Galicia, the Switzerland of Spain

INDEX

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z

Aarlberg Pass, 333
Abderrahmen I., mosque of, 83
Acorns as food, 212
AcuÑa, HistoriÆ quoted, 301-2
Adozno, 332
Aecius, Sueve, 28-29
Africanus, Scipio, 13
Agriculture—
Agricultural Syndicate of CoruÑa, 172;
need for knowledge, 179;
the Gallegan plough, 212-13;
carts, 213;
fields of Noya, 240-41
Aguiar, 2-3, 9-10, 178, 195;
on Gallegan dulness, 178
Aguilar y Torrea, Don Antonio, 270
Aimerico, 69
Alanes, 29
Alba River, 255
Alcala de Henares, 265 note
Aldrede, quoted, 54 note
Alexander III., Pope, 77
Alexander IV., Pope, 67
Alfonso I., 301
Alfonso II., el Casto, 62, 271
Alfonso VI., 94, 101, 279
Alfonso VII., 124, 195
Alfonso VIII., 317, 318
Alfonso X., el Sabio—
Cantigas of, 44-46, 52, 54-57, 205;
will of, 50
Alfonso of Portugal, 282
Alfred and Orosius, 30-33
Alhambra, the, 328
Allariz, church of, Santiago, 295;
mentioned by Ptolemy, 295-96
Almanzor, 42-43, 200
Alonso, Sr. Benito F., quoted, 26, 76, 290 and note
Altamira, castle of, 232-33
Alvarez, Jacome, 150
Alvarez, Sr. Eugenie, 293
Ambia, family of, 296
Ambrose, St., 39
America, South—
Immigration into, 174-76, 247 and note;
herds of, 214;
rock-drawings, 274
Amiens Cathedral, 98 note, 109;
statues, 122
Amil, Villa-, 6, 7, 136
Anastasius the Librarian, quoted, 75-76
Ancares, Sierra de, 18
Ancient Britons, poetry of the, 185
Andalusia, 6;
socialism, 175, 184;
education, 178;
mule-breeding, 180;
students of, 192
Anderson, Jos., 68
Andrade, family of, 314
Andrade, FernÁn PerÉz de, Sarcophagus, 312
Andrew, Bishop, 226
Angeles, Juan de, 293
Ansurio, Bishop, Sarcophagus, 337
Antealtares, convent of, 104
Antela, lake of, 20
Antelo, Andreo, 103
Antiquarians of Scotland Society, 68, 274-75
Antoninus, 223, 290
Apacius, 219
Aquada, 321
Aquasantas, 296
Aquitaine, trouvadores of, 55
Arabs in Galicia, 301
Aragon, architecture of, 81
Arbo, 286
Arcade, 269
Arcadius, 15, 31
Arch, the horseshoe, 82-84, 331;
circular, 84-85
ArchÆological monuments of Galicia, 42
ArchÆological Museum, Santiago, 205
ArchÆological Society of Orense, 26;
of Pontevedra, 262, 274
Architecture of Galicia, 78-93
Mudejar, 80-81, 331;
Byzantine, 82;
Spanish—the horseshoe arch, 82-84, 331;
the circular arch, 84-85;
two streams of influence, 86-87;
the Capital—sculptured capitals, 126-135;
favourite subjects, 126;
plain, of English cathedrals, 126-27;
foliage, 127-28;
scalloped, 131;
Corbels, 238;
the rectangular apse, 284;
Gallegan-Gothic, 303;
Visigothic,332
Arellano, Ramirez de, 302
Arenas, the Crucifix of, 290
Arezzo, 6;
MSS of Etheria, 36
Argalo, 243
Argentina—
Development, 153;
emigration to, 174-75
Arianism in Galicia, 29, 84, 86, 294, 303
Armijo, Marquis de la Viga de, 268
Arosa, 219
Arosa, Ria de, 17, 254, 255
Arraduca, 295
Art, lay schools of thirteenth century, 129-30
Arteago, SeÑor, collection, 208
Artisans, corporations of, 81
Asclepiades, 10
Asia, Central, mud-ovens of, 241
Astorga, 294
Asturias, 17;
horses, 214;
bears, 215;
trade, 344
Atatiar, 349
Ataulf, 86
Augustines, the, 72
Augustus, S., 15, 31-32
Augustus, towers of, Padron, 230
Autun Cathedral, 114
Avalos, Gaspar, 255
Avitus I. and II., 39
Ayerbe, Marquesa de, her book, 271-272
Ayerbe, Marquis de, 271 note
Ayras, Juan, 53 note
Babus, the, 6
Bacchiarius, monk, 39
Balearic Isles, 170, 216
Ball, Robert, 207
Banda—
Church of Santa Comba, 329-32;
village, 332-33;
Roman baths, 353
Barbeito, Juan de, 256
Barca, Hamilcar, 13
Barcelona, 169-70, 192
Barrows, 6
Bartlett, Mr., 157 note
Barveron, Mount, 339-40
Basque language in Galicia, 4, 242 and note
Basques, the, 192
Baths, Roman, 331, 353;
medicinal, 353-55
Bayona, 255, 278;
Colegiata, 284;
the Assembly held, 292
BazÁn, Emilia Pardo, 188 note, 357 and note
Bearny, Viscount de, 266
Bedoza, lectures, 193
Bellini, Mariano, 272
Benedict XIV., 284
Bentrazes, Palazio de, 325-26
Berceo, Gonzalo de, 44
Bergidensis, 34
Berigel, Archbishop, 235
Berlin, 278;
Ethnographical Museum, 273
BermÚdez, Cean, 138
Bermudo III., 195
Bernard, Archbishop, tomb, 149-50
Bernard, John H., 36 and note
Bernardo, 98
Berni, 98 note
Besada, SeÑor, 18
Betanzos—
Churches of, 88 note, 310-12;
history, 308-9;
the Fiesta de Caneiros, 309;
Bravio, 310;
Nuestia SeÑora del Caneiro, 310;
ancient caverns, 311;
church of Santiago, 311-12;
San Francisco, 312
Bibalatarin, 83
Bibilis, the, 22
Bibles, manuscript, 195
Bilbao, 218
Biscay, Bay of, 17, 153-54;
lampreys, 219
Blanco, Sr. Romero, 247
Boabdil, 205
BÆtica, 15
Boissier, quoted, 40
Bokhara, synagogues of, 265
Bologna University, 90
Boneval, Bernal de, 53 note
Boniface VIII., 54
Borrow, George, 75;
translation of the Bible, 4;
on Sir John Moore, 157;
quoted, 176;
in Padron, 222;
on the Franciscan convent, Lugo, 306
Bosworth, Joseph, translation of Orosius, 30-31
Botafumeiro, 72-75
Boulders, rocking, 7
Bourgogne, sculptured foliage, 129
Braga, 1, 31, 39, 294, 296;
Church Council, 226, 301;
cathedral, 291
Braga, Theophilo, 3 and note 2, 55
Brambach, W., 44
Bravio, 310
Brest, 154
Bretons, 8
Bridge of Pines, Granada, 83-85
Bridget, St., 69
Briga, the Celtic word, 152
Brigantium, 14
British Museum, 68
Brunelleschi, 90, 91
Brutus, Decimus, “Callaicus,” 8;
in Spain, 13-14, 20-21
Buckle, 78, 79
Buenos Ayres, 153
Bull-fights, 170, 252
Burgas, Las, 293
Burgos, 171, 266;
Cathedral, 93;
the Crucifix, 290
Byzantine Art, 81;
frescoes, 123
Cabbage, the, 348-49
Cabe, the, 334-35
Cadiz, 13;
Tower of Hercules, 162;
emigration, 177
CÆsar, Julius, in Spain, 2, 3, 7, 8, 10, 14-15;
in Britain, 32-33
CÆsar’s Bridge, 228
Cairuan Grand Mosque, 233
Colegiata de Iria, 226
Colegiata de Santa Maria Vigo, 278
Colegio de Santa Cruz, Toledo, 138
Colegio de San JerÓnimo, 200
Columbus, La Gallega, 22
Combarro, 265-67
Compostela, Pedro de, 47
Compostela, Santiago de. See Santiago.
Congress, Catholic, at Munich, 43;
Eucharistic, at Lugo, 306
Conjo, Church of, 62
Conques Cathedral, 96
Constantine, 81
Constantinople, 81-82
Consul, Francisco, 346
Contractus, Hermanus, 44, 45
Cordova, 5;

Grand Mosque, 43, 83, 85-86;
bronze work, 106
Corn-rent, Ramiro’s, 98-99
Cornide, Sr. Joseph, 11, 217, 219, 220
Cornwall, cup-marks, 274
CoruÑa—
Brigantia, 1, 14, 152, 191;
province of, 152;
Tower of Hercules, 154, 161-63;
harbour, 154-55, 171;
glass-covered verandahs, 155-56;
gardens of San Carlos and tomb of Moore, 156-58;
Campo Santo, 161-162;
Francis Drake, 163-64;
Church of St. George, 164;
fishing industry of, 164-66;
the making of ice, 165-166;
chocolate factories, 166;
the poor of, 166-69;
the “Little Sisters of Charity,” 167-69;
tobacco factories, 169;
streets, 170;
social life, 170;
the Assembly, 170-71;
churches, etc., of, 171;
waterworks, 177;
bulls of, 214;
commercial importance, 277
Costina, Mount, 245
Credrie, 207
Cremation, 7
Crimea, vine-growing in, 264
Cristal, the name, 326
Cro-Magnon, 5
Cuba—
Trade with Spain, 166, 170;
Gallegans in, 183;
and Rosalia Castro, 187
Cubillas, the, 83, 85
Cuelos, Juan de los, 258
Cueva de los Letreros, 5
Cueva, Juan MuÑoz de la, 290
Cup-markings, 273-75
Customs in Galicia—
The Mantilla, 199;
water-carrying, 202;
a wedding, 202-3;
carnivals, 203;
a village festival, 230;
animals in dwelling-houses, 241-42;
wrestling, 243;
excursions or Romerias, 248;
Holy Week ceremonies, 235, 249-51;
use of umbrellas, 269;
funerals, 307;
use of mica, 326
Cypress tree, the, 325
Dalmatius, Bishop of Compostela, 97
Dante, 76
Daroca, 81
de VoguË, 185
Denmark, rock-writings of, 274
Dias, Pastor, 188 note
Didron, 108, 109 and note;
on iconography, 122
Diomedes, King, 278
Dionisius, monk, MS. of, 122
Diurno, the, of Ferdinand I., 194-95
Dogson, Prof. of Oxford, 242
Dolmens, 6, 246, 247;
on coast of Noya, 232
Dominguez, Fernando, 313
Dominicans, 227
Dorchester Church, Oxfordshire, 115
Drake, Sir Francis, 163-64, 201
Drowning, prevalence in Spain, 169
Dublin Museum, torques, 207, 353
Duero, 15
Durando, Guillermo, 46
Eadmer, 47
Easter Sunday markets, 251
Ecuador, population, 176
Education in Galicia, 177-78;
Institutos, 197
Edward I., 76
Egas, Enrique, 138-39
Einsiedeln, 67
El Monteiro, 296
Elizabeth, Queen, 201, 266
Emigration from Galicia, causes, 172-77;
Ford on, 177;
evils of, 178-79;
home-sickness of the emigrant, 183
England—
Pilgrims to Santiago from, 76;
and Padron, 222-23;
English at Vigo, 277;
English enterprise in Galicia, 315-16
English cathedrals, plain capitals, 126-127, 131
Enrique II., 76
Enrique III., 260
Enriquez, Manuel Curros, 326
Eo, the, 22, 299
Epiphanius, S., 28
Eremita de San Miguel, 328-29, 332
Escos, 340
Escurial Collection, 3;
library, 47
Estremadura—
Emigration, 117;
mule-breeding, 180;
pigs, 212
Estudio Viejo, the, 192
Etheria, story of, 33-38
Etruscan terra-cottas, 5-6
Eucalyptus, the, 345
Eucharistic Congress at Lugo, 306
Eugenius IV., 283
Eulogius, S., 28
Euphemia, Santa, 290-91
Eusebius of CÆsarea, 29
Evans, discoveries, 5
Fabius, Quintus, 13
Faciundo, San, 325
Factories, need for, in Galicia, 180
Failde, his book on Galicia, 178-81;
on Rosalia Castro, 184, 187;
on the Gallegan character, 185
Famiano, San, 317
Fegueroa, Marquis of, 52
FeijoÓ, cited, 50-51, 296
Ferdinand I., 194
Ferdinand II., 279
Ferdinand III., 177, 263
Ferdinand VI., 315
Ferdinand and Isabella, foundation of the Hospital Real, 136-37
Ferdinand of Leon, 282
Fernandez, Froila, 271
Fernando, King, 73
FÉrotin, Father Marius, 36, 37, 38
FÉrotin, M. Macias, 195
Ferrandez, Sr. Anton, 5
Ferreiro, JosÉ, 251
Ferreiro, Lopez, 24, 95 note, 96, 173
Ferrer, Mauro Castella, 68-69, 223
Ferrara, Ricobaldo de, 46
Ferro, Miguel, 71
Ferrol harbour, 22;
oysters, 219;
fortifications, 314-15;
arsenal, 315-16
Fiesta de Caneiros, 309
Figueroa, Emmanuel BonaventurÆ, 196
Figueroa, Marquis of, quoted, 187
Filgueira, 287
Finisterre, Cape, 14, 17, 217, 245
Fish of Galicia—
Sardine industry, 217-18;
anchovy, 218;
salted cod, 218;
lamprey, 219, 335;
turbot, 219;
oysters, 219-220;
scallops, 220;
cod, 220;
salmon, 220;
mullet, 220-21;
trout, 221
Fishermen’s League of Pontevedra, 255-256
Fita cited, 223
Flacila, 15
Flamenco, Pedro, 103
Flax-growing, 345-46
Florence, Duomo, 91
Florez, cited, 8-9, 163
Fonseca, Archbishop, 69, 106, 192, 193, 225;
will of, 195;
portrait, 196
Fonseca, Medical College, 193
Ford, 192;
on emigration, 177
Forum Limicorum, the, 26-27
France, 229;
pilgrims from, 71-72;
French troops at Tuy, 280
Frances, St., 69
Francis I., 91
Francis of Assisi, St., 55, 305
Franciscan monastery, Pontevedra, 262
Frari, Church of the, Venice, 305
Freira, 287
French language, 54-55
Fruime, 45
Froila, Sarcophagus of, 304, 329
Fructuoso, 195
Fructuosus, St., 39, 40 and note—42
Fruime, Cura de, 188
Fuencaliente, 5
Gaibor, J., 293
Gaita, the, 294
Galaico-Portuguese language, 55
Galba, 13
Galicia—
History, 1-16;
the term “Galicia,” 8-9;
boundaries, 17;
configuration, 18;
climate, 18-19;
vegetation, 19-20;
rivers, 20-22;
harbours, 22;
gardens, 22-23;
first golden age of Galicia, 24-38;
her second golden age, 49-59;
language, 50-59, 187-88;
architecture, 78-93;
taxation, 173, 179;
education, 177-178;
cattle-breeding, 179-80;
mule-breeding, 180;
absence of factories in, 180;
morals, 181;
usury, 181;
trovadors of, 188;
coinage, 206;
minerals, 233, 353-55;
monasteries, 317-42;
trees, fruit, and flowers, 343-51;
livestock, see that title;
fish of, see that title
Gallegan arms, 22
Gallegan, the—
Home-sickness, 253;
bravery, 356;
stupidity, 356-57
Gallegos, the, 8-9
Gamurrini, M., discovery of, 36-38
Gandara, springs, 355
Garcia, Abbot, 317
Garcia, King, 287
Gautier, LÉon, 56
Gelmirez, Archbishop, 54, 106, 149, 199, 280;
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Jerusalem, the journey to, 24-25
Jesuit College, Monforte, 297-98
Jesuits, the, 22
Jet images of Compostela, 66-68
Jewish burial ground, 295
Jews in Spain, 268, 295
John X., Pope, 65
John of Gaunt, 76
John, St., 28
Joseph Bonaparte, 292
Joyce, Book of Leinster, 207
Juan Arias, Archbishop, 66
Juan, Bishop of Seville, 54
Juan de Briena, 69
Juan de Granada, 205
Juan de Lares, 295
Juan II., 69
Juana, Donna, 260
Jubainville, cited, 5, 8, 10 note
Julius VI., Pope,

284
Junquera de Ambia, 296
Justinian, Emperor, 82
Justino, 10
Kashab hill, Tangier, 118
Keller, Dr. Fernando, 67
Kent, 33
“King of Galicia,” title of, 1
Kirkcudbrightshire, cup-markings of, 274-75
Kirker Museum, Rome, 68
KÖnig Fredrick August, the, 153
La Virgen de la Esclavitude, 225-26
La Virgen del Cristal, 326
Labrada, 346
Lago, SeÑor Manuel, of Lugo, 281
Laino, reed hats of, 350
Lambert, Father A., of Lemberg, 38
Lamperez, quoted, 92-93, 98, 236
Lancaster, Duke of, 295
Land question in Galicia, 175
Landino, 194
Landoso, 20
Language of Galicia, 50-59, 187-88
Las Burgas, Orense, 288-89
Las Sarmientas, 266
Latin language, the, 53-55
Le Play, cited, 181
League of Fishermen, Pontevedra, 255-56
Lemos, Courts of, 297, 298, 302
Leo X., Pope, 75, 267, 283
Leo the Isaurian, 82
Leon, 17, 312
Leon, Sir Cabeza, 205, 357
Leonora, wife of Edward I., 76
Leovigild, 16
Lerez, the, 255, 264-65
Libredon, 61
Ligurians, the, 5
Lima Cathedral, 265
Lima of Peru, the, 21
Lima, Ponte de, 26
Limace or Lunace, 207-8
Limia River, the, 13, 20-21
Limia, town of, 25-26
Limicos, city of, 26
Lincoln Cathedral, 98 note, 280
Linen trade of Galicia, 345-46
“Little Sisters of Charity,” 167-69
Livestock of Galicia—
Pigs, 210-12;
poultry, 212;
oxen, 212-14;
horses and mules, 214 and note, 15;
goats and deer, 215;
wolves and bears, 215;
hares and rabbits, 215-16;
owls, bats, muskrats, 216;
wild cats, 216-17;
birds, 217
Lodoselo, 26, 27
Logo Cathedral, 293
Lope de Vega, 178
Lopez, Bishop Juan, 259 note
Lopez de Mendoza, Archbishop, 236
Lorenzo, Bishop of Orense, 289
Los Trangueiros, 255
Louis VII., 69
Louis XI., 102
Louth, county of, 300
Louvre collection of coins, 207
Lucullus, 13
Lugo, 1, 21, 22;
wolves of, 215;
pheasants, 217;
councils, 226, 301;
walls, 300;
history, 300-1;
convent of San Francisco, frescoes, 305;
cloisters, 305-6;
Roman remains, 306;
the Eucharistic Congress, 306;
market day, 307;
flax-growing, 345;
sulphur springs, 354;
Roman baths, 353
Lugo Cathedral—
PÓrtico, 282;
Exposition of the Blessed Sacrament, 301-3;
style, 303-4;
sarcophagus of Froila, 304;
the “Virgin with the Large Eyes,” 304-5
Luna, Rodrigo de, 226
Lusitania, 8, 13, 14
Lydian coins, 206
Macaulay, 276
Macdonald, Dr., 206
Machado, JosÉ, 194
Macias, Dr. Marcelo, 21, 25
Macias el Enamorado, 52;
poems of, 57-59, 182;
birthplace, 230
Macineira, Sr., 7
M’Kinley, Colonel, 268
Madrid—
AthenÆum, 5;
ArchÆological Museum, 5, 208, 263;
Royal Library, 63;
fish for, 165, 166;
smoking habit in, 169;
invasion of 1706, 170-71;
the university, 192, 197;
“St. Francis,” by Greco, 297-98;
Archives of Natural History, 321
Magellan, Straits of, 265
Magnol Pedro, 343
Maldonado, Cardinal, 103
Mamoas of Galicia, 6-7
Man, Island of, rock-writings, 274
Mandeo river, the, 308, 309
Mandeville, Sir John, 55
Mareantes, 255-56
Maria Francisca de Isla y Lozada, 357
Maria of Savoy, Queen, 93
Mariana, 1
Marin, 255, 263-64, 267
Marinho, Pero Annes, 53 note
Marino, Bishop Vasco Perez, 289, 290
MariÑo, Gonzalo, 227
Markham, Sir Clements, 265
Martial, cited, 8
Martin, Anton, fountain of, 93
Martin, Dumiensis, 16
Martin of Tours, St., 294
Martinez de la Meta, Francisco, 346
MartiniÈre, General, 280
Mateo—
The PÓrtico de Gloria, 109, 110, 289, 313;
representation of himself, 118;
his art, 120-21;
birthplace, 123-24;
pension, 125;
the Palace of Gelmirez, 132;
Chapel of St. Joseph, 133;
style, 228
Matilda, wife of Henry I., 70
Maunday Thursday customs, 249-50
Mauregato, King, 309
Maurus, St., 193
Maxwell on Moore, quoted, 158-59
Mazaredo, General, 157 note
Medicinal waters, 353-54
Medulio, Monte, 21
Mela, cited, 9
Mela, Pomponius, 232
Melida, JosÉ Ramon, cited, 5 note, 6, 7
Mella y Cea, Sr. Ricardo, 172-73
Merida, museum of, 83
Merleanus, Asclepeades, 255
Merlemond, Oliver de, 131-32
MÉrtola, 83
Metal-work, Roman, 205
Mezonzo, St. Pedro de, 42-43
Mica, use of, 326
Michael Angelo, 91;
cupola of, 75
Midacritus, 12
MiÑan, spring of, 21
MindaÑo, skulls from, 197
Minerals of Galicia, 233;
gold, 353;
medicinal springs, 353-54;
gneiss, etc., 354
MiÑez, Airas, 53
Minguez, Diego, 246
MiÑo, the, 14, 21-22, 220, 234, 276, 278, 279, 286-88, 299, 300, 353
Miro, King, 16, 226
Molina, Francisco, 137, 162-63;
his list of pilgrims, 70
Molinos, the, 279
Monasteries of Galicia—
Schools of culture, 24-25;
origin of, 41;
influence on architecture and learning, 88-90;
principal, 317-42
Mondariz, baths of, 355
MondoÑedo, Cathedral of, 70, 307
Money-changers of Santiago, 68-69
Monforte, 293—
Jesuit College, 297-98;
convent of Santa Clara, 298-99;
poplars of, 345
Monroy, Archbishop, 149
Montalembert, quoted, 33, 41, 79, 86
Monte, Arnaldo de, 63-64
Monte Barbanzos, 240, 244
Monte San Gregorio, legends of, 227
Monteil, Ademar de, 44, 45
Montenegro, Domingo A. L., 104
Monterrey, Count of, 353
Monterrey Torre del Homenaje, 296
Montes, Lorenzo, lectures, 193
Montferrand, Pierre de, 53 note
Moore, Sir John—
Tomb in CoruÑa, 154, 156-58;
Maxwell, quoted, 158-59;
Wellington on, 159;
“The Burial of Sir John Moore,” 159-60
Moors, the—
Invasion of Galicia, 2, 3, 42;
influence on Spanish architecture, 80-81, 83, 86-87;
traces of, in Galicia, 83, 88 and note, 303, 309, 328;
the Mussalman arch, 84-85;
relief work of, 87;
customs, 118, 170
Morales, Ambrosio, 2-3, 178
Morocco, immigration, 176
MorriÑa, 183, 253
Mos, Marquis de, library, 218
Mosaics, Roman, 205
Moure, Francisco, 293, 298, 304
Mudejar architecture, 80-81
Mule-breeding, 180, 214-15
MuÑez, Don Pedro, 192
Munices, 208
MuÑio, Bishop of MondoÑedo, 63, 149
Murguia, 192, 193
Murillo, “San Antonio,” 270
Muros, port of, 245-46
Muros, Diego de, 136, 212
Pecte Burdelo, 309
Pecten veneris.

Philip II., 69, 201, 315, 353
Philip V., 325
Phoenicians, the—
Phoenician colonies in Galicia, 11;
trade, 11-12, 222;
and the Tower of Hercules, 162, 163;
coins, 206;
Phoenician remains, rock-drawings, 274
Picard, Fulbert de, 64
Pico Sacro, 224-25
Pigeon, the, 217
Pilgrimages, early, 33;
to Galicia, 42;
to Santiago, 60-77;
to La Virgen de la Esclavitude, 225-26
Pines, profit from, 344-45
Pinto, FerÑao Mendes, 55
Pisa Cathedral, 96;
tower, 145, 147
Pita, Maria, story of, 164
Pitt, 314-15
Pius VII., Pope, 292
Pius VIII., Pope, 141
Placentia, Castro, 272
Placidia, Empress, 29, 36
Plateresco style, 91, 92-93
Pliny, 214, 216, 232, 278
Poets, Gallegan, 49-59, 185-89;
Irish, 51 and note;
Murguia’s list of Gallegan, 53 note;
ProvenÇal, 188
Poictiers Cathedral, 97
Polo, Marco, 55
Ponte-Pinos, 83-84, 85
Pontevedra, 1, 18;
early colonies of the province, 10, 11;
Ria de, 17;
harbour, 22;
rabbits, 216;
position, 254-55;
history, 255;
trade, 255;
Santa Maria la Grande, 256;
Santo Domingo, 259-60;
grammar school, 260-61;
the open air archÆological museum, 260-62;
church of the Franciscan monastery, 262;
historical documents of, 263;
gardens, 263;
other museums, 263;
drives—Marin, 263-64;
by the Lerez, 264-65;
Combarro, 265-67;
the Castello de Mos, 268-71;
convent of Santa Clara, 265;
house of Sarmiento, 265-66;
Ria de Pontevedra, 267;
San Juan de Poyo, 267;
Capilla, de la Peregrina, 268;
Jewish quarter, 268;
Castillo de Mos, 268-73;
chapel of La Virgen de la Peneda, 271;
rock-drawings, 273-75;
wines of, 348
PopiÉlovo, Nicolas, 227
PÓrtico de Gloria—
Sculpture, 107;
triple archway, 107-110;
figure of Christ, 110-11;
the four evangelists, 111;
the four-and-twenty elders, 111;
the prophets, 112-13;
symbolism of the statuary, 113-14;
the Tree of Jesse, 114-15;
statue of St. James, 115-17;
Moses, 117;
the pillars, 117-19;
Mateo, 118;
capitals, 119-20;
the statues, 120-23;
colouring, 123;
capitals, 127-32
Portosino, 244-45
Portugal, language, 50-51, 187;
taxes 180;
frontier, 284-85
PosÉ, Enrique Labarta, a “bull fight,” 252
Potato, the, 346
Pottery, Roman, 205
Pousa, 287
Prado, sculptor, 199
Primitivo, San, 325
Prince of the Asturias, title, 1
Priscillian, heresy of, 15, 29, 31, 301
Provence, language of, 189
Prudentius, poet, 39-40
Prudhon, 173
Ptolemy, 11
Puente de Alonso III., 240-42
Puente de San Payo, 268
Puente de Triana, 263
Puente del Burgo, 255
Puente Internacional, 279
Puente Mayor, 288
Puentedeume, 309, 314
Pyrenees, the, 17-18
Quadrado, 84
“Queen Isabella,” style of architecture, 91
Quevado y Quintano, Pedro, 292
Quintana de los Muertos, 104
Raimundo de Monforte, 303
Ramiro, his corn-rent, 98-99
Ravenna, the Ravenate, 223
Recared, 16, 84, 87
Recesvinto, King, 84, 332
Redondela, 269, 276
Refuge, churches of, 200
Renaissance, architects of the, 90-93;
the Spanish, 92-93
Rennert, 57 and note
Repoll, faÇade, 109
Retablo, seventeenth century, 263
Rey, Luis Cradaso, 251
Rheims Cathedral, 109, 122
Rianjo, 201
Rias bajas, the, 17
Ribadavia, 287, 295;
vines of, 279, 348
Ribas, Sr. Francisco, 218
Ribera, Pedro, 93
Rios, Amador de los, 54
Rios, Marquis de Monfero, 264
Ripoll, 64
Ripon, monastic church, 89
Roads in Galicia—
The St. James’s road, 60;
special, for pilgrims, 62, 65;
bad condition of, 177;
plan of a Roman road, 294
Robles, Sr., 2 note 1
Rocas, the church, 340-42
Rocha de Padron, 223
Rock-drawings, 273-75
Rodil, JosÉ Ramon, 195
Rodrigo, Archbishop, 16
Rodriquez, Juan, 230
Rodriquez, Luis, vocabulary, 251
Rodriquez, Ventura, 104
Rojo, Simon, 324
Roman Remains in Galicia—
The Roman arch, 81-82, 85;
coins, etc., 205-6, 223;
inscriptions, 223, 243-44, 306;
castros and tumuli, 232-33;
bridge, 233;
milestones, 255, 260-61, 296;
fortifications, 286;
mosaics, 293;
stones, 293-94;
Roman baths, 300, 331, 353
Romana, Marquis of, 157 note
Romance dialect, the, 53-54
Rome, government of Spain, 13;
sacking of, 32
Roncevalles, monastery of, 65
Rosendo, San, 325;
relics at Celanova, 327-29
Rotberto, 98
Rouen Cathedral, windows, 115
Roulin, M., on the PÓrtico de Gloria, 109-10
Rozmilal, Baron de, pilgrimage, 66
Rush-gathering, 350
Russia, poets of, 185;
the pigeon, 217
Saavedra, 357
Sahagun, 159
St. John’s, Ephesus, 70
St. Paul’s, London, 91
St. Peter’s, Rome, pilgrims, 70;
style, 91;
statuary, 123
St. Petronius of Bologna, Cathedral, 96
St. Sophia, Constantinople, 82
St. Vincent de Paul, nuns of, 142
Salas, the, 20
Salisbury Cathedral, 96, 284
Sallust, 9
Salvatierra, 22, 286
Salve Regina, the, 43;
authorship, 42-47
Sampedro, SeÑor Casto, 257, 258, 262, 266 note, 268
San Anton, fort of, 171
San Antonio de Herbon, Convento de, 227
San BartolomÉ, 261
San BartolomÉ Cathedral, Tuy, 280-81
San Benito, church of, Santiago, 199
San Clement, Rome, plaited designs, 128
San Cosmo, 251
San Esteban, monastery of, ruins, 22, 333, 335-36, 338-39;
sarcophagi, 336-37;
cloisters, 337;
conventual church, 337-38;
position, 339
San Felix de Solovio, Santiago, 200
San Francisco, Betanzos, 312
San Francisco, Lugo, 305, 313
San Francisco monastery, Santiago, 209 note
San Juan de BaÑos, Palencia, 84, 331-332
San Juan de Poyo, 265, 267
San Justo de los Tojosutos, 234
San Justo River, 248
San Lorenzo, Santiago, 209 note
San Marco, Leon, 65
San Mamed, 248
San Martin de Nieble, 83
San Martin, hermitage, 267
San Martin, MondoÑedo, 307
San Martin, Noya, 236-39
San Martin, Pinario, 195, 200, 209 note
San Martin, Tiobre, 310
San Miguel de Celanova, 330
San Payo, convent of, 104, 203-4
San Pedro de Rocas, 340-42
San Pedro del Mezquita, church of, 296
San Roman, Toledo, 81
San Roman de Hornija (Valladolid) 84
San Rosendo, family of, 294
San Sebastian del Pico Sacro, 225
San Sernin of Toulouse, comparison with Santiago, 95-97, 132
San Simon, Hospital of, 277
San Vincente del Pino, Monforte, 297
Sanchez, 132, 135, 192-93, 195
Sandez, Fernandez, 43
Santa Clara, convent, 21, 208, 234-35, 353
Silvestre, Gregorio, 57
Silvia of Acquitaine, 36
Sinai, Mount, 35, 37
Sirmondo, Jesuit, 30
Sivelo, Barros, 2 note 1, 4 and note, 7, 10
Slav pilgrims to Santiago, 7
Sobrado, monastery of, 77, 220
Socialism, in Galicia and Andalusia, 175, 184
Sodom, 37
Solesme, 267
Sotomayor, Diego de, tomb, 270
Sotomayor, Payo Gomez de, 260
Sotomayor, Suero Gomez de, 260
Sotomayor family, 271-72, 281;
house in Pontevedra, 268;
genealogical tree, 271
Soult, Marshal, 158
South Kensington, cast of the PÓrtico de Gloria, 123
Southey, at Redondela, 276
Spain—

Origin of Spanish language, 49;
Spanish characteristics, 153;
emigration, 175, 176;
natural laziness, 176-77;
government of, 177;
education, 177-78;
universities of, 192-193;
pigs of, 212;
the Spanish onion, 349;
architecture. See under Architecture
Statuary of the Middle Ages, harmony of, 121 and note;
influence of the drama on, 122;
absence of, in Greek churches, 122
Stoke, Miss, quoted, 128
Stonehenge, 7
Strabo, cited, 6, 10
Street, 85, 95 note, 96 note, 123, 132
Sueves, the, 15-16, 28 and note 29, 30, 49, 261, 301
Susana, Santa, 199
Swanston, Paul, 160
Sweden, 216
Tabor, Mount, 35
Tambre river, 22, 143, 231, 232, 240, 244
Tamerlane, court of, 260
Taxation in Gaul, 173, 179, 266-67
Telmo, San, 284
Templars, the, 265, 278, 296
Teodomiro, 226, 294
Teodomirus, Bishop, 62
Teresa, DoÑa, 279-80
Teruiel, 81
Teucer, 255
Theobald IV., 52
Theodoricus, 15, 16
Theodosius, Emperor, 4, 30
Theophilus, S., 28
Ticknor, George, 50
Tiobre, 310
Tobacco factories, Spanish, 169-70, 345
Toja, mineral springs, 354-55
Tojosutos, cloisters of, 305
Toledo, 1, 86;
cathedral, 93
Tomas, Irish bishop, 202
Tombstones, 82-83
TomÉ, Narciso, 93
Tomeza River, 255
Torquato, San, 327, 328, 330
Torquemada, Bishop, 284
Torques of gold, 206-9, 233
Torremuzquiez, Counts of, 325
Toulouse Cathedral, sculptures, 128
Toulouse Museum, 134, 208
Tower of Hercules, CoruÑa, 154, 161-63
Trajan, Emperor, 163, 219
Tramunda, Santa, sarcophagus, 267
Trava, the, 231, 239
Tree of Jesse in sculpture, 114-15
Trevino, Francisco, tomb, 69
Trigo, BartolamÉ, 256
Troncoso, springs, 355
Trovadores of Galicia, 52-59
Tumbo, island of, 267
Tumuli, 6-7
Turkestan, wardrobes in, 241
Turrafo, the, 22
Tuy, 1, 10, 22;
wolves of, 215;
lampreys, 219;
railways, 279;
wrestling matches, 279;
history, 279-80;
province, 280;
San BartolomÉ, 280-81;
Santo Domingo, 281-82;
drives, 284-85
Tuy Cathedral, 278, 280;
exterior portico, 282-83;
built for defence, 283, 286;
parchments, 283-84;
rectangular apse, 284;
cloister, 284
Tyrol, the Austrian, 264, 333
Uceda, Captain, 162
Ulla River, the, 222, 225, 227, 228, 299, 345
United States, trade with Britain, 180
Urraca, Queen, 116, 279-80, 349
Ursula, S., 299
Usury in Gaul, 181
ValenÇa, fortress of, 279, 280, 284, 285
Valencia, 346
Valerius, Abbot, 33-35, 37, 38
Valladares, Avelina, 184
Valparaiso, 175
Valute, Castro, 228
Vandals, 15, 29
Varela family, 240
Varela, Prof., 197
Valmar, Marquis of, 53
Varro, Marcus, 4
Vatican Library, 52, 55, 244
Vazquez, Arturo, 26
Velazquez, 11
Velazquez, Alonso, 202
Velez, Archbishop, 103
Venice, Doge’s palace, 148
Venta de BaÑos, 84
Verdugo, the, 268
Vespasian, 223
VÉzelay, church of, 97;
faÇade, 109;
the arcades, 128
Vianna de Castello, 20
Vieira. See Shell of St. James
Vienna Museum, 207
Vigo—
Harbour of, 11, 22, 153, 154, 318;
oysters, 219;
the road to, 276-77;
commercial position, 277;
houses, 278;
Colegiata de Santa Maria, 278;
English attack on, 348
Vigo, Ria de, 17, 276, 277, 278
Villagarcia, 149, 205, 245, 254
Villavieja, 277
Vine cultivation, 180, 224, 264, 268
Violante, Queen, 205
Viollet le Duc, 78 note, 129-30
Virgen de los Ojos, 304
Virgen del Pilar, 304
Visigoths, 83, 84;
churches of the, 86-87
Wales, 8
Wallingford, 33
Walter, minstrel, 53 note
Water supply of Santiago, 202
Wellington, Duke of, on Moore, 159;
and the Gallegans, 356
Westminster Abbey, capitals, 127;
memorial of Sir John Moore, 157
White Tower, London, 98 note;
capitals, 127
Wilfrid, St., 88
William X., 69
William de Rubruquis, 69-70
Winchester, 284;
capitals, 126-27;
transept, 135
Witiza, King, 1, 279, 295
Wolfe, Rev. Charles, 159
Woman in Galicia, 166, 178, 202, 234;
the women labourers, 249, 269, 355
Woodwork, stalactite, 194
Writings. See Inscriptions
Xeito, the, 218
Yanez de Noboa, Bishop, 294, 295
Yepes, 45
York Cathedral, 304
Zanelo, 65
Zepedano, 73, 149

Printed by Morrison & Gibb Limited, Edinburgh

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Barros Sivelo tells us that his friend Sr. Robles collected data for a history of Galicia for twenty-seven years, but died before he had begun to write it.

[2] In the reign of Philip II.

[3] Theophilo Braga.

[4] Barros Sivelo, Antiquedades di Galicia, 1875.

[5] The Bible in Spain, ch. xxvii.

[6] It is believed that Spain was once united to the north African coast, and it is certain that in antiquity the Straits of Gibraltar were much narrower than they are now.

[7] See Cronicon del Obispo Idacio, ed. by Dr. Marcelo Macias, 2nd ed., 1906.

[8] See chapter on “The Caucasus” in my Russia.

[9] “Maravillosa es hallar en el Asia y en la EspaÑa pueblos de nombres identicos, iberos albanios, galecios, y calibes” (Aguiar).

[10] See Lecture on “Arte Primitivo en EspaÑa,” by D. JosÉ Ramon Melida in the AthenÆum of Madrid, 1902.

[11] See description of these in my Russia.

[12] See article by SeÑor Melida, “La Ceremica prehistorica de la Peninsula iberica,” in Nuestro Tiempo, June 1901.

[13] Those which owe their origin to the Romans appear to have been built to hold from 100 to 10,000 men.

[14] Piedras ossilantes.

[15] H. d’Arbois de Jubainville. See his Les Celts depuis les temps les plus anciens. Paris, 1904.

[16] EspaÑa Sagrada, vol. xv.

[17] “Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitarie, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli apellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutes legibus inter se differunt” (De B. G. i. 1).

[18] See my Russia. See also Plato’s theory of Atlantida.

[19] No one now disputes the fact that the Celts are an Indo-European race. Jubainville says of them, “On peut comparer l’empire celtique À l’empire romain. Au sud il ne s’Étendit pas autant; il ne comprit ni toute l’Espagne, ni toute l’Italie, ni toute la pÉninsule des Balkans, mais plus au nord il contenait une grande partie de l’empire d’Allemagne, une portion de l’empire d’Autriche et le rÉgion septentrionale de la grande Britagne, qui ÉchappÈrent toujours À la domination romaine, enfin, il comprenait l’Irelande oÙ jamais les legions romains n’ont pÉnÉtrÉ.” The same writer adds, “Le lieu d’origine des langues celtiques parÂit avoir ÉtÉ un trÈs petit pays, situÉ sur les bords du Rhin, du Main et du Danube, la oÙ se trouvent aujourd’hui la Hesse-Darmstadt, le grand duchÉ di Basle, de Wurtemburg, et la BaviÈre septentrionale.” Farther on he affirms that “la patrie des Cimbris Était la SchlÉswig-Holstein et non la CrimeÉ” (because Tacitus mentions a people of that name as dwelling in Schleswig-Holstein in his day).

[20] See Garcia de la Riega, Galicia Antigua, 1904.

[21] Joseph Cornide, Las Cassiterides, 1790.

[22] Les Celtes, Paris, 1904.

[23] See Barros Sivelo. Hamilcar intended to make Spain his base of operations for the invasion of Italy. See Stone’s notes to Livy.

[24] See Livy, lib. 53, or rather its Table of Contents, for the book is lost.

[25] See Tables of the Capitoline Triumphes and other ancient documents.

[26] See Suetonius, and Plutarch, who wrote in his Life of Julius CÆsar: “We are told that when he was in Spain he bestowed some leisure hours in reading part of the history of Alexander, and was so much affected with it that he sat pensive a long time, and at last burst out into tears. As his friends were wondering what might be the reason, he said, ‘Do you think I have not sufficient cause for concern when Alexander at my age reigned over so many conquered countries, and I have not one glorious achievement to boast?’ From this principle it was that immediately upon his arrival in Spain he applied to business with great diligence, and, having added ten new cohorts to the twenty he received, then he marched against the Callaecians (Galicians) and Lusitanians, defeated them, and penetrated to the ocean, reducing nations by the way that had not felt the yoke.”

[27] I have been obliged to omit my chapter on Priscillian for want of space.

[28] Called by Pliny and Pomponius Mela, “the Celtic promontory.”

[29] See Chapter on Tuy.

[30] Ford.

[31] Ibid.

[32] Valenzuela.

[33] Lib. 1. v. 235.

[34] See Dr. Marcelo Macias, Civitas Limicorum, 1904.

[35] Loc. cit.

[36] De Bell. Hisp.

[37] EspaÑa Sagrada, vol. xv.

[38] “La Gallega,” Nave Capitaina de Colon, by C. Garsia de la Riega, 1897.

[39] Lopez Ferreiro, El Priscilianismo, 1878.

[40] Laborde, after dividing the history of Spain into four great epochs, says, “Dans la premiÈre Époque” (under the Carthaginians and the Romans) “les Espagnols font partie du grand systÈme qui gouvernait le monde, mais plutot alliÉs que sujets des Romains, se civilisant comme eux et non par eux, ils les ÉgalÈrent dans presque toutes les connaissances utiles, et furent a la fois le soutien et la richesse de leur empire.”

[41] Comision de Monumentos.

[42] Dr. Macias points out that the change of i into e in the name of the city was probably governed by some law of euphony according to which not only was the final long i changed into long e but also the short i in the middle of the word to the short e, as in sinu, sino, pilo, pele, minus, menos.

[43] The name Sueve, Suevi (Anglo-Saxon, Swaefas; Modern German, Schwabe), was a generic appellation, like that of the body of distinct tribes who composed the Allemannic confederacy; the name of Suevi was frequently interchanged with that of Allemanni by ancient writers. See Hampson’s Essay on King Alfred’s “Orosius.” The Sueves had come to Galicia from the territory stretching between the Rhine and the Elbe.

[44] Arian professed that the Son was not equal or co-substantial with the Father. See Gibbon, vol. iv. ch. xxxvii.

[45] Quoted by Dr. Macias from Hist. de los Heterod. Espanoles, vol. i. p. 123.

[46] Gibbon quotes many lines from Idatius, and calls him Spain’s most eloquent historian.

[47] Ordination was not allowed before the age of twenty-five.

[48] The Sueves entered Spain in 411 and Galicia in 411. See Esp. Sagrada, vol. iv.

[49] See Bosworth and Florez.

[50] King Alfred’s Orosius, bk. v. ch. xii.

[51] About five years before the birth of Idatius.

[52] “Two great interests then moved the hearts of Christians, led them from their homes, and threw them into the midst of the difficulties, perils, and tediousness, now incomprehensible, of a journey to the East. They would kiss the footsteps of the Lord Jesus upon the very soil where He encountered life and death for our salvation; they would also survey and see with their own eyes those deserts, caverns, and rocks where still lived the men who seemed to reach nearest to Christ by their supernatural austerity, and their brave obedience to the most difficult precepts of the Saviour” (Montalembert).

[53] “The learned librarian of a lay-brotherhood established in that place.” See Preface to Bernard’s translation.

[54] Published by the Imperial Academy of Vienna, in vol. xxxix. of Corpus Sculptorum Ecclesiasticorum Laborum.

[55] Since published separately, with a facsimile of the opening page of the manuscript. Translated by J. H. Bernard, B.D., Palestine Pilgrims Text Society.

[56] See Bernard’s translation.

[57] FÉrotin.

[58] Bernard said in his preface: “I have been much struck by the accuracy of St. Silvia’s (Etheria’s) topographical descriptions; they are evidently those of a person who had seen the places described.” Of the document itself he wrote: “The manuscript is said to be written in an eleventh-century hand, and Gamurrini considers it tolerably certain that it was the work of a monk at Monte Casino.”

[59] See Valerius’s Life of St. Fructuosus, quoted by Montalembert. St. Isidore, according to Cuvier, was the first Christian who arranged for Christians the knowledge of antiquity; so we may call him the father of Ecclesiastical ArchÆology.

[60] Montalembert translated these and other stories about this saint from the Latin of Zepes. See his own note.

[61] Capilla parroquial de San Fructuoso.

[62] See Lopez Ferreiro, Hist. de la S. Iglesia de Santiago, vol. ii., 1899, and EspaÑa Sagrada, vol. xxxiv. The Arab historians also tell this story.

[63] “Cette oeuvre au texte si court et au chant si long; À l’Écouter, À la lire avec recueillement cette magnifique exoration paraissait se dÉcomposer en son ensemble, rÉpresenter trois États diffÉrents d’Âme, signifier la triple phase de l’humanitÉ, pendant sa jeunesse, sa maturitÉ et son dÉclin; elle Était en un mot, l’essentiel resumÉ de la priÈre À tous les Âges.” See Huysman’s En Route, where Durtal’s conversion is made to take place as he listens to the Salve Regina.

[64] EspaÑa Sagrada, xix.

[65] Read before the Sixth Catholic Congress at Santiago, July 1902.

[66] St. Gregory the Great, who died about 604, was the first monk who became a pope. “It was he,” says Montalembert, “who inaugurated the Middle Ages, modern society, and Christian civilization. He was the first to collect the ancient melodies of the Church, in order to subject them to the rules of harmony, and to arrange them according to the requirements of Divine worship, ... he established at Rome the celebrated school of religious music, to which Gaul, Germany, England, all the Christian nations came in turn.”

[67] See Borrow’s Bible in Spain, ch. xxviii.

[68] Historia de la Santa Iglesia de Santiago, vol. ii.

[69] See Nos. 55, 262, 313.

[70] See Fita, Braga, and Monaci.

[71] It appeared first in El Eco de Galicia, and then, amplified, in the Boletin de la Accademia Galliga de la CoruÑa, May 1906.

[72] The language of Galicia has been called Madre de la Portuguesa (“Mother of Portuguese”) by Amador de los Rios and by Pedro JosÉ Pedal. See La PoesÍa Gallega, by the Marquis de Figueroa, 1829.

[73] See work on Alfonso el Sabio, by the Marquis de Valmar, i. 2nd ed., 1897.

[74] The Irish poets were much given to contests of wit, usually carried on in the following way: When two of them met, one repeated the first half of a very short poem, which was a challenge to the other to repeat it. Sometimes it was a quotation from some obscure, half-forgotten old poem, sometimes an effusion composed on the spot, in which case the second poet was expected to give, extemporaneously, a second half of the same length, prosody and rhyme, and making continuous sense.... In Ireland it was believed that a true poet never failed to respond correctly.... So generally cultivated, and so universally admired was this talent for impromptu reply, that in the ecclesiastical legends some of the Irish saints are credited with as much proficiency as the best of the poets. See P. W. Joyce, A Social History of Ancient Ireland, 1903.

[75] See Marquis de Figueroa, De la PoesÍa Gallega.

[76] Murguia gives the names of the following Gallegan poets: Abril Perez, Airas MiÑez, Bernal de Boneval, Juan Ayras, Pay de Cana, and Pero Annes Marinho. The same writer, quoting Michel, says, “In 1361, Messire Jehan de Chartres and Pierre de Montferrand took three juglares with them on a pilgrimage to Santiago. Walter, an English minstrel, also visited Santiago about that time.

[77] Aldrede (quoted by Valmar) said, “Many of the words thought to have been borrowed from the Moors by Spain are really old Latin words.” See his Del origine y princÍpio de la lengua Castellana, vol. iii. cap. xv.

[78] See EspaÑa Sagrada, vol. ix.

[79] “Los bases essenciales de la versificacion, de las lenguas romÁnicas son, el numero de silabas, el acento dominante del verso (cesura) y al terminar, del verso, la homofonia de las silabas acentuadas al final de los versos (asonancia o’ rima). No entre, en esta verseficacion la cantidad prosodica de los griegos y de los romanos.” See also Friedrich Diez, Die Poesie der Troubadours.

[80] Paradiso, Canto xix. v. 124.

[81] See study by Hugo Albert Rennert, Ph.D., Prof. Univ. Pennsylvania.

[82] The works of Silvestre are very rare. 1st ed. published in Seville, 2nd ed. Granada, 1597. (Another edition mentioned by Ticknor, Granada, 1588.)

[83] See his “Nobleza de Andalusia,” Seville, 1588.

[84] “El mas glorioso entre los sepulcros de los Santos de todas las naciones de la tierra,” quoted by Sanchez.

[85] Lopez Ferreiro, Lecciones de Arqueologia, quoted by Villa-Amil.

[86] See his Mobilario Liturgico, 1907.

[87] Quoted by Fernandez Sanchez.

[88] See article in Smith’s Classical Dict.; also Walter Lowrie’s Christian Art and ArchÆology, 1901. Lowrie thinks that the use of incense originated in funeral processions. “Constantine,” he says, “presented to St. Peter’s a censer (thumiamaterium) of purest gold, adorned on all sides with gems, to the number of sixty, and weighing fifteen pounds.”

[89] Ford wrote: “In the Spanish theatres no neutralising incense is used as is done by the wise clergy in their churches. If the atmosphere (of the theatres) were analysed by Faraday, it would be found to contain equal portions of stale cigar smoke and fresh garlic fume.”

[90] See Mobilario Liturgico, p. 176.

[91] These so-called clarions or clarionets (or chirimias, as they are locally called) are not really clarionets, they are like flutes, sounded by the help of a reed fixed to the mouthpiece. I have been assured that they are the only two of their kind in existence.

[92] See his El Pontificade Gallego, 1907.

[93] See Richard Ford, A Handbook for Travellers, London, 1855.

[94] Purchase.

[95] See Historia de la Santa Iglesia de Santiago, vol. iv. 1901.

[96] As Lamperez has remarked, the return to Gothic and mediÆval architecture witnessed in France and other countries in the nineteenth century may be distinctly traced to the interest aroused first by Caumont, and later by Viollet-le-Duc in the architecture of the Middle Ages.

[97] See Montalembert on this subject.

[98] “À la tendencie espiritualista y sutilisima de la arquitectura de la Edad Media, con sus complicados problemas de equilibrio, suceden los elementos greco-romanos y el dominio de la masa. El aspecto expressivo la emociÓn religiosa que producen los monumentos del Renacimiento no es por las formas clÁsicas, sino À pesar de ellas, puesto que la desposicion de los templos es la caracteristica cristeana, y solo la vestidura espagana. Socialmente, al colectivismo artistico, succede el arts personal.” See article by Lamperez in Escuela de Estudios superiores, Madrid, 1904.

[99] Leo V. was an Iconoclast, and for this he was assassinated while attending matins in his chapel. The great struggle against the Iconoclasts was terminated during the regency of Theodora, mother of Michael III. (the Drunkard), who came to the throne in 842. See George Finlay, History of the Byzantine Empire.

[100] “Byzantine art is the Greek spirit working in Asiatic elements.” Choisy, quoted by Lethaby and Swainson in Sancta Sophia.

[101] See M. Gomez-Morreno, Excursion À traves del arco de herredura, Madrid, 1906.

[102] There are two in the Museum at Leon.

[103] Gomez-Morreno.

[104] An illustration of this was published in Monumentos Arquitectonio de EspaÑa.

[105] See Juan Agapite y Rivilla, La Basilica Visigoda de San Juan Batista (Palentia):

“la Única construccion visigoda que nos queda.”

[106] Gomez-Morreno writes: “Sus arcos todos, asi ... reproducen fielmente la traza de los primitivos cordobeses, con adornada mocheta Ó borcelÓn por impostas y despiezo, convergente al centro de la curva” (Saladin). “La mosquee de Sidi Okba À Kairuan. Al mismo tiemps con Abderrahmen II. (821-852) el emirato cordobes adquiria fuerza politica abriÉndose al Oriente: un arte nuevo se produjo À base de le indigena, pero engalanado con arreos bizantinos, y simultaneamente principiÓ À fijarse al tipo musulman de nuestro arco. Ya hemos visto cÓmo caracterisa su fase anterior el no traspasar la semicircumferencia en mÁs de un tercio del radio, y con frecuencia en cantidad poco sensible, Á excepcion de los estelas, donde el trazado de la curva se hacÍa Á capricho. Desde Abderrahmen II. impera otro orden invariable: la prolongacion es de una mitad del radio, Ó sea con flecha de tres cuartos del diÁmetro, en forma que el arco resulta construido sobre un exÁgono: la irradiaciÓn del despiezo de sus dovelas verifÍcase desde el centro dela linia de arranque; muchas veces los hombros del arco van descaradamente enjarjados: enrasen con el vuelo de los impostas, ellegando mÁs tarde Á rebasarlas algo, y ellas perfilan una mocheta Ó bien la gallarda nacela que se erigiÓ moldura Única. Otro nuevo elemento complementario y en lo sucesivo unseparable casi de nuestro arco, es el alfiz Ó recuadro, de origen quiza’ pÉrsa.”

[107] Santa Comba de Bande and San Pedro de Rocas.

[108] See George E. Street, F.S.A., Some Account of Gothic Architecture in Spain, 1865.

[109] See J. Amador de los Rios, El Arte Latino-Byzantine, 1861.

[110] See Tarig-ben-Zeyad and Mirza-ben-Nosayar, both quoted by Amador de los Rios.

[111] Ataulf was the founder of the Visigoth kingdom in Spain, just as Alaric was the founder of the Ostragoth kingdom in Italy.

[112] “Los objetos artisticos que constituyen el Tesoro de Guerrazar, revelan claramente la existencia de una arte en que se asocian y asemelan los elementos constitutivos del arte romano, ya alterado por la poderosa influencia de la Iglesia latina y del arte bizantino, tal como aparece en la primera edad de su desarollo” (op. cit.). Many of these are now in the Cluny Museum.

[113] “La Única senda possible para realizar la obra del Renacimiento” (op. cit.).

[114] See Historia de la Arquitectura Christiana, 1904.

[115] In Galicia there are practically no traces of the Moors, except an Arabic inscription on a stone in a church at Betauzos, the name of a street there. The carved woodwork of the Fonseca ceiling, and that at Monforte, are of more recent date, and the work of Spaniards.

[116] “Then nearly all the bishops’ seats, the churches, the monasteries of saints, and even the oratories in the villages, were changed by the faithful for better ones” (op. cit.). Radulphus Glaber (who died 1045), quoted by Parker in Gothic Architecture.

[117] See F. Gregorovius, The City of Rome in the Middle Ages.

[118] Even in Rome there had been till then no Burgher class sufficiently strong to build a sure foundation for a secular constitution (op. cit.).

[119] See Lamperez, Historia de la Arquitectura Cristiana.

[120] “Es la Época de apogeo del arte cristiano y de la idealizacion de la materia hasta convertirla en sutilisima expresion del pensamiento religioso” (op. cit.).

[121] “Ce ne sont pas des soldats qui rapportent un art dans le baggage” (Viollet-le-Duc).

[122] See Edward Preissig, Ph.D., Notes on the History and Political Institutions of the Old World, 1906.

[123] See Lamperez, op. cit.

[124] Lamperez. See also Buckart, Geismuller, and Munty, three great authorities quoted by Lamperez.

[125] See Arturo Vazques NuÑez, La Arquitectura Cristiana en la provincia de Orense, 1894.

[126] The first cathedral built over the apostle’s body was finished in 874, and consecrated on May 17th, 899.

[127] Until the fifteenth century the dates given in Spanish inscriptions were calculated from the “Spanish era,” which began thirty-eight years before the Christian era. To bring a date to our own reckoning we must therefore subtract thirty-eight.

[128] See MonografÍa de la Catedral de Santiago, by Fernandez Casanova, 1902, and Historia de la S.A.M. Iglesia de Santiago, vol. iii., by Lopez Ferreiro.

[129] Street wrote of the cathedral of Santiago: “This cathedral is of singular interest, not only on account of its unusual completeness and the general unity of style which marks it, but still more because it is both in plan and design a very curiously exact repetition of the church of St. Sernin at Toulouse. But S. Sernin is earlier in date by several years, having been commenced by S. Raymond in 1060 A.D. and consecrated by Pope Urban II. in 1096” (Gothic Architecture in Spain, 1865). But Lopez Ferreiro writes forty years later that, after comparing the two cathedrals with the minutest care, he has found sufficient divergence in their detail to indicate a different style, a different school, and a different inspiration.

[130] The barrel vault (roof shaped like half a barrel) is peculiar to the architecture of the eleventh century. English architects call this “Earliest Norman.”

[131] Street was the first to draw attention to these buttresses. He wrote in 1866, “The buttresses which appear on the ground-plan are all connected by arches thrown from one to the other, so that the eaves of the roof project in front of their outside face. There is consequently an enormous thickness of wall to resist the weight and thrust of the continuous vault of the triforium, these arches between the buttresses having been contrived in order to render the whole wall as rigid and uniform as possible.”

[132] See Hist. Compost.

[133] See Chapter IX.

[134] It must be remembered that the Cathedral of Santiago stood completed in all its glory more than a hundred years before the foundations of Cologne Cathedral were laid. Amiens Cathedral was not begun till 1220, and not completed until 1288. All the architecture in England dating from the period in which Santiago Cathedral was completed is Early Norman. The chapel in the White Tower, London (1081), is considered to be one of the best and most perfect examples of this period. Part of the west front of Lincoln was built by the bishop of Remi (of Reims) between the years 1085 and 1092. Canterbury Cathedral was not finished till 1184.

[135] Codex of Calixtus II. bk. v.

[136] In ch. ix. of bk. iv. of the Codex of Calixtus II. we read: “Tiene esta Iglesia” (that of Santiago) “tres portadas principales, y siete pequeÑas. De las primeras la una mira al Occidente, la otra al Mediodia, y la tercera al Septentrion. Cada una de estas portadas tiene dos entradas, y cada entrada dos puertas.” See chapter on “La Portada de las Platerias,” in Ferreiro’s El PÓrtico de Gloria.

[137] See Lopez Ferreiro, op. cit.

[138] “Un compendio en piedra de la divina revelacion.”

[139] Lopez Ferreiro, op. cit.

[140] See Fernandez Sanchez, who gives it in full.

[141] See Chapter VI. for further explanation of this word.

[142] “La obra mas bella y suntuosa, verdaderamente magnifica, y tan monumental que al contemplarlÆ no se perciben los detalles, es la fachada de la Catedral de Santiago construeda en 1737 por Casas y Novos” (Lamperez).

[143] The Spanish word portico is derived from the Latin porticus, French porche, English porch. Roulin points out that this word is one of the thousand examples of Spain having altered the Latin language less than France has done.

[144] Lopez Ferreiro, in his El PÓrtico de Gloria, was the first modern writer to interpret its meaning thus. For a long time previously it was taken erroneously to represent the Last Judgment.

[145] See A. N. Didron, Christian Iconography, translated by E. J. Millington, compiled by M. Stokes, 1886.

[146] “Now on a certain day it came to pass that as she sat in the church and read, a poor man drew nigh to pray, and beholding a woman robed in black raiment and already stricken in years, he took her for one of the needy, and drawing forth a cake of bread, he placed it on her lap and went away. But she, despising not the gift of the poor man, who had not recognised her rank, accepted the bread and thanked him; and she placed it before her on the table, and every day she used it for the prayer of benediction until no more of it remained.” See op. cit.

[147] See Speculum humanae Salvationis, etc. Didron found a copy of the Byzantine Guide to Painters in a monastery at Esphigmenon which, he thought, dated from the fifteenth century.

[148] See Lamperez.

[149] Revue de l’Art ChrÉtien, 1895.

[150] Lopez Ferreiro.

[151] Lopez Ferreiro here quotes Viollet le Duc: “To give the hero proportions superior to those which you give to the other persons engaged in the combat is the most effectual way of impressing the spectator with the greatness of the deed.”

[152] See Villa-Amil.

[153] Villa-Amil, taking the tore for the barrier of purgatory, concluded that the foliage behind it must be meant to represent flames!

[154] “Le Jugement dernier de Saint Jacques de Compostella se distingue enfin par des ÉlÉments iconographiques trÈs specieux, trÈs interessants: et pourtant nous le rÉpÉtons, l’iconographie de la partie centrale de cette belle composition se rapproche sensibliment des representations correspondantes qui appartiennent aux siÈcles suivants: elle prÉcÈde, elle annonce, elle laisse, entrevoir les fameux jugements de la pÉriode gothique....” A. A. Roulin (op. cit.).

[155] Baculo en tau.

[156] Fernandez Sanchez says this column is of agate.

[157] “At Llanrhaidr yn Kenmerch, Denbighshire, there is an example in stained glass, with the date 1533.... It was likewise wrought into a branched candlestick, thence called a Jesse, not an unusual piece of furniture in ancient churches; in the year 1097 Hugo de Flori, abbot of St. Augustine’s, Canterbury, bought for the choir of his church a candlestick of this kind.”—See Parker, Glossary of Architecture.

[158] See his El PÓrtico de Gloria (2nd ed., 1893).

[159] Viollet le Duc has shown how the statuary of the Middle Ages produced perfect harmony between “l’intelligence et son envelope. Dans les traits des visages comme dans les formes et les movements du corp on retrouve l’individu moral. Chaque statue possÈde un character personnel qui rest gravi dans le mÉmoire comme le souvenir d’un Être vivant qu’on a connu.”

[160] Didron has published the whole of the MS. of Dionisius (op. cit.).

[161] See E. J. Millington’s translation of Didron.

[162] Op. cit.

[163] It was taken under the auspices of the artist Brucciani in 1866.

[164] “Dans l’Espagne chrÉtienne aucun monument, avant l’Époque des grandes cathÉdrales du XIII siÈcle, n’est comparable au porche de Compostelle; aucun n’est comme lui une construction d’architecte, de sculpteur et de poÈte. En France les porches de Chartres exposent une iconographie plus compliquÉe, et plus savante. L’auteur du porche de Compostelle n’a pas rÉalisÉ en pierre une somme thÉologique, mais un hymne Épique.”—See Histoire de l’Art, vol. i., ed. AndrÉ Michel, Paris.

[165] See his work on the Cathedral of Santiago, vol. iv., 1901. This authority describes the capital thus: “El perfil de nuestros capiteles es de un tambour cilindrico que desde la base se va ensanchando por igual con la follaje, hasta tocar en el abaco Ó en la imposta, bajo cuyos cuatro angulos las molduras se entienden y encorvan para delinear la antigua voluta elanca.”

[166] They fondly believe that this class of design had spread from Ireland to the Continent.

[167] See Margaret Stoke’s Six Months in the Apennines, 1892.

[168] “Chaque artisan Était intÉressÉ ainsi À ce que son morceau se distinguÂt entre tous les autres pas une execution plus parfait” (op. cit.).

[169] See Parker.

[170] See Adolfo Fernandez Casanova (op. cit.).

[171] See illustration in Viollet le Duc, Dictionnaire RaisonnÉe, vol. vii.

[172] See Sanchez.

[173] See Villa-Amil, Iglesias Gallegas, p. 271 (1904).

[174] Villa-Amil gives the exact wording of the document (op. cit.).

[175] “Por una carta del Arzobispo de Zaragoza Á su padre et Rey Catolico, que publicÓ. Cean BermÚdez, se sabe que habÍa recibido Enrique Egas orden del Rey para ir Á Santiago Á derigir la obra del Hospital por todo el mes de Febrero de 1505” (Eglesias Gallegas).

[176] Villa-Amil points out that the statue of St. Paul in the PÓrtico de Gloria also has a long beard.

[177] This kind of verse was very common among hymn-writers of the Middle Ages, and is used in the inscriptions on the consecration crosses of the cathedral (1211).

[178] See Lopez Ferreiro, Hist. Cat. de Santiago, vol. iv., note.

[179] Florez gives the Latin of Orosius from bk. I. ch. v. See Esp. Sag. vol. xxi.

[180] In the forties of last century this journey took seventy hours. See Ford.

[181] In Murray’s Handbook for Travellers in Spain (London, 1845) we read that the body of Moore was afterwards removed by the Marquis of Romana from its original grave in the cemetery of San Carlos to where it now lies: the present monument was paid for by the British Government through the agency of the British Consul, Mr. Bartlett. In 1839 (three years after Borrow’s visit) General Mazaredo, a Spaniard, who lived much in England, raised a subscription there with which he repaired the tomb and planted the surrounding ground for a public Alameda. Spanish writers do not mention any removal of the body.

[182] Borrow. Guadalete, Moorish equivalent for Lethe or Limia. See account of that river in Chapter II. of this volume.

[183] Life of Wellington.

[184] “El general inglis Moore que muriÓ en 1809 defendiendo la poblacion,” says one of them.

[185] I would recommend all who are interested in the authorship of these lines to read Mr. Newick’s pamphlet, The Writer of the Burial of Sir John Moore discovered (T. Thatcher, Bristol), which was brought to my notice by a letter from Professor Skeat in the Daily Telegraph for January 19, 1909.

[186] sube al cielo.

[187] Ford, Gatherings from Spain.

[188] See MonografÍa geografico-historica de Galicia, published Madrid, 1907.

[189] MonografÍa de Galicia, 1907.

[190] See Chapter on Galicia’s Livestock in this volume.

[191] See Chapter on Emigration.

[192] See B. F. Alonso, Guerra Hispano-Lusitana, 1893.

[193] La Voz de Galicia.

[194] There are more Norwegians in the United States than the whole population of the mother country.

[195] See Le progrÈs Économique de la RÉpublique Argentine, published by Banco EspaÑol del Rio de la Plata, August 1906.

[196] See Verea y Aguiar, Historia de Galicia, vol. i., 1838.

[197] See Prologue to her Follas Novas, by Emilio Castelar.

[198] It is known in Madrid by the name morrinha Gallega.

[199] See J. V. Failde, Rosalia Castro, Madrid, 1906.

[200] “Nos somos arpa de soyo duas cordas, a’ ima?inacion y o’ sentimiento.”

[201] “Tienen singularÍsimo valor los diminutivos Gallegas” (Marquis de Figueroa).

[202] See his De la PoesÍa Gallega, 1889.

[203] “Por Galicia penetrÓ el gusto provenzal en Castille hasta principios del siglo xiii.” See Theophile Braga, Trovadores Galaice-portugueses.

[204] Pastor Dias was one of these; though a Gallegan by birth and in temperament, he only wrote one poem in the Gallegan dialect. See Marquis de Figueroa (Op. cit.), p. 41.

[205] Emilia Pardo BazÁn, quoted by Marquis de Figueroa.

[206] Op. cit.

[207] See Eugenio CarrÉ Aldao, La Literatura Gallega en el siglo xix., 1903.

[208] Murguia.

[209] See Deux Manuscrits Wisigothiques de la bibliotheque de Ferdinand I. Paris, 1901.

[210] The diary of this Gallegan Pepys begins with the year 1546:—“AÑo del SeÑor de mil e quinientos y quarenta y seis aÑos: siendo yo vice Rector de la villa de Carril cayÓ Sant Juan y Corpus Xpi en un dia: fuÉ aÑo de jubileo: fueron ocho de Aureo numero: letra dominical fue C. Abia dos aÑos que cantara misa nueva....”

[211] In rich families thirteen ounces of gold are handed to the bride, but whatever the metal, the number must always be thirteen; it is a symbol of the husband’s promise to endow his wife with all his worldly goods.

[212] See George Macdonald, Coin Types, 1905.

[213] “The first specimens of British coinage can hardly be later than circa 150 B.C.” (op. cit.).

[214] Quoted by P. W. Joyce in A Social History of Ancient Ireland, 1903. This writer adds: “How much Ireland was richer than Britain in gold is well illustrated by the fact that while the total weight of the gold ornaments in the British Museum collected from England, Wales, and Scotland (excluding those from Ireland) is not more than 5 oz., those of the collection in the National Museum in Dublin weigh about 570 oz.”

[215] “Ordono II., en la carta por la que dona Á la iglesa de Santiago una villa que fuÉ de cierta Elvira, en 27 de Febrero de 922, dice: ’accepimus in offertionem ex parte prenominate ecclesie limace eum lapidibus et auro sculpto in D, solides necnon ... balteum aureum cum lapidibus miro opere compositum similitem in D, solidos.” (Published for first time by SeÑor Lopez Ferreiro in Appendix of his Hist. Igl. Santiago, vol. ii., 1899. Quoted by Villa-Amil in Mobiliario Liturgico.)

[216] See Benito F. Alonso, El Pontificado Gallego, p. 667.

[217] See Ford (op. cit.) on this subject.

[218] See Dr. K. T. Raer, Geschichte des Pfluges, 1845; also Dr. O. Schrader, Prehistoric Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples, trans. by F. B. Jevons, 1890.

[219] Victor Lopez Seoane, Fauna Mastologica de Galicia, Santiago, 1861.

[220] Galicia’s horses were poetically described by the ancients as “the children of the Atlantic winds.”

[221] See V. L. Seoane, Fauna Mastologica de Galicia, 1861.

[222] This author translated Pliny’s Natural History into Spanish.

[223] See Fidel Fita, Recuerdos de un viaje Á Santiago de Galicia, Madrid, 1880.

[224] Esp. Sagrada, vol. xix.

[225] Fidel Fita (op. cit.).

[226] See Villa-Amil, Mobilario Liturgico, 1907.

[227] See MonografÍa de Galicia, 1905. Sanchez stated in 1885 that the excavations already made led to the supposition that the capitol covered a space a league broad and half a league wide (17-1/2 Spanish leagues make a geographical degree).

[228] About twelve kilometres from Santiago.

[229] See Sancha (op. cit.), p. 438.

[230] See EspaÑa Sagrada for a long list of distinguished bishops. The church which stood here in the ninth century was called Santa Eulalia. Fita says that the present church was rebuilt in 1685-1715.

[231] The Sar flows into the Ulla.

[232] Op. cit., p. 434.

[233] See Ticknor, History of Spanish Literature, chap. xx., and note.

[234] Op. cit.

[235] Florez.

[236] In the sixteenth century.

[237] The legend of Noah having founded Noya is thought to have been invented by Annius of Viterbo, or some such person.

[238] The founder and first president of the Academia de Bellas Artes of Madrid.

[239] See Vincente Lamperez y Romea, Notas sobre algunos Monumentos de la Arquitectura Christiana EspaÑola. Madrid, 1904.

[240] “It is hard to believe,” remarks Lamperez, “as one compares this work with that of the PÓrtico de Gloria, that three centuries elapsed between their construction.”

[241] Montalembert.

[242] Borrow, op. cit., mentions this bridge,—“we reached a long and ruinous bridge, seemingly of great antiquity, ... the bridge of Don Alonso. It crossed a species of creek or rather firth, for the sea was at no considerable distance; the small town of Noya lay to our right” (he should have written left).

[243] Local authorities have many times assured me that there is no trace of the Basque language or people in Galicia.

[244] Aguiar, op. cit., says of this village: “Este memoria es antiquisima aun cuando fuere alge posterior su imposition en Galicia Á la existencia del 5te rey de Lacedemonia que fuÉ dictio Argalo cerca 1400 B.C.”

[245] See MonografÍa de Galicia, 1905.

[246] The Gallegans invariably use the name “America” where we should say “South America.”

[247] Pontevedra was made the capital of the province by Royal Charter in 1833. See Villa-Amil, Iglesias Gallegas.

[248] See EspaÑa Sagrada, vol. xix.

[249] Fidel Fita thought that two Roman roads met here.

[250] See Villa-Amil, op. cit.; and Casto Sampedro, Coleccion de documentos e inscripciones para la historia de Pontevedra, p. 218, vol. ii., 1897.

[251] Lopez Ferreiro calls this edifice the perla del arte Gallega.

[252] This curious little book is an extract from the Hakluyt MS.

[253] SeÑor Sampedro hopes shortly to publish further particulars.

[254] By Bishop Juan Lopez. See full particulars in Villa-Amil (op. cit.).

[255] See Narrative of the Embassy, by Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo, 1403 A.D. Translated by C. Markham, 1859.

[256] See preface to Voyages of Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa to the Straits of Magellan, translated 1895. Sir Clements Markham states that Sarmiento was born at Alcala de Henares in 1532, but that he was brought up in his father’s house at Pontevedra.

[257] SeÑor Casto Sampedro tells me it is without doubt the very same house.

[258] Published in 1904.

[259] See Les Origines de la France. The Marquis de Ayerbe occupies the post of Spanish Minister to Portugal.

[260] See J. H. Rivett Carnac, article in Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, 1903.

[261] See Prehistoric Phares, by Hodder M. Westropp, 1872.

[262] See Sir J. T. Simpson, Ancient Sculpturing of Cups and Concentric Rings, 1867.

[263] See Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 1892-93.

[264] See his Letters from Spain and Portugal, 1797.

[265] See Chapter I., also T. Rice Holmes, Ancient Britain and the Invasions of Julius CÆsar (1907), p. 483.

[266] See EspaÑa Sagrada, vol. xxii. (It was this hero who wounded Mars and Venus.)

[267] See Villa-Amil, Iglesias Gallegas.

[268] Villa-Amil has seen documents proving that the Dominicans only acquired its site in 1498, so that it must have been begun after that date.

[269] See A. D. Casanova, Iglesias Medioevales de Tuy, 1907.

[270] Lamperez thinks it was begun in 1100, and constructed very slowly.

[271] See Casanova.

[272] See Ford.

[273] See Benito F. Alonso, El Pontificado Gallego, 1897.

[274] Benito F. Alonso gives these particulars on p. 234 of El Pontificado Gallego, but on p. 60 of the same work he speaks of Eufemia as a martyr of the fourth century.

[275] See Benito F. Alonso, op. cit.

[276] Op. cit.

[277] See HÜbner, and article by A. Vazquez NuÑez in Orense ArchÆological Journal.

[278] For an account of the longer excursions that should be taken from Orense, see Chapter on the Great Monasteries of Galicia in this volume.

[279] Greco was the painter who, of all others, had the greatest influence over Velasquez.

[280] The Counts of Lemos were at one time the most powerful nobles in Galicia.

[281] See his Les Celts depuis les temps les plus anciens, Paris, 1904.

[282] See Miquel Garcia y Teyeiro, Lugo, 1906.

[283] Op. cit.

[284] See his article in Mureo EspaÑola de Antiquidades.

[285] See Photograph in Chapter on Noya.

[286] “Segundo Congreso Eucaristico espaÑol.”

[287] See article by Dr. Eladio Oviedo published in La MaÑana, CoruÑa, 1890.

[288] This inclination is also visible from the outside, which is not the case at Sar.

[289] See Monografis de Galicia, 1905.

[290] William Jacob, Travels in the South of Spain, 1811.

[291] Fundacion, antiquedad, y progressos del Imperial Monasterio de nuestra SeÑora de Ossera (Osera).

[292] “El sitio es una montana cuyas inascesibles cuestes, y empeÑados siscos causa horror al que las mira” (op. cit.).

[293] See EspaÑa Segrada, vol. xvii.

[294] See Tumbo del Monasterio de Osera, folio 195.

[295] See MonografÍa Geografico-historica de Galicia, 1905.

[296] See Arturo Vazquez, op. cit.

[297] See Villa-Amil, op. cit.

[298] This poet has migrated to Cuba.

[299] See Ambrosio Morales, op. cit.

[300] This kind of building was much used by the Romans, who called it “Incertum opus,” the stones being small and unhewn.—See Parker.

[301] Quoted by Villa-Amil in Iglesias Gallegan.

[302] See Arturo Vazquez NuÑez, La Arquitectura Cristina en la provencia de Orense, 1894, where the full wording of the paragraph is given. The same writer also remarks that in the time of Adozno there was a duplex monastery at Santa Comba, and that Adozno fell in love with the abbess, but eventually repented and expiated his sin.

[303] See Labrada.

[304] Two English brothers named Benjamin set up some machinery in the town of Pontevedra about the same time, but their enterprise did not meet with success.

[305] Ford wrote: “The treading out of the fruit is generally done by night, because it is then cooler, and in order to avoid as much as possible the plague of wasps by whom the half-naked operators are liable to be stung.”

[306] Water, 1 litre:

Acido carbonico libre 0,983 gramos.

Bicarbonatado de sosa 2,284 “

Idem de potasa 0,199 “

Idem de cal 0,156 “

Idem de magnesia 0,041 “

Idem de hierro 0,037 “

Cloruro de sodio 0,148 “

Silice 0,069 “

Lithina —Indicios.

ArsÉnico

Estronciana

Yodo

Doctor Isidro Pondal.

[307] Buscar su madre Gallega.

[308] “Her earliest success was a prize essay on FeijoÓ, 1876, ... her foundation of a critical review, the Nuevo Teatro Critico, written entirely by herself, showed confidence and enterprise, and enabled her to propagate her eclectic views on life and art. It is as a naturalistic novelist that SeÑora Pardo BazÁn is generally known” (James Fitzmaurice Kelly, in A History of Spanish Literature, 1898). The great Benedictine, FeijoÓ, was also a native of Galicia.

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