts universal right of slave-holding, 186.
"Southern Planter, A," 100.
"Southern Statesmen of the Old
RÉgime," 137.
Speed, Joshua F., 178; resigns
from cabinet, 303.
Springfield Republican, 124 and note, 127;
its opinion of John Brown, 162;
state's issue between Democrats and Republicans in 1864, 265;
favors educational test for suffrage, 308, 310;
prophesies slave-holding class will regain power, 322;
supports Independent Republicans, 328;
on Hayes-Tilden contest, 351.
Stanton, Edwin M., Attorney-General, 224;
in Lincoln's cabinet, 249;
attitude of on emancipation proclamation, 257;
in Johnson's cabinet, 274;
supports Johnson in reconstruction plans, 276;
becomes bitterly opposed to Johnson, 303;
removed by Johnson, 311.
"Star of the West," sent with supplies to Anderson, driven from Charleston harbor, 224.
State rights, theory of, 133.
States, relative power of in Congress determined, 11.
Stearns, George L., supports John Brown, 160.
Stephens, Alexander H., sketch of his life and views, 137 ff;
political activity of, 138;
in Congress, and Vice-President of Confederacy, 139, 227;
explains defection of Southern Democrats, 189;
supports Douglas in 1860 campaign, 193;
opposes secession, 211, 215;
labors against secession, 219, 221, 225;
Vice-President of Southern Confederacy, 227;
pleads for negro rights, 302.
Stevens, Thaddeus, Republican leader in Penn., 276;
leader of House, 281;
sketch of, 282;
opposes Pres. Johnson's reconstruction plan, 285;
his drastic reconstruction bill defeated, 306;
House prosecutor of Johnson, 311;
death of, 331.
Story, Judge, on taxes in Miss., 336.
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, publishes "Uncle Tom's Cabin," 97;
her views of slavery as pictured therein, 109;
publishes "Dred," 123.
Suffrage, manhood, adopted, 21;
equal, without test passed in North, 308;
negro, representation of South conditioned on, 298;
proposal to refuse to leaders of South, 299
see also Amendments, Constitutional;
Springfield Republican favors educational test for, 308, 310;
unfitness of negroes in South for after war, 317;
of negroes practically nullified in South, 372;
legal limitation of in South, 382 ff; 388.
Sumner, Charles, opinion of abolitionists, 54;
joins "Free Soil" party, 81;
in Senate, 92;
denounces slavery in Congress, assaulted by Brooks, 122;
in Republican party, 127;
opposes admission of Senators from Confederate States, 270;
Lincoln refuses to quarrel with, 270;
Republican leader in Mass., 276;
sketch of, 282;
in Senate, 284;
opposes Pres. Johnson's reconstruction plan, 286;
belief of in Republican party, 309;
quarrels with Grant, 328;
death of, 331.
Sumner, Colonel, in Kansas, 118.
Taney, Chief Justice, in Dred Scott case, 147.
Tappan, Arthur, 40, 44.
Tappan, Lewis, 44.
Tariff, of abominations, 32;
protective, 31 ff;
compromise on, 33 ff;
supported in Georgia, 2, 11;
adopted by Republican party, 190;
burden of to South, 405.
Taylor, Zachary (Gen.), 76;
nominated by Whigs, 81;
elected, 82;
denounces threats of disunion as treason, 89;
favors admission of Calif. as free State, 90;
death of, 90;
in North, 208.
Tennessee, added as slave State, 23;
votes against holding secession convention, 227;
secedes, 235;
provisional govt. estab. in, 267, 275;
rights of negro conserved in, 302;
readmitted under 14th amendment, 303.
Tenure of office law, passed; Pres. Johnson accused of violating, 311.
Territories, power of Congress over, 149.
Texas, annexation of, 74 ff;
slavery re-estab. in, 75;
becomes a state, 76;
emancipation in, 260;
silent on 13th amendment, 262;
provisional govt. of, 275;
reconstructed, 310;
relative number of negro voters in, 311;
under martial law, 316;
becomes Democratic, 323.
Thayer, Eli, originates New Eng. Emigrant Aid Society, 116.
Thomas, Lorenzo (Gen.), Sec'y of War, 311.
Thompson, George, aids Garrison, 51.
Thompson, Richard W., Sec'y of Navy under Hayes, 353.
Tilden, Samuel J., leader of Democrats, 313;
nominated for President;
characterized; apparently elected, 347;
election contested, 348 ff.
Tomlinson, Reuben, Repub. candidate for governor of S. Carolina, 332.
Toombs, Robert, sketch of, 136 ff;
political activity of, 138;
gives moral support to Preston Brooks, 138;
in Confederate cabinet and army, 139, 227;
supports Breckinridge in 1860 campaign, 193;
advocates secession in Georgia legislature, 211;
supports secession movement, 221;
states South's ultimatum in Congress, 225;
in Confederate cabinet, 227.
Trade unions, attitude of toward negroes, 385, 395;
danger of excluding negroes from, 396.
Trumbull, Lyman, elected Senator, 177;
favors admission of Senators from Louisiana, 270;
in Senate, 283, 284, 285;
favors Freedmen's Bureau bill, 294;
votes to acquit Pres. Johnson, 312;
in opposition to administration, 331.
Tuskegee Institute, 378; function of, 398.
Truth, Sojourner, 96.
"Twenty Years of Congress," Blaine's, quoted, 307, 310.
Tyler, John, becomes President, 71.
"Uncle Tom's Cabin," 97 ff;
reception, 98;
"Key to," 99;
criticism of, 99.
Underground railroad, the, 85.
Unionism, spirit of strong in white laboring class of South, 214;
strength of at North, 218, 248.
Unitarians, 143.
"Up from Slavery," Booker Washington's personal story told in, 378.
Utah, South demands permission of slavery in, 84.
Van Buren, Martin, 30;
becomes President, 71;
receives "Free Soil" nomination, 82.
Van Winkle, Senator, votes to acquit Pres. Johnson, 312.
Vardaman, Gov., of Mississippi, 388.
Virginia, tries to discourage slave trade by tax;
slave labor foundation of aristocracy in, 6;
remonstrates against continuance of slave trade, 8;
forbids importation of slaves, passes law regarding manumission of slaves, number of slaves in 1790, 9;
against strengthening the slave power, 11;
protests against restraint of Congress to forbid slave trade, 12;
consents (1778) to abolish slave trade, 18;
stops importing slaves, 20;
convention for revis. of constitution, 41;
general emancipation debated, 42 ff;
plans for fail, 43;
passes severe laws against incitement to rebel, instruction of slaves, etc., loses leadership of South, 44;
Mrs. Burton Harrison's personal reminiscences of before the war, 100;
calls convention to consider secession, 222;
calls peace congress,