Lincoln's Plan of Reconstruction

INDEX

Charles H. McCarthy

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Brandegee, Augustus, 342

Brazos, battle of, 50

Breckenridge, John C., election of, 316

Bright, Hon. John, Sumner’s letters to, 200, 290

Brooks, James, inquiry of, 225

Brown, B. Gratz, substitute of, 264;

amendment of, 272

Brown John, 142

Brown, William G., bill of, 113;

remarks on admission of West Virginia, 114

Brownlow, William G., 7;

unites in call for convention, 21, 29;
nomination of, 31;
election of, 32;
Mr. Johnson’s dispatch to, 414;
remarks on negro suffrage, 416;
policy recommended by, 417

Brownson, Orestes, theory of State suicide summarized by, 210

Bryant, William Cullen, 150

Buchanan, James, election of, 316

Buell, General Don Carlos, army of, 3, 10, 19;

treatment of fugitive slaves by, 158

Bullett, Cuthbert, Lincoln’s letter to, 39

Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands. See Freedmen’s Bureau

Burke, Edmund, 200

Burnside, General Ambrose E., 150

Butler, General Benjamin F., 33;

investigation of, 38, 39;
relieved from command, 40;
Lincoln’s letter to, 44;
new department assigned to, 133;
Pierpont criticised by, 134;
Attorney-General criticised by, 135;
Lincoln’s letter to, 136;
department of Virginia commanded by, 143;
fugitive slaves arrive at camp of, 144, 147;
legal defence of attitude toward slaves, 146

Caldwell, A. B., 128

California, Upper, 12;

admission of, 13;
first election in, 350

Cameron, Simon, Butler’s treatment of slaves approved by, 146

Campbell, John A., commissioner to Hampton Roads conference, 393, 395

Campbell, William B., election of, 415

Canby, General E. R. S., Lincoln’s letter to, 402

Carey, John B., fugitive slave law pleaded by, 144

Carlile, John S., 98;

election of, 103;
admission of, to United States Senate, 104;
speech on admission of West Virginia, 93;
the Wheeling, 99, 104;
ordinances of the Wheeling, 100;
the Wheeling votes on dismemberment, 101;
the Wheeling adjourns, 101, 107;
the Wheeling authorizes formation of new State, 105;
slavery in the Wheeling, 107;
meeting of the Baltimore Union, 167;
revolutionary character of the Wheeling, 468

Conventions, the reconstruction, character of, 468;

irregularity of those called under Presidential plan, 469;
why Congress should have called, 470;
character and work of those called by President Johnson, 470;
origin would not affect work of, if acquiesced in, 472

Conway, Martin, speech on West Virginia by, 113

Cooper, Edmund, election of, 415

Cooper Union, Lincoln’s address in, 1;

relief meeting in, 150

Cottman, Thomas, 48;

election of, 56;
Lincoln’s letter to, 64

Cotton States, aid from border States expected by, 161

Cowan, Edgar, on admission of Mr. Segar, 139;

remarks on electoral vote of Louisiana, 330, 332;
inquiry of, concerning electoral votes, 338

Cox, Samuel S., reconstruction speech of, 252

Crane, Samuel, 128

Cravens, James A., reconstruction speech of, 249

Creole, The, 6

Crisfield, John W., interview with Lincoln reported by, 163

Crittenden, John J., speech on West Virginia by, 116

Crittenden Resolution, introduction of, 220;

Mr. Strouse refers to, 249

Cruisers, Confederate, 50

Curtin, Governor Andrew G., 98

Cutler, R. King, Senator-elect from Louisiana, 76, 343, 424

Davis, Garrett, admission of West Virginia Senators opposed by, 128;

resolutions of, 210

Davis, Henry Winter, remarks on Louisiana election, 58;

amendment of, 225;
chairman of Committee on Rebellious States, 226;
reconstruction address of, 226;
on Southern loyalists, 231;
on modes of establishing republican governments, 232;
Thirteenth Amendment approved by, 232;
policy of Lincoln criticised by, 232;
protest of against policy of Lincoln, 279;
character of, 283;
defeat of, for renomination, 284;
postponement of Ashley’s bill opposed by, 458;
William L. Sharkey appointed Provisional Governor by, 459;
appointment of provisional governors by, 459;
telegram to Governor Sharkey, 461;
attitude of Congress characterized by, 461;
Governor Sharkey’s reorganization of militia approved by, 462;
Mississippi people trusted by, 463;
change in sentiments of, 463, 488;
General Slocum directed to revoke order by, 463;
proceedings in reconstruction conventions directed by, 465;
organization of a police force for Georgia approved by, 466;
policy toward Congress unknown in the South, 483;
prompt acquiescence of South in policy of, 486;
reconstruction theory similar to Lincoln’s, 487;
falling back from Lincoln’s plan, 487;
Lincoln’s Cabinet retained by, 488;
change of attitude of, 489;
influence of Seward upon, 489;
movement to procure resignation from Vice-Presidency, 489;
limitations of, 490;
reconstruction work of, not marked by originality, 491;
negro suffrage, 494

Johnson, Bradish, 48

Johnson, Herschel V., election of, 465

Johnson, James, appointment of, 459, 465

Johnson, James M., election of, 91;

proposed compensation to, 342;
election of, 412

Johnson, Reverdy, in New Orleans, 38;

on electoral vote of Louisiana, 335;
on President’s message, 339;
remarks on recognition of Louisiana, 370;
Sumner’s argument with, 374;
remarks on negro suffrage, 378;
recognition of Arkansas and Louisiana favored by, 378

Johnson, R. W., secession of, 91

Johnston, General Joseph E., retires to Murfreesboro, 11

Jones, Hon. Ira P., 12

Jordan, Warren, 27

Kanawha, proposed State of, 105;

change in name of, 107

Kearney, General Stephen W., 12

Kelley, William D., reconstruction speech of, 252, 291;

proposes amendment of Ashley’s bill, 312;
Field’s assault of, 342

Kernan, Francis, bill of Mr. Wilson criticised by, 312

Kimball, General, 86

King, Preston, Mr. Johnson influenced by, 441

Kingwood, Va., Union meeting at, 99

Kitchen, Benjamin M., Representative-elect, 131;

denied admission to Congress, 133

Knoxville, early capital of Tennessee, 224

Louisiana, effect of Union victories in, 10;

enrolling agent sent to, 27;
secession spirit in, 36;
secession of, 36;
prosperity at the beginning of the war, 36;
treasury of, 37;
citizens of, in Confederate army, 37;
blockade of ports in, 37;
attitude toward Richmond government, 37;
loyalists of, 37;
secessionists of, intimidated, 38;
activity of Unionists in, 38;
necessity of courts in, 40;
courts established in, 41;
court of record for, 42;
Supreme Court of, 43;
Lincoln urges restoration of, 44;
Union associations request an election, 45;
proclamation for an election in, 45;
members of Congress elected in, 46;
vote cast in, 46;
admission of Representatives to Congress, 46;
named as one of the rebellious States, 47;
parishes excepted from emancipation proclamation, 47;
disagreement among Unionists of, 47;
enrollment of citizens in, 48;
Lincoln visited by committee from, 48;
reorganization interrupted, 49;
portion covered by Union arms, 50;
Lincoln urges reconstruction of, 52;
condition of, 53;
amended constitution of 1852 destroyed by rebellion, 54;
voting in, 55;
franchise asked by free negroes, 55;
credentials of Representatives from, 56;
suppression of election in, 56;
constitution altered by General Shepley, 58;
citizens from, in Union army, 60;
General Banks to order an election in, 61, 64;
Banks on reconstruction in, 66;
Banks fixes date of election for, 67;
constitution modified by proclamation of General Banks, 68;
provision for voting of loyalists in, 69;
election in, 70;
protest against election in, 70;
Hahn inaugurated Governor, 72;
civil subordinate to military power, 73;
Free State leaders unite with Radicals in Congress, 74;
election in, 74;
vote on constitution, 75;
Legislature chosen in, 76;
Presidential electors appointed for, 76, 195;
Senators elected by, 76;
government of, not recognized by Congress, 76;
electoral vote of, 129, 314;
radicals propose to recognize government of, 305;
Ashley explains compromise, 306;
Henry Winter Davis speaks on, 306;
Mr. Davis’s last words in Congress on, 310;
Mr. Wilson’s bill, 311;
revival of Ashley’s bill on, 312;
defects of Presidential plan of, 358;
Howard’s speech on, 358;
Reverdy Johnson’s remarks on, 370;
Sumner proposes conditions of, 376;
remarks of Senator Clark, 376;
remarks of Senator Pomeroy, 377, 378;
Presidential plan of, ignored by Congress, 385;
Lincoln’s conditions for effecting, 395, 397;
Lincoln’s letter to General Hurlbut on, 401;
Lincoln’s letter to General Canby, 402;
Lincoln’s last words on, 403;
culmination of Presidential plan of, 407;
President Johnson’s policy of, endorsed by Democratic convention, 420;
views of Louisiana Republicans on, 422;
Andrew Johnson’s views of, in 1864, 438;
Johnson under no obligation to accept Lincoln’s plan of, 447;
Mr. Johnson’s policy of, 449;
steps to, in Mississippi, 458;
obstacles to, in Texas, 467;
conventions called under Presidential plan, 468;
course of Confederate governors relative to, 469;
Lincoln’s intention to employ Confederate legislatures in work of, 470;
expected results of, 473;
prediction of Henry Winter Davis relative to, 473;
enemies of Union entrusted with, 486;
Lincoln opposed a loose system of, 486;
Lincoln’s and Johnson’s theories identical, 487;
organizations effected under Lincoln different from “Johnson governments,” 487;
Johnson’s original policy of, 488;
acts of Congress suspend governments established under Presidential plan, 489;
Joint Committee on, 490;
Presidential plan examined, 491;
the suffrage in the Presidential system of, 494;
precedent conditions for returning States, 494;
Senator Henderson’s letter on Lincoln’s plan, 495

Rector, Governor, call for troops, 81;

threat of seceding from Confederacy, 82;
flight of, 82

Red River, General Taylor retires to, 50

Republican electoral ticket, none offered for suffrage of Tennesseeans in 1860, 7

Republican form of government, Sumner’s resolutions relative to, 196;

position that war was fought to fulfil guaranty of, untenable, 209;
Henry Winter Davis on, 228;
duty of Congress to guarantee, 228;
Mr. Davis on modes of establishing, 232;
Fernando Wood on, 251;
Pendleton on, 237;
anti-slavery amendment recommended to consideration of Congress, 287;
Congress passes joint resolution relative to, 288;
restoration useless with, 352;
sentiments of Massachusetts and South Carolina on, 375;
not affected by emancipation proclamation in certain States, 384;
Congress passes anti-slavery amendment, 384;
amendment ratified by 20 States, 384;
Arkansas abolishes, 410;
Virginia abolishes, 425;
abolition an injury to slave owners, 433;
North Carolina abolishes, 454;
Mississippi abolishes, 460;
Georgia abolishes, 466

Slaves, bred in Virginia, 94;

number in Virginia, 94;
in western Virginia, 95;
policy of commanders relative to fugitive, 144, 145, 158, 159;
declared contraband of war, 146;
compensated emancipation of, 153;
colonization of, 153;
abandoned by masters, 160;
to organize labor of abandoned, 160;
General Hunter proclaims freedom of, 168;
Lincoln asserts right to emancipate, 168;
employment of, 169;
confiscation of property in, 179;
proposed emancipation of, 182;
Stevens on employment of, against United States, 212;
abandoned lands to be colonized by, 385

Slidell, John, resignation from United States Senate, 423

Slocum, General, organization of Mississippi retarded by, 462;

orders of, revoked by President, 463

Smith, Caleb B., resignation of, 119

Smith, Charles, Senator-elect from Louisiana, 76, 343

Smith, General E. Kirby, 50

Smith, Governor William, nullity of acts of, 445

Snow, William D., election of, 91

Society, civil not necessarily identical with political, 354;

political liable to reduction, 354;
political may be reduced by loss of citizenship, 354

South Carolina, martial law proclaimed over, 168;

Stevens on secession ordinance of, 215;
Boutwell would exclude from restored Union, 256;
insurrection in, 314;
sentiments on slavery, 375;
damage sustained by, 435;
Mr. Johnson receives citizens of, 443;
revolutionary character of convention, 469

Southern States, reorganization of, premature, 230;

black code of, 293;
an asylum for broken-down politicians, 297;
proposed taxation of, 297;
power of Congress over, 431;
acts of secession authorities void, 445;
acts of Congress to be enforced in, 446;
Alexandria ceases to be capital of, 446

Wade, Benjamin F., bill for admission of West Virginia reported by, 110;

remarks on admission of West Virginia, 111;
reconstruction bill reported by, 264;
address of, 264;
protest of, with Henry Winter Davis, 279;
character of, 283;
on electoral vote of Louisiana, 333;
remonstrance offered by, 343;
postponement of Trumbull’s resolution moved by, 378;
motion to postpone, defeated, 379;
Louisiana election criticised by, 381

Wade-Davis bill, House of Representatives passes, 262;

Senate passes, 273;
President’s action on, 273;
President’s proclamation concerning, 277;
revival of, 290;
no provision for negro suffrage in, 494

War, expenses of, 161;

condition of cessation of, 161, 397;
obligations between States abrogated by, 214;
Crittenden resolution on objects of, 221;
objects of, 364;
vindictiveness engendered by, 393

Ward, Artemus, 186

War Department, application of part of contingent fund of, 43

Warmoth, Henry C., election of, 422;

elements of political strength possessed by, 423

Washburne, Elihu B., remarks of, 342

Webster, Daniel, prediction of, 126

Welles, Gideon, on admission of West Virginia, 122;

Lincoln broaches emancipation to, 178;
quotation from diary of, 178;
narrative of, 188

Wells, J. Madison, proclamation of, 418;

General Banks not in harmony with, 418;
address of, 419;
qualifications of voters defined by, 420

Wells, T. M., seat in Congress claimed by, 341

Wellsburgh, meeting at, 97;

appointment of commissioners by, 98;
arms and ammunition stored at, 98

West Virginia, Congress admits Senators from, 104, 193;

prosecution of war favored by, 104;
stay law passed by, 104;
of revolutionary origin, 105;
convention for, 107;
slavery in, 107;
vote on constitution, 109;
vote on emancipation, 110;
Senate bill for admission of, 110<
1.McPherson’s Political History of the United States, p. 1.

2.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., pp. 389–399; “Parson” Brownlow’s Book, pp. 54, 159, 160; Lalor’s Cyclopedia of Political Science, Political Economy and United States History, Vol. III. p. 698.

3.Letters and State Papers of Abraham Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 112. The edition of Nicolay and Hay is used throughout.

4.The Loyal Mountaineers of Tennessee, p. 24.

5.More correctly, 301,056. Ibid.

6.The Loyal Mountaineers of Tennessee, p. 32.

7.Ibid.

8.Thirty years before President Lincoln published his Emancipation Proclamation Great Britain abolished slavery throughout her colonies. Naturally this action was viewed in no friendly spirit by the slave interest in America, for it brought the free negro to the very door of the Southern States, and though it was regarded as a menace to the “peculiar institution,” it was not until a positive loss was sustained that any controversy arose with England. In October, 1841, the brig Creole, of Richmond, with a cargo of 135 slaves left Hampton Roads for New Orleans. The negroes, under Madison Washington, killed one of the owners, took possession of the vessel and steered her into the port of Nassau. There those slaves not expressly charged with murder were set at liberty, and though the administration demanded their surrender they were not given up. The experience of the Creole was not singular, several cases of a similar nature being recorded. These facts showed the danger of navigating the Bahama channel after 1833, and at least one reason for preferring the overland route down the Tennessee valley was an expectation of avoiding such accidents.—(See Wilson’s Rise and Fall of the Slave Power, Vol. I. pp. 443–444; Lalor’s Cyclopedia of Political Science, etc., Vol. I. pp. 709–710.)

9.Brownlow’s Book, p. 52.

10.The Loyal Mountaineers of Tennessee, pp. 80–81.

11.Brownlow’s Book, p. 67.

12.Art. I. sec. 10, Constitution of the United States.

13.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 5.

14.Misc. Doc. No. 55, H. of R., 1 Sess. 39th Cong., p. 5.

15.Why The Solid South? p. 170.

16.Cutt’s Conquest of California and New Mexico, p. 246.

17.Statesman’s Manual, Vol. IV. p. 1742.

18.Ibid.

19.The Lost Cause, p. 209.

20.Ann. Cycl., 1862, p. 763.

21.Life and Speeches of Andrew Johnson, pp. 451–456. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1866.

22.Life, Speeches, and Services of Andrew Johnson, pp. 101–104. Philadelphia: T. B. Peterson & Brothers.

23.Memorial Addresses on the Life and Character of Andrew Johnson, pp. 76–80; Memoir by Frank Moore, pp. xxvi-xxvii in Life and Speeches of Andrew Johnson. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.

24.Life of Andrew Johnson, pp. 98–101; Philadelphia: T. B. Peterson & Brothers.

25.Ann. Cycl., 1863, p. 828.

26.Letters and State Papers of Abraham Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 318.

27.Abraham Lincoln, A History by Nicolay & Hay, Vol. VIII. p. 440.

28.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 405.

29.History of Abraham Lincoln, by Isaac N. Arnold, p. 303.

30.Letters and State Papers of Abraham Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 408.

31.Ibid., p. 419.

32.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 443.

33.Art. I. sec. 5, Constitution of the U. S.

34.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 443–444.

35.Ibid., p. 486.

36.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 487.

37.Ibid., pp. 504–505.

38.Misc. Doc. No. 55, p. 5, H. of R., 1 Sess. 39th Cong.

39.Misc. Doc. No. 55, p. 9, H. of R., 1 Sess. 39th Cong.

40.Life of Andrew Johnson, pp. 159–160.

41.Life of Andrew Johnson, pp. 160–161. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1866.

42.McClure’s Lincoln and Men of War Times, pp. 106–108; Blaine’s Twenty Years of Congress, Vol. II. p. 7; Hamlin’s Life and Times of Hannibal Hamlin, pp. 449–489 and 591–615.

43.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., pp. 438–439.

44.Ibid., p. 425.

45.Ibid., p. 441.

46.For a discussion of this subject see Chapter IX.

47.Ann. Cycl., 1861, p. 427.

48.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 4n.

49.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 25; Ann. Cycl., 1861, p. 428.

50.Ann. Cycl., 1861, p. 432.

51.Ibid.

52.Taylor’s Destruction and Reconstruction, pp. 102–103.

53.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 1.

54.Ann. Cycl., 1863, p. 589.

55.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II., pp. 214–215; Ann. Cycl., 1862, p. 650.

56.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II., p. 216.

57.Ibid., pp. 217–218.

58.Ann. Cycl., 1863, p. 586.

59.Ann. Cycl., 1863, p. 586.

60.Ibid.

61.Ann. Cycl., 1863, p. 586.

62.Ann. Cycl., 1863, p. 587; Ibid., pp. 770–776. Scott’s Reconstruction During the Civil War, pp. 325–326, 328–331, 376.

63.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 247.

64.Ibid.

65.Ibid., p. 255.

66.Globe, Part I., 3 Sess. 37th Cong., p. 835.

67.Globe, Part I., 3 Sess. 37th Cong., pp. 831–837, 1030–1036.

68.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., pp. 228–229.

69.Blaine’s Twenty Years of Congress, Vol. II. p. 39; Nicolay and Hay’s Lincoln, Vol. VIII. p. 419.

70.Ann. Cycl., 1863, p. 589.

71.N. & H., Vol. VIII. p. 420.

72.Ann. Cycl., 1863, p. 590; Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 536.

73.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 356.

74.Ibid., pp. 214–215.

75.Ibid., p. 356.

76.Taylor’s Destruction and Reconstruction, ch. x; also the general history of military operations in the Red River country.

77.Bulloch’s Secret Service of the Confederate States in Europe, Vol. II. chs. i and ii.

78.N. & H., Vol. VIII. pp. 285–286; Conduct of the War, Vol. II. pp. 1–401 (passim).

79.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 380.

80.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 436.

81.Ann. Cycl., 1863, p. 591.

82.Ibid.

83.Ann. Cycl., 1863, pp. 591–592.

84.Globe, Part I., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 5–6.

85.Globe, Part I., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 411–415, 543–547.

86.See pp. 24–28 ante.

87.Ann. Cycl., 1863, pp. 592–593.

88.Globe, Part I., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 543.

89.Ann. Cycl., 1863, p. 590.

90.Ann. Cycl., 1863, p. 591.

91.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 458–459.

92.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 465–466.

93.N. & H., Vol. VIII. pp. 428–430.

94.Ibid., p. 469.

95.Ann. Cycl., 1863, p. 592.

96.Ann. Cycl., 1863, pp. 592–593.

97.Ann. Cycl., 1864, p. 476.

98.Ibid.

99.Ann. Cycl., 1864, p. 476.

100.N. & H., Vol. VIII. pp. 432–433.

101.Ann. Cycl., 1863, pp. 593–594.

102.Ann. Cycl., 1864, p. 477.

103.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 496.

104.Twenty Years of Congress, Vol. II. p. 40.

105.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 498.

106.Ann. Cycl., 1864, p. 478.

107.Ibid.

108.Ann. Cycl., 1864, pp. 478–479.

109.Ibid.

110.Ibid., p. 479.

111.Ann. Cycl., 1864, p. 479.

112.Ibid.

113.Ann. Cycl., 1861, p. 22.

114.Ibid.

115.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 4.

116.Ann. Cycl., 1861, p. 22.

117.Ibid.

118.Ibid., p. 23.

119.Ibid., pp. 23–24.

120.Ann. Cycl., 1861, p. 24.

121.Ibid.

122.Ann. Cycl., 1861, p. 24.

123.Ibid.

124.Ibid.

125.Ann. Cycl., 1861, p. 25.

126.Ibid.

127.Ibid.

128.Ibid., 1862, p. 11.

129.Ann. Cycl., 1862, p. 11.

130.Ibid.

131.Ibid.

132.N. & H., Vol. VI. p. 346.

133.Ann. Cycl., 1863, p. 15.

134.Ann. Cycl., 1863, p. 15.

135.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 379.

136.Ibid., p. 247.

137.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 467.

138.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 472–473.

139.Ann. Cycl., 1864, p. 29; Hough’s American Constitutions, Vol. II. p. 81.

140.Quoted in N. & H., Vol. VIII. p. 414.

141.Hough’s Amer. Cons., Vol. II. p. 81.

142.Ann. Cycl., 1864, p. 29.

143.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 475.

144.Ibid., p. 476.

145.Ibid., p. 479.

146.Ibid., p. 482.

147.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 483–484.

148.Ann. Cycl., 1864, pp. 29–30.

149.Ibid., p. 30.

150.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 501.

151.Ibid., p. 515.

152.Ann. Cycl., 1864, p. 30.

153.See remarks of Senator Pomeroy, February 2, 1865, Congressional Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 555.

154.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 7.

155.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 7n.

156.Eighth Census, pp. 516–522.

157.Density maps in Tenth Census (Population), pp. xii-xiii, xiv-xv, xvi-xvii.

158.Blair in Appendix to Globe, pp. 327–331, 2 Sess. 37th Cong.; Eighth Census, pp. 516–522; Seventh Census, pp. 242–261.

159.Parker, The Formation of West Virginia, p. 125.

160.Globe, 2 Sess. 37th Cong., p. 3038.

161.Ann. Cycl., 1861, pp. 743–744.

162.The Formation of West Virginia, p. 36.

163.The Formation of West Virginia, p. 42.

164.Ann. Cycl., 1861, pp. 742–743.

165.The Formation of West Virginia, p. 43.

166.Ibid.

167.Ann. Cycl., 1861, p. 743; The Formation of West Virginia, p. 45, gives the oath in a form slightly different.

168.Ann. Cycl., 1861, p. 743.

169.Ann. Cycl., 1862, p. 801.

170.Mr. A. W. Campbell in The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer, April 14, 1897.

171.Globe, 1 Sess. 37th Cong., pp. 103–109.

172.The Formation of West Virginia, pp. 47–48.

173.The Formation of West Virginia, pp. 48–50; also Ann. Cycl., 1861, p. 745.

174.The Formation of West Virginia, p. 57.

175.The Formation of West Virginia, p. 79.

176.Ibid., p. 93.

177.The Formation of West Virginia, p. 96, says 16,981 for and 441 against the constitution. The Annual CyclopÆdia for 1862, p. 801, gives the vote as 18,862 in favor of, and 514 against, the constitution. Poore’s Charters and Constitutions, Vol. II. p. 1977, is the authority for the statement in the text.

178.Globe, Part III., 2 Sess. 37th Cong., p. 864; Part IV., pp. 2941–2942, 3034–3039, 3134–3135, 3307–3320.

179.Globe, 2 Sess. 37th Cong., p. 2933.

180.Ibid., p. 3397.

181.Globe, Part I., 3 Sess. 37th Cong., pp. 37–38.

182.Globe, Part I., 3 Sess. 37th Cong., pp. 38–39, 41–42.

183.Globe, Part I., 3 Sess. 37th Cong., pp. 43–45.

184.Ibid., p. 46.

185.Ibid., pp. 46–47.

186.Globe, Part I., 3 Sess. 37th Cong., p. 48.

187.Globe, Part I., 3 Sess. 37th Cong., pp. 50–51.

188.Ibid., p. 35.

189.Globe, Part I., 3 Sess. 37th Cong., pp. 54–55.

190.Ibid., p. 59.

191.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 283.

192.Quoted in N. & H., Vol. VI. pp. 300–301.

193.Quoted in N. & H., Vol. VI. pp. 302–303.

194.Ibid., p. 304.

195.Quoted in N. & H., Vol. VI. pp. 304–306.

196.See pp. 105–106 ante.

197.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 285–287.

198.The Formation of West Virginia, p. 152.

199.Ibid., pp. 192–193.

200.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 326.

201.Webster’s Works, Vol. II. pp. 607–608.

202.By a joint resolution, approved March 10, 1866, Congress agreed that both counties formed a part of West Virginia. The parent State, however, by an act of December 5, 1865, had already repealed both the statutes of January 31 and February 4, 1863, as well as section two of the act of May 13, 1862; and on December 11, 1866, a bill in equity was filed in the Supreme Court of the United States in which it was contended that it was not the intention of that State to consent to the annexation of Berkeley and Jefferson counties except upon the performance of certain conditions; the state of the county on election day was such as not to permit the opening of all the polls in Berkeley and Jefferson, nor indeed at any considerable part of the usual election places. The voters did not have adequate notice. In short, a great majority of them were then and now, December, 1866, opposed to annexation. Other irregularities are alleged in the complaint of Virginia. A decision, however, has been rendered by the Supreme Court of the United States in favor of the new Commonwealth. [See Virginia vs. West Virginia, 11 Wall., p. 39; also Transcripts of Records, Supreme Court U. S., Vol. 152, December Term, 1870.]

203.Notwithstanding the new State had been organized by a law which passed both Houses of Congress, and was approved by the President, Mr. Davis, of Kentucky, when the members-elect presented themselves before the Senate, opposed their admission on the ground that there was legally and constitutionally no such State in existence as West Virginia. On his motion to administer the customary oath thirty-six Senators voted in the affirmative, five in the negative. [Globe, 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 1–3.]

204.A History of Presidential Elections, Stanwood, pp. 246–247. Edition of 1884.

205.Ann. Cycl., 1864, p. 809.

206.Butler’s Book, p. 618.

207.N. & H., Abraham Lincoln, A History, Vol. IX. pp. 439–442.

208.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 619–621.

209.Ibid., p. 623.

210.Why The Solid South? p. 222.

211.Ann. Cycl., 1864, p. 810.

212.Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 845–849.

213.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 209.

214.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 1.

215.Addresses and Papers of Edward L. Pierce, pp. 20–25.

216.Addresses and Papers of E. L. Pierce, p. 26.

217.McPherson’s Pol. Hist. p. 244.

218.Ibid.

219.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 244.

220.Ibid., p. 245.

221.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 235n.

222.Addresses and Papers of E. L. Pierce, p. 29.

223.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 245.

224.Appendix, Globe, 1 Sess. 37th Cong., p. 42.

225.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 245.

226.Ibid., pp. 245–246.

227.General Anderson had telegraphed President Lincoln that an entire company of Kentucky soldiers had laid down their arms upon hearing of Fremont’s action.

228.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 77.

229.Ibid., pp. 78–79.

230.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., pp. 247–248.

231.Ibid., p. 248.

232.N. Y. Tribune, November 8, 1861.

233.Letters and State Papers of Abraham Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 90.

234.Ibid.

235.Ann. Cycl., 1861, p. 646.

236.First Annual Message, December 3, 1861. McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 134; Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 102–103.

237.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 249.

238.Letters and State Papers of Abraham Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 91.

239.See “Journal of the Senate of the State of Delaware, At a Special Session of the General Assembly, Commenced and held at Dover, on Monday, the 25th day of November, 1861.”

240.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 250.

241.Ibid., p. 248.

242.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 250.

243.Ibid.

244.Ibid., p. 251.

245.Addresses and Papers of E. L. Pierce, p. 87; also Letters and State Papers of Abraham Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 126.

246.Letters and State Papers of Abraham Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 129.

247.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 129–130.

248.Ann. Cycl., 1862, pp. 799–800.

249.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 132.

250.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 210.

251.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 133–135; also McPherson’s Pol. Hist., pp. 210–211.

252.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 137–138.

253.Ann. Cycl., 1862, pp. 346–347.

254.Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 37th Cong., p. 1496.

255.See p. 143, ante.

256.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., pp. 226–227.

257.The question of colonizing free blacks out of the United States engaged the attention of Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe, who had some correspondence on the subject at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Late in the year 1816 there was organized in the city of Washington the “National Colonization Society,” of which the expressed purpose was to encourage emancipation by procuring a place outside the United States, preferably in Africa, to which free negroes could be aided in emigrating. This, it was believed, would rid the South of its free colored population which had already become a nuisance. Until 1830 it was warmly supported everywhere, and branches of the society were established in nearly every State. In the South its purposes were furthered by James Madison, by Charles Carroll and by Henry Clay. Bushrod Washington became president of the association. Rufus King and President Harrison were among its friends in the North.

Though Texas and Mexico were looked upon as favorable places for locating a colony of free blacks, they were sent to the British possession of Sierra Leone. In 1821 a permanent location was purchased in Liberia. This settlement, with Monrovia as its capital, became independent in 1847. The American Colonization Society attracted little notice after the rise, about 1829–30, of those known as immediate abolitionists.

258.Letters and State Papers of Abraham Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 155.

259.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 251.

260.Ibid., p. 252.

261.Globe, Part III., 2 Sess. 37th Cong., p. 2068.

262.Ibid., p. 2618. Ibid., p. 2769.

263.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 233.

264.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 204–205.

265.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., pp. 214–217.

266.Ibid., pp. 217–218.

267.Ibid., p. 218.

268.Ibid., pp. 218–220.

269.Quoted in Nicolay and Hay’s Abraham Lincoln, A History. Vol. VI. p. 121 et seq.

270.Schuckers’ Life of Salmon Portland Chase, pp. 439–440.

271.Ibid., p. 440.

272.Shuckers’ Life of Chase, pp. 440–441.

273.Ibid., p. 441.

274.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 213.

275.Carpenter’s Six Months at the White House, pp. 21–22.

276.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 214.

277.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., pp. 231–232.

278.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 233.

279.Quoted in Schuckers’ Life of Chase, pp. 453–455.

280.The Galaxy, December, 1872, pp. 846–847.

281.Ibid., p. 847.

282.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 106.

283.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 129.

284.Ibid., p. 125.

285.See p. 73, ante.

286.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., pp. 322–323.

287.Memoir of Charles Sumner by E. L. Pierce, Vol. IV. pp. 74–75.

288.General Richard Taylor in Destruction and Reconstruction, p. 245.

289.Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, Vol. II. p. 114.

290.Memoir of Sumner by E. L. Pierce, Vol. IV. p. 143.

291.Mr. Sumner, notwithstanding this view, proposed to enact the Emancipation Proclamation into a law. See pp. 272–273 infra.

292.N. and H., Vol. IX. pp. 335–336.

293.In his Theory of our National Existence (passim) and in the American Law Review for January, 1865, Mr. John C. Hurd has much keen criticism of the reconstruction theories of Sumner and others.

294.Colloquy with Senator Doolittle, December 19, 1866, Cong. Globe, p. 192.

295.Brownson’s American Republic, p. 308.

296.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 323.

297.Mr. Davis is sometimes classed as a Unionist.

298.Globe, 1 Sess. 37th Cong., p. 414.

299.Globe, Part I., 3 Sess. 37th Cong., p. 238.

300.Globe, Part I., 1 Sess. 37th Cong., pp. 239–243.

301.Globe, Part I., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 317.

302.Texas vs. White, 7 Wall., p. 725.

303.See Chapter VII., pp. 257–261, infra.

304.Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 36th Cong., p. 857.

305.Globe, 1 Sess. 37th Cong., pp. 222–223.

306.Ibid., p. 258.

307.Globe, 1 Sess. 37th Cong., p. 259.

308.Ann. Cycl., 1862, p. 277.

309.See p. 23, ante.

310.Globe, Part I., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 33.

311.Globe, Part I., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 34.

312.Appendix, Part IV., Globe, 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 82–85; also Speeches and Addresses of Henry Winter Davis. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1867, pp. 368–383.

313.Globe, Part III., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 1970–1972.

314.Globe, Part III., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 1974–1981.

315.Ibid., pp. 1981–1983.

316.Globe, Part III., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 2002–2006.

317.Globe, Part III., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 2008.

318.Globe, Part III., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 2011–2014.

319.Globe, Part III., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 2038.

320.Globe, Part III., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 2039–2041.

321.Ibid., p. 2041.

322.Globe, Part III., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 2041–2042.

323.Ibid., p. 2043.

324.Globe, Part III., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 2071.

325.Globe, Part III., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 2073.

326.Ibid., p. 2074.

327.Globe, Part III., 1 Sess 38th Cong., p. 2078.

328.Globe, Part III., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 2095–2102.

329.Globe, Part III., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 2102–2105.

330.Globe, Part III., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 2105–2107.

331.Globe, Part III., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 2108.

332.Globe, Part IV., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 3448–3449.

333.Ibid., p. 3449.

334.Globe, Part IV., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp 3448–3450.

335.Globe, Part IV., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 3451–3453.

336.Ibid., p. 3460.

337.Globe, Part IV., 1 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 3461.

338.Ibid., p. 3491.

339.Diary of John Hay, quoted in Abraham Lincoln, A History, Vol. IX. pp. 120–122.

340.Pierce’s Memoir of Sumner, Vol. IV. pp. 57, 60, 83, 84, 106, 108, 130, etc.

341.Shuckers’ Life of Chase, pp. 440n, 442, 453, 495.

342.Letters and State Papers of Abraham Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 545; McPherson’s Pol. Hist., pp. 318–319.

343.Ann. Cycl., 1864, pp. 307–310n.

344.Twenty Years of Congress, Vol. II. p. 44.

345.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., p. 557.

346.McPherson’s Pol. Hist., pp. 555–558.

347.Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, Vol. III. p. 452.

348.Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 12–13.

349.Ibid., p. 234.

350.Pierce, Memoir of Charles Sumner, Vol. IV. p. 205.

351.Ibid., p. 221.

352.Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 281–291.

353.An interesting account of the imprisonment of colored seamen in the ports of South Carolina is given in The Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, Vol. I. pp. 576–586.

354.Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 298–301.

355.Ibid.

356.Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 934–937.

357.Ibid., pp. 937–939.

358.Appendix to Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 73–75.

359.Appendix to Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 75–83.

360.Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 968–969.

361.Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 969–970.

362.Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 970–971.

363.Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 997–1001.

364.Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 1002.

365.Ibid.

366.Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 505.

367.Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 533.

368.Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 534–535.

369.Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 535–536.

370.Ibid., p. 536.

371.Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 535–537.

372.Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 537, 548.

373.Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 548–549.

374.Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 549–550.

375.Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 550.

376.Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 550–551.

377.Ibid., pp. 551–552.

378.Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 553–554.

379.Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 554–555.

380.Ibid., pp. 555–556.

381.Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 556.

382.Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 557–558.

383.Ibid., p. 558.

384.Ibid.

385.Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 576–582.

386.Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 575.

387.Ibid., pp. 576–582.

388.Ibid., p. 582.

389.Ibid., p. 583.

390.Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 585.

391.Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 591.

392.Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 593.

393.Ibid., p. 594.

394.Ibid., pp. 594–595.

395.Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 595.

396.The subject of the counting of the electoral votes will be found in the Congressional Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 668–669.

397.Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 711.

398.Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 711.

399.Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 1395.

400.Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 971–974.

401.Ibid., p. 903.

402.Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 1011.

403.Ibid.

404.Ibid.

405.Globe, Part I., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 1061–1064.

406.While this chapter was in press an interesting letter from Senator Henderson informed the author that the Hon. Samuel Treat, of St. Louis, formerly Judge of the United States Court for the Eastern District of Missouri, is the distinguished jurist referred to in the text.

407.Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 1065–1070.

408.Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 1091.

409.In support of this view the Senator cited Penhallow’s Case, 3 Dallas, p. 94.

410.Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 1091–1095.

411.Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 1097.

412.Ibid.

413.Ibid., pp. 1095–1098.

414.Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 1099.

415.Ibid., pp. 1101–1102.

416.Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 1101–1102.

417.Ibid., p. 1102.

418.Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., pp. 1106–1107.

419.Ibid., p. 1107.

420.Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 1111.

421.Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 1128.

422.Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 1129.

423.Ibid.

424.Globe, Part II., 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 1129.

425.Globe, 2 Sess. 38th Cong., p. 141 (appendix).

426.Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln, by James R. Gilmore.

427.Gorham’s Life and Public Services of Edwin M. Stanton, Vol. II. pp. 148–153.

428.N. and H., Vol. X. pp. 101–102.

429.N. and H., Vol. X. p. 107.

430.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 644–645.

431.An interesting account of this entire subject will be found in Nicolay and Hay’s Lincoln, Vol. X. ch. VI.; see also Raymond’s Life of Lincoln, pp. 647–662.

432.The Lost Cause, pp. 684–685.

433.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 597–598.

434.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. pp. 616–617.

435.Why the Solid South? p. 1.

436.This recollection has been verified by correspondence with Col. A. K. McClure, the gentleman referred to.—Author.

437.Ex. Doc. No. 70, H. of R., 1 Sess. 39th Cong., p. 78.

438.Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 28.

439.Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 28.

440.Acts of the State of Tennessee, 1865, p. 33.

441.Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 779.

442.Ibid.

443.This election resulted in the choice of Nathaniel G. Taylor, Horace Maynard, Edmund Cooper, Isaac R. Hawkins, John W. Leftwich, William B. Stokes, William B. Campbell and Dorsey B. Thomas. The last named, however, was affected by the Governor’s recount, and Daniel W. Arnell, who was declared the successful candidate, was admitted to Congress with the other Tennessee Representatives on the 24th of July, 1866. See Why the Solid South? pp. 182–183.

444.Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 780.

445.Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 781.

446.Ibid.

447.Having been elected United States Senator, Mr. Hahn resigned the governorship on the 4th of March and was succeeded in office by Lieutenant-Governor Wells.

448.Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 510.

449.Globe, Part I., 1 Sess. 39th Cong., p. 101.

450.Three Decades of Federal Legislation, p. 429; also Why the Solid South? p. 397.

451.Poore’s Charters and Constitutions, Vol. II. p. 1938 et seq.

452.Letters and State Papers of Lincoln, Vol. II. p. 670.

453.Letter of Mrs. Anna Pierpont Siviter to the author.

454.Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 817.

455.Ibid.

456.Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 817.

457.McPherson’s Hand-Book of Politics, 1868, p. 46.

458.Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 800.

459.Twenty Years of Congress, Vol. II. pp. 9–11.

460.Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 800.

461.McPherson’s Pol. Hand-Book, 1868, pp. 45–46.

462.Ann. Cycl., 1865, pp. 801–802.

463.Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 802.

464.Letcher and Smith were Governors of Virginia during the war.

465.McPherson’s Pol. Hand-Book, 1868, p. 8.

466.Twenty Years of Congress, Vol. II. p. 70.

467.McPherson’s Pol. Hand-Book, 1868, pp. 10–11.

468.Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 626.

469.This ordinance was ratified by a vote of 20,506 to 2,002; Poore’s Charters and Constitutions, Vol. II. p. 1419n; also Three Decades of Federal Legislation, p. 385.

470.Ratified by 19,039 to 3,970 votes. Poore’s Charters and Constitutions, Vol. II. p. 1419n.

471.McPherson’s Pol. Hand-Book, 1868, p. 19.

472.Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, Vol. XXXII., p. 127.

473.Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 628.

474.McClure’s Magazine, Dec., 1899, p. 174.

475.The Provisional appointments were made in the following order: June 13, 1865, William L. Sharkey, Mississippi; June 17, James Johnson, Georgia, and Andrew J. Hamilton, Texas; June 21, Lewis E. Parsons, Alabama; June 30, Benjamin F. Perry, South Carolina; July 13, William Marvin, Florida.

476.Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 580.

477.Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 581.

478.Ann. Cycl., 1865, p. 583.

479.Constitution of the United States, by Francis N. Thorpe, p. 49.

480.See Why The Solid South? pp. 9–10, for an ingenious explanation of the unanimity and promptness with which the Presidential policy of reconstruction was accepted by the South.

481.Laws of Mississippi, pp. 86–88.

482.Ibid., pp. 89–90.

483.Laws of Mississippi, 1865, pp. 82–86.

484.Ibid., p. 231.

485.Laws of Mississippi, 1865, pp. 165–167.

486.Laws of Mississippi, 1865, pp. 90–93.

487.Laws of Mississippi, 1865, pp. 199–200.

488.Ibid., pp. 210–211.

489.Ibid., p. 240.

490.Ann. Cycl., 1866, p. 132.

491.Ann. Cycl., 1863, pp. 780–781.

492.Gorham’s Life of Stanton, Vol. II. p. 255.

493.McPherson’s Pol. Hand-Book, 1868, p. 25.

494.President Johnson and Reconstruction, pp. 33–34.

495.In this connection his repudiation of the Sherman-Johnston agreement will occur to the reader.

496.Strait’s Roster of Regimental Surgeons and Assistant Surgeons, p. 314. This estimate includes all the troops furnished by the new State of West Virginia.

497.The author believes himself fortunate in being able to place before his readers a letter from the pen of Hon. J. B. Henderson, the only surviving Senator who participated in the debates summarized in chapter X., and, so far as the writer is informed, the only living member who served in the United States Senate during that eventful period. Coming, as it does, from one who supported many of Mr. Lincoln’s most cherished measures, the letter will be welcomed as a valuable historical document. It contrasts forcibly the Presidential plan with the theory of Senator Sumner, and though written on August 21, 1901, more than a generation after the occurrence of the principal events discussed in this book, it is characterized by the clearness and the energy of expression which marked even the unpremeditated addresses of the Senator’s Congressional career. On the subject of reunion he writes as follows:

“Time, in my judgment, has stamped its approval on Mr. Lincoln’s views touching the questions of reconstruction during the Civil War. He was always calm and judicial. He was philosophical in periods of the most intense excitement. He never lost his head, but under all circumstances preserved his temper and his judgment. He was not the buffoon described by his enemies. On the contrary, he was a wise statesman, a learned lawyer, and a conscientious patriot; and, better than all, an honest man.

“The infirmity in Mr. Sumner’s theories of reconstruction came from the great exuberance of his learning. He ransacked history, ancient and modern, for precedents growing out of civil wars. But these precedents all antedated the American Constitution. They grew out of monarchical systems of government, and had no relation to the republican forms created by our Constitution. Under our system there can be no suicide of a State. Individual citizens by rebellion and disloyalty may forfeit their political rights, but the State as an entity commits no treason and forfeits no rights to existence. Under our Constitution the State cannot die. It is the duty of the Federal Government to see that it does not die—that it shall never cease to exist. If the State be invaded from without, the duty of the General Government is to protect and defend it. If domestic violence threatens the subversion of the local government, the nation’s duty is to intervene and uphold the hands of those who maintain the laws. The trustee of an express trust cannot excuse himself to a minority of the beneficiaries because the majority repudiate his agency.

“‘The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government.’ No State government is republican in form that does not acknowledge the supremacy of the Federal Constitution. This is the essential test of republicanism. No State can enter the Union without conforming its Constitution to this supreme organic law. And whenever by force or violence, a majority of its citizens undertake to withdraw the State from its obedience to Federal law and to repudiate the sovereignty of the Federal Government, it at once becomes the duty of Congress to act.

“This duty of Congress is not to destroy the State or to declare it a suicide, and proceed to administer on its effects. On the contrary, the duty clearly is to preserve the State, to restore it to its old republican forms. Its duty is not to territorialize the State and proceed to govern it as a conquered colony. The duty is not one of demolition, but one of restoration. It is not to make a Constitution, but to guarantee that the old Constitution or one equally republican in form, and made by the loyal citizens of the State, shall be upheld and sustained.

“If a majority of the people of a State conspire to subvert its republican forms, that majority may be, and should be, put down by the Federal power, while the minority, however few, sustaining republican forms may be constitutionally installed as the political power of the State.

“These, as I understand, were the views of Mr. Lincoln; and they were not the views of Mr. Sumner, as enunciated in his resolutions of 1862 and advocated by him in his subsequent career in the Senate.

“A departure from these views gave us the carpet-bag governments of the Southern States, and brought upon us divers other evils in our ideas and theories of government, whose effects are yet visible.”

498.N. & H., Vol. X., p. 145.

499.The West Virginia Representatives took their seats Dec. 7, 1863.

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