1. Historical reason. We have states now because we had such organizations at the time this government was established. The colonies, founded at different times, under different auspices, by people differing in religion, politics, and material interests, remained largely independent of each other during colonial times, and on separating from England became independent states.

2. Geographical reason. Different climatic and topographic conditions give rise to different industries, and therefore necessitate different regulations or laws.

3. Theoretical reason. The theory of our government is that of decentralization of power.[Footnote: There being a constant tendency to centralization, this thought should be emphasized. See Nordhoff's Politics for Young Americans. (71)] That is, we think it best to keep power as near as possible to the people. If a certain work can be accomplished fairly by individual enterprise, we prefer that it be done so rather than through any governmental agency. If work can be done by the town just as well as by the county, we assign it to the town. And as between the state and the general government, we assign no duty to the latter which can be performed as well by the former.

4. Practical reasons. There are many practical reasons. Among them may be mentioned the following:

We need the state as a basis for the apportionment of members of congress. This is a federal republic, and representation in the national councils can be had only through statehood.

We need the state to establish a system of education, to control corporations, to put down riots when the local authorities cannot do so, to establish the smaller organizations, etc. These are some of the things referred to in paragraph three, which the state can do better than the general government.

There is in the state also a high court of justice to which cases may be appealed from the courts below.

HOW STATES ARE CREATED.

The "old thirteen" originated in revolution. They declared themselves "free and independent states," and maintained the declaration by force of arms. Each became a state "in the Union" by ratifying the constitution. Under the constitution states have been admitted into the Union on terms prescribed by congress. The plan in general is as follows:

1. When the number of people in a territory equals or nearly equals the number required to secure a representative in congress, the inhabitants thereof may petition congress, through their delegate, for an act authorizing the formation of a state government.

2. If the petition is granted, an "enabling act" is passed. This usually defines the territory to be comprised in the new state, provides for the calling of a constitutional convention, requires that the state government to be framed shall be republican in form, states the number of representatives in congress which the state shall have until the next census, and offers a number of propositions for acceptance or rejection by the convention. Among these are proposals giving land for the support of common schools and of a university, and for the erection of public buildings; and offering a portion of the net proceeds of the sale of public lands within the state for internal improvements. These offers are conditioned upon non-interference on the part of the state with the holding and selling by the United States of the lands within the state owned by the general government, and their exemption from taxation. The enabling act for Minnesota is given in the appendix, pp. 355-8. It is in a large measure typical. Students in most of the states can find the enabling act for their state in the legislative manual thereof.

Michigan, Kansas and Oregon formed their constitutions without an enabling act.

3. The constitutional convention provided for in the enabling act, having ascertained that it is the wish of the people to form a state, frames a constitution and submits it to the people of the proposed state for adoption.

4. If it is adopted, [Footnote: Wisconsin rejected the constitution of 1846, and New York that of 1867.] copies of the constitution are sent to the president and to each house of congress.

5. If the constitution framed is in accordance with our institutions, it is accepted and the state is admitted. [Footnote: The acts of congress of 1866 and 1867, admitting Colorado, were both vetoed by president Andrew Johnson.]

Kentucky, West Virginia, Maine, California and Texas became states in the
Union without having been territories. The first two were detached from
Virginia, and the third from Massachusetts, and admitted at once as
states. California and Texas had been independent states before admission.

As typical of the mode of restoring the southern states to their old place in the Union, the act restoring Tennessee is given on page 358.