  The object of this work is to facilitate the acquisition of an elementary knowledge of the Malay language. It is believed also that some of the hints and suggestions which it contains will be of use to those who already have a colloquial knowledge of Malay, especially if this has been acquired from Indian or Chinese settlers in the Straits of Malacca, not from Malays themselves. The Roman character is used throughout, but a knowledge of the native character can hardly be dispensed with by those who aim at a thorough acquaintance with the language. As it abounds in idiomatic expressions, the study of native compositions is most important, and these are generally to be found only in the Malay character. Little attempt is made at scientific arrangement. In dealing with the various parts of speech, technical terms are as far as possible avoided, and reliance is placed rather on illustrations than abstract rules. The student should divest himself of the expectation that sentences may be formed in Malay on principles of construction which govern composition in European languages. An elementary knowledge of Malay is so easily acquired that a learner soon begins to construct sentences, and the tendency, of course, is to reproduce the phrases of his own language with words of the new one. He may thus succeed in making himself intelligible, but it need hardly be said that he does not speak the language of the natives. Correctness of I. THE ARTICLE.There is no article in Malay, that is, there is no word which corresponds exactly with our definite article the, or indefinite article a, an. Kuda, horse, and orang, man, signify equally “the horse” and “the man.” When it is desired to specify particular objects, the pronouns ini, this, itu, that, and yang, The numeral satu, one, is often used as the indefinite article; as ada sa’ orang di negri Kedah, there was a man in the state of Kedah; ini satu kuda chantek, this is a beautiful horse. II. SUBSTANTIVES.A difficulty which attends the classification of Malay words into various parts of speech, according to the system applied to European languages, consists in the number of words which, while yet unmodified by particles, are either verb or substantive, substantive or adjective, adjective or adverb, according to the context. Baniak, as an adverb, means much, as an adjective, many; jalan is either a road or to walk; panjang either long, tall, or length, height. The same thing occurs in English in a minor degree; but with us the difference between cold and a cold, or between to brush and a brush, is rendered distinct by the use of the article a and the particle to. Many Malay words must thus be treated as now substantive, now adjective, now verb, according to the position they occupy in the sentence. The noun undergoes no change to denote number, gender, or case. Number.The plural, if not sufficiently made plain from the context, is often indicated by the use of such words as baniak, many, sumua, sa-kali-an, and sagala, all. It is also expressed sometimes by repeating the noun; as raja, a king, raja-raja, kings; tuan, master, tuan-tuan, masters. All nouns are not capable of this duplication. As a general rule, it may be said to be mainly confined to nouns expressing persons or animate objects. When there is nothing to show whether singular or plural is meant, the number remains indefinite, but may generally be assumed to be plural. In such phrases as menembak burong, to shoot birds, membeli hayam, to buy fowls, the substantives are clearly plural, though nothing marks them as such. To restrict the number, and show that one bird or one fowl is meant, it would be necessary to use the word satu, one, with the idiomatic term ekor (lit. tail), which is always used in enumerating the lower animals; as menembak sa’ekor burong, to shoot a bird; membeli sa’ekor hayam, to buy a fowl. Gender.Inflexion is unknown in Malay, and gender has no place in the grammar of the language. Most nouns which signify animate things are of both genders, and the sexes are distinguished by the addition, in the case of persons, of the words laki-laki, male, and perampuan, female, and in other cases of the words jantan, male, and betina, female. Jantan and betina are also applied vulgarly to persons. If an apparent exception is found in such words as putra, a prince, and putri, a princess, derivation from a foreign language may be suspected. The inflexion in the word just cited is due to the rules of Sanskrit grammar. Declension.There is nothing in the Malay language which corresponds with the cases of a Latin, Greek, or Sanskrit noun, which are formed by changes of termination, or of a Hindustani noun, which are formed by postpositions. In Malay the cases are expressed, as in English, by prepositions:— To, ka, kepada, sama. The genitive or possessive case is expressed either by the use of the word punya after the noun, or by placing the noun which signifies the possessor immediately after the thing possessed; as sahaya, I; sahaya punya, of me, mine; rumah, house; rumah punya, of the house; sahaya punya rumah, or rumah sahaya, my house. The employment of the genitive with punya is to be avoided. It is more idiomatic to say rumah sahaya than sahaya punya rumah. Substantives are of five classes:— 1. Those which in their primitive form are substantives; as orang, person; rumah, house; kuda, horse; bapa, father. 2. Those which are formed from verbs by prefixing the inseparable particle pe; as pe-lari, a runaway; peng-asuh, a nurse; pem-buru, a hunter; pen-churi, a thief; penyapu, a broom. 3. Those which are formed by affixing the termination -an to verbs, adjectives, prepositions, and to other substantives; as makan-an, food; manis-an, sweetness; hampir-an, proximity; trus-an, a channel; buah-an, fruit in general; laut-an, the ocean. 4. Those which are formed by prefixing the particle pe and adding the termination -an; as pe-layar-an, a voyage; peng-ajar-an, instruction; pem-bunoh-an, slaying, execution; pen-dapat-an, acquisition; pel-ajar-an, lesson; per-uleh-an, possession; per-main-an, amusement. 5. Those which are formed by prefixing the particle ka- and adding the termination -an; as ka-jadi-an, creation, origin; ka-baniak-an, generality; ka-puji-an, praise; ka-salah-an, guilt, offence; ka-korang-an, want, deficiency. III. ADJECTIVES.Adjectives, like nouns, are indeclinable. They are always placed after their substantives; as kuda baik, a good horse; orang jahat, a bad man; not baik kuda, jahat orang. IV. PRONOUNS.The proper use of the personal pronouns and of the nouns which are used for them presents some difficulty. The following words may be used to express the first person singular, I:— 1. Aku, I. 2. Sahaya (lit. companion, slave; Sansk. sahÂya). 3. Hamba (lit. slave), or hamba tuan (lit. master’s slave). 4. Perhamba (lit. lowest slave). 5. Beta (lit. slave). 6. Patek (lit. slave). 7. Teman (lit. companion). The appropriate use of these pronouns is dependent upon the relative positions of the persons between whom communication takes place. Aku is generally used by natives among themselves. Its use implies familiarity and equality. It should not be used by Europeans addressing natives, or by natives addressing Europeans. Sahaya is the ordinary polite form used by Europeans in conversation with natives of all classes, and by natives of the upper class in addressing Europeans. Haba, haba tuan, and perhamba are used by persons of inferior rank when addressing superiors. Hamba, if used by a chief or native of high rank, implies a certain affectation of modesty. The use of beta is confined to literary composition, and it is incorrect to employ the word colloquially. It may be used by Europeans and natives. Patek is used only by natives, and by them only when addressing a person of royal blood. Teman is used only in intercourse between natives of the upper class and of approximately equal rank. The first person plural is kita or kami, we. Kita is used Sometimes the word orang is added without changing the signification; as kita orang, we. Other forms are also in use, but they are generally provincialisms confined to particular states or districts. Sahaya apa, kita apa, and hamba tuan apa are used in Kedah, and sahaya-ma in Perak, for kita orang. Colloquially the personal pronouns are often omitted to avoid repetition. This is done especially in narration or description; as, for example, in the following sentence: Lepas itu jalan pula ka-kampong singgah di rumah Haji Ismail hari pun sudah petang langsong pulang ka-rumah maka nasi— Afterwards (Istarted) again (and) walked to the kampong, (and) stopped at the house of Haji Ismail, (and then), as it was evening, (I)went straight home (and) had my dinner. Here the personal pronoun I is understood throughout. The second person singular is In polite conversation the use of angkau, or of most of the words given above, must be avoided, as it is considered by Malays to be vulgar or harsh. In addressing servants or followers, the name of the individual addressed is often inserted in the sentence instead of the pronoun you; as, in addressing Ismail: When you were at the bazaar just now who was with you?— Apabila Ismail di pekan tadi siapa sama? In the same way tuan, sir, master, is employed in addressing a haji or sayyid; tuan-ku or tunku, my lord, in addressing a raja; datoh, grandfather, in addressing a chief or penghulu. Other words similarly employed are— Abang (elder brother) or wah (uncle), to a man older than the speaker. Kakak (elder sister), to a woman older than the speaker. Adek (younger brother). Inche (sir or madam), to respectable persons of either sex. Examples.When did you arrive? (to a haji)— Bila-mana tuan sudah tiba? I must ask one thing of you (to a raja)— Sahaya handak minta satu kapada tunku. If you give the order (to a chief)— Jikalau datoh suroh. Do not be angry (to an elderly man)— Jangan abang marah. Please help yourselves to water (to guests of various ranks)— Datoh-datoh, tuan-tuan, inche-inche sakalian, sila berayer. The use of the word lu, a form of the second person singular, derived from the Chinese, and generally used by Europeans, is offensive to Malays of all classes, and is altogether to be avoided. In the plural kamu, ye, corresponds to angkau, you, in the singular; that is to say, it is used by a superior addressing inferiors. It is found in its contracted form mu in literary composition, but seldom colloquially; as ka-tahu-i uleh-mu, be it known unto ye. Kamu is sometimes used in the singular also. Third Person Singular.Dia or iya, he, she, it. Dia and iya are used indifferently, but perhaps dia is more common in conversation and iya in literature. The plural is dia orang (and sometimes, though less commonly, iya orang), they. Another form of the third person plural is marika-itu, they, these, or those persons; but it is found in literary compositions only, and is not used in conversation. A pronoun of the third person only used in conjunction with other words is -nia, a contraction of inia, he, she, it. The indefinite form “one” (the French “on” and German “man”) is expressed in Malay by orang; as orang tiada berani pergi sana, one dare not go there; kalau orang handak kawin, if one is about to marry. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.The possessive pronouns, my, thy, his, our, your, their, are usually denoted by placing the personal pronoun after the word expressing the object possessed; as rumah sahaya, my house; pada pikir-an hamba, in my opinion; apa pen-chari-an angkau? what is your occupation? apa nama dia? what is his name? Possessive pronouns are also formed by the word punya or ampunya (lit. owning, owned) placed after the personal pronoun; as aku punya, my or mine; tuan punya suka, as you please (your pleasure); yang ampunya tanah, (he) whose land it is.
Frequently where the word “your” would be used in English Malays leave out the pronoun altogether. “Bring your gun with you,” would be correctly rendered in Malay, bawa snapang sama (lit. bring gun together), not bawa angkau punya snapang sama angkau. In literary composition ku and mu (abbreviated forms of aku and kamu) are affixed to the noun denoting the thing possessed; as rumah-ku, my house; bapa-mu, your father. The affix -nia is used in the sense of his, hers, or its, as well as the other forms of the possessive pronoun; as patah kaki-nia, his leg was broken; bauh-nia terlalu wangi, its smell is very sweet. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.Ini, this, these. Itu, that, those. The demonstrative pronouns, like adjectives, follow the word to which they belong; as rumah ini, this house; hari ini, this day, to-day; aku ini, I myself; sakarang ini, this moment; orang itu, that man or those men; waktu itu, that time; iya itu, that is to say. It is not unusual to hear ini and itu placed before the noun, but this is not idiomatic. The INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS areSiapa, who? Apa, what? Mana, who? what? Examples.Apa mahu?— What do you want? Rumah ini siapa?— Whose house is this? Siapa panggil?— Who called? Gajah mana ini?— What elephant is this? Siapa akan tahu?— Who knows? The RELATIVE PRONOUN isYang, who, which. Examples.Burong yang liyar, a bird that is wild. Raja yang adil, a king who is just. Ada yang tuah, ada yang muda, some are old and some are young (lit. there are who are old, &c.). The Menangkabau word is nen. This is often found in composition, but is seldom used in the dialect spoken in the Straits of Malacca. Example: Patek nen fakir— I who am but a beggar. REFLECTIVE PRONOUNS.Diri, sendiri, or kendiri, self, are used with or without the personal pronouns to signify myself, yourself, himself, ourselves, &c. Examples.Bunoh diri, to kill oneself. Meng-ajar diri, to take oneself to task. Hamba sendiri handak pergi, I shall go myself. Baik tuan sendiri suroh, you had better order it yourself. Kemdian turun-lah raja sendiri, afterwards the king himself descended. Dia lari masok hutan membawa diri-nia, she escaped to the jungle with her life (lit. taking herself with her). Biar-lah hamba sa-orang diri me-lawan dia, let me fight him myself alone. V. VERBS.Verbs are either primitive or derivative; the former are those which in their original signification are verbs; the latter are formed from primitive verbs, or from substantives, adjectives, or adverbs, by the application of particles. Examples of primitive verbs are pukul, to strike; makan, to eat; lari, to run; of derivative verbs, ber-kaki, to have feet, from kaki, a foot; panjang-kan, to lengthen or make long, from panjang, long. The primitive verb, which is generally a dissyllable, is either transitive, as tangkap, to seize, or intransitive, as tidor, to sleep; but a transitive sense may be given to an intransitive verb by the addition of the particle -kan, as lari, me-lari, to run; me-lari-kan, to carry off. Though the examples of primitive verbs given above are translated for the sake of convenience by our infinitive, their signification is not necessarily rendered by that mood. Favre translates them by the past participle (as ambil, taken, buang, thrown Marsden distinguishes the following moods—the imperative, the indicative or assertive, the conditional, and the infinitive or indefinite—“which admit, for the most part, of being expressed in the present, the past, and the future tenses or times.” It is not proposed, in an elementary work like the present, to go deeply into a scientific arrangement, which, however well suited to the Latin and Greek languages, is adapted with less propriety to uncultivated languages like Malay. It is believed that an explanation of the use of auxiliaries and particles, and a paradigm showing the most common changes of which the verb is susceptible, will be sufficient, and that the student may be left to gain further knowledge as to the mode of expressing variations of mood and tense as he advances in the study of the language.
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| sakarang, now. tadi, just now. dahulu, before, formerly. sa’buntar, presently. belum, not yet. pagi-pagi, early. esok, besok, to-morrow. kalmarin, tatkala, sa-katika, when (relative). | kemdian, afterwards. pernah, ever. ta’pernah, never. sedang, while. kadang, sometimes. apa-bila, apa-kala, bila-mana, bila, when? (interrogative). kalmarin dahulu, the day before yesterday. lusa, the day after to-morrow. tulat, the third day from this. |
Adverbs of Place.
| sini, ka-mari, here. situ, sana, nun, there. mana, where, wherever (rel.). di-mana, where? (inter.). hampir, near, nearly. luar, outside. dalam, inside. | saberang, across. jauh, far. atas, above. bawah, below. sabelah, beside. balik, behind. dekat, near. |
Miscellaneous.
| bagini, like this. bagitu, like that. bageimana, how? ya, yes. bukan, no, not. | sahaja, only. makin, so much the more. naschaya, certainly. tidak, no. tentu, certainly. |
Adverbs expressing intensity will be found enumerated in Lesson 4.
Among the examples above given several are also prepositions, and will be found under that heading.
VII. PREPOSITIONS.
The principal prepositions of place and motion are di, at, in, on; ka, to, towards; deri, from. A great many so-called prepositions are formed from these three compounded with certain other words, such as:—
| di-atas, on the top of. ka-atas, to the top of. deri-atas, from the top of. di-dalam, in the interior of. ka-dalam, to the interior of. deri-dalam, from the interior of. di-belakang, at the back of. ka-belakang, to the back of. deri-belakang, from the back of. di-saberang, on the farther side of. ka-saberang, to the farther side of. deri-saberang, from the farther side of. | di-bawah, at the bottom of. ka-bawah, to the bottom of. deri-bawah, from the bottom of. di-hadap-an, in front of. ka-hadap-an, to the front of. deri-hadap-an, from the front of. di-luar, at the outside of. ka-luar, to the outside of. deri-luar, from the outside of. |
These twenty-one words are used like prepositions, and are often classified as such, but the true prepositions are the three initial words.
Atas, bawah, dalam, hadap-an, belakang, luar, and saberang here are really substantives governed by the prepositions di, ka, and deri. Some of these words aptly illustrate the difficulty of classifying Malay words according to the parts of speech usually recognised by grammarians. Dalam, for instance, has already been classified in the preceding section as an adverb. It is also substantive, adjective, and preposition.
Dalam (subs.), interior, depth; as penghulu dalam, the guardian of the interior (inner apartments); dalam-nia tiga depa, its depth is three fathoms.
Dalam (adj.), deep; as ter-lalu dalam sungei ini, this river is very deep.
Dalam (adv.), inside; as ada orang dalam, there are people inside.
Dalam (prep.), in; as kain yang dalam gedong itu, cloth in that warehouse.
In Malay a substantive in the possessive case immediately follows the substantive denoting the possessor (supra, p. 47). In the sentences belakang gunong, the back of the mountain; hadap-an raja, the presence of the king; saberang sungei, the farther side of the river, all the words are substantives, gunong, raja, and sungei being in the possessive case.
Now let the prepositions di, ka, and deri be added to these sentences.
Di-belakang gunong, at the back of the mountain, may be more shortly translated behind the mountain; so ka-hadap-an raja may be rendered before the king, and deri-saberang sungei from beyond the river.
Here, though the purport of the Malay phrases di-belakang, ka-hadap-an, and deri-saberang are correctly rendered by English
Of the remaining prepositions the following are the chief:—
| pada, kapada, at, to, on, towards. deri-pada, from, than. akan, to, for, as to, as for. uleh, by. atas, on, upon.
antara, between. samantara, until. ganti, instead of. balik, behind. serta, with. | sama, with, to. dengan, with. dalam, in, into. lepas, after.
sa-kadar, according to. demei, by. dekat, near. tentang, concerning, opposite. bagi, to. trus, through. |
VIII. CONJUNCTIONS.
The following list includes the most useful of the conjunctions in Malay:—
| dan, and.
sapaya, in order that. pula, also, again.
seraya, at the same time. tambah-an, furthermore.
serta, and, also. asal-kan, provided that. | atau, or. tetapi, but. me-lain-kan, except. hania, but, except. yang, that. kelak, forsooth. juga, jua, also. sahaja, only. lagi, again, even. lagi pula, again, too. lagi pun, besides, also. saperti, as, like.
iya-itu, that is to say. lamun-kan, although. |
There are also a number of conjunctions which are met with almost exclusively in the written language, and which it would be pedantic to use in conversation. Of such are:—
maka, bahwa, ?ata, shahadan, seldom necessary to the sense, and not always requiring translation. They answer in some degree to such words as “now,” “next,” “but,” “then,” “again,” “so.”
sa-ber-mula, first, now.
sa-bagei-lagi, further, again.
arkian, now, then.
agar, in order that.
y‘ani, that is to say.
wab‘adahu,
walakin (Arab. wa, and lakin, but), but, though, nevertheless.
IX. INTERJECTIONS.
The interjections in most common use are:—
| hei! O! ya! O! (Arabic). aho! O! (Sansk.). aduh! aduhi! oh! alas! (pain, lamentation). niah! niah-lah! be off! begone! ai! wah! oh! alas! (astonishment or affliction). | ayo! ayohi! ah! (affection). cheh! fie! wayi! alas! demei Allah! by God! nah! there! take it! jum! |
Many other words are used like interjections; such as kasi-han (lit. affection), what a pity! sayang (lit. concern), ’tis pity! alas! karam (lit. wrecked), woe to thee! me-rachun (may I be poisoned), no! (emphatic denial), &c., &c.
A number of Arabic expressions common to all Muhammadans in all parts of the world are used by Malays, such as In shÁa-llÁh, if it be the will of God; AllÁhu a‘alam, God is all-knowing; Astaghfir allÁh, I beg forgiveness of God; Wa-llahi and Wa-llah, by God! YÁ rabb, O Lord! Bi-smi-llah, in the name of God! El-?amdu li-llah, praise be to God! AllÁhu akbar, God is most great.
X. NUMERALS.
The numerals in Malay are exceedingly simple. The first ten are:—
1. sa, satu, suatu, one.
2. dua, two.
3. tiga, three.
4. ampat, four.
5. lima, five.
6. anam, six.
7. tujoh, seven.
8. delapan, eight.
9. sambilan, nine.
10. sapuloh, ten.
From eleven to nineteen inclusive the numerals are formed from the digits with the termination belas:—
11. sa-belas, eleven.
12. dua-belas, twelve.
13. tiga-belas, thirteen.
14. ampat-belas, fourteen.
15. lima-belas, fifteen.
16. anam-belas, sixteen.
17. tujoh-belas, seventeen.
18. delapan-belas, eighteen.
19. sambilan-belas, nineteen.
20. dua-puloh, twenty.
Multiples of ten up to ninety inclusive have the termination puloh, ten:—
20. dua-puloh, twenty.
30. tiga-puloh, thirty.
40. ampat-puloh, forty.
50. lima-puloh, fifty.
60. anam-puloh, sixty.
70. tujoh-puloh, seventy.
80. delapan-puloh, eighty.
90. sambilan-puloh, ninety.
The intermediate numbers are formed simply by adding the units; as—
21. dua-puloh-satu, twenty-one.
32. tiga-puloh-dua, thirty-two.
43. ampat-puloh-tiga, forty-three.
54. lima-puloh-ampat, fifty-four.
65. anam-puloh-lima, sixty-five.
76. tujoh-puloh-anam, seventy-six.
87. delapan-puloh-tujoh, eighty-seven.
98. sambilan-puloh-delapan, ninety-eight.
Above a hundred the numbers proceed with equal regularity:—
100. sa-ratus, one hundred.
200. dua-ratus, two hundred.
300. tiga-ratus, three hundred.
400. ampat-ratus, four hundred.
1000. sa-ribu, one thousand.
2000. dua-ribu, two thousand.
3000. tiga-ribu, three thousand.
4000. ampat-ribu, four thousand.
Any sum, however great, may be expressed by the numerals in juxtaposition without the insertion of a conjunction; as, sa-ribu-delapan-ratus-tujoh-puloh-sambilan, one thousand eight hundred (and) seventy nine, 1879.
Certain terms for high numbers have been borrowed from the Sanskrit language and misapplied in adoption, namely, la?sa (Sansk. laksha, 100,000), keti (Sansk. ko?i, 10,000,000), and juta (Sansk. ayuta, 10,000).
The numbers represented by these words in Malay are sa-la?sa, ten thousand; sa-keti, one hundred thousand; sa-juta, one million.
In reckoning the numbers from 20 to 30, lekor, a score, is sometimes used instead of dua-puloh (especially in mentioning dates), but in that case the unit precedes instead of following the decimal; as sa-lekor, twenty-one; dua-lekor, twenty-two; tiga-lekor, twenty-three, &c.
To express a quantity which approaches what we call a round number, it is sometimes convenient to state the latter qualified by the figure in which it is deficient, as is done in the old-fashioned phrase “forty stripes save one.” Thus, instead of sambilan-puloh-delapan, ninety-eight, the phrase korang dua sa-ratus, one hundred save two, may be used.
The use of the word tengah, half, before a numeral serves in the same way to reduce it by half of one. Thus, tengah dua
Ordinal Numbers.
pertama (Sansk. prathama), first.
ka-dua, second.
ka-tiga, third.
ka-sa-belas, eleventh.
ka-dua-puloh, twentieth.
ka-sa-ratus, hundredth.
The word yang placed before ordinals corresponds to the definite article in English; as yang pertama, the first; yang ka-dua, the second; yang ka-sa-ribu, the thousandth.
Fractional Numbers.
Tengah, sa-tengah, half; suku, sa-suku, quarter; sa-per-dua, one-half; sa-per-tiga, one-third; dua-per-tiga, two-thirds; tiga-per-ampat, three-fourths. Similar fractions may be formed with other numbers by placing the particle per between the dividend and the divisor.
Collective Numbers.
Phrases like “a score,” “a dozen,” “a couple,” are formed in Malay by the use of the particle ber with the numeral; as—
ber-dua, the two, or the pair.
ber-tiga, the three.
ber-puloh-puloh, by tens.
be-ratus-ratus, by hundreds.
be-ribu-ribu, by thousands.
The word ganda, which in Hindustani is a collective numeral meaning “a four,” is used in Malay in conjunction with numerals in a sense corresponding to the English word “times;” as dua-ganda, double, twice; tiga-ganda, triple, three times.
Numeral Co-Efficients.
In Malay, as in Burmese, Siamese, and Chinese, “there exists a set of specific and technical terms, called by the grammarians numeral affixes, some one or other of which is always used as a co-efficient to the numeral, the term being selected according to the class under which the object falls.”
1. Orang (person or persons) is introduced in the enumeration of mankind; as China tiga orang, Malayu sa’orang, three Chinese and a Malay; budak dua orang, two children.
2. Ekor (tail) is employed in speaking of animals; as sa-ekor kuching, a cat; kuda belang dua ekor, two piebald horses; ikan kechil-kechil barang lima anam ekor, about five or six small fish.
3. Buah (fruit) is applied to fruit, houses, ships, places, &c.; as sa-buah rumah, a house; sa-buah negri, a town or kingdom; lima buah kapal, five ships.
4. Biji (seed) is applied to small objects more or less round; as buah manggis lima-puloh biji, fifty mangostins; ampat biji telor, four eggs; nior muda sa-biji, one green cocoa-nut.
6. Batang (stem), to long objects; as lembing dua batang, two spears; tiang ampat batang, four posts.
7. Puchuk (young shoot), to letters, muskets, cannon, elephants’ tusks, &c.; as tiga puchuk surat, three letters; sa-puchuk gading, one tusk: snapang lima puchuk, five muskets.
8. Keping (piece, slice), to pieces of wood, metal, &c.; as papan sa-keping, a plank; timah tiga-puloh keping, thirty slabs of tin.
9. Tangga (ladder) and pintu (door), to houses; as rumah dua tangga, two houses; rumah batu anam pintu, six brick houses.
10. Lapis (fold), to clothing; as kapan sa-lapis, a shroud.
11. Rawan, to nets and cordage; as pukut sa-rawan, a seine net; jala dua rawan, two casting nets.
12. Bilah, to cutting weapons; as kris sa-bilah, one kris; pedang lima bilah, five swords.
13. Buntoh, to rings, fish-hooks, &c.; as kail sa-buntoh, a fish-hook; chinchin tiga buntoh, three rings.
14. Bidang, to things spread out; as destar sa-bidang, one head-cloth.
15. Butir, to fruit, seeds, and other small round objects; as nior sa-butir, a cocoa-nut; mutiara sa-butir, a pearl.
There are many other similar idiomatic terms, examples of which will be given in the more advanced lessons farther on.
XI. PARTICLES.
Most of the particles have been noticed in speaking of the verb, but there are three or four which require special mention.
Lah is affixed to words of all kinds, sometimes merely for the sake of euphony, but more frequently as a particle of intensity.
In the sentence ada-lah kapada suatu hari, it happened on a certain day, lah is simply expletive; but in the sentence dia-lah yang buat, it was he who did it, the particle serves to emphasise the word dia. The latter use of the particle lah is exemplified by its frequent employment to emphasise a command; as mari-lah, come; pergi-lah, go.
Kah is the interrogative particle. When affixed to words it is the sign of a question or a doubt; as itu-kah atau lain-kah?
Tah is also an interrogative particle, but of less general use than kah. Apa-tah? what else? is a common phrase indicating assent.
Pun is annexed to all kinds of words, sometimes merely to give roundness to a phrase, sometimes with the sense of “too,” or “also” (where the sentence is affirmative), or “nor,” “neither” (where it is negative); as maka iya-pun datang, then he came; aku pun mahu, Itoo want it; siyang pun tidak malam pun tidak, it was neither day nor night.
Part I: Footnotes
1. Klinkert, Eenige ophelderingen omtrent de Maleische Spreekwoorden en spreekwijzen.
2. Grammaire de la Langue Malaise, 56.
3. “It is difficult to eradicate the belief that the forms in which we think are identical with the thought itself; and it is only linguistic science that enables us to see that many of the forms of grammar which we imagine necessary and universal are, after all, but accidental and restricted in use. The cases of Latin and Greek do not exist in the majority of languages; the Polynesian dialects have no true verbs; and the Esquimaux gets on well enough without ‘the parts of speech’ that figure so largely in our own grammars.” —Sayce, Introduction to the Science of Language, ii. 328.
4. In Perak kalmarin means “formerly.” Petang is “yesterday.”
5. Arabic wa, and, b‘adahu, afterwards—often used by a pleonasm with kemdian, afterwards; wab‘adahu kemdian deri-pada itu, and after that.
6. This is a Kedah word. Mah! is used in the same sense in Perak.
7. Col. Yule, Journ. Anthropol. Inst. Feb. 1880. This peculiarity in the Indo-Chinese languages has attracted much attention among ethnologists. See Peschel, Races of Man, 117; Tylor, Early History of Mankind, 208; Bunsen’s Universal History, i. 409.
PART II.
COMPOSITION OF SENTENCES.
Owing to the absence of inflexion, the composition of simple sentences in Malay offers few difficulties. The phrases and exercises which will be given in this Part are simple and elementary, serving thus as a preparation for others of progressive difficulty to be reached at a later stage.
LESSON I.
Substantives.
| person (man, woman, or child), orang. man, laki-laki. woman, per-ampu-an. child, anak. house, rumah. water, ayer. fire, api. wind, angin. wood, kayu. carriage, kreta. horse, kuda. ship, kapal. | steamer, kapal-api. boat, sampan. cow, ox, lumbu. dog, anjing. bird, burong. snake, ular. fish, ikan. sun, mata-hari. moon, bulan. star, bintang. sea, laut. river, sungei. cloth, kain. |
Adjectives.
| good, baik. new, baharu. naughty, wicked, jahat. beautiful, bagus. pretty, chantek. wise, pandei. stupid, bodoh. large, besar. small, kechil. deep, dalam. swift, laju. | high, tinggi. round, bulat. old, tuah. young, muda. cold, sejuk. hot, panas. far, jauh. near, dekat. coarse, kasar. fine, halus. |
Adverbs.
| very, baniak. | exceedingly, sangat. |
Before showing how sentences may be constructed with these words by means of the verb ada, and with the aid of the personal pronouns, two of the hints already given are here repeated:—
1. Adjectives follow their substantives.
2. The verb ada is frequently omitted and left to be understood.
Examples.
A bad man— Orang jahat.
A pretty woman— Perampuan chantek.
A high house— Rumah tinggi.
A high wind— Angin besar.
Cold water— Ayer sejuk.
This is my child— Ini anak sahaya (not, Ini ada sahaya punya anak).
That bullock-cart is mine— Kreta lumbu itu sahaya punya.
That pony-carriage is swift— Kreta kuda itu ada laju.
That person has a dog— Orang itu ada sa’ekor anjing.
That woman’s cloth is very fine— Kain perampuan itu halus sangat.
This man has one son and two daughters— Orang ini ada anak laki-laki sa’orang dan anak perampuan dua orang.
The steamer is near— Kapal-api ada dekat.
His child is very naughty— Anak dia baniak jahat.
They have a boat— Dia orang ada sa’buah sampan.
There are men and women— Ada orang laki-laki dan perampuan.
The old man has a piece of coarse cloth— Orang tuah itu ada kain kasar sa’lei.
Exercise.
I am a good man. His child is very wise. The moon is round. They have a beautiful horse. My boat is very large. The sea is very deep. The sun and stars are very far off. This person has a vicious dog. That man’s daughter is beautiful. This river is very swift. A small snake. This ox is very old. That person’s boat is small. There are fish. There is a bird. The water of the river is warm. There are stupid people and there are wise people. His ship is very far off.
LESSON II.
On the Second Person.
The use of the word angkau and similar pronouns is to be avoided as much as possible. When the pronoun of the second person cannot be understood but must be expressed, angkau, or the local or provincial word used in substitution for it (according to the part of the Archipelago in which the speaker finds himself), may be employed. In addressing natives of rank or of superior position, the appropriate forms should be used. The word lu should never be used to a Malay; it is, however, in common use among those Chinese who use Malay as a medium of communication with other nationalities. On the subject of the second person see supra, p.49.
Substantives.
| animal, benatang. father (common form), bapa. father (polite form), ayah, ayahnda. mother (common form), mak, ibu. mother (polite form), bonda. elder brother, abang. elder sister, kakak. younger brother or sister, adek. boy or girl, budak. brother or sister, sudara. husband, laki. wife, bini. | forest, hutan. tree, pokok. plain, padang. shop, kedei. fruit, buah. sky, langit. ground, tanah. dollar, ringgit. road, jalan. age, ‘umur. |
Adjectives.
| long, panjang. short, pendek, pandah. sweet, manis. wet, basah. dry, kering. many, baniak. | rich, kaya. poor, miskin. strong, kuat. hard, keras. soft, lumbut. few, sadikit. |
Verbs.
| to say, kata. to go, pergi. to run, lari. to talk, chakap. to tell, bilang. | to arrive, sampei. to sit, duduk. to dwell, tinggal. to send, kirim. to bring, bawa. |
Examples.
To a Raja.
Your house is very large— Rumah tunku baniak besar.
Your father is very old— Ayahnda tunku tuah sangat.
This is your horse— Ini tunku punya kuda.
To a respectable Chinese.
There is a quantity of cloth in your shop— Ada baniak kain-kain didalam baba punya kedei.
When did you arrive?— Towkay bila sampei?
Your elder brother is very rich— Towkay punya abang baniak kaya.
Your carriage and mine are alike— Kreta baba dengan kreta sahaya ada sama.
To a Malay Headman.
There are a number of people in your house— Ada baniak orang di-dalam rumah datoh.
Your son is very strong— Anak datoh, baniak kuat.
Where do you live?— Datoh di-mana tinggal?
To a Malay of superior rank.
What do you say to it?— Apa kata inche?
Who told it to you?— Siapa bilang kapada inche?
Your elder sister has a great many fruit-trees— Inche punya kakak ada baniak pokok buah.
To a Sayyid or Haji.
Where are you going to?— Tuan handak pergi ka-mana?
What is your age?— Ber-apa ‘umur tuan?
I wish to talk a little with you— Sahaya handak chakap sadikit dengan tuan.
To Persons of inferior rank.
Who are you?— Siapa kamu?
Is this yours?— Angkau punya-kah ini?
Where is your house?— Di-mana rumah angkau?
Bring your hat— Bawa topi sendiri.
Where do you live?— Di-mana tinggal?
Have you got a light?— Ada api?
Why are you so late?— Apa buat lambat ini?
When you were at the shop just now, who was there?— Apabila angkau di kedei tadi siapa ada di-situ?
Exercise.
Where is your shop? Is this your mother? You and your brother were running. You are very stupid. Have you told your elder sister? Your son has arrived. Was it you who sent fruit? What did you say to him? When will you go? You will bring a boat. You went to the jungle.
LESSON III.
Substantives.
| news, khabar. workman, tukang. cat, kuching. rat, tikus. | sugar, gula. needle, jarum. form, rupa. elephant, gajah. |
Adjectives.
| excellent, endah. careful, jimat. | worthless, burok. difficult, susah. |
Verbs.
| To do, make, buat. To seek, chahari. | To conceal, sembunyi. To find, obtain, dapat. |
On the Degrees of Comparison.
One form of the comparative degree is similar in construction to the Hindustani comparative, that is to say, the object with which the comparison is made is put in the ablative case (by the use of the preposition deri or deri-pada), while the adjective remains unmodified by adverb or particle. Thus the phrase “This house is larger than that,” may be rendered Besar rumah ini deri rumah itu (Yih ghar us ghar se ba?a hai).
Examples.
The rumour is better than the reality— Endah khabar deri rupa.
The Chinese workman is more skilful than the Kling— Pandei tukang China deri tukang Kling.
The cat is larger than the mouse— Besar kuching deri tikus.
This is better than that— Baik ini deri-pada itu.
(Note that the adjective always precedes the objects compared.)
The comparative degree is also formed by the use of the
Hotter than before— Lebeh panas deri dahulu.
Sweeter than honey— Lebeh manis deri gula.
It is better to go than to remain— Ter-lebeh baik pergi deri-pada tinggal.
The adverb lagi, more, is sometimes used instead of lebeh.
You must make it larger— Mahu buat besar lagi.
This is better— Ini lagi baik.
Another form of comparison is constructed with the adverb korang, less, prefixed to the adjective; as korang baik, not very good; korang biasa, inexperienced (lit. less accustomed).
The superlative degree is formed in several ways: First, by making a comparison of universal application; as—
This is the best (lit. this is better than all)— Baik ini deri sumua.
The finest needle of all— Jarum yang lebeh halus deri-pada sumua-nia.
The hardest of all to obtain— Yang ter-lebeh susah men-dapat deri-pada sumua-nia.
Secondly, by the use of the adverb sakali, very, exceedingly, after the adjective when the latter is preceded by the relative pronoun yang; as—
The best— Yang baik sakali.
The worst— Yang burok sakali.
Such-a-one was the handsomest— Yang elok sakali si-anu.
Thirdly, by duplication of the adjective, which then takes the particle sa before it; as—
The quickest pace of an elephant is the slowest walk of a man— Sa-chepat-chepat jalan-an gajah, sa-lambat-lambat jalan an orang.
The very least— Sa-korang-korang.
Utterly and completely guilty— Sa-penoh-penoh salah.
The most just king— Sa-adil-adil raja.
With the greatest care— Dengan sa-habis-habis jimat.
You must look out for the very best article— Handak chahari yang sa-baik-baik-nia.
He hides it with the greatest pains— Di-sembunyi-kan-nia dengan sa-buleh-buleh-nia.
Exercise.
My horse is better than your horse. These people are more stupid than those. The form of the horse is handsomer than that of the elephant. The men are more wicked than the women. The pace of the horse is swifter than that of the elephant. That woman is the handsomest, but this one is the wisest. His house is the worst of all. Bring the slowest elephant of all. The father is wiser than the child. It is better to bring the ox than the horse.
LESSON IV.
ON INTENSIVES.
ON INTENSIVES.
Substantives.
| reception-hall, balei. room, bilek. stairs, tangga. a play, per-main-an. conduct, ka-laku-an. body, tuboh. head, kapala. year, tahun. | month, bulan. price, harga. country, negri. queen, permeisuri. king, raja. minister, mantri. patience, sabar. |
Adjectives.
| ill, painful, sakit. cheap, morah. dear, mahal. wide, luas. astonished, heiran. | thin, kurus. fat, gumok. illustrious, mulia. narrow, simpit. glad, suka. |
Verbs.
| to see, lihat. to demand, minta. to be able, buleh. to hear, dengar. | to play, main. to look, tengok. to enter, masok to order, suroh. |
On Intensives.— To express an intensive degree the particle ter is prefixed to adjectives and adverbs; as ter-besar, very large; ter-kuasa, very powerful; ter-lebeh, most; ter-lalu, excessively; ter-lampau, surpassing; ter-amat, most exceedingly.
The adjective may also be intensified by duplication; as ikan yang besar-besar, great big fish; burong kechil-kechil, very small birds; negri jauh-jauh, far-distant lands; dia harti baik-baik, he understands very well.
The following adverbs are of frequent use in heightening the sense of words:—
| baniak, very. amat, exceedingly. sangat, very. sakali, quite, most. ter-lebeh, most. | ter-lalu, excessively.
ter-amat, most exceedingly. |
All of these precede the positive except sakali, which invariably follows it. Amat and sangat are also sometimes placed after the adjective which they qualify.
It is common to use more than one of these words with the same adjective, just as we say “the very most.”
Examples.
There were a very great number of people in the reception-hall— Di balei itu ter-amat-lah baniak orang.
His body was very thin— Tuboh-nia sangat kurus.
The performance was exceedingly pretty— Sangat-lah chantek itu per-main-an.
He was immensely astonished at seeing it— Dia ter-lalu heiran me-lihat-kan.
This year all fruit is very plentiful and cheap— Tahun ini sagala buah-buah sangat-lah baniak dan morah harga-nia.
You must be exceedingly patient— Handak-lah dengan sabar sangat.
Very stupid in appearance— Ter-lalu bodoh rupa-nia.
The road is very bad— Jalan itu burok sakali.
Most exceedingly painful— Yang ter-lebeh sangat sakit.
It was a very large country— Ter-lalu amat besar negri itu.
His conduct was too bad— Ter-lampau jahat ka-laku-an-nia.
The adjective maha, great, is similarly used; as maha besar, very great; maha mulia, most illustrious; maha kuasa, all-powerful.
Exercise.
He demanded a very high price. He is very ill. Your father was exceedingly wise. It is a very large river. I am very frightened. The water is very deep. Those Chinese are very wicked. The most illustrious and most mighty queen. The old man’s cow is very thin. I was much surprised at hearing it. He brought some very big horses. Some very large ships have arrived. This month fish is very cheap. The room is very wide. The river was much too narrow, the ship could not enter. I have a very bad headache.
LESSON V.
Interrogative Sentences.
In asking a question, the tone of the voice sometimes marks the interrogation sufficiently.
Sometimes the interrogation is marked by the use of the particle -kah affixed to the emphatic word of the sentence.
Sometimes the interrogative form of a sentence is shown by the use of such words as—
| apa, what? siapa, who? ka-mana, where? ber-apa, how many? mana, who, which, how? | bagei-mana, how?
|
Substantives.
| time, kali. rain, hujan. market, pasar. stone, batu. use, guna. iron, besi. steel, baja. tin, timah. lead, timah hitam. copper, tambaga. | box, peti. kind, sort, macham. tobacco, tambakau. coffee, kahwah. tea, teh, cha. tea (dry), daun teh. tea (liquid), ayer teh. money, wang. jacket, baju. trousers, saluar. |
Examples.
What is the matter?— Apa korang?
What is to be done? (i.e., there is nothing to be done)— Apa bulik buat?
What is the use?— Apa guna?
Whence do you come?— Deri-mana datang kamu?
Where are you going?— Handak pergi ka-mana?
Why did you not tell me sooner?— Apa buat ta’bilang dahulu?
What do you say?— Apa kata kamu?
Why do ye run?— Mengapa kumu orang lari?
Where did you get that?— Di-mana-kah angkau dapat itu?
Which tree shall I cut down?— Pokoh mana handak tebang?
How many days ago?— Berapa hari sudah?
When was he at the market?— Bila-mana dia di pasar?
Whose house is this?— Rumah ini siapa punya?
Are there many Chinese in Patani?— Baniak-kah orang China di Patani?
Was it truly he who did it?— Sunggoh-kah dia yang buat?
Is it this one or another?— Ini-kah atau lain-kah?
Is it going to rain?— Handak hujan-kah?
What is the price of this?— Berapa harga ini?
What is the news? (How goes it?)— Apa khabar?
How could I dare to do it ?— Macham mana sahaya berani buat?
Exercise.
Where is my jacket? What did he say? Why do you come here? Are there any dollars in the box? How many times has it rained this month? Whose tin is this? Who brought this tobacco? Did you demand the money from his father? Whence did you obtain this news? Did you order him to bring the coffee? How many miles (lit. stones) is it to the market? Shall I cut down this tree? Have you seen that play? Who
Sometimes the word apa at the commencement of a sentence gives it an interrogative sense;
1. Like the Hindustani kya or the Latin an, num. Forbes’ Hindustani Manual.
2. Sri Rama. Favre’s Grammar, p. 92.
LESSON VI.
Formation of Negative Sentences.
Tidak, no.
Tiada, is not (are, was, were, do, did not, &c.).
Bukan, no, not.
Jangan, don’t, let not.
Antah, I know not; who knows? there is no saying.
Jangan-kan, not only, not, so far from.
Bukan is a more emphatic denial than tidak. It is also used, either alone or with the affix -kah, to signify is it not? is it not so?
Tiada is generally abbreviated colloquially to t’ada and t’a’ (in Java trada and tra).
Antah is an expression of doubt.
Examples.
Yes or no?— Ya atau tidak.
That which is he causes not to be; that which is not he causes to be— Yang ada dia tidak-kan, yang tidak dia ada-kan.
It is nothing = never mind— Tidak apa.
He got no small quantity of fish— Dia men-dapat ikan bukan sadikit.
Her beauty was of no ordinary kind— Molek-nia bukan alang-kapalang.
Is this his house or not?— Ini-kah rumah dia atau bukan?
Indescribable, wonderful— Bukan buat-an lagi (lit. it was no longer doing).
You said just now that you went home first, did you not?— Kata kamu tadi sudah pulang ka rumah dahulu, bukan-kah?
He is not my child— Bukan-lah iya anak hamba.
He will not come— Dia ta’ mahu datang.
I asked him a great many times, but he would not— Sahaya minta berapa kali tiada dia mahu.
There are no fish in the market— T’ada ikan di pasar.
I do not know where he has gone— Antah ka-mana pergi-nia.
There is no saying how many of them died— Antah ber-apa baniak-nia yang mati.
It cannot be otherwise— Ta’ dapat tiada.
He cannot enter— Dia ta’bulih masok.
Do not go— Jangan pergi.
Do not believe what people say— Jangan perchaya akan perkata-an orang.
Shall I enter the house or not?— Masok-kah aku dalam rumah atau jangan-kah?
So far from obtaining it, we did not even see it— Jangan-kan dapat, me-lihat-pun tidak.
Not to speak of you, of me, even, they are afraid— Jangan-kan tuan, hamba-tuan pun dia orang takut.
Exercise.
He said no. That conduct is not proper. He cannot write. The children are not in the house. So far from getting a pony-carriage, we cannot even get a bullock-cart. Not to speak of the night, by day even people are afraid to go there. There is no saying how it happened. Do not go near. Shall I give the fruit to the woman or not? There are not many horses here. Do you not know that? The Chinaman will not say yes or no. Do not be afraid. If the seed is good it cannot but be that the fruit is good also. The wind was of no ordinary force (kuat).
New words in this Lesson to be learned by heart.
Beautiful, beauty, molek; dead, to die, mati; to believe, perchaya; saying, speech, per-kata-an (from kata, to say); to
LESSON VII.
On the Use of Prepositions.
For a list of the most useful prepositions see supra, p. 63.
Examples.
We are going up the mountain— Kita handak naik ka-atas gunong.
For every orlong (land-measure) ten cents— Pada satu orlong sa-puloh duit.
The clerks who are under him— Krani-krani yang di-bawah-nia.
Many people have settled at that place— Baniak orang sudah masok di tampat itu.
He saw it from outside— Deri luar iya me-lihat-kan.
People have remarked upon the subject before me (in my presence)— Ada juga orang ter-kenang-kan hal itu di hadap-an sahaya.
The Raja gave a present to him— Raja memberi hadia kapada-nia.
Che Ismail has made preparations for marrying his daughter to (with) Haji Daud— Che Ismail sudah siap handak me-nika?-kan anak-nia dengan Haji Daud.
They were sentenced by the judge— Di-?ukum-kan uleh ?akim.
Among the four men three were wounded and one ran away— Di-dalam ampat orang itu tiga luka satu lari.
I want to know about that affair— Sahaya handak tahu deri-pada hal itu.
The case was begun on the first day of the month— Kapada satu hari bulan di-mula-i bichara-nia.
With great haste— Dengan sangat gopoh.
He has gone towards the kitchen— Sudah dia jalan sa-belah dapor.
On both sides of the road— Antara ka-dua belah jalan.
Regarding the subject of that document— Akan hal surat itu.
After a few days— Lepas sadikit hari.
He was buried near his father— Di-?ubur-kan dekat ayah-nia.
According to their circumstances— Atas ?adar-nia.
According to his strength— Sa-kadar kuasa-nia.
Go to your master— Pergi sama tuan kamu.
He inquired about a murder— Dia pre?sa fasal bunoh.
Another version behind your back— Balik belakang lain bichara.
Between earth and sky— Antara bumi dan langit.
To walk through the water— Ber-jalan trus ayer.
For the sake of God— Karana Allah.
As far as the cross-roads— Hingga sempang jalan.
Until now— Sampei sakarang.
Exercise.
He lives upon the hill. On the tenth day of the month. They came before the raja. His master gave a dollar to him. He was buried by his brothers. After that all went away. Among those ten persons six are men and four are women. As regards the subject of that case, inquiry is now being made. Each man received according to his circumstances. In which direction has he gone, towards the right or towards the left? Between the house and the river. How much will you receive for every pikul of tin? The dogs are under the house. They sat upon the ground. He arrived at that place with fifteen men. They remained until night.
The following words used in this lesson should be committed to memory:—
Clerk, krani; place, tampat; affair, subject, hal; gift, present, hadia; judge, ?akim; order, sentence, ?ukum; case, negotiation, bichara; hurried, haste, gopoh; kitchen, dapor; a grave, ?ubur; to bury, ?ubur-kan; rate, condition, circumstances, ?adar; strength, power, kuasa; the back, belakang; the earth, bumi; God, Allah; fork (of a road), sempang; side, belah.
To ascend, naik; to reflect, consider, kenang; wounded, to wound, luka; to marry, nika?; to give in marriage, nika?-kan; to examine, inquire into, pre?sa; to kill, bunoh; to receive, terima.
3. In Penang 1 duit = 1 cent.; in Singapore and Malacca ¼ cent.
LESSON VIII.
On the Words Sudah and Habis.
Substantives.
| a lock, kunchi. a key, anak kunchi. accounts, kira-kira. skill, ka-pandei-an. anger, ka-marah-an. small-pox, ka-tumboh-an. loss, rugi. disease, penyakit. | an egg, telor. an axe, kapak. the foot, kaki. cold (in the head), sardi. dagger, kris, kris. rocks, reef, karang. a fine, denda. blemish, chachat. |
Verbs.
| to lock, kunchi-kan. to try, attempt, choba. to expend, belanja. to be silent, diam. to break, pechah. to stab, tikam. to beat, pukul. to be destroyed, binasa. | to burn, bakar; burnt, ter-bakar. to be angry, marah. to loose, lepas; loosed ter-lepas. to disobey, bantah. to cheat, tipu. to be damaged, rosak. to rob, samun. to bite (as a snake), pagut. |
Adjectives.
| guilty, salah. black, hitam. slow, lambat. | rotten, busuk. severe, terok. fit, suitable, probable, harus. |
Adverbs.
| quickly, lakas. | slowly, perlahan. |
Sudah is classed as an adverb, but its most common use is to serve as a kind of auxiliary verb in forming the past tenses. It is translateable, according to the context, by the words and
Habis signifies done, finished, exhausted, expended; utterly, completely. The use of these words with verbs will be seen from the following examples:—
Examples.
Have you locked the door?— Sudah kunchi-kan pintu-kah?
I have— Sudah.
When I reached the house he was already there (lit. had become present before)— Tatkala sahaya sampei di rumah dia sudah ada dahulu.
It is not yet finished— Belum sudah.
It is half finished (just being finished)— Tengah handak sudah.
Nearly finished— Dekat mahu sudah.
Long ago— Lama sudah.
A month ago, more or less— Lebih korang sa’bulan sudah.
That is enough— Sudah-lah.
It has gone bad— Sudah busuk.
It is over— Sudah habis.
His father is an old man (has become old)— Bapa-nia sudah tuah.
Try to complete this— Choba-lah bagi sudah.
He understands (has arrived at understanding) accounts very well— Pasal kira-kira sudah iya harti baik-baik.
Now it is (has become) near— Sakarang sudah dekat.
They are all dead and gone— Sumua-nia mati habis.
Entirely destroyed— Habis binasa.
It is all spent— Sudah belanja habis.
When he had finished speaking— Apabila sudah habis chakap.
All were quite silent— Habis-lah diam sumua.
The utmost of his skill— Sa-habis ka-pandei-an dia.
Exercise.
He is dead. He died long ago. He had made preparations for going away. Are they all ready? The workman says that the box is not yet finished. He has gone to Malacca. I have seen this before. The tea is finished. All the eggs are broken. The house was entirely burnt. He spent all his father’s money. Finish that quickly. They have gone back to their own country. That house is nearly finished. I arrived here a year ago. When you have finished writing that letter go home. It is now at a distance. I am just finishing this letter.
LESSON IX.
On the Verb Kena.
Kena, in the sense of “to incur,” is frequently used with other words to express the passive mood. Thus, instead of “he was fined,” Malays will say “he incurred a fine;” instead of “he was blamed,” “he incurred anger.” Kena also means to touch, strike, hit, affect. Kena apa? “affected by what?” is frequently pronounced as a single word, kenapa, meaning “why?”
He was prosecuted— Dia kena bichara.
They were sentenced to five years each— Kena hukum atas sa’orang lima tahun.
He incurred the displeasure of his father— Dia kena ka-marah-an deri-pada bapa-nia.
The axe slipped in his hand and took effect on the back of his leg— Ter lepas di tangan kapak itu, kena di belakang kaki-nia.
Those who have not yet had small-pox— Orang yang belum kena ka-tumboh-an.
If any one disobeys he will be fined five dollars— Kalau ada siapa ban tah nanti kena denda lima ringgit.
I have been cheated— Sahaya sudah kena tipu.
He has been found guilty— Dia sudah kena salah.
He died of a snake-bite— Dia mati kena pagut ular.
That won’t do (does not hit it)— Ta’ kena bagitu.
Don’t go there, you may be injured— Jangan pergi sana, barangkali kena satu apa-apa.
I am always catching cold— Salalu sahaya kena sardi.
If the medicine does not take effect it is likely that the disease will take a long time to be cured (i.e., the patient will probably die)— Kalau tiada kena ubat-nia harus juga lambat baik penyakit itu.
4. The Malay word for small-pox differs in various localities. In Penang the common word is ka-tumboh-an (lit. eruption); in Malacca and Singapore, chachar; in Perak, si-tawar and sakit orang baik (lit. “disease of the good people,” a euphuism); in some parts of Borneo, puru nasi.
5. Sardi (Persian and Hindustani) is the word used by the Malays of Penang. Selesima and selimat generally mean more than a mere cold in the head.
Exercise.
He died of a stab with a kris. He was put to great expense. The ship was damaged by striking on the rocks. They were
LESSON X.
On the Verbs Buleh, Bahagi, &c.
The verbs buleh, can, or to be able; bahagi, to give (lit. to divide); kasih and beri, to give, grant; and biar, to permit, to suffer, are frequently used to govern other verbs, which they invariably precede.
Buleh is a contraction of ber-uleh, a verb formed from the preposition uleh, by, by means of. The primary meaning of ber-uleh or buleh is to obtain, effect, and hence it has come to mean “to be able.” The original sense of the word may be seen in such sentences as ber-uleh per-minta-an, to obtain (compliance with) a request; sudah-kah buleh anak? have you had a child?
Examples.
How can one know?— Mana buleh tahu?
Can you read English?— Kamu buleh-kah mem-bacha surat Inggris?
It is not to be calculated— Tiada-lah buleh handak di-kira-kira lagi.
Every month I remind (give to remember) him— Tiap-tiap bulan ada hamba-tuan beri ingat.
To feed (lit. give to eat)— Beri makan.
Just read that and let me hear it— Choba bacha itu biar sahaya dengar.
I wished to speak to him, but they would not let me— Sahaya handak chakap dengan dia orang ta’ bahagi.
He informed (gave to know) the Penghulu— Dia beri tahu kapada Penghulu.
Send those people away— Kasih pulang orang-orang itu.
Let it fall— Biar jatoh.
Exercise.
I cannot open the door. He tried to stab him, but could not touch him. Let him strike. Let the axe drop. His brother
Request, per-minta-an, from minta, to ask; messenger, lit. one ordered, penyuroh, from suroh, to order; to remember, ingat; to read, bacha; to fall, jatoh; every, tiap-tiap.
LESSON XI.
On the Verbs Langsong, Lalu, &c.
In describing a proceeding which involves motion to a place or continuous action on the part of some person or thing, it is common to use the words langsong, lanjar or lanchar, and lalu, to proceed, go, direct one’s course. Their signification in a sentence is not easily translateable in English, but it is perhaps best rendered by the English idiom, to go and do a thing. Sometimes the effect is that of the adverbs “immediately,” “at last,” “incontinently,” “forthwith,” “altogether.” Langsong is generally used in Penang, but in Perak the Malays generally use lanjar in the same sense.
Examples.
Intending to cook (food), to go and burn it— Handak masak langsong hangus.
He went to Meccah and never returned— Dia pergi ka-Makah lanjar ta’ balik.
The pony fell down and immediately died— Rebah kuda itu langsong mati.
He journeyed to Singapore and thence on to Johor— Ber-laiar-lah dia ka-Singgapura lalu ka-Johor.
He spat it out and then went and licked it up again— Sudah ludah lalu di-jilat (a proverb).
He took a knife and forthwith stabbed him— Dia ambil pisau langsong tikam.
He visited the districts down the river and thence went on to Kampar— Dia pergi ka-daira rantau hilir, lanjar ka-Kampar.
He has gone altogether— Dia sudah pergi langsong.
Lalu is often used in the sense of “can,” “able,” instead of buleh.
I cannot do it— Sahaya ta’ lalu buat.
For a day or two past she has been unable to eat— Sudah satu dua hari dia ta’ lalu makan nasi.
Will fish swallow a bare hook?— Ada-kah ikan lalu me-makan mata kail sahaja?
Exercise.
He got up and forthwith went away. He was very angry, and at once ordered him to go out. The ship struck on a rock and immediately sunk. He ate rice and then went to sleep. He stabbed him twice and immediately ran away. He came out of the house and at once fell down. He returned to his country and died there. Do you intend to go direct to Johor?
To cook, masak; to burn, hangus; to fall down, rebah; to return, balik; to spit, ludah; to lick, jilat; to take, ambil; to eat, makan; to go out, kaluar; to sink, tinggalam; a sail, laiar; to sail; ber-laiar; a knife, pisau; a district, daira; rice, beras; boiled rice, nasi; fish-hook, mata kail; reach of a river, rantau; down-stream, hilir; up-stream, hulu.
6. Makan nasi, eat rice. Malays do not, like us, say simply eat, read, write. It is more idiomatic to say, eat rice, read book, write letter.
LESSON XII.
On the Words Sampat and Dan.
Sampat, to be able, competent to, opportunity, fit time; and dan, occasion, opportunity, fit time, are two useful words which are employed with verbs in much the same manner as buleh, lalu, &c.
In some parts of the peninsula (Perak, for example), sampang is used instead of sampat.
These words are used more generally to state a negative proposition than an affirmative one.
Examples.
They are not able to stand— Tiada-lah sampat iya ber-diri.
There was not time (for the fire) to spread to the inner part of the house, but (it was confined) to the cook-room— Tiada sampang di-makan sampei ka-dalam rumah hania sa-belah dapor sahaja.
There was no time to render assistance— Tiada dan di-tulong.
He is not in a position to resist— Tiada sampat iya me-lawan.
I was not in time to see him; he had already started— Ta’dan ber-jumpa, sudah dia jalan dahulu.
Such of them as could not gain the shore— Barang yang tiada sampat naik ka-darat.
Exercise.
He ran away before I was able to seize him. They were unable to run away, for people seized them. He went away quickly, so I had no time to see him. That place is very far off; there is not time to reach it in one day. He fell down and died before one could render assistance. Yesterday I was in a great hurry and had not time to finish what I was saying. There is not time to finish it in two days. Before I could stand up he struck me.
To stand, ber-diri; except, but, hania; to help, tulong; to resist, oppose, lawan; to meet, jumpa; land, darat; any, some, each, every, barang.
PART III.
The preceding lessons, it is hoped, will have explained and illustrated in some degree the construction of sentences in Malay. It is now proposed to give a series of useful words and phrases applicable for the most part to common domestic incidents, so that the student may at once have at command the phrases most likely to be required in speaking to native servants. Unfortunately for the purity of the dialect spoken at the British settlements in the Straits of Malacca, the majority of the domestic servants there are foreigners (natives of India, Chinese, Javanese, &c.), who seldom speak Malay well, either as regards style or pronunciation. It is assumed that the student aims at something more than clothing foreign idioms with Malay words, and he should be on his guard therefore against the errors of people of this class. Facility of expression and the accurate use of idioms can only be acquired by much practice in speaking with Malays, and by attentive study of Malay authors.
LESSON XIII.
| Bring | breakfast, dinner, luncheon, | Bawa makan-an. |
Put bread on the table— Taroh roti di-atas meja.
Is there any milk?— Susu ada-kah?
A little sugar— Gula sadikit.
Shut the door— Tutup (or katup) pintu.
Open the window— Buka jandela
Light the candle— Pasang
Put out the lamp— Padam palita.
I am very hungry— Sahaya lapar sangat.
Have you eaten rice?— Sudah makan nasi?
What will you drink, sir?— Tuan apa handak minum?
Go quickly— Pergi lakas.
Don’t be long— Jangan lambat.
Call him here— Panggil din ka-mari.
Tell him to come here— Ajak dia kamari.
Tell him I want to speak to him— Khabar-kan dia sahaya handak chakap sadikit.
Don’t make a noise— Jangan engar-engar.
Go to the right— Pergi ka-kanan.
Go towards the right— Pergi sa-belah kanan.
Turn to the left— Pusing sa-belah kiri.
Come— Mari. Mari-lah.
Come here— Mari sini. Mari di-sini. Mari-lah ka-mari.
Come near— Mari dekat.
Come quite near— Mari dekat-dekat.
Exercise.
Bring some bread. Where are you going? Light the lamp quickly. Bring tea, sugar, and milk. Put two candles on the table. Is there any coffee? When you reach the cross-roads turn to the right. Eat first and then go. Don’t tell any one. Who is making a noise outside? He told him to come quite near. Light the lamp and then shut all the windows.
1. Lit. eatables. Sometimes the Hindustani word hazri is used for breakfast.
2. Meza or meja, table, is borrowed from the Persian.
3. Jandela is from the Portuguese janella, and is applied to the windows of the houses of Europeans. Tingkap is the window or window-shutter of a native house.
4. Pasang signifies to give action to, to apply.
5. Dian is the better word. Lilin is literally wax.
6. Palita, in Hindustani (corrupted from the Persian patilah), signifies the match of a gun, a candle, a wick used in sorcery.
LESSON XIV.
I want a servant (lit. a hired man)— Sahaya handak chahari orang gaji sa’orang.
Where did you work before?— Di-mana kerja dahulu?
What wages do you want per month?— Ber-apa mahu gaji pada sa-bulan?
I will give seven dollars a month— Sahaya handak kasih tujoh ringgit sa-bulan.
Take care— Jaga baik-baik.
Hold it quite straight— Pegang-lah betul-betul.
Steady now; don’t let it slant— Baik-baik-lah jangan singet.
Don’t forget— Jangan lupa.
Call the syce— Panggil sais.
Have you cleaned the horse?— Kuda sudah gosok-kah?
Just as you please— Mana suka tuan.
Just as you may order— Mana hukum tuan.
What o’clock is it (lit. Has struck how many times)?— Sudah pukul ber-apa?
It has struck twelve— Sudah pukul dua-belas.
It is half-past ten— Sudah pukul sa-puloh sa-tengah.
It wants a quarter to one— Pukul satu korang suku.
Take away those shoes— Bawa pergi kasut
Take away all the things— Angkat-lah perkakas-an sumua.
Get the carriage ready— Siap-kan kreta,
Have you ordered the carriage?— Kreta sudah suroh pasang-kah?
Put the horse to— Kena-kan kuda.
A pair of horses— Kuda sa-pasang.
Saddle the black horse— Bubok zin
Bring the riding-horse— Bawa kuda tunggang.
Exercise.
Get dinner ready. How much do you give your syce a month? At two o’clock or half-past two, just as you like. I intend to dine at seven o’clock; don’t forget. Hold it carefully, and don’t let it fall. Where are all the servants? Have you
7. Sa’is (Hindustani, derived from Arabic), groom, horsekeeper.
8. Kasut is the native word, but sapatu (Portuguese sapato) is also extensively used to signify boots and shoes of European pattern.
9. Kreta, Portuguese carreta.
10. Zin, Hindustani and Persian. Palana (Hindustani and Persian patan, a pack-saddle) and sela (Portuguese sella) are also used.
LESSON XV.
Is the cook there?— Tukang
I keep one grass-cutter for every two horses— Pada dua-dua ekor kuda sahaya upah tukang-rumput sa’orang.
The gardener does not work on Friday— Hari juma‘at tukang-kabun tiada kerja.
Be good enough to order two pairs of shoes at the shoemaker’s— Tulong-lah pasan pada tukang-kasut dua pasang kasut.
What I want are shoes that lace up— Yang sahaya handak itu, kasut yang ber-tali.
Where does the goldsmith live?— Di-mana tinggal tukang-mas?
Look out for some good carpenter— Chahari-lah tukang-kayu mana-mana satu yang pandei sadikit.
How much must I pay the blacksmith?— Berapa handak baiar kapada tukang besi?
The painter says it will be finished in two days— Kata tukang-chat lagi dua hari habis-lah.
It must be here at two o’clock without fail— Mahu ada di-sini jam pukul dua, ta’ bulih tidak.
I am sorry that so-and-so has not come— Sayang-lah si-anu ta’ datang.
What a pity!— Kasih-an!
Poor old man!— Kasihan-lah orang tuah!
On what day will the washerman come?— Hari mana dobi
I will not give it— Sahaya ta’ mahu kasih.
He asks too much— Dia minta ter-lampau baniak.
He asks too long a price— Dia minta mahal sangat.
Speak slowly— Chakap perlahan-perlahan.
Has he brought anything?— Sudah dia bawa apa-apa?
Exercise.
What has the cook brought? Tell the washerman to come in three days. How much does he ask? Why is the gardener not working? The shoemaker was not at his house. Have you called the blacksmith? When will you give it to me? If you speak slowly I can understand. I do not want the carriage to-day. Be good enough to call the grass-cutter. Poor little child! The black horse is dead. I am sorry about that horse. Did he demand anything?
11. Tukang. This word in Malay corresponds to our “fellow,” the Hindustani wala and the Tamul karen. When used, as in the examples above given, as part of a compound, it signifies agent, doer, keeper.
12. Dhobi is Hindustani; binara, washerman, is the most idiomatic term, but tukang-basoh is often heard, also, in Batavia, tukang menatu.
LESSON XVI.
Pour out the tea— Tuang ayer teh.
This water is not hot enough— Ayer ini ta’ panas betul.
When it is boiling bring it— Apa-bila ayer men-didih baharu-lah bawa.
Boil two eggs— Masak telor dua biji.
Kill a fowl— Potong (or sembilik
Don’t scald it; pluck the feathers out— Jangan chelor, bulu-nia chabut satu-satu.
Make an omelette— Buat dadar telor.
Count these knives— Choba bilang pisau ini berapa.
A person has brought bread for sale— Ada orang handak jual roti.
Take two loaves— Ambil-lah dua ketul.
What kind of meat do you wish me to get?— Daging apa macham tuan handak suroh chahari?
I am not particularly fond of beef— Daging lumbu sahaya ta’ berapa gamar.
See if you can get any mutton— Choba pre?sa daging kambing barang-kali dapat kelak.
Is the meat to be roasted or boiled?— Daging handak panggang-kah handak rebus-kah?
Mince it up fine— Chinchang lumat-lumat.
Don’t be troublesome— Jangan bising.
This is the fruit-season— Ini-lah musim buah kayu.
What kind of fruit is there for sale now?— Apa macham buah orang jual sakarang?
Mangoes, mangostins, and oranges— Buah mampelam, buah manggis dan limau manis.
Are there any shaddocks?— Limau kadangsa ada-kah?
Buy about a dozen limes— Beli limau asam barang dua-belas biji.
The basket is full— Bakul sudah penoh.
Bring a basket to put these things into— Bawa-lah raga handak isi-kan barang-barang ini.
This durian is unripe— Buah durian ini muda lagi.
No, sir; its pulp is delicious— Tidak tuan, elok sakali isi-nia.
These durians are not to be surpassed— Ta’ lawan-lah buah durian ini.
Exercise.
I am not very fond of poultry. Why does not the cook bring a basket? Are not these mangoes unripe? How many mangostins are there in the basket? Can you make an omelette? Boil the mutton and roast the beef. When the water is boiling put the egg in. Count the limes which the cook has brought. How many loaves of bread do you take each day? He is not very clever at cooking.
13. Sembilik is used only of the killing of an animal by a Muhammadan for consumption by Muhammadans. It is a corruption of the Arabic phrase Bi-smi-llahi, which is pronounced as the animal’s throat is cut.
14. Kelak implies a doubt, “perchance,” “may be.”
LESSON XVII.
Call a hack-carriage— Panggil kreta sewa.
I want to hire this carriage to go to church— Sahaya mahu sewa kareta ini handak pergi ka-greja.
What fare shall I have to pay?— Berapa nanti kena bayar penyewa-nia?
Can you get there in half-an-hour?— Tengah jam buleh sampei-kah?
Has the gun fired (lit. sounded)?— Mariam
The cannon has gone off— Mariam sudah me-letup.
He fired a musket— Dia me-letup-kan snapang.
Let go. Leave hold— Lepas tangan.
Who is there?— Siapa ada?
Bring a light— Bawa api.
Where are the matches?— Di-mana goris api?
Say that again— Choba kata lagi sakali.
I did not quite hear— Sahaya ta’ berapa dengar.
They are great liars— Dia orang kuat mem-bohong.
I dare not tell you a lie— Sahaya ta’ berani mem-bohong kapada tuan.
I am very sorry to hear it— Sahaya baniak susah hati men-dengar.
Move to the right— Kesak ka-kanan.
This is a very large pine-apple— Ter-lalu besar sa-biji nanas ini.
Plantains are of various kinds— Macham-macham-lah pisang.
I cannot come to-morrow— Besok sahaya ta’ buleh kamari.
Cut this stick in two— Kayu ini kerat dua.
Bring some wine and water— Bawa anggor sama ayer.
Has the rain stopped?— Sudah tedoh-kah hujan?
It has moderated— Ada sidang sadikit.
The rain is very heavy— Hujan lebat sakali.
It has stopped— Sudah ber-hinti.
Exercise.
Tell him to go slowly. Ask the syce for matches. Tell him to light the lamps. He dare not go home alone. I told him to let go. Have you heard the gun fire? One cannot get there in an hour. He will hire out (lit. give to hire) his carriage. When the rain has stopped I will go there. He does not drink wine. Fire off the gun again. I do not quite like it. He demands much too high a fare.
15. Greja, from the Portuguese iglesia.
16. Mariam, taken evidently, though unconsciously, from the Portuguese name of the Holy Virgin. —Crawfurd.
17. Snapang, from the Dutch snaphaan.
LESSON XVIII.
Is dinner ready?— Makan-an sudah sedia-kah?
I have invited five gentlemen to dine here this evening— Sudah sahaya per-sila-kan tuan-tuan lima orang me-makan di-sini malam ini.
You must cool the wine well— -Mahu-lah sejuk-kan anggor baik-baik.
If there is not enough saltpetre get more— Kalau korang sendawa ambil-lah lagi.
There is plenty of ice— Ayer baku
What is the price of Bengal potatoes by the catty?— Ubi Benggala berapa harga sa-kati?
Wipe the spoons and forks with a cloth— Senduk garfu sumua-nia sapu-lah sama kain.
There is a hole in this tablecloth— Kain meja ini ber-lobang.
It caught on a nail and was torn— Sudah ter-sangkut di-hujong paku langsong koyah-lah.
Some gravy was spilt on it— Kuah di-tumpah di-atas-nia.
Let the vegetables be perfectly hot— Sayur-sayur biar hangat sakali.
It is difficult to get fish at this hour— Ikan payah di-chahari bagini hari.
The pomfret is better than the sole— Baik ikan bawal deri-pada ikan lidah.
He is washing the plates— Dia mem-basoh piring.
That lad is very handy— Chepat sakali budak itu.
Pull out the cork— Chabut penyumbat.
Put in the cork— Bubok-lah penyumbat.
Do you want this bottle for any purpose?— Tuan handak ber-guna-kan balang
Bring finger-glasses (lit. water to wash the hands)— Bawa ayer basoh tangan.
Exercise.
Wipe this table. Don’t give the washerman the tablecloths which have holes. It is difficult to get ice here. Bengal potatoes are better than those from China. Wash your hands first. I am very fond of ice. Put two spoons and two forks on the table. Let the water be very cold. Perhaps I shall want it some day. I came here having been invited
18. Lit. “congealed water;” ayer batu, “stone water” is also used, but less correctly.
19. Penyumbat, a stopper, from sumbat, to stop up, close.
20. Balang is the native word for a flask or bottle, but is seldom heard in the British settlements, where the English word “bottle” is generally understood.
21. Di-per-sila-kan uleh.
LESSON XIX.
Look at this for a moment— Choba tengoh ini sa-buntar.
Let me see it— Biar sahaya me-lihat.
Do you see that man who is looking in front of him?— Kamu nampa-kah orang itu yang pandang ka-hadap?
I did not pay particular attention— Sahaya ta’ berapa per-hati-kan.
I don’t quite know (lit. I have insufficiently inquired)— Sahaya korang pre?sa.
Pick out those that are torn— Pilih yang ter-koyah.
How many pairs of white trousers are there?— Saluar puteh ada ber apa halei?
Give me a shirt— Kasih kameja
Thick material (e.g., blanket, rug, flannel)— Kain panas.
Any cloth or garment for wrapping round the body (e.g., sheet, coverlet)— Salimut.
Fold up this handkerchief— Lipat sapu-tangan ini.
He was lying wrapped up with a blanket— Dia tidor-lah ber-salimut kain panas.
They wrapped him round with a sarong— Di-salimut-kan-nia kain sarong.
There is one pair of socks too few— Sarong kaki ada korang sa-pasang.
My waist-belt has disappeared— Tali pinggang sudah ta’ nampa lagi.
Bolt the door— Kanching-kan-lah pintu.
Knock at the door before coming in— Ketok pintu dahulu baharu-lah masok.
I am going to bathe now— Sahaya handak mandi sakarang.
Is there any water for bathing?— Ayer mandi ada-kah?
The tub is full— Tong sudah penoh.
Exercise.
Just look at this shirt; it is torn. Bring me a pair of thick trousers. Is the door bolted? Have you seen my waist-belt anywhere? Let me see that handkerchief for a moment. He knocked at the door, but you did not hear him. I am going down to bathe. Pick out about five good ones. I look ahead of me, not behind me. He said that he had not inquired. Fold up these sheets.
LESSON XX.
Have you fed the dogs?— Anjing sudah kasih makan-kah?
Did you deliver that letter?— Surat itu sudah serah-kah?
Is there any answer?— Ada jawab
The master sends his compliments— Tuan kirim tabek baniak-baniak.
There are a great many mosquitoes here— Nyamok ter-lampau baniak di-sini.
I don’t much like living here— Sahaya ta’ ber-apa suka duduk
I was disgusted at hearing him speak like that— Sahaya binchi men-dengar per-kata-an-nia yang bagitu.
Are you on good terms with so-and-so?— Kamu sama si-anu ada baik-kah?
Mr. —— was very angry with him— Marah sa-kali Tuan —— kapada-nia.
I do not venture to interfere— Sahaya ta’ berani champor.
Don’t interrupt— Jangan masok-kan mulut.
Mix both together— Champor-lah dua-dua.
I must have onions, pepper, salt, and chillies— Mahu-lah bawang lada garam sama chabei.
Don’t use cocoa-nut oil— Jangan pakei minyak kalapa.
She sits weeping day and night— Dia duduk menangis siyang malam.
This will do as a pattern— Ini-lah jadi chonto.
He made a model of a house— Di-buat-kan-nia achu-an rumah.
Where is the bullet-mould?— Achu-an peluru
My mind is made up— Tetap-lah hati sahaya.
I very much wish (lit. the vow of my heart is) to have a garden— Niat hati sahaya handak ber-kabun.
Exercise.
I did not dare to go near. Put some pepper and salt into it and then mix it well. They have delivered up all the muskets. He is not on very good terms with his wife. I like to look at it. He said he would send an answer. Don’t be angry with the boys. If you give the carpenter a model he can make anything. I would ask for a little bit of this cloth as a pattern. Give my compliments to your master.
24. Jawab (a word of Arabic derivation) has been borrowed by the Malays from Hindustani.
25. Duduk, to sit, means also (in some districts) to live, inhabit.
26. Pe-luru, a missile, “that which goes direct,” a substantive formed by the particle pe- and the word lurus, direct, straight.
LESSON XXI.
Can you sew?— Kamu tahu-kah menjahit?
The tailor has come— Tukang jahit sudah datang.
This does not fit me— Ta’ betul ini dengan badan
Measure the length of this— Hukur-lah panjang-nia.
Just hold this for a moment— Tulong pegang ini sa‘at.
Wait a moment— Nanti sa‘at.
He has a bad foot— Kaki-nia sakit.
He was wounded between the ankle and the heel— Dia kena luka antara mata kaki dan tumit.
Her neck was swollen— Bongkok-lah batang leher-nia.
From the nape of the neck down to the feet— Deri tangkuk hingga kaki.
He put his arm under his head (lit. he made a pillow of his forearm)— Dia mem-bantal-kan lengan.
His knee-pan was broken— Patah-lah tempurong
A skull was found in the river— Di-jumpa tengkurak di-dalam sungei.
As big as one’s finger— Besar jari.
The thumb— Ibu jari or ibu tangan.
The forefinger— Jari telunjuk.
The middle finger— Jari tengah, jari mati, or jari hantu.
The fourth finger— Jari manis.
The little finger— Jari kelingking.
His right arm was dislocated— Tangan kanan-nia sudah salah urat.
He has a beard— Dia ber-janggut.
One seldom sees a Chinese with a moustache— Jarang ber-jumpa orang China ber-misei.
Exercise.
Show the tailor a pair of white trousers. My little finger is swollen. Hold this stick for a moment. He was stabbed in the leg near the knee. Both his arms were broken. Be good enough to sew this. I was much concerned at seeing him; he is suffering greatly. A stick as thick as my forearm. He was struck on the back of the neck. She wore a ring
27. Badan, Arabic, adopted in Hindustani also; tuboh is the native word; salira (Sansk.) is also found.
28. More correctly sa-sa‘at, one moment. Sa‘at (Arabic) is found in Hindustani also.
29. The primary meaning of tempurong is “cocoa-nut shell.”
30. Chinchin.
LESSON XXII.
Bring my hat and riding-whip— Bawa topi
What is this candle made of?— Dian ini di-buat dengan apa?
Give me pen and ink— Kasih kalam
That man is deaf and dumb— Orang itu bisu.
His hair is very long— Panjang sakali rambut-nia.
What is your occupation?— Apa pen-chahari-an angkau?
He cultivates padi for a livelihood— Dia buat bendang
Is so-and-so alive still, or is he dead?— Si-anu ada-kah lagi hidop atau mati-kah?
This cloth is very dirty— Kotor sakali kain ini.
His house was entered by robbers last night— Rumah dia di-masok peny-amun sa-malam.
They made off with a good many things— Baniak juga barang-barang dia orang angkat bawa pergi.
All were fast asleep, not one was awake— Sumua orang tidor lena sa-orang pun tiada jaga.
I keep my box under my bed— Peti sahaya simpan di-bawah tampat tidor.
I sleep on an iron bedstead— Sahaya tidor di-atas katil
My two children sleep in the loft— Anak-anak sahaya dua orang tidor di para.
There was a policeman watching in the street— Ada mata-mata sa’orang men-jaga di jalan.
He ran very fast and could not be caught— Dia lari ter-lalu deras ta’ sampat orang menangkap.
The policeman chased him down to the river-bank— Mata-mata kejar juga sampei ka-tepi sungei.
Sometimes he comes in the morning, sometimes in the middle of the day— Kadang-kadang dia datang pagi-pagi, kadang-kadang tengah hari.
Exercise.37
Ada sa-orang binara memelehra-kan sa-ekor kaldei maka ‘adat-nia pada tiap-tiap hari apabila sudah iya mem-basoh kain maka di-muat-kan-nia ka-atas kaldei itu di-bawa-nia-lah ka negri di-pulang-kan-nia kemdian pula di-ambil-nia kain-kain chumar di-muat-kan-nia ka-atas-nia di-bawa-nia pulang ka rumah-nia sa-telah malam hari di-ambil-nia suatu kulit harimau di-salimut-kan-nia ka-atas kaldei itu lalu di-lepas-kan-nia dalam ladang orang damikian-lah hal-nia binara itu pada tiap-tiap hari maka apabila dinahari pulang-lah kaldei itu ka rumah tuan-nia itu maka be-ber-apa kali ber-temu kapada yang ampunya ladang itu ka-takut-an lah iya di-sangka-kan harimau lari-lah iya pulang.
31. Topi, Hindustani, signifies the hat of an European.
32. Rotan, rattan, more correctly raut-an, the thing peeled, from raut, to peel.
33. Kalam (found in Hindustani also) is derived from the Arabic. Cf. Sanskrit kalama, a kind of rice; Greek ???a??.
34. Dawat in Hindustani (derived from Arabic) means inkstand, ink-bottle, pen-case; in Malay it also signifies ink. Tinta (Portuguese) is also used by the Malays for ink.
35. Buat bendang, lit. “works the fields;” bendang = wet rice-fields, as opposed to huma, dry fields on high ground.
36. Ka??il, Tamul, a cot.
37. This and the following fables are taken from a Malay translation of the Hindi version of the Pancha-tantra, by Abdu-llah Munshi.
LESSON XXIII.
People are making a clearing on the hill— Orang ber-ladang di-atas bukit.
What are they planting?— Apa di-tanam-nia?
Plantains, gourds, maize, and cucumbers— Pisang, labu, jagong, dan timun.
What news of the seeds which I sowed the day before yesterday?— Apa khabar biji itu yang di-tabur kalmarin dahulu?
They are sprouting beautifully— Sangat-lah elok tunas-nia naik itu.
Goodness knows if they will live— Wallahu ‘alam akan hidop-nia.
We shall know in a few days— Lepas sadikit hari tahu-lah kita.
He complained to the master about that matter also— Di-adu juga pada tuan hal itu.
I have never heard it— Ta’ pernah hamba tuan men-dengar.
There is a great quantity of fruit on that tree— Lebat sakali buah-buah di-atas pokok itu.
Pick three or four ripe ones— Choba petik barang tiga ampat biji yang masak.
You cannot reach them with your hand; bring a hook— Tangan ta’ sampei bawa penggait.
He put up a hut in the middle of his plantation— Di-buat-nia dangau di tengah ladang.
The walls are wood and the thatch bertam leaves— Dinding-nia kayu atap-nia bertam.
He tied it with rattan— Di-ikat-nia sama rotan.
Chop that stick with a bill-hook— Tetak kayu itu dengan parang.
He made a notch in the log— Di-takuk-nia batang kayu itu.
The tax is 10 cents for every log— Hasil-nia sapuloh duit pada sa-batang.
The timber is the property of the owner of the land— Kayu-kayu pulang kapada yang ampunya tanah.
Exercise.
Maka apabila ter-dengar khabar itu kapada kapala kawal heiran iya serta ber-kata “Ada-kah pernah harimau me-makan padi antah ‘alamat akhir zaman-lah sudah,” lalu di-ambil-nia sa-batang lembing lalu pergi-lah iya sebab handak me-lihat hal itu, maka ber-temu-lah iya dengan kaldei itu maka apabila di-lihat kaldei manusia datang itu lalu ber-triak-lah iya serta di-dengar uleh kapala kawal itu suara kaldei maka di-hampir-i-nia-lah akan dia lalu di-tikam-nia dengan lembing-nia lalu mati-lah kaldei itu damikian-lah ada-nia per-mula-an per-satru-an itu datang-nia deripada mulut juga asal-nia.
LESSON XXIV.
His whip dropped on the road— Chabuk
He drives exceedingly well— Dia pandei sakali pegang ras.
Drive out that dog— Halau-kan anjing itu.
I am going out for a drive— Sahaya handak naik kreta ber-angin-angin.
He knows how to write Malay— Dia tahu menyurat Jawi.
The letters are the same, but the pronunciation is different— Huruf-nia sama tetapi bunyi-nia lain.
I want to stop a moment at the warehouse— Sahaya mahu singga sa-kejap di gedong.
When will you come and see me?— Bila handak mari men-dapat-kan sahaya?
This skin has been destroyed by insects— Kulit ini habis-lah di-makan ulat.
He has no fixed occupation— Ta’ tuntu pe-karja-an-nia.
He has no settled residence— Ta’ tetap tampat ka-duduk-an-nia.
Who is the headman of the river?— Siapa kapala sungei?
The headman of the village received him— Di-sambut-kan-nia kapala kampong.
Five men stood on guard at the door— Lima orang ber-kawal di-pintu.
Whom do you wish to see?— Kamu handak ber-jumpa dengan siapa-kah?
I felt as if I wanted to cry— Saperti handak ber-triak rasa-nia di-dalam hati sahaya.
I have been here for several months without meeting you— Ber-apa bulan sahaya di-sini tiada juga ber-temu dengan tuan.
It was heard across the river— Ka-dengar-an sampei saberang sungei.
By the mouth the body comes to harm— Sebab mulut badan binasa.
Exercise.
Ada kapada suatu hutan tampat gajah maka dalam gajah yang baniak itu ada sa-orang raja-nia maka be-ber-apa lama-nia iya diam pada hutan itu maka kapada suatu katika datang-lah musim kamarau maka ka-kering-an-lah sagala ayer maka di-suroh uleh raja gajah akan sa-ekor gajah pergi men-chahari ayer maka pergi-lah iya maka sampei-lah iya kapada sa-buah gunong maka di-bawah gunong itu ada-lah sa-buah kulam penoh ayer-nia maka apabila di-lihat-nia itu maka segra-lah iya kambali memberi tahu raja-nia maka ber-angkat-lah raja itu serta sagala ra‘iyat-nia handak pergi me-minum ayer.
LESSON XXV.
What is the price of this?— Ini ber-apa harga?
At first he demanded two dollars— Mula-mula dia minta dua ringgit.
I offered one dollar, but he would not accept it— Sahaya tawar sa-ringgit tiada mahu di-tarima-nia.
He said that the fixed price was two dollars— Kata-nia harga mati dua ringgit.
Give me whichever you please— Yang mana angkau suka handak bahagi, bahagi-lah.
Any one will do— Mana-mana satu pun jadi-lah.
This quantity will do— Jadi-lah sa-baniak ini.
Is this boat your own?— Prahu ini sendiri punya-kah?
Are you married?— Sudah ber-bini-kah?
Is he a married man?— Ada-kah rumah tangga-nia?
He has three children— Dia sudah dapat anak tiga orang.
How many children have you?— Sudah dapat anak ber-apa orang?
His wife has lately had a child— Bini dia baharu ber-anak.
He has got a son by his elder wife— Dia sudah dapat anak laki-laki sa-orang dengan istri-nia yang tuah.
Are these children twins?— Kambar-kah budak ini?
I have known him from his childhood— Deri kechil lagi sahaya kenal.
His child is quite an infant, still at the breast— Kechil juga anak dia, menyusu lagi.
She suckled her child— Dia menetek-kan (or menyusu-kan) anak-nia.
He is cutting his teeth— Baharu tumboh gigi-nia.
You must have it vaccinated— Mahu di-chungkil tanam ka-tumboh-an.
It did not take the first time— Mula-mula ta’ kena.
Exercise.
Maka ada-lah pada tepi kulam itu sa-ekor raja pelanduk serta dengan ra‘iyat-nia ber-buat tampat diam di-situ maka serta ka-dengar-an-lah bunyi sagala gajah itu datang saperti ribut maka ber-kata-lah pelanduk itu sama sendiri-nia jikalau datang gajah itu kambali naschaya tiada-lah buleh kita diam di tampat ini maka uleh raja pelanduk itu di-panggil-nia mantri-nia seraya ber-sabda “Apa-kah bichara-nia jikalau datang gajah itu kamari naschaya tiada-lah buleh kita diam lagi di-sini,” maka jawab mantri pelan duk itu “Jikalau dengan titah tuanku akan patek maka patek-lah pergi meng-halau-kan gajah itu dengan barang daya upaya patek,” maka di-beri-lah uleh raja parentah akan mantri itu.
40. Lit. Has he a house with a ladder? i.e., has he an establishment of his own?
LESSON XXVI.
Go and complain at the police-station— Pergi-lah mengadu di-balei (or rumah pasong).
He has been arrested— Dia sudah kena tangkap.
He has been locked up— Dia sudah kena tutop.
What is his offence?— Apa ka-salah-an-nia?
What do they charge him with?— Apa di-tudoh-kan di-atas-nia?
For how many days has he been detained?— Sudah ber-apa, hari dia kena tahan?
This is not his first offence— Bukan sa-kali ini sahaja yang dia buat jahat.
Do you know him?— Tuan kenal-kah dia?
No, I see him now for the first time— Tidak, baharu sa-kali ini sahaya me-lihat.
People say that he is a great opium-smoker— Kata orang dia kuat makan chandu.
He broke into the house of a Chinese in the middle of the night— Dia pechah masok rumah orang China tengah malam.
He was not alone; there were several others with him— Bukan dia sa’orang ada juga dua tiga ampat orang kawan-nia.
They were all Malays— Melayu belaka
He was not the principal, but an accomplice— Bukan dia kapala tetapi dia menyerta-i sama.
Their intention was to steal the gold ornaments— Kahandak hati-nia mahu churi barang-barang mas.
He used abusive and improper language— Dia ber-maki-maki dengan yang ta’patut.
What is the name of the defendant?— Siapa nama yang kena adu itu?
What the prosecutor says is quite right— Benar juga saperti kata adu-an.
Exercise.
Maka mantri pelandu? itu-pun ber-lari-lah pergi men-dapat-kan raja gajah itu seraya ber-pikir di-dalam hati-nia, “handak meng-halau-kan gajah ini ter-lalu susah-kah? ada-pun saperti sagala raja-raja itu jikalau handak mem-bunoh orang itu saperti laku orang ter-tawa bahwa damikian-lah raja ini-pun dengan sa-buntar ini juga aku halau-kan jikalau damikian baik-lah aku naik ka-atas gunong ini,” maka ka-lihat-an-lah raja gajah itu serta dengan sagala tantra-nia maka ber-seru-seru-lah pelandu? itu dengan niaring suara-nia kata-nia “ada-kah tuanku serta tantra tuanku sakalian baik?” maka menulih-lah raja gajah itu serta dengan marah-nia kata-nia “Hei benatang yang kechil lagi hina apa sebab-nia angkau
41. Belaka (entirely, completely, altogether) is often used parenthetically in a sentence, corresponding in some degree to such expressions as, “it must be said,” “I should say,” “let me add,” “you must know.”
Ka-sumua-nia, the whole of them, a collective substantive formed from sumua, all. Numerals are dealt with in the same way, as, ka-dua-nia, both of them.
42. Be-adab, “unmannerly,” a compound adjective (Hindustani) formed by prefixing the privative particle be- to the noun adab. Malays also borrow from the same source the word be-hosh, “stupified,” generally mispronounced by them bi-us.
LESSON XXVII.
On what day will the case be commenced?— Pada hari mana handak buka bichara?
So-and-so got up and gave evidence.— Ber-diri si-anu jadi sa?si.
Bail was refused— Tiada di-beri jamin.
Have you any one who will go bail for you?— Ada-kah orang yang mahu tanggong?
This is the surety— Ini-lah aku-an.
I will give bail for any amount— Ber-apa berat sakali-pun hamba tuan berani tanggong.
Is this a man of property?— Orang ber-harta-kah ini?
One surety is not enough; there must be two at least— Sa’orang aku ta’jadi sa-korang-korang mahu-lah dua orang.
Sign at this place— Di-sini-lah turun tanda tangan.
Do you know how to write?— Tahu-kah menyurat?
If you cannot write, make a mark— Jikalau ta’tahu menyurat buat-lah goris tanda tangan.
That will do; you can go now— Suda-lah, pulang-lah dahulu.
What do you call this in Malay?— Bahasa Malayu apa kata ini?
He has done it in the English fashion— Dia sudah buat chara Inggris.
Speak loud, and let people hear you— Chakap kuat-kuat sapaya buleh orang men-dengar.
He was very much afraid (and looked) as if he were about to fall down— Takut-lah sakali dia saperti handak rebah ka-bawah.
His face grew very pale— Puchat sakali muka-nia.
His statement is incoherent— Ta’tuntu per-kata-an-nia.
He fell at his master’s feet and asked for pardon— Dia menyambah kaki tuan-nia lalu me-minta ampun.
His master, being very kind-hearted, forgave him— Sebab ter-lalu morah hati tuan-nia langsong di-beri-nia ma‘af.
Exercise.
Maka jawab pelanduk “Dengar-lah tuanku akan per-kata-an patek ini, ada-pun tuan yang menerang-kan sagala ‘alam dunia ini serta laut dan darat iya-itu bulan maka patek ini sa-orang hamba-nia yang di-perchaya-nia maka di-suroh-nia patek datang kapada tuanku minta khabar-kan” maka jawab raja gajah itu “apa-kah khabar-nia? Kata-kan-lah uleh-mu” maka pelanduk itu-pun sambil memandang ka-langit pura-pura iya menyambah bulan seraya kata-nia “adapun tuanku itu-lah bulan yang ampunya gunong dan kulam itu-pun iya-lah yang mem-buat-nia akan tampat mandi maka apabila iya pulang petang ka-langit maka di-suroh-nia jaga kulam itu dengan be-ber-apa singa yang garang-garang maka sebab itu-lah apa-bila di-lihat-nia tuanku ber-angkat datang kamari di-suroh-nia akan hamba mem-beri tahu maka apabila tuanku datang di-kulam naschaya di-bunoh-lah uleh sagala singa itu maka dosa-nia itu di-atas-nia maka sebab itu-lah iya menyuroh-kan hamba datang ini memberi tahu tuanku sakalian menyuroh-kan balik sigra”——.
43. Jamin, “bail,” a word frequently heard in the Straits Settlements, is a corruption of the Hindustani zamin.
LESSON XXVIII.
In which direction had we better go?— Sa-belah mana baik kita pergi?
There are numbers of snipe in the padi-fields— Di-bendang baniak juga burong berkik.
He has a double-barrelled gun— Dia punya snapang dua laras.
Both barrels are loaded— Sudah ber-isi ka-dua-nia.
You use very small shot— Tuan pakei pengabur yang halus sakali.
He is a very good shot— Dia pandei sakali menembak burong.
He killed two birds at one shot— Sakali me-letup mati-lah dua ekor burong.
Before we could get close the green pigeons all flew away— Belam sampat dekat lagi habis lari-lah burong punei sumua.
Perhaps we shall get some on the other side of that thicket— Balik sana belukar itu barang-kali dapat kelak.
One of its wings is broken.— Patah-lah sayap sa-belah.
It is not hit— Ta’kena.
It is wounded slightly— Kena juga sadikit.
It has settled on the ground— Sudah hinggap di tanah.
It has perched on a cocoanut tree— Sudah hinggap di pokok nior.
Don’t speak: how can you expect to get near a wild animal if you make a noise?— Jangan ber-mulut, benatang liyar bukan-kah, jikalau engar-engar macham mana handak dekat.
The elephant received a ball in his head, and immediately dropped— Kena peluru sa-biji di kapala gajah itu, lalu tumbang.
Have you ever shot a tiger?— Ada-kah tuan dapat menembak harimau?
How many birds have you got?— Tuan sudah buleh ber-apa ekor burong?
Exercise.
“Maka ter-lalu-lah baniak marah-nia akan tuanku tetapi tiada mengapa segra-lah tuanku bali? sapaya buleh hamba pergi mem-buju? raja bulan dan mem-bai?-ki hati-nia itu dan lagi pikir-lah tuan-tuan sakalian bahawa sakian lama sudah kamarau sagala kulam habis-kah ka-kering-an apa sebab-nia kulam
44. Kulam, Tamil, a tank.
LESSON XXIX.
Is the tide making or ebbing?— Ayer pasang-kah surut-kah?
Is the boat ready?— Prahu ada siap-kah?
How many people will this boat carry?— Ber-apa orang buleh muat di prahu ini?
Ten persons, including two rowers— Buleh muat sa-puloh orang masok anak dayong dua orang.
There is a head-wind; we cannot sail— Angin muka ta’buleh ber-laiar.
Row hard— Dayong-lah kuat-kuat.
When we reach the mouth of the river, you can stop for a moment and rest— Tiba di kuala sakarang buleh berhinti sa-kejap biar hilang penat.
Who is steering?— Siapa pegang kamudi?
If one is going down-stream paddles are used; for going up-stream poles are required— Kalau kilir pakei pengayu kalau mudik mahu-lah ber-galah.
What kind of wood is the best for boat-building?— Kayu mana yang ter-lebeh baik handak mem-buat prahu?
The Chinese sampan is called sampan kotak in Singapore— Sampan China itu kata orang di Singgapura “Sampan kotak.”
Of what wood is this dug-out canoe made?— Prahu sagor ini di-buat dengan kayu apa?
Steer straight for that point— Tuju betul ka tanjong itu.
I shall go on shore at the landing-place— Sahaya handak naik di darat di pengkalan.
Give me the line and let us fish a little— Bahagi-lah tali kail biar kita mengail sakejap.
Have you got any bait?— Umpan ada-kah?
If we have any luck we may catch some big fish— Kalau ada untong kita barang-kali dapat juga ikan besar-besar.
The spines of that fish are very poisonous— Duri ikan itu bisa sakali.
Exercise.
Ada kapada suatu hari sa’orang pem-buru masok ka hutan lalu mem-buru iya ber-keliling hutan itu maka lalu ber-temu-lah iya dengan sa’ekor kijang maka di-kejar-nia akan kijang itu serta di-panah-nia sa-telah mati maka di-angkat-nia handak di-bawa-nia pulang sa-telah sampei ka tengah jalan maka ber-temu-lah iya pula dengan sa’ekor babi hutan maka kijang itu-pun di-letak-kan-nia lalu di-kejar-nia akan babi hutan itu lalu di-panah-nia tiada-lah kena maka handak di-panah-nia sakali lagi maka di-terkam-lah uleh babi itu akan dia serta di-gigit-nia maka mati-lah iya ber-sama-sama dengan babi itu akan tetapi anak panah itu ada juga ter-kena kapada busar-nia yang di-tangan pem-buru itu.
LESSON XXX.
He is not yet dressed— Dia belum pakei kain lagi.
He is dressed like a Malay— Dia pakei chara Malayu.
Wake me to-morrow morning at six o’clock— Gerak-kan sahaya pukul anam pagi.
I want to get up early— Sahaya handak bangun siyang-siyang.
He did not do it on purpose— Bukan-nia dia buat sangaja.
I was only in play— Sahaya lawak-lawak sahaja.
I was very sorry that I could not accompany you— Ter-buku hati sahaya sangat ta‘buleh ber-sama-sama.
What are the contents of that letter?— Apa bunyi-nia surat itu?
Do you understand the pith of it?— Tuan dapat-kah buku-nia?
Has any one been here to look for me?— Ada-kah siapa-siapa datang men-chahari sahaya?
Ask that woman where the well is— Choba tanya pada perampuan itu di-mana-kah talaga.
Is this good water?— Baik-kah ayer ini?
It is excellent water, both clear and cool— Elok sakali ayer ini, jerneh lagi sejuk.
Can we get a green cocoanut here?— Nior muda dapat-kah di-sini?
There is no one who can climb (the tree)— T’ada orang yang tahu panjat.
Let me climb it— Biar aku memanjat.
Have you brought cooking-utensils?— Priuk belanga sudah bawa-kah?
These sticks are damp and will not burn— Basah kayu ini ta’mahu menyala.
Grind the spices— Giling rampah-rampah.
Will you smoke?— Tuan mahu minum rokok?
I am sleepy, and shall go to bed— Sudah mengantuk, sahaya handak masok tidor.
Did you call me?— Tuan panggil-kah?
Exercise.
Maka sagala hal itu ada-lah di-lihat uleh sa’ekor srigala maka ber-lari iya datang serta ber-kata “bahwa sapuloh hari lama-nia tiada-lah aku men-chahari makan-an lagi” serta datang-lah iya meng-hampir-i pem-buru itu maka di-gigit-nia tali busar itu maka tiba-tiba anak panah itu-pun datang-lah menikam srigala itu maka iya-pun mati-lah maka jikalau kita terlalu tema‘a dan handak ber-lebeh-lebeh naschaya ada-lah hal kita saperti hakayat pem-buru dengan srigala itu ada-nia.
PART IV.
To the more advanced lessons and exercises which are contained in this section, it may be well to prefix a few notes on colloquial Malay, which are suggested by a consciousness of some of the common errors into which European students of Malay are apt to fall.
First, Try to observe and imitate the impersonal and elliptical construction of Malay sentences. Notice how much more is left to the imagination than in English, and get rid of the notion that it is necessary to express invariably by nouns or pronouns the agents or objects of the actions spoken of. Ideas are conveyed in Malay in a much less concrete form than in the civilised languages of Europe, and what is lost in accuracy and distinctness is partially compensated for by brevity.
Why say kasih sama sahaya (lit. “give to me”), in imitation of the English give me, or the French donnez-moi, or the German geben sie mir, in all of which the pronoun is expressed, when a Malay would simply say bahagi-lah, give, or bawa, bring? It is easy enough to leave tone or gesture to supply any deficiency in meaning. The constant use of this phrase, sama sahaya, or sama kita, is a bad habit, which arises from a natural desire to give the word “me” its due value in Malay. This, as has been shown, is not necessary.
Examples.
Tell me; don’t be afraid— Bilang-lah, jangan takut; not, bilang sama sahaya, &c.
What are you going to give us?— Apa mahu bahagi? not, apa mahu bahagi sama kita?
How much must I pay you?— Ber-apa nanti kena bayar? not, ber-apa sahaya mahu bayar sama angkau?
I want him to make me a jacket— Sahaya handak suroh dia buat baju; not, sahaya handak suroh dia buat baja sama sahaya.
Can you make me a table?— Buleh-kah buat meja? not, buleh-kah buat meja sama sahaya.
Afterwards come and tell me— Lepas itu mari-lah khabar-kan; not, mari bilang sama sahaya.
In direct narration the personal pronoun “I” should often be left untranslated, and the sentence put in an impersonal form. We are accustomed to commence sentences frequently with “Ithink,” “Ihear,” “Ihope,” “Iwish,” and there is a temptation therefore to overload Malay sentences with “Sahaya fikir,” “Sahaya dengar khabar,” &c. These, though not ungrammatical, should be used sparingly. Rasa-nia, the feeling is, agak-nia, the guess is, rupa-nia, the appearance is (it seems), khabar-nia, the report is, and similar phrases, should often take their place.
Examples.
Instead of— I am told, or people tell me, Orang bilang sama sahaya; Say, People say, Kata orang.
Instead of— I hear that he is coming here, Sahaya dengar khabar dia handak mari sini; Say, He is coming here, the report goes, Dia handak kamari khabar-nia.
Instead of— I think there are five quarts, Sahaya fikir ada lima chupah; Say, There are five quarts, the estimate is, Ada lima chupah agak-nia.
Instead of— I think it is going to rain, Sahaya fikir hari handak hujan; Say, It is going to rain, it seems, Hari handak hujan rupa-nia.
Instead of— I like driving better than walking, Sahaya lagi suka naik kreta deri-pada jalan kaki; Say, It is better to drive than to walk, Baik ber-kreta deri-pada ber-jalan.
Note the impersonal way of putting the statement in the following sentences:—
I was very glad to hear it— Sangat-lah suka hati sahaya akan men-dengar.
I very much wish to go to Meccah— Niat hati sahaya handak pergi ka-Makah.
I should be doing wrong to receive it, and I am ashamed to return it— Handak terima salah, handak pulang-kan malu.
I was disappointed— Putus-lah harap sahaya.
I hope sincerely that the case will soon be decided— Besar-lah harap sahaya bichara itu akan di-putus-kan dengan sigra.
I have made up my mind that, however great the oppression may be, I will hold out— Tetap-lah hati sahaya bageimana berat sakali-pun handak tahan juga.
Second, Avoid word-for-word translations of English sentences in which the word “you” occurs. So much has been said on this subject already (supra, pp. 49, 75) that it is only necessary here to give a few additional illustrations of the mode in which Malays dispense with the pronoun. In most English and Malay phrase-books the use of angkau is far too frequent.
As you like— Mana suka-lah.
As you may think best— Mana elok kapada hati sendiri.
You can go— Buleh pulang.
I have nothing more to ask you— T’ada apa lagi handak tanya.
Where have you been?— Pergi ka-mana tadi?
If you do so another time you will certainly be punished— Kalau buat lagi sakali bageimana yang sudah ini tuntu-lah kena hukum.
Do you want employment?— Handak minta karja-kah?
Can you wait at table?— Tahu-kah jaga meja?
What are you doing?— Apa buat?
You must take great care of it, and see that it is not injured— Mahu-lah jaga baik-baik, jangan di-rosak-kan-nia.
Even in reprimanding or scolding another, it is common in Malay to adopt an impersonal and not a direct mode of address. Instead of saying, “You are a lazy, good-for-nothing boy, and deserve a good thrashing,” the Malay says, “What manner of boy is this? If one were to beat him soundly it would be well.”
Examples.
Are you deaf? Can’t you hear what I say to you?— Tuli-kah budak ini? Orang kata t’ada dengar-kah? (Lit. Is the boy deaf? does he not hear what one is saying?)
How slow you are! or, what a time you are taking!— Ai budak ini! bukan lambat-nia! (Lit. Oh, this boy! Isn’t he slow?)
How slowly you are rowing! Can’t you pull faster when you are told? Give way, will you!— Ai, bukan lengah dayong budak ini, bukan-kah orang suroh deras. Deras-lah sadikit. (Lit. Oh, are not these boys rowing slowly! Has not one told them to make haste? Quick! now, a little!)
You are behaving exceedingly badly, and it would serve you right if you got a caning— Jahat sakali orang ini, kalau bahagi rasa sadikit dengan rotan baharu dia ingat. (Lit. This person is exceedingly bad; if one were to make him feel with a rattan he would remember.)
What an idiot you are! I tell you to bring water, and you bring oil— Budak bedebah ini! Orang suroh bawa ayer di-bawa-nia minyak.
Third, Do not be satisfied with one general Malay verb to describe a whole class of actions for which separate specific words exist. It may be possible to make oneself intelligible by using pukul, to strike, for every kind of blow, but it is preferable to employ the appropriate term for the particular mode of striking.
The following lists will illustrate this caution:—
| 1. | Pukul, to strike, beat. Gasak, to beat, flog, punish. Hentam, to strike, attack, throw. Balun, to beat, thrash, drub. Palu, to beat, hammer, knock. Ketok, to knock, tap, rap. Godam, to thrash, hammer. Lantak, to nail, to drive in. | Tinju-kan, to box, strike with the fist. Tumbuk, to pound, strike with the fist. Bedal, to switch. Sakal, and sakai, to strike. Tampar, and tampiling, to slap. Tepuk, to pat. |
| 2. | Chuchuk, to thrust, poke. Merusuk, to thrust, poke, pierce. Radak or rodok, to pierce with a spear. Juluk, to thrust upwards. | Tikam, to thrust, pierce, stab. Sigi, to poke with the finger. Merunjang, to lower a spear at the charge. |
| 3. | Angkat, to lift, carry off, remove. Pikul, to carry on the back, to carry a load. Kandar, to carry on a stick over the shoulder. Bibit, to carry with the fingers. Junjong, to carry on the head. Tanggong, to bear, carry, support. Gendong, to carry slung in a bundle. Usong, to carry in a litter. Julang, to hold aloft, to hoist, to carry with the arm uplifted. | Bawa, to carry, convey, bring. Dukong, to carry on the back or hip. Kepit, to carry under the arm. Jinjing, to carry in the arms or hands. Galas, to carry slung over the back or shoulder. Kilik, to carry under the arm. Bebat, to carry in the girdle. Tatang, to carry on the palms of the hands. Kandong, to carry at the waist. |
| 4. | Jatoh, to fall, drop. Gugur, to drop off, fall, miscarry. Tumbang, to fall, tumble down. Reban, to fall in, give way, tumble down. Runtoh, to come down, to fall. | Luroh, to drop off, fall (as fruit). Titek, to drop, distil (as water). Rebah, Timpa, to fall against. Chichir, to drop, to spill. Tumpah, to spill. |
| 5. | Buang, to throw away. Lotar or lontar, to hurl, fling. Lempar, to throw, fling. Humban, to throw down, cast away. | Champak, to throw down, cast away. Baling, to throw, fling. Lanting, to throw, cast, propel. |
| 6. | Lihat, to see. Pandang, to look, to look at. Kelih, to see. Nampa, to see, perceive. Intei, to peep, spy, observe. Petiak, to notice, observe. Tulih, to look, glance. | Tengok, to see. Jingok, to peep, look out. Tengadah, to look up. Tampak, to see, perceive. Per-hati-kan, to perceive, notice, take notice of. Tentang, to regard. |
| 7. | Chakap, to speak. Bilang, to tell. Khabar-kan, to tell, inform. Ber-mulut, to speak, utter. Sabda, to say, command. Cheritra-kan, to relate. Meripit, to chatter, gabble. Mengomong, to chat, gossip. | Kata, to say, speak, talk. Tutur, to talk, tell, converse. Sebut, to tell, mention. Uchap, to utter, express. Titah, to say, command (as a raja). Merongut, to mutter. Ber-bual, to chat. Ber-sungut, to grumble, to murmur. |
Fourth, Learn to employ the passive form of the verb which takes the prefix di-. Easy examples of this have been given
“He did not, or would not, accept it,” would be vulgarly rendered dia ta’ mahu terima; but it may be more elegantly translated tiada-lah di-terima-nia, “It was not accepted by him.” Here the affix -nia has the force of “by him,” and, as it denotes the agent, immediately follows the verb in accordance with the rule stated on p.61.
Examples.
He ordered (it was ordered by him)— Di-suroh-nia.
He seized the robber (the robber was seized by him)— Di-tangkap-nia penchuri.
They cut away (were cut away by them) the huts and prevented the fire from spreading far— Di-potong-nia rumah-rumah tiada di-beri me-larat panjang api itu.
The rats ate up three candles— Dian tiga batang habis di-makan tikus.
They have not yet erected the house; they are getting the timber ready— Rumah belum di-diri-kan lagi, tengah di buat kayu-kayu-nia.
The boat was leaky and the water got in— Bochor prahu itu di-masok ayer dalam-nia.
He only allowed him to use it; he did not give it to him out and out— Di-beri pakei sahaja bukan di-beri-nia langsong.
He said that it was too late to send an answer— Handak di-balas pun kata-nia sudah ter-lepas waktu-nia.
He asked for information about the house that is being built— Di-tanya-nia deri-pada hal rumah yang di-per-buat itu.
When the country becomes populous it will be right to raise the assessment— Apabila negri sudah ramei bahru-lah patut di-per-naik-kan hasil-nia.
God, ever to be praised and most high, gave his aid, and on that very day there descended the heaviest shower of rain possible— Di-tulong Allah subhana wa ta‘ala pada waktu hari itu di-turun hujan sa-habis-habis lebat.
The people of the village feasted abundantly— Jenoh-lah di-makan orang kampong itu.
Fifth, Bear in mind the distinction between the force given to a verb by the particle ber- (be-, bel-), and that which is caused by prefixing me- (mem-, meng-, men-, and meny-); see supra, p.55.
When the former is employed, the verb describes a state or condition, and is intransitive. The latter generally denotes a verb expressing an action. Apparent departures from this rule are found sometimes, but these often arise from a difficulty in classifying a particular verb. Such a verb, for instance, as “to weep,” may be viewed in two ways—either as descriptive of the condition of the person who weeps or of the act of weeping; the former is expressed in Malay by ber-tangis and the latter by menangis, but practically the distinction is not great. So memakei (pakei), to wear, merajuk, to sulk, menanti, to wait, and others, seem to describe states or conditions, notwithstanding that they have the particle me-; but this is explained by showing that in their primary meanings they really convey an idea of action, memakei meaning to put on, merajuk, to show temper, and menanti, to await somebody or something.
The following derivative verbs will illustrate the rule laid down above:—
| Primitive. | Derivative with ber-. | Derivative with me-. |
|---|---|---|
| angkat, to lift. | ber-angkat, to arise. | meng-angkat, to lift. |
| alih, to change. | ber-alih, to undergo change. | meng-alih, to change. |
| balik, behind, back. | ber-balik, to turn (intrans.) | mem-balik, to turn, return (trans.) |
| diri, self, being. | ber-diri, to stand up. | men-diri-kan, to cause to stand, to establish. |
| ganti, instead of. | ber-ganti, to take the place of. | meng-ganti, to put in the place of. |
| habis, finished. | ber-habis, to be finished. | meng-habis, to finish, to complete. |
| igau, delirium. | ber-igau, to be delirious. | meng-igau, to rave. |
| ikat, tie, bond. | ber-ikat, to be fastened. | meng-ikat, to tie, fasten. |
ingat, memory, to remember. | ber-ingat, to be sensible of. | meng-ingat, to call to mind, remember. |
| jaga, to watch, guard. | ber-jaga, to be on watch. | menjaga, to watch, to guard. |
| keliling, around. | ber-keliling, to border, surround. | mengeliling, to hem in, to go round. |
| karja, work. | ber-karja, to be a workman. | mengarja-kan, to work, effect, accomplish. |
| lepas, loosed. | ber-lepas, to be free. | melepas, to set free. |
| lambat, slow. | ber-lambat, to be slow. | me-lambat, to retard. |
| labuh, to lower, drop. | ber-labuh, to be at anchor. | me-labuh, to let fall, to anchor. |
| naung, shade. | ber-naung, to be sheltered. | me-naung-i, to shelter, to shade, protect. |
| pegang, to hold. | ber-pegang, to hold. | memegang, to take hold of, to seize. |
| rugi, loss. | be-rugi, to suffer loss. | me-rugi-kan, to cause loss. |
| sembunyi, to hide. | ber-sembunyi, to be concealed. | menyembunyi, to hide, conceal. |
| takut, afraid, fear. | ber-takut, to be afraid. | menyakut-kan, to frighten. |
| ubah, change, to change. | ber-ubah, to undergo change. | meng-ubah, to change, to alter. |
Sixth, Notice must be taken of the common native habit (not one to be imitated by Europeans learning the language) of inserting in a sentence words which have no meaning to fill a temporary hiatus while the speaker is thinking of his next word. These prop-words or pillow-words, to borrow a Hindustani phrase,
Seventh, The following abbreviations are commonly employed:—
Na’ for handak; sikit for sadikit; auat for apa-buat? why?; ta’ and t’ada for tiada; pi and pegi (in Patani gi) for pergi.
1. Also ribah and rubuh.
2. The Hindustani term is sukhan-takya, from sukhan, a word, and takya a pillow.
3. Corresponding with the Hindustani maslan, which is used in a similar way.
LESSON XXXI.
Phrases of Politeness.
Be pleased to ——. —Sila, sila-lah, or sila-kan-lah.
Please come into the house— Sila-kan naik atas rumah.
Be pleased to sit down on a chair— Sila-kan duduk di-atas krusi.
My house is not what it should be— Rumah sahaya tiada dengan sapertinia.
Treat it as your own house; don’t stand upon ceremony— Buat-lah saperti rumah sendiri, jangan malu.
I must beg leave to depart (lit. to rise)— Sahaya handak minta diri-lah dahulu.
Pray do as you wish; take care as you go— Sila-kan-lah. Jalan baik-baik.
I crave permission to retire, as I wish to go home— Hamba tuan handak mohun-lah dahulu handak balik.
Very well (it does not matter)— Ta’ apa-lah.
I must ask to be pardoned for going (style of the Court)— Patek handak meng-ampun-lah dahulu.
Very well— Baik-lah.
Pray come and see me often; don’t hesitate— Mari-lah kerap-kerap rumah sahaya, jangan-lah segan-segan.
I am exceedingly pleased to have seen you at my house— Sangat sudi sahaya tuan-tuan datang ber-landang rumah sahaya.
May your journey be safe— Salamat jalan.
May you remain in peace— Salamat tinggal.
There is something that I want; it is to invite you to a trifling entertainment— Ada hajat sadikit handak jamu makan sadikit ayer-ayer sejuk.
I thank you exceedingly (lit. I accept a great favour from you)— Sahaya baniak terima kasih, or, simply, terima kasih.
Are you well?— Tuan ada baik?
How is so-and-so, who was ill the other day?— Apa khabar si-polan
He has quite recovered his former health— Sudah sihat balik saperti sedia lama.
Thanks to the favouring influence of your good fortune, we are free from all misfortune and sickness— Dengan berkat tuah tuah tulong tiada-lah satu apa-apa mara-bahaya deri-pada sakit demam.
Exercise.
It is a long time since I saw you last. I did not know that you had arrived here. How did you come, by the river, or by the road? How long do you intend to stay? Don’t be in a hurry to return; stay for a while, and recover from the fatigue of your journey. It is a pity that I did not know beforehand that you were coming. He is a most excellent old man, and it would be hard to find many like him. If nothing occurs to prevent it, I shall come and see you on Monday next. There is no necessity for writing a letter; if you let my clerk know, that will be sufficient.
4. Polan, or fulan, such a one, probably from the Hindustani fulana, a word of Arab derivation.
LESSON XXXII.
Reading and Writing.
Malay is a language of which it is very easy to learn to speak a little. It is, however, very difficult to acquire the idioms of the natives.— Bahasa Malayu itu mudah sakali di-dapat chahap sadikit-sadikit, tetapi kalau handak ikut saperti per-kata-an orang Malayu sendiri payah sakali.
It is written from right to left, whereas English is written from left to right— Tulis-an Jawi itu deri kanan bawa ka-kiri tulis-an Inggris deri kiri bawa ka kanan.
The letters employed are the Arabic letters— Huruf-nia yang di-pakei itu huruf ‘Arab.
What do you call that in Malay?— Orang Malayu apa kata ini?
What is the name of this object in Malay?— Apa nama barang ini bahasa Malayu?
The pronunciation of Malay differs in different states— Chakap orang Malayu itu lain sakali bunyi-nia di-dalam lain-lain tampat.
His pronunciation is not good— Chakap-nia ta’ terus, or dia chakap pelet, or tÉlor.
The Malays of that district have a flat pronunciation; they say apÉ for apa— Orang Malayu negri itu leper chakap, handak kata apa di-kata-nia apÉ.
How do you spell that word?— Per-kata-an ini apa eja-nia?
This word is not correctly spelt— Per-kata-an ini ta’ betul eja-nia.
You should read for at least two hours a day, and thus you will soon be
Why do you undertake a thing and give it up when half finished?— Perkara itu apa sebab tuan ta’ mahu bahagi habis, buat sa’ kerat-kerat sahaja?
My son has learned to write Malay, and is now learning the Koran— Anak sahaya sudah dapat tulis Jawi sakarang tengah meng-aji Koran.
When he has read it through, he will commence to learn (Arabic) grammar— Tatkala sudah khatam dia handak mengaji nahu.
He chants the Koran very well— Pandei juga dia mem-bacha Koran.
Exercise.
I am not skilled in composition. He ordered the two writings to be compared. If he is diligent, he will soon get instruction. He has been attending school for ever so long, but he knows nothing. After reading the letter he put it away in a box. The raja ordered the letter to be read aloud in the assembly. How were these lines ruled? Just look over this letter and see if it will do. If you will permit me, I will take away this book to read it. His handwriting is exceedingly good.
LESSON XXXIII.
Housekeeping.
There will be no one dining here to-day except the master and myself— T’ ada orang lain makan di rumah hari ini, sahaya ber-dua dengan tuan sahaja.
Tell the cook that last night’s dinner was not at all good— Choba bilang kapada tukang-masak makan-an sa-malam ta’ baik sakali masak-nia.
What he put into the soup I don’t know, but it had a nasty taste— Apa-apa di-bubok-nia di-dalam tim itu ta’ tahu-lah sahaya, rasa-nia maung sahaja.
The rice, too, was burned, and no one could eat it— Nasi pun hangus ta’ lalu (or buleh) orang makan.
What is the price of fowls at the market?— Hayam ber-apa harga di pasar?
Full-grown hens as much as fifty cents each, half-grown fowls about twenty cents each, and capons so much a catty according to weight— Kalau ibu hayam sampei lima kupang pun ada, hayam sedang agak-nia, dua kupang sa’ ekor, hayam kambiri (or kasi) ikut timbang-an kati.
The milk-man has not come yet— Belum orang bawa susu lagi.
Choose fish which is quite fresh. What we had yesterday was spoilt before it could be cooked— Pilih ikan yang baharu. Ikan kalmarin belum sampat di-masak lagi sudah busuk.
Wait a moment. You must have breakfast ready every day at nine o’clock punctually, there must be no delay— Nanti-lah dahulu. Sa-hari-hari mahu-lah sedia-kan hazri waktu pukul sambilan ta’ buleh lambat lagi.
Pour this oil into a jar— Minyak ini tuang-lah di-dalam tempayan.
Take care not to spill it— Baik-baik jangan tumpah.
Are the kitchen utensils complete, pots and pans, cocoanut scraper, stone for grinding spices, &c.?— Chukup-kah per-kakas-an dapor, priuk, belanga, kuali, kukur-an, batu giling rampah-rampah, dan lain-lain-nia?
The only things wanting are basket-work frames for the cooking-pots, and a coffee-mill— Yang ada korang sadikit lekar sahaja dengan kisar-an kahwa.
I am tired of poultry— Sahaya sudah jemu makan daging hayam itek.
Exercise.
Is the water boiling? Boil two eggs, but take care that they are not hard. What do you call this vegetable in Malay? Tell some one to pull the punkah. This plate is dirty; take it away and bring another. Put the dish down upon that tray. Weigh the meat when it is brought every day. I have weighed the beef; there is half a catty too little. How many months did you work for that gentleman? On what account did you leave?
LESSON XXXIV.
Preparations for Departure.
I am going away to —— on Friday next— Sahaya handak ka-luar ka-kampong anu pada hari juma‘at yang datang ini.
Pack up enough clothes for a few days— Kemas-kan kain-kain mana chukup sampei dua tiga ampat hari lama-nia.
You need not take so many; I am not going for good— Ta’payah bagitu baniak, ta’kan orang handak pergi langsong.
Put all these clothes into a box— Isi-kan kain-kain ini sumua dalam peti.
Will this go in?— Chelus-kah ini.
No; it is too big— Ta’chelus, besar sangat.
Three or four handkerchiefs and two pairs of socks— Saputangan barang tiga ampat ’lei, sarong kaki dua pasang.
Not this spotted neck-tie, but the striped one— Bukan tali leher yang ber-rintik ini, ada lain yang ber-choring.
Unfasten this cord— Rangkei tali ini.
Roll up that rug— Gulong kain panas itu.
Have everything taken down to the boat— Bawa-lah turun ka-prahu barang-barang ini sumua.
Put them into the bullock-cart— Muat-kan di-atas kreta lumbu.
Call the coolies, and tell them to take the things away— Panggil kuli-kuli suroh angkat.
We will stop to-night at Kampong—which is the usual halting-place— Hari ini kita ber-malam di Kampong—itu-lah tampat per-hinti-an deri salama-lama.
Wrap a waterproof sheet round that bedding, so that it may not get wet— Balut tikar bantal itu dengan kain-getah jangan di-kena basah.
Set that box down here; I want to take something out of it— Letak-kan peti itu di-sini, sahaya mahu ambil apa-apa di-dalam-nia.
Put everything away again— Simpan kambali sumua.
What else is there (to detain us)?—Apa lagi kita?
Exercise.
Count all those clothes, and then put them away. At least one hundred people were waiting at the river-side. After waiting for several hours, no one came, so they were all disappointed. About midnight there was a great storm, with thunder and lightning. His shoulder was quite swollen, for he had never been in the habit of carrying a load on a stick. What have those two people been quarrelling about? There is a great difference between these two things.
LESSON XXXV.
Ordinary Narrative Style.
On the 5th inst., at three o’clock on Thursday morning— Pada lima tarikh pukul tiga malam
On Tuesday last about mid-day— Pada hari Salasa yang sudah waktu tengah hari.
I had just finished my breakfast, and was about to smoke a cigar— Sahaya pun baharu lepas makan nasi tengah handak minum rokok.
So-and-so came and called me, saying that my uncle was very ill— Datang-lah si-anu me-manggil kata-nia bapa penakan sahaya sakit sangat.
I said, “Let me lock the door of the house first, and then I will go with you”— Kata sahaya biar-lah aku kunchi-kan pintu rumah dahulu baharu-lah buleh pergi sama-sama.
There is a single woman who lives in the house of her brother-in-law— Ada-lah sa’orang perampuan yang duduk di rumah ipar-nia.
All her property was carried off in the middle of the night by thieves without the knowledge of the inmates of the house— Barang-barang dia habis di-angkat penchuri tengah malam tiada orang rumah sedar.
Search was made everywhere without success— Di-chahari rata t’ada juga di-dapat-nia.
While we were searching about we found a box thrown aside in the jungle— Tengah chahari itu jumpa sa’ biji peti ter-champak di-dalam hutan.
After that we got into the carriage again and returned home without stopping anywhere— Lepas itu naik kreta pula pulang ka rumah t’ada singgah di-mana-mana.
After that we watched for ever so long at the edge of the jungle— Sudah-lah bagitu ber-apa lama pula kita meng-endap di-tepi hutan.
At length, as no one appeared, and it was getting very late, we went home to bed— Kemdian sa’ orang pun t’ada kaluar hari pun sudah jahu malam jadi kita pun pulang-lah tidor.
It is as well that I should tell you so, that you may not be ignorant of it— Baik sahaya khabar-kan jangan-lah tuan ta’ tahu.
Exercise.
On Wednesday night at 9.30 p.m. He drove to the landing-place, took a boat and went on board the steamer. They
5. Among Muhammadans the day commences at sunset and the night is classed with the day which follows it. Thursday night, therefore, with them, includes our Wednesday night and part of Thursday morning.
LESSON XXXVI.
Buying and Selling.
How much did you give for this?— Ber-apa tuan beli ini?
What is the balance remaining?— Tinggal ba?i-nia ber-apa?
Don’t ask too much; say exactly what you want— Jangan-lah mahal sangat, kata-lah betul-betul.
I can’t take that; it would not even cover my outlay— Ta’ buleh-lah tuan, ta’ pulang modal sahaya.
He paid an exorbitant price for it— Dia beli dengan harga mahal ter-lampau.
What is it worth?— Ber-apa patut di-bayar harga-nia?
Whatever you may pay for it, I will repay to you— Ber-apa-apa harga yang angkau beli itu nanti sahaya bayar-kan.
Have you no curiosities in your shop?— T’ada-kah benda apa-apa yang pelik-pelik di-dalam kedei ini?
I bought this article at auction— Benda ini sudah sahaya tangkap dalam ’lelong.
I did not venture to bid more— Ta’ berani sahaya tawar lebeh.
I have always sold them for a dollar a-piece— Yang sudah-sudah ini sahaya jual sa-ringgit satu.
You must pay ready-money; he will not give credit— Mahu-lah mem-bayar tunei, ta’ mahu dia mem-beri hutang.
He was offered one hundred dollars for it, but would not part with it— Sudah orang minta dengan harga sa-ratus rial ta’ mahu juga dia lepas-kan.
As long as it is a good article, I don’t mind about the price— Asal-kan barang yang baik sahaya ta’ sayang pasal harga-nia.
Examine it well lest there should be any defect in it— Pare?sa-lah baik-baik takut ada chachat-nia apa-apa.
Gutta-percha sells very well just now— Getah baniak laku sakarang.
This coin is not current here— Wang ini ta’ laku di-sini.
Write down all the items and let me know what the total is— Tulis-lah perkara-perkara satu-satu khabar-kan ber-apa jemlah-nia.
There are ten dollars for you— Nah! sa-puloh ringgit.
This material is not to be surpassed either in excellence of quality or beauty of colour— Ta’ lawan-lah kain ini deri-pada baik sifat-nia dan dok warna-nia.
It is both strong and thick— Kukuh lagi tebal.
This colour does not fade— Ta’ turun warna ini.
Exercise.
How much are these plantains a bunch? It is not worth a cent. I have searched all the shops without finding what I want. I offered him two dollars and a half, and after a time he agreed. He said he would guarantee the goods, and that you might return the whole if they are not in good order. There is a quantity of chaff in this rice. I have no copper money, be good enough to get me change for a dollar. This is not according to sample. Weigh it first and then put it away. Don’t be uneasy; you can trust this man.
LESSON XXXVII.
Building.
When will your new house be finished?— Rumah tuan yang baharu itu bila akan sudah?
Not for a long time yet; I am just getting the materials together— Lama juga lagi, tengah kumpul ramu-ramu-an.
The floor and walls will be of plank— Lantei papan dinding pun papan.
There will be four windows on each side opening down to the floor— Sa-belah ampat jandela panjang ter-buka sampei di bendul.
The front door has steps (in front of it)— Pintu di hadap-an ber-tangga.
The length of the house is thirty-five feet and the breadth forty feet, including the verandah— Panjang-nia rumah itu tiga-puloh lima kaki, buka-nia dengan sarambi ampat puloh kaki.
The servants’ houses have atap walls covered with samir or kajang matting— Rumah orang gaji itu dinding-nia ikat atap apit samir atau kajang.
This timber will not last long; it will rot very quickly— Kayu ini ta tahan lama, lakas nanti reput.
These wooden posts will be planed as smooth as possible— Tiang kayu ini nanti tukang tara buat lichin sakali.
Make out a list of all the different timber you will require, such as posts, beams, joists, rafters, &c.— Buat-lah kira-kira kayu-kayu yang handak itu deri-pada jerjak, rasuk, gelegar, kasau, dan lain-lain-nia.
Measure the height from the floor to the top of the wall-plate— Hukur-lah tinggi-nia deri lantei sampei ka-atas kapala-tiang.
Those door-posts are not straight— Ta’ betul jinang paha pintu itu.
I shall fix lattice-work here for climbing plants to grow over— Sahaya handak pukul papan jala-jala di-sini biar me-lata pokok bunga di-atas-nia.
In how many days will you thatch it?— Ber-apa hari lagi mahu bubok atap?
Three thousand ataps will not be enough— Ta’ chukup-lah tiga ribu atap.
Exercise.
In former days the Raja of Kedah sent messengers to the Rajah of Perak with a letter. When the letter was opened and read in the assembly, in the presence of the Raja and the chiefs, its purport was found to be this single question only:— “Which is the higher, Gunong Jerei or Gunong Bubu?” Now Gunong Jerei is a mountain in Kedah, and Gunong Bubu is a mountain in Perak. When the letter had been read, there was much excitement among the Perak people, for many thought that the message betokened war. For three days the Raja and the chiefs consulted together as to the nature of the answer which should be given to the Raja of Kedah. On the third day a letter was written in reply to this effect:— “Gunong Jerei is the higher of the two, but Gunong Bubu is the greater.”
LESSON XXXVIII.
Sewing.
I want two or three jackets made— Sahaya handak suroh buat baju dua tiga ’lei.
I don’t mind your taking some time about it, as long as the work is well done— Biar lambat sadikit karja ta’apa, asal-kan elok jahit-an-nia.
If it is not well done I will not take it— Jikalau ta’elok sahaya ta’mahu terima.
Join these two pieces and sew them— Dua ’lei ini kampuh-lah jahit.
Tack it first and then sew it— Jelujur-lah jarang dahulu, lepas itu sakali jahit.
Fell the seams close— Kelim tulang halus-halus.
Don’t let them ravel— Jangan bahagi ka-luar benang.
When you fell, fold the stuff wide and turn the edge well in, so that when it is washed the threads will not ravel— Kalau kelim lipat kain baniak, masok-kan tepi ka-dalam, nanti waktu basoh bulu-nia tidak-lah ka-luar.
Stitch the wristband— Ber-kiya hujong tangan-nia.
Hem the border— Tepi itu lipat jahit.
To make the seam strong, don’t run it, but sew it over— Tulang it mahu buat kukuh jangan-lah jelujur, lilit ubi sahaja.
Take those torn stockings and darn them— Ambil sarong-kaki yang koyak itu jerumat-lah sadikit.
That is very much torn and cannot be darned; you must patch it— Sudah baniak koyak kain itu radup ta’buleh kena tampong-lah.
To gather (lit. pull the thread and make it pucker)— Tarik benang bahagi kerudut.
Why do you take such long stitches? I take three stitches where you take one. Cannot you sew closer?— Ken’apa jahit ini jarang sahaja, tiga penyuchuk kita satu penyuchuk dia, ta tahu-kah buat kerap-kerap?
Needles, Berlin wool, scissors, thimble, and a reel of white cotton— Jerum, benang bulu kambing, gunting, sarong-jari dan benang puteh sa’kotak.
Exercise.
It happened once that two men had a dispute about a woman. One of them was a learned man and the other was a peasant who earned his living by cultivating his fields. Each asserted that the woman was his wife, and they went before the Kazi and stated their claims. The case was rendered all the more difficult by the refusal of the woman to say anything one way or the other. After hearing all the witnesses on both sides, the Kazi directed the woman to remain at his house and all the rest to return next day. All then saluted him and retired. On the following day, when the parties assembled, the Kazi delivered the woman to the learned man and sentenced the peasant to fifty stripes of a
LESSON XXXIX.
Sickness.
I am not at all well— Ta’ sedap badan sahaya.
For five or six days he has been unable to eat— Sudah lima anam hari dia ta’buleh makan nasi.
What is the matter with him?— Apa sakit-nia?
His father has taken him into the country for treatment— Bapa-nia sudah bawa naik ka-darat ber-ubat.
He is a little better— Ada-lah korang sadikit sakit-nia.
When he was very ill the other day, many people thought that he would not recover— Tatkala dia tengah sakit sangat dahulu itu baniak orang fikir tiada buleh baik.
I saw that he was very thin and his voice was very weak— Sahaya lihat tuboh-nia sangat kurus, dia ber-chakap pun suara-nia perlahan sahaja.
Where do you feel pain? I am very weak and cannot get up— Sa-belah mana rasa sakit? Sahaya leteh sakali ta’lalu bangket.
Open your mouth and put out your tongue— Nganga hulur lidak.
You had better take a purgative— Baik makan penchahar.
Let me feel his pulse— Biar sahaya pegang nadi dia.
He is suffering from fever— Dia sakit demam panas.
He is suffering from rheumatism and has pains in his joints— Dia sakit angin, rasa-nia sakit di sendi-sendi sumua.
I will give you some oil of a certain kind which you must rub on his body every day till he is well— Nanti sahaya bahagi minyuk satu macham mahu di-urut tiap-tiap hari sampei hilang sakit itu.
Mix this white powder with a little water, stir it and then drink it— Serbuk puteh ini champor-lah dengan ayer sadikit kachau lalu minum.
If the small-pox spreads the natives will all certainly leave their homes— Kalau me-larat penyakit chachar itu ter-tuntu lah lari habis ra‘iyat sumua.
The fever called kapialu is very dangerous and often ends fatally— Demam kapialu itu jahat sangat kerap juga bawa niawa.
Cholera is the disease which is most dreaded— Ta‘un itu yang orang takut ter-lebeh sakali.
Exercise.
Di-kata-kan pada suatu hari Nabi Suleiman ‘aleyhi-assalam duduk di-atas takhta ka-raja-an dan angin pun mem-bawa dia ka-atas di-udara dan sagala manusia dan jin yang tiada ter-bilang baniak-nia itu ber-jalan serta-nia maka ‘ajaib Nabi Suleiman deri-pada ka-besar-an ka-raja-an itu maka laku-lah dalam hati-nia suatu nafsu pada katika itu dan karana itu mahkota jadi bengkok maka Nabi Suleiman sigra handak mem-betul-kan mahkota itu jadi makin bengkok dan jikalau sa-hingga tiga kali pun sudah handak di-betul-kan Nabi Suleiman mahkota-nia itu tiada jadi betul sa-telah itu maka ber-kata-lah Nabi Suleiman, “Hei, mahkota, karana apa angkau tiada jadi betul?” Maka mahkota itu dengan firman Allah ta‘ala menyahut. “Hei, Suleiman, betul-kan hati-mu dahulu sapaya aku-pun jadi betul.”
6. This and the following exercise are extracts from the Taj-assalatin.
LESSON XL.
To Illustrate the Use of Numeral Co-Efficients.7
In that gentleman’s house one piece of matting covers a whole room— Rumah tuan itu sa’bidang tikar sahaja chukup satu bilek.
They found in the hut five spears, one long kris, and nine muskets— Di-jumpa di bangsal itu lembing lima batang, kris panjang sa-bilah dengan snapang sembilan puchuk.
See if you can get twenty-five fish-roes. How much are they a-piece?— Chahari-lah telor terubuk dua puloh lima kampuh. Ber-apa harga-nia sa-kampuh?
She ordered a curtain to be hung before the doorway— Di-suroh-nia gantong tirei sa-labuh di muka pintu.
That bunch of plantains contains about ten rows— Di-dalam sa-tandan pisang itu agak-agak sapuloh sikat.
I said I wanted to buy ten cakes of wax— Kata sahaya, sahaya mahu beli lilin sa-puloh tampang.
The child was wearing a coral necklace round her neck— Budak itu ada pakei sa-labuh merjan di leher-nia.
How many yards of cloth are there in a piece?— Sa-kayu kain itu jadi ber-apa ela?
How many ataps can one person make in a day?— Satu orang ber-apa mengkawan buleh semat atap pada sa’hari?
The buffalo destroyed six sugar-cane plants and a quantity of lemon-grass plants— Sudah di-makan kerbau tebu anam rumpun dengan serei ta’tuntu baniak rumpun-nia.
He planted seven or eight young trees in front of the house— Di-tanam-nia di-hadap-an rumah anak pokok kayu tujoh delapan perdu.
It was a pretty thick book, containing about two hundred sheets— Tebal juga kitab itu ada lebeh korang dua ratus kajang kartas.
I have bought a casting-net to take home with me— Sahaya sudah beli jala sa’utas (or sa’rawan) handak bawa pulang ka tampat sahaya.
He tied three threads round his stomach— Di-ikat-nia tiga urat benang di perut-nia.
Pick two or three jasmine blossoms, and about ten sprays of that red flower— Petik-lah bunga melor dua tiga kutum dengan bunga merah itu barang sa-puloh tangkei.
Exercise.
Di cheritra-kan deri-pada Sultan Iskandar bahwa sa-hari duduk dengan chinta-nia dan tiada kaluar deri-pada astana-nia maka Jalinus Hakim masok mengadap Sultan Iskandar lalu lihat dia duduk ber-chinta maka iya-pun ber-tanya deri-pada-nia “apa chinta Sultan itu bahwa Sultan tiada kaluar deri-dalam astana?” maka Sultan Iskandar ber-sabda “chinta-ku deri-pada itu-lah yang dunia ini tiada baniak dan karana suatu ka-raja-an dunia ini yang tiada ber-apa ada-nia aku menyusah-kan diri-ku dan sagala orang yang lain maka deri-pada pekarja-an yang sia-sia ini-lah aku jua ber-chinta” maka sembah Hakim itu “Benar-lah bichara Sultan itu karana apa garangan dunia dan ber-apa dunia ini bahwa Sultan menyusah-kan diri-nia karana ka-raja-an itu yang sia-sia tetapi ka-raja-an dunia ini
APPENDIX TO PART IV.
Muhammadan Months.
| 1. Muharram. 2. Safar. 3. Rabia-el-awal. 4. Rabia-el-akhir. 5. Jumad-el-awal. 6. Jumad-el-akhir. | 7. Rejab. 8. Sha‘aban. 9. Ramazan. 10. Shawal. 11. Zu’l-ka‘adah. 12. Zu’l-hajah. |
Days of the Week.
Sunday, Ahad, lit. “the first.”
Monday, Isnein or Senein, lit. “the second.”
Tuesday, Salasa, lit. “the third.”
Wednesday, Arba‘ah or Rabu, lit. “the fourth.”
Thursday, Khamis, lit. “the fifth.”
Friday, Juma‘at, lit. “the congregation.”
Saturday, Sabtu, lit. “Sabbath.”
Periods of Prayer.
1. Maghrib, a few minutes after sunset.
2. ‘Isha, evening, after dark.
3. Subh, daybreak.
4. Lohor, or Dlu?r, between noon and 1 P.M.
5. Asr, afternoon, midway between noon and nightfall.
Malay Phrases for Divisions of Time.
1. Belum terbang lalat, “Before the flies are astir,” just before daybreak.
2. Pechah panas, “When the heat commences,” sun-up.
3. Kering ambun, “When the dew dries,” about 8 A.M.
4. Tengah naik, “When the sun is half-way,” 9 A.M.
5. Tulih tenggala, “When the plough is idle.”
6. Tengah hari tepat, “Mid-day exactly,” noon.
7. Rambang, “Right in the middle” (i.e. the sun in the sky), noon.
8. Buntar membayang, “When the shadows are round” (i.e., when your shadow is round your feet), noon.
9. Ber-alis hari, “When the day changes,” afternoon.
10. Lepas ba‘adah, and lepas ba‘adah salah, “After (Friday’s) prayers (in the mosque),” about 1.30 P.M.
11. Turun kerbau be-rendam, “When the buffaloes go down to the water,” about 5 P.M.
12. Jindera budak, “When the children have gone to sleep,” about 10 P.M.
Malay Proper Names.
The proper names common to the whole Muhammadan world, many of which are Hebrew also, are in use among the Malays. It is common, however, to abbreviate them in a manner peculiarly Malay. For example, “Muhammad” is shortened to “Mat,” “Ibrahim” becomes “Brahim” and “Him,” and for “Isahak,” “Sahak” and “Ak” are often heard.
Certain names are also in use, which, either used by themselves or prefixed to other proper names, show the relative seniority of a person in his or her family. In Kedah, Penang, &c., three of these are commonly used, “Long,” “Ngah,” and “Busuk:”—
Long is equivalent to Sulong, “eldest,”
Ngah is equivalent to Tengah, “middle,”
Busuk is equivalent to Bongsu, “youngest.”
In Perak seven of these names are in use:—
1. Long.
2. Ngah.
3. Alang.
4. Panjang.
5. Pandah.
6. Uda.
7. Utih.
Weights and Measures.
| 16 | tahil, | 1 kati. | |
| 100 | kati, | 1 pikul. | |
| 3 | pikul, | 1bahara. | |
| 40 | pikul, | 1 koyan. |
Goldsmith’s Weight.
| 12 saga, | 1 mayam. | |
| 16 mayam, | 1bungkal. | |
| 12bungkal, | 1 kati. |
Capacity.
| 4 | chupak, | 1gantang. | ||
| 10 | gantang, | 1 parah. | ||
| 16 | gantang, | 1 nalih. | ||
| 160 | gantang, | 1 kunchah. | ||
| 5 | kunchah | or 800 gantang | 1 koyan. | |
Linear.
| 2 | jingkal | (span), | 1 hasta (cubit). | |
| 2 | hasta, | 1 ela (yard). | ||
| 4 | hasta, | 1 depa (fathom). | ||
| 2 | depa, | 1 jumba. | ||
| 20 | jumba, | 1 orlong (80 yards). | ||
Square Measure.
| 400jumba, | 1orlong. |
The jumba is equal to 144 square feet; the orlong is equal to 6400 square feet, or about 1? acre (1 acre, 1 rood, 12 perches).
Money.
The currency in the Straits of Malacca is the Spanish dollar (ringgit or real) divided into cents. A quarter of a dollar (25 cents) is called suku (quarter). Local terms are also used to denote fractions of the dollar, as in Penang,
In the native states on the west coast of the peninsula, the currency of the British settlements has almost entirely displaced that which was in use before. In Perak lumps of tin were formerly current as coin; in addition to these Dutch and Spanish silver coins were also employed.
The following are some of the old modes of reckoning:—
Tin Coinage.
| 2boya, | 1 tampang (value the 10th part of a dollar). | |
| 5 boya, | 1 bidor (value the 4th part of a dollar). |
Silver Coins used in Weighing Gold.
| 2penjuru, | 1 piah, | weight 1 mayam. | ||
| 4 piah, | 1jampal, | weight 4 mayam. | ||
| 2 jampal, | 1 real, | weight 8 mayam. |
Coins Formerly in Use.
| 36 | duit hayam | (copper), | 1 wang (silver). | |
| 7 | wang, | 1 suku. | ||
1. Tulih tinggala muda is about 9 A.M., and tulih tinggala tuah about 11A.M.
2. 1 kati = 1 lb. 6 oz. 13 drs.
3. 1 bungkal = the weight of two Spanish dollars = 832 grains.
4. 1 gantang contains 271.65 cubic inches, or 1¼ gallons nearly. The standard varies according to locality.
5. The weight of the tampang (in Perak) was one kati. It was a small cubical lump of tin, with a pattern stamped on it. The bidor weighed 2½ kati, or the 40th part of a pikul.
In this section, a few missing commas after parentheses were silently supplied.
A B C D E F G H I J K L
M N O P Q R S T U V W Y
A.
Abandon, to, meninggal-kan.
Abase, to, me-rendah-kan, meng-hina-kan.
Able, larat, sampat, buleh, lalu.
Abscess, barah.
Abuse, to, maki, me-maki.
Accept, to, terima, menerima.
Accompany, to, ber-serta, ber-sama, ber-kawan, ber-teman, menyerta.
Accomplish, to, habis-kan, meng-habis-kan, menyampei-kan, sudah-kan, menyudah-kan, sampei hajat.
Accost, to, tegor, siapa-kan, meny-apa-kan.
Accounts, kira-kira, hitong-an, bilang-an.
Accuse, to, tudoh.
Accustomed, biasa.
Ache, sakit, sakit-an, senak.
Acknowledge, to, aku, mengaku.
Acquire, to, ber-uleh, dapat, men-dapat.
Act, buat-an, karja, pe-karja-an.
Active, chepat.
Add, to, tambah, menambah;
(to cast up), jumlah-kan.
Adjourn, to, tangguh.
Admirable, endah.
Admire, chengang.
Adopt, to, angkat.
Adrift, ter-hanyut.
Adultery, zinah.
Advantage, faidah, laba.
Adversity, chelaka, bala, ka-susahan.
Advice, peng-ajar-an.
Affair, perkara.
Affection, kasih, kasih-an.
Afraid, takut.
Aft, di burit-an.
After, lepas, belakang.
Afterwards, kemdian, ba‘ad.
After-birth, uri, tembuni.
Again, lagi-sakali, pula, kambali.
Age, ‘umur.
Agent, wakil.
Ago, sudah.
Agree, janji, mufakat, sa-tuju;
(suit), rasi, sarasi.
Ague, demam-kura.
Ahead, di-hadap-an, di-muka, di-halu-an.
Aid, tulong, menulong, bantu, mem-bantu.
Aim, to, tembak, menembak, tuju, menuju.
Air, hawa.
Alarmed, ter-kejut.
Alight, hinggap.
All, sumua, sagala, sakali-an.
Allow, biar, beri, kasih.
Allure, bujuk, mem-bujuk.
Almighty, maha-kuasa.
Almost, hampir, dekat, niaris.
Almond, badam.
Alms, darma, sadakah.
Aloes-wood, gaharu, kayu-gaharu.
Alone, sa-orang, bujang, tunggal.
Also, juga.
Alter, to, ubah, meng-ubah, tukar, menukar.
Alum, tawas.
Always, sa-lalu, sa-nantiasa, sa-lama-lama-nia.
Ambassador, utusan, pesuroh.
Amid, di-dalam, di-tengah.
Amuse oneself, to, main, main-main, ber-main.
Ancestors, nenek-moyang.
Anchor, an, sauh;
(anchor, to), ber-labuh.
Angel, malaikat.
Anger, marah, ka-marah-an, murka.
Angry, marah, murka, geram, hangat-hati.
Animal, benatang, satwa, morga.
Ankle, mata-kaki, peng-gelang-kaki.
Anklet, gelang-kaki.
Annoy, to, usik, meng-usik, bising.
Another, lain.
Answer, to, sahut, menyahut, jawab, balas jawab.
Ant, semut;
(large red), kerangga;
(white), anei-anei.
Anthill, pongsu, busut.
Antidote, penawar.
Anvil, landas, landas-an.
Anxiety, per-chinta-an.
Anxious, rindu, dendam, bimbang, risau.
Any, barang.
Apart, asing;
(with an opening between), renggang.
Appear, to, terbit, timbul.
Appearance, rupa, sifat.
Apply, to, pasang, kena-kan;
(ask), minta.
Appraise, to, nilai.
Approach, to, hampir, menghampir.
Arabia, benua ‘arab.
Arm, tangan;
(fore-arm), lengan.
Arm, weapon, senjata.
Armpit, katiak.
Army, balatantra, lashkar.
Arrive, to, sampei, tiba.
Arrow, anak-panah.
Arsenic, warangan.
Art, hikmat, ‘ilmu.
As, bagei, saperti, la?sana, macham.
Ascend, to, naik, panjat;
(a river), mudik.
Ashamed, malu, bermalu.
Ashes, habu.
Ask, to, minta, pinta, pohun, me-mohun;
(a question), tanya.
Asleep, ber-tidor, ber-lena, ber-adu.
Ass, kaldei.
Assault, to, langgar, terkam, pukul, memukul.
Assay, uji.
Assemble, to, impun, kumpul, kerumun.
Assist, to, tulong, bantu.
Astonished, ter-chengang.
Astray, sesat.
At, di, pada.
Athwart, lentang.
Attack, to, langgar, serang, men-yerang.
Attempt, to, choba, men-choba.
Attire, pakei-an.
Auction, lelong.
Audience-hall, balei, balei-ruang.
Auger, gurdi.
Aunt, mah, mah-sudara, mah-pena-kan.
Authority, kuasa, perentah.
Await, to, me-nanti.
Awake, to, jaga, ber-jaga;
(to arouse), gerak-kan, mem-bangket-kan, mem-bangun-kan.
Awl, peng-gorek, jara.
Axe, kapak.
B.
Babe, anak kechil.
Bachelor, bujang, taruna.
Back, belakang;
(to go —), pulang;
(to send —), pulang-kan.
Backward, segan, malas.
Bad, jahat.
Bag, karong, pundi-pundi.
Bail, aku-an, tanggong-an.
Bait (for fish), umpan.
Bake, to, panggang.
Balance (scales), naracha;
(to weigh), timbang;
(surplus), ba?i.
Bald, botak.
Bale, to, timba, menimba.
Banana, pisang.
Bank, of a river, tebing, baroh;
(shoal), beting.
Bar, kanching.
Barber, pen-chukor, tukang-chukor.
Bargain, to, tawar;
(to conclude a bargain), angkat jual-beli.
Bark, of a tree, kulit-kayu;
(of a dog), salak, menyalak.
Barrel, pipa, tong;
(of a gun), laras.
Base, hina.
Basket, bakul, raga, keranjang.
Bastard, anak-haram, haram-zada.
Bat, lalawa, kalawar;
(flying fox), kaluang.
Bathe, to, mandi, me-mandi.
Battle, perang, pe-perang-an.
Bawl, to, teriak, ber-teriak.
Bay, telok.
Beach, pantei, pasisir.
Beads, mani-mani.
Beak, of a bird, paroh.
Beam, of light, sinar.
Bear, to, (carry), pikul, memikul;
(endure), tahan;
(ursus), beruang.
Beard, janggut.
Beast, benatang, satwa, morga.
Beat, to, pukul, palu;
(to throb), dabar, ber-dabar.
Beautiful, bagus, elok, chantek, molek.
Because, sebab, karana.
Beckon, to, gamit, lambei.
Become, to, jadi, menjadi.
Bed, tampat-tidor;
(bedstead), katil, gerai, geta, pentas;
(bridal), palamin.
Bee, lebah.
Beef, daging lumbu.
Beetle, kumbang.
Before, mengadap, ka-hadap-an;
(in time past), dahulu;
(ere), sa belum.
Beg, to, minta, minta sadakah.
Beginning, per-mula-an, ahwal, pangkal, asal.
Behaviour, ka-laku-an, pakerti, per-angei.
Belch, to, serdawa.
Believe, to, perchaya.
Bell, ganta, loching.
Beloved, kakasih.
Below, bawah, di-bawah, ka-bawah;
(under the lee of), di-olak.
Belt, tali-pinggang, tali-pinding.
Bench, bangko.
Bend, to, me-lengkong-kan;
(to incline), chondong.
Bent, lengkong, bengkok, lengkok.
Benevolence, morah-hati.
Benzoin, kaminian.
Besprinkle, to, perchik, memerchik.
Bet, to, ber-taroh.
Betel-nut, pinang;
(leaf), sirih;
(stand), tampat-sirih, bujam-sirih.
Betrothed, one that is, tunang, tunang-an.
Better, lebeh baik.
Between, antara, di-tengah, kelang-kelang.
Beyond, balik, balik-sana.
Bible (the Gospels), Injil.
Bid, to, tawar.
Bier, janazat.
Big, besar.
Bind, to, ikat.
Bird, burong.
Bird’s-nest, sarong-burong.
Birth, per-anak-an, ka-jadi-an.
Bite, to, gigit;
(as a snake), pagut.
Bitter, pahit.
Black, hitam.
Blacksmith, tukang-besi.
Blade (of a weapon), mata.
Blame, to, per-salah-kan.
Blanket, kamal, kamli, kain panas.
Blemish, chachat.
Blessing, barkat.
Blind, buta.
Block, pulley, kapi.
Blood, darah.
Blossom, bunga, kembang.
Blow, to, (with wind), hambus, tiup;
(through a tube), sumpit, men-yumpit;
(as a flower), ber-kembang.
Blue, biru.
Blunderbuss, pamuras.
Blunt, tumpul.
Boar, babi-jantan.
Board, papan.
Boat, prahu, sampan.
Body, tuboh, salira, badan.
Boil, to, rebus;
(rice), tanak, menanak.
Boiling, to be, mendidik.
Bold, berani.
Bolt, kanching, penganching.
Bond, surat per-janji-an, surat piu-tang.
Bone, tulang.
Book, surat;
(religious —), kitab.
Booth, teratak, jambar, lengkok.
Bore, to, korek, gorek, mengorek.
Borrow, to, pinjam, meminjam.
Bother, bising.
Bottle, balang.
Bough, dahan, ranting.
Bound, to, lompat, me-lompat.
Boundary, per-hingga-an,
Bow, to, (reverence), tunduk, men-unduk.
Bow (weapon), busar, gandiwa.
Bow (of a ship), halu-an.
Bowels, perut, isi-perut.
Box, peti;
(small ornamental), chumbul, chelapa.
Box, to, (fight), tinju.
Brains, otak.
Branch, dahan, ranting, chabang;
(of a river or road), sempang, chabang.
Brass, tambaga.
Brave, berani.
Brazen-faced, muka-papan.
Bread, roti.
Bread-fruit, sukun.
Break, to, pechah, patah, putus.
Breast, dada.
Breasts, susu, tetek.
Breath, nafas.
Breeches, saluar, sarual.
Breed, family, bangsa, asal.
Breeding, manners, bahasa, budi-bahasa.
Breeze, angin;
(land), angin-darat;
(sea), angin-laut.
Bribe, suap.
Brick, bata, batu-bata.
Bride, pengantin.
Bridegroom, mempelei.
Bridge, titi, jambatan, gerta;
(of the nose), batang-hidong.
Bridle, kang, kakang, lagam (Hindustani).
Bright, terang, chaya.
Bring, to, bawa;
(out), kaluar-kan.
Broad, lebar, luas.
Broad-cloth, sahalat.
Broil, to, panggang.
Broken, ter-pechah, ter-patah, ter-putus.
Brooch, krosang.
Broom, penyapu.
Brother, sudara;
(elder), abang;
(younger), adek.
Brother-in-law, ipar.
Brow, dahi;
(eye —), kening.
Bruise, lebam.
Brush, to, sikat-kan, menyapu.
Brushwood, semak.
Bucket, timba, tong.
Buckle, kanching, pinding.
Bud, of a flower, kutum, kuntum;
(of a leaf), tunas.
Buffalo, kerbau.
Bug, pijat-pijat.
Build, to, men-diri-kan, bangun-kan, buat, mem-buat.
Bull, lumbu jantan.
Bullet, peluru.
Bunch (of fruit), tandan.
Bundle, bungkus, baban.
Burial-place, kuburan, kandang, keramat.
Burn, to, bakar, hangus.
Bury, to, tanam, menanam, kubur-kan, simpan mayat.
Bush, pokok, semak.
Business, karja, pe-karja-an.
But, tetapi.
Butt, target, sasar, sasar-an.
Butter, mantega.
Butterfly, kupu-kupu, rama-rama.
Button, kanching.
Buy, to, beli.
By and by, sa-buntar lagi.
C.
Cabbage, kobis.
Cable, tali-sauh.
Cage, sangkar, sangkar-an, kurong-an.
Cake, penganan, kueh.
Calculate, to, kira, hitong, bilang.
Calf, anak lumbu;
(of the leg), jantong-betis.
Calico, kain kalamkari.
Call, to, panggil.
Calm, tenang, tedoh.
Calumny, fitnah.
Camel, unta.
Camphor, kapur-barus.
Can, buleh, sampat, lalu.
Canal, salur-an, parit.
Cancel, to, hapus, ba?al-kan.
Candle, dian, lilin.
Candlestick, kaki-dian.
Cane, walking-stick, rotan, tongkat.
Cannon, mariam.
Canoe, jalor, sagor, sampan golek.
Canopy, langit-langit.
Canvas, kain laiar.
Cap, kopiah.
Cape, tanjong.
Capon, hayam kambiri.
Capsicum, chabei, lada-merah, lada-china.
Captain of a ship, juragan, nakhoda.
Captive, tawan.
Carcass, bangkei.
Cards, playing, daun chiki, daun pakau.
Cardamum, kapulaga.
Care, to take, ingat, jaga;
(anxiety), per-chinta-an, susah hati.
Careless, lalei.
Cargo, muat-an.
Carpenter, tukang kayu.
Carpet, permadani.
Carriage, kreta.
Carry, to, bawa, membawa;
(a load), pikul, memikul;
(under the arm), kepit;
(on the back or hip), du-kong;
(on the open hand), tatang;
(with the fingers), bibit;
(on the head), junjong;
(on the shoulder), kilik;
(in the girdle), gendong;
(on a stretcher), usong.
Cart, pedati, kreta.
Carve, to, ukir.
Cascade, ayer terjun, ayer lata.
Cash, wang tunei.
Cashew-apple, jangsus, gajus.
Cask, pipa, tong.
Cast, to, (fling), lempar, lotar;
(shed), tanggal-kan.
Casting-net, jala.
Castor-oil, minyak jarak.
Cat, kuching.
Catch, to, tangkap, menangkap.
Caterpillar, ulat.
Cause, sabab, karana.
Cave, goah.
Cede, to, serah, menyerah.
Celebrated, megah, mashur.
Censer, perasap.
Census, banchi.
Centipede, lipan, alipan.
Centre, per-tengah-an, pusat.
Certain, tuntu.
Certainly, naschaya, tuntu, sunggoh-sunggoh.
Certify, to, menuntu-kan, menyata-kan.
Chafe, to (shampoo), urut.
Chaff, sekam.
Chain, rantei.
Chair, krusi.
Chalk, kapur.
Challenge, to (as a sentry), tegor, menyapa-kan.
Chamber, bilek.
Chance, untong, nasib.
Change, to, tukar, menukar, ubah, ber-ubah;
(clothes), salin-kan;
(turns), gilir, men-gilir.
Chapter, perkara, fasal.
Character, pakerti.
Charcoal, arang.
Charge, to (accuse), tudoh.
Charity, sadakah.
Charm, spell, mantra, jampi;
(to wear), ‘azimat, tangkal.
Chase, to, hambat, kejar;
(hunt), buru.
Chat, to, ber-buwei.
Cheap, morah.
Cheat, to, tipu, kechek.
Cheek, pipi.
Cheese, panir (Hind.), keju (Dutch).
Chess, chatur.
Chest, box, peti, saharah;
(thorax), dada.
Chew, to, mamak.
Chicken, anak hayam.
Chief, headman, orang besar, datoh, peng-hulu.
Child, anak.
Chin, dagu.
Chintz, kain chit.
Chisel, pahat.
Choke, to, lemas;
(throttle), chekek.
Choose, to, pileh.
Chop, to, chinchang.
Christ, Nabi Isa.
Christian, Nasarani, Sarani.
Chronicle, charitra, hakayat.
Church, greja.
Cinder, bara.
Cinnamon, kayu-manis.
Circumcise, to, sunat-kan.
Circumcision, sunat, khatan.
Citron, limau, jeruk.
City, negri.
Civil, ber-budi.
Civility, adab, supan.
Civet-cat, musang jebat.
Clasp, to, peluk, memeluk, dakap.
Claw, kuku;
(talon), chakar.
Clay, tanah-liat.
Clean, bersih, suchi.
Clear, terang, hening, jerneh.
Cleave, to, (split), belah.
Clerk, juru-tulis, kerani.
Clever, pandei.
Climb, to, panjat, daki;
(as a plant), me-lata.
Clock, jam.
Close, to, tutup, rapat-kan, menutup-kan.
Cloth, kain.
Clothes, pakei-an.
Cloud, awan, pokok.
Cloudy, redup.
Clove, bunga-chingkei, bunga-lawang.
Coal, batu-arang;
(live), bara.
Coarse, kasar.
Coast, pantei, pasisir.
Coat, baju.
Coax, to, bujuk, mem-bujuk.
Cobweb, sarang lawa-lawa.
Cock, hayam-jantan, hayam-kukuh.
Cock’s-comb, balong.
Cockfight, sabong, menyabong.
Cockpit, galanggang.
Cockroach, lipas.
Cocoanut, nior, kalapa;
(shell), tempurong;
(husk), sabut;
(emulsion), santan;
(oil), miniak kalapa.
Coffee, kahwah.
Coffin, karanda, lang.
Coil, to, lilit.
Cold, sejuk;
(in the head), sardi (Hind.), selesimah.
Collar, leher.
Collect, to, impun, kumpul.
Colour, warna.
Comb, sisir, sikat;
(to comb the hair), kirai.
Combine, to, pakat, mufakat.
Come, to, mari, datang;
(in), masok.
Comet, bintang-ber-ekor.
Comfort, hibor.
Command, to, suroh, titah.
Commission, to, pasan.
Common, ka-baniak-an.
Compact, per-janji-an.
Companion, teman, kawan, taulan.
Compare, to, banding-kan.
Compass, mariner’s, pandoman.
Compasses, jangka.
Compassion, kasihan, belas, rahamat.
Compensate, to, balas, mem-balas.
Complain, to, adu, meng-adu.
Complaint, peng-adu-an.
Complete, to, semporna-kan.
Complexion, sri-muka, ayer-muka.
Compliments, tabek.
Compose, to, karang, mengarang.
Concern, karja, perkara.
Concubine, gundik.
Condemn, to, hukum-kan.
Condiment, lauk, sambal, hulam.
Conduct, ka-laku-an.
Conduct, to (lead by the hand), pimpin.
Confess, to, meng-aku.
Confiscate, to, rampas.
Confront, to, sa-muka-kan.
Confused, ter-kachau.
Confusion, haru-hara.
Congregation, juma‘a.
Conjure, to, sulap.
Conjuror, penyulap.
Conquer, to, menang, alah-kan.
Consent, to, turut.
Consider, to, kenang.
Constable, mata-mata.
Contagious, ber-jangkit.
Contend, to, lawan.
Content, puas, puas-hati.
Contents, isi.
Contraband, larang-an.
Contract, per-janji-an.
Contradict, to, lawan chakap, ber-tingkar.
Convalescent, semboh, betah.
Convenient, patut, senang.
Convert, martad.
Convulsions, sawan.
Cook, to, masak, memasak;
(boil rice), tanak, menanak.
Cool, sejuk.
Copper, tambaga.
Copy, salin, tiru;
(model), teladan.
Coral (rock), karang;
(precious), marjan.
Cord, tali.
Cork (stopper), sumbat, penyum-bat.
Coriander, katumbar.
Corner, cheroh, buchuk, penjuru.
Corpse, mayat.
Cost, harga.
Cot, katil.
Cotton, kapas, kabu-kabu.
Cough, batok.
Council, majlis.
Count, hitong, bilang, kira.
Counterfeit, lanchong, pura-pura.
Country, benua, negri.
Couple, sa-pasang, sa-jodo.
Course (direction), arah, tuju.
Court, balei-bichara.
Cousin, sa-pupu.
Cover, to, tudong.
Covetous, kikir, loba, haloba.
Covey, kawan.
Cow, lumbu-betina.
Coward, penyakut.
Crab, ketam, kapiting.
Crack, retak.
Cradle, buayan.
Cramp, semut-semut-an;
(in the stomach), senak.
Crawl, to, merangkah.
Cream, kapala-susu.
Create, to, men-jadi-kan.
Creation, ka-jadi-an.
Creep, to, lata, me-lata.
Crevice, chelah.
Crew, anak prahu.
Cricket, chingkrek, riyang.
Crocodile, buaya.
Crop, to (cut off), kerat-kan, me-rampong.
Crooked, bengkok, lengkok;
(winding), ber-kelo-kelo.
Cross (sulky), merajuk, muka-masam.
Cross, to (water), menyaberang.
Crossed (lying across), ter-lentang;
(having lines crossing), ber-silang-silang.
Cross-road, sempang.
Crow, gagak;
(crow, to), ber-kuku.
Crown, makuta;
(of the head), ubun-ubun.
Cruel, bingis.
Crush, to, hanchur.
Cry, to, menangis, ber-teriak.
Cucumber, timun.
Cultivate, to, tanam, buat.
Cultivation, tanam-tanam-an.
Cunning, cherdek.
Cup, mangkok.
Curd, dadeh.
Cure (remedy), ubat, penawar;
(cure, to), semboh-kan.
Curious, endah, pelik.
Curly, as hair, kerenting.
Current, harus.
Curry, gulei, lauk.
Curse, a, per-sumpah-an;
(curse, to), sumpah-kan.
Curtain, tirei, tabir;
(mosquito), kalambu.
Curved, bengkok, lengkok.
Cushion, bantal, chiau.
Custard-apple, sri-kaya.
Custom, ‘adat;
(excise), chukei.
Cut, to, potong, kerat, tetas;
(fell trees), tebang;
(underwood), tebas;
(a wound), luka, liang.
Cymbals, cherachap.
Cypher, angka.
D.
Dagger, kris.
Daily, sa-hari-hari.
Damaged, rosak.
Damask (on a weapon), pamur.
Damp, basah, lembab.
Dance, to, tari, menari.
Dancer (public), joget.
Dandriff, daki.
Danger, bahaya.
Dare, to, berani.
Dark, gelap, kelam.
Darn, to, sutam, menyulam.
Dash against, to, banting.
Date, tarikh;
(fruit), kurma.
Daughter, anak perampuan;
(in law), menantu perampuan.
Dawn, cherah, dina-hari.
Day, hari;
(daylight), siang;
(day and night), siang malam;
(daybreak), fajr, dina-hari;
(day of judgment), hari ?iamat.
Dead, mati, mampus;
(of a royal personage), mangkat.
Deaf, tuli, pekak.
Dear, kakasih;
(costly), mahal.
Death, ka-mati-an, maut.
Debt, hutang, piutang.
Debtor, orang ber-hutang.
Decayed, reput, busuk.
Deceive, to, tipu, menipu.
Declare, to, menyatakan.
Decree, ?ukum.
Deed, buat-an, per-karja-an.
Deep, dalam.
Deer, rusa;
(mouse-deer), pelan-duk.
Defeat, to, alah-kan.
Defile, to, kotor-kan, chamar-kan.
Degree, pangkat, martabat.
Deity, tuhan, Allah;
(Hindu), dewa, dewata.
Delay, lambat.
Delegate, to, wakil-kan.
Delirious, to be, ber-igau-igau, meng-igau.
Deliver up, to, serah, menyerah.
Deluge, bah, ayer bah..
Demand, to, (claim), tuntut, menuntut.
Demon, hantu, bota, jin.
Dented, sumbing.
Deny, to, sangkal, menyangkal, mungkir.
Depart, to, pergi, ber-angkat.
Dependency, jajahan, ta‘aluk.
Deposit, to, taroh, kirim.
Depth, dalam.
Descend, to, turun, menurun.
Descent, turun-an, ka-turun-an.
Desert, gurun, hutan;
(merit), pa-hala.
Design, desire, kahandak.
Despair, putus harap.
Despise, to, meng-hina-kan.
Destroy, to, binasa.
Devil, sheitan, iblis.
Devour, to, makan, makan habis;
(swallow), telan.
Dew, ambun.
Dial-bird, morai.
Diagonal, lentang-bujor.
Dialect, bahasa, chara.
Diamond, intan.
Diarrhoea, chirit.
Die, to, mati, mampus;
(of a Mussulman), pulang ka rahmat Allah, lit. returned to the mercy of God.
Differ, to, ber-lain, ber-beda.
Difference, per-lain-an, beda, per-beda-an, pewat.
Different, lain.
Difficult, payah, susah.
Dig, to, gali, korek.
Dim, kelam, kabur.
Dip, to, (in a condiment for eating), chichah;
(to dye), chelup.
Direct, straight, betul, lurus.
Dirt, chamar, sampah.
Disappear, to, liniap, hilang, ghraib.
Discard, to, tolak-kan.
Discharge, to, me-lepas-kan.
Disciple, murid.
Discover, to, dapat, men-dapat.
Disease, penyakit.
Disembark, to, naik darat.
Disgraceful, keji.
Disguise, samar.
Dish (china-ware), piring, pinggan;
(native, of metal), cheper, hidan-gan.
Disloyal, derhaka.
Dismiss, to, buang, me-lepas-kan, kaluar-kan.
Disorder, haru-hara.
Dispersed, pechah-belah.
Dissolve, to, luluh, hanchur.
Distant, jauh.
Distil, to, kukus.
Distinct, terang.
Distress, ka-susah-an.
District, mukim, dairah.
Ditch, parit.
Dive, to, selam, menyelam.
Divide, to, membahagi.
Divine, to, teleh, meneleh, tenung.
Divorce, cherei;
(to divorce), cherei-kan;
(to be divorced), ber-cherei.
Dizzy, pening.
Do, to, buat, mem-buat.
Doctor, bomor, tukang ubat.
Dog, anjing.
Dollar, ringgit.
Done, finished, sudah.
Door, pintu.
Doubt, shak, khuatir.
Doubtful, tiada tuntu.
Dove, tekukur, balam.
Draft, of a document, ranchana.
Drag, to, hela, herut, seret.
Dragon, naga.
Dragon’s blood, jernang.
Dragon-fly, bari-bari.
Drain, parit, saluran.
Draw, to, (pull), tarik, hela.
Dream, mimpi.
Dress, pakei-an.
Drift, to, hanyut.
Drill, baris.
Drink, to, minum.
Drive, to, (a carriage), lari-kan kreta;
(away), halau, halau-kan.
Drop, titek.
Drop, to, (as a fluid), menitek;
(to fall prematurely), gugur;
(as ripe fruit), luroh;
(to let fall), labuh-kan.
Drought, kamarau.
Drown, to, lemas.
Drum, gendang, rabana.
Drunk, mabuk.
Dry, kering.
Dry, to, jemur.
Duck, itek.
Due, proper, patut.
Due, tribute, chukei.
Dumb, bisa, kelu.
Dung (manure), baja.
Dust, habu.
Duty, import, chukei, hasil.
Dwarf, chabul.
Dwell, to, diam, tinggal.
Dye, to, chelup.
Dysentery, chirit-darah.
E.
Each, masing-masing.
Ear, telinga.
Ear-ring, kerabu, anting-anting;
(worn by unmarried girls), subang.
Early, siang.
Earnest-money, panjar, chinkeram.
Earth, tanah, bumi.
Earthenware, tembikar.
Earthquake, gumpa.
Earth-oil, miniak tanah.
Earthworm, chaching.
East, mata-hari naik, timur.
Easy, mudah.
Eat, to, makan;
(of a royal personage), santap.
Ebb, surut.
Ebony, kayu-arang.
Eclipse, grahana.
Economical, jimat.
Edge, tepi;
(sharp), mata.
Educate, to, pelehra, ajar.
Eel, belut.
Egg, telor.
Egg-plant, terong.
Elbow, siku.
Elder brother, abang.
Elder sister, kakak.
Eldest child, sulong.
Elephant, gajah;
(howdah), kop;
(goad), kuasa;
(driver), gambala gajah;
(paniers), rengka;
(hobbles), sengkala;
(tusk), gading;
(trunk), belalei.
Elephantiasis, untut.
Embankment, batas.
Embark, to, naik kapal.
Embrace, to, peluk, dakap.
Embroider, to, soji.
Emerald, zamrud.
Emissary, penyuroh.
Empty, kosong, hampa.
Employment, per-karja-an.
Enclosed, ber-keliling.
End, ka-sudah-an.
Endeavour, to, choba.
Endure, to, tahan.
Enemy, musoh, satru.
Enmity, binchi-an.
Enough, sudah, chukup.
Enigma, tekak-teki.
Enquire, to, tanya, pareksa.
Entangled, ter-sangkut.
Enter, to, masok.
Entertain, to (offer hospitality), men-jamu.
Entertainment (feast), jamu-an, kanduri.
Entrails, isi-perut.
Envelop, to, balut.
Envy, dingki.
Epilepsy, sawan-babi.
Equal, sama, sa-tara.
Equally, sama-rata.
Equip, to, langkap.
Erase, to, kikis, parang.
Erect, to, mem-bangket-kan.
Escape, to, lari;
(flee from danger), melari-kan niawa, membawa diri.
Escort to, antar-kan.
Establish, to, me-letak-kan, men-diri-kan, tegoh-kan.
Esteem, to (prize), endah-kan.
Estimate, nilai.
Estuary, kuala.
Eternity, kakal, ba?a.
Even (of numbers), ganap;
(level), rata.
Even, likewise, juga, pun.
Evening, petang.
Ever, pernah.
Evidence, ka-niata-an.
Evil, jahat, nakal.
Evil, calamity, mara-bahaya, bala, chelaka.
Ewe, kambing-betina.
Exalt, to, per-tinggi-kan, mem-besar-kan.
Examine, to, pareksa.
Example, teladan.
Exceed, to, lampau, lalu-i.
Except, hania, me-lain-kan.
Excess, surplus, ka-lebeh-an.
Exchange, to, tukar-kan.
Expect, to, me-nanti-kan.
Expensive, mahal.
Extend, to, panjang-kan, lanjut-kan.
Extensive, lapang, luas.
Extinguish, to, padam-kan.
Eye, mata;
(ball), biji-mata;
(brow), kening;
(lid), kelopak-mata.
F.
Fable, cheritra, hakayat.
Face, muka.
Fade, to layu, ber-layu.
Fail, to (in business), jatoh.
Faint, weak, leteh;
(swoon), pengsan.
Fair, just, betul.
Faith, iman.
Fall, to, jatoh;
(to cause to fall), jatoh-kan;
(to drop spontaneously), luroh, gugur;
(to tumble down), rebah, tumbang.
False, bohong, dusta.
Famed, megah, mashur.
Family, isi-rumah;
(stock, lineage), bangsa, kaum.
Famine, ka-lapar-an.
Fan, kipas; to fan, kirap.
Far, jauh.
Farewell, salamat tinggal.
Farm (of public revenues), pajak.
Fast (quickly), lakas;
(swift), laju;
(abstinence), puasa.
Fasten, to, ikat, tambat.
Fat (plump), gumok, tumbun;
(grease), lemak.
Fate, nasib, ajal.
Father, bapa, ayah;
(step), bapa-tiri;
(in-law), mentuah.
Fathom, depa.
Fatigued, panat, lelah.
Fault, salah, ka-salah-an.
Favour, kasih-an;
(royal), karunia, anugrah.
Fear, takut.
Feast, kanduri, per-jamu-an.
Feather, bulu.
Features, paras.
Fee, upah, faidah.
Feeble, lemah, leteh.
Feed, to, beri makan, suap-kan.
Feel, to (touch), raba, jamah, jabat.
Feint, pura-pura.
Fell, to, tebang.
Female, perampuan, betina.
Fence, pagar.
Fern, paku.
Ferry, tambang.
Ferryboat, prahu tambang.
Festival, hari-besar, hari-raya.
Fetch, to, ambil, bawa, jemput.
Fever, demam.
Field, padang;
(wet rice), sawah, bendang.
Fierce, garang.
Fig, buah ara.
Fight, to, ber-kalahi;
(of animals), ber-laga;
(of cocks), sabong.
File, kikir.
Fill, to, penoh-kan, isi-kan.
Filter, to, tapis.
Fin, sirip.
Find, to, dapat.
Fine (elegant), bagus, elok;
(not coarse), halus.
Fine (amercement), denda.
Finger, jari.
Finish, to, habis-kan, menyudah-kan.
Finished, habis, sudah.
Fire, api.
Fire-fly, kelip-kelip.
Firewood, kayu-api.
Firm, kukuh.
First, mula-mula, pertama.
Fish, ikan;
(fish, to), panching, memanching, mengail;
(with artificial bait), kachor.
Fish-hook, kail;
(line), tali-kail.
Fist, tinju.
Fit, patut, harus, wajib;
(seizure), pitam.
Flag, bandera;
(staff), tiang-bandera.
Flame, niala.
Flannel, kain-panas.
Flash, kilat.
Flat, cheper;
(level), rata.
Flay, to, kupas, kelupas.
Flea, kutu anjing.
Fleece, bulu-kambing.
Fleet, angkat-an.
Flesh, daging, isi.
Fling, to, baling, lempar, lotar;
(down), champak.
Flint, batu api.
Float, to, timbul, hanyut.
Flock, kawan.
Flog, to, pukul, gasak.
Floor, lantei.
Flour, tepong.
Flow, to, leleh, meleleh;
(as a river), alir, mengalir;
(of the tide), pasang.
Flower, bunga.
Fly, lalat;
(horse-), pikat;
(eye-), kakoroh;
(fly, to), terbang.
Foam, buih.
Fog, kabut.
Fold (a pen), kandang;
(fold, to), lipat.
Follow, to, ikut, turut.
Food, makan-an.
Foolish, bodoh, gila.
Foot, kaki;
(sole of the), tapak kaki.
Football, sepak raga.
For, akan, pada;
(because), karana.
For fear, lest, takut.
Forbid, to, larang.
Force, kuasa, kuat;
(to use —), kuat-kan, keras-i.
Ford, to (wade), merandau.
Fordable, shallow, changkat, tohor.
Foreigner, orang dagang, anak dagang.
Forehead, dahi.
Foreskin, kulup.
Forest, rimba.
Forfeited, luchut.
Forget, to, lupa, lupa-kan.
Forgive, to, ampun-kan, ma‘af-kan.
Forgiveness, ampun, ma‘af.
Fork, garfu, penyuchuk.
Form, rupa.
Former times, dahulu kala.
Fornication, ber-kendak.
Forsake, to, tinggal-kan.
Fort, kota.
Fortunate, mujur, tuah.
Fortune, untong, nasib.
Foundation, kaki tembok, alas rumah.
Founder, to, karam.
Fountain, spring, mata ayer.
Fowl, hayam.
Fragment, sa-patah, sa-kerat.
Frankincense, kaminiau.
Free, bebas.
Freed, mardahika.
Freeze, to, baku.
Frequent, kerap.
Fresh, new, baharu;
(of water), tawar.
Friend, sahabat.
Fright, ka-takut-an.
Frighten, menyakut-kan.
Fringe, jala-jala, daun budi.
Frog, katak, kodok.
From, deri, deri-pada.
Front, hadap-an.
Froth, buih.
Fruit, buah.
Fry, to, goreng, rendang.
Fulfil, to, sampei-kan, semporna-kan.
Full, penuh.
Full-moon, pernama bulan.
Fun, lawak-lawak, ber-suka-suka-an.
Fund, capital, modal.
Funnel, chorot.
Furnace, dapur, ralau.
G.
Gain, laba, faidah.
Gale, ribut.
Gall, ampadu.
Gamble, to, judi, men-judi.
Game, per-main-an.
Game-cock, hayam sabong.
Gaol, panjara.
Gape, to, nganga.
Garden, kabun;
(flower), taman.
Garlic, bawang puteh.
Gasp, to, menguap.
Gate, pintu, kerbang.
Gate-keeper, penunggu-pintu.
Gather, to (pluck), kutib, petik;
(pick up), pungut;
(assemble), ber-kumpul, ber-impun.
Gaze, to, renong.
Gem, permata.
Generous, morah-hati.
Gentle, lembut, manis.
Get, to, dapat, men-dapat-kan.
Get up, to, bangket, bangun.
Ghost, hantu.
Giddy, pening.
Gift, hadia, pem-beri-an.
Gild, to, chelop, sador.
Gills, of a fish, isang.
Gimlet, gurdi.
Ginger, halia.
Girdle, tali-pinggang.
Girl, budak.
Girth, tali-perut.
Give, to, beri, kasih;
(back), pulang-kan, membalik-kan.
Gizzard, ampedal.
Glad, suka, suka-chita.
Glass, kacha.
Glean, to, pungut.
Glitter, to, kilau, mengilau.
Glorious, mulia.
Glory, ka-mulia-an.
Glove, sarong tangan.
Glue, perekat.
Glutton, gelujuh.
Gnat, agas.
Go, to, pergi;
(in), masuk;
(out), terbit, kaluar.
Goat, kambing.
Goblin, bota.
God, Allah.
Gold, mas, amas;
(leaf), mas kartas;
(dust), mas urei.
Goldsmith, tukang mas.
Gong, tawa-tawa.
Good, baik.
Goods, barang-barang, benda, harta, dagang-an.
Goose, angsa.
Gore, to, tandok, menandok.
Gospel, injil.
Gourd, labu.
Govern, to, memerentah.
Government, perentah.
Gown, kabaya.
Grace, karunia, anugrah.
Grain, biji, butir.
Grammar, nahu.
Grandchild, chuchu;
(great), chichit.
Grandparent, datoh, nenek;
(great), moyang.
Granite, batu bukit.
Grapes, buah anggur.
Grasshopper, belalang.
Grasp, to, genggam.
Grass, rumput.
Grate, to (rasp), kukur.
Grave, a, ?ubur.
Gravel, batu-lada, batu-kelikir.
Gravy, kuah.
Grease, lemah.
Great, besar.
Greedy, gelujuh.
Green, hijau.
Green-pigeon, punei.
Grief, duka-chita, ka-susah-an.
Grieved, susah-hati.
Grind, to, kisar;
(on a flat surface), giling;
(to sharpen), asah, chanei.
Grinder, molar tooth, gerham.
Grinding-stone, batu-giling.
Gripes, colic, mulas, senak perut.
Groan, to, mengerang.
Grope, to (feel in the dark), raba.
Gross, coarse, kasar.
Ground, soil, tanah.
Grow, to, tumboh.
Growl, to, men-dering, men-deram.
Grudge, sakit-hati, kechil-hati.
Gruel, kanji.
Grumble, to, sungut, ber-sungut.
Guard, to, tunggu, kawal.
Guava, jambu-biji.
Guide, pandu, pertulus.
Guilt, ka-salah-an.
Guilty, salah.
Gulf, teluk.
Gum, getah.
Gums, the, gusi.
Gun, bedil, snapang;
(cannon), mariam;
(swivel), lela, rantaka.
Gunpowder, ubat-bedil.
Gunwale, rubing.
Gutter, saluran-ayr.
H.
Habit, custom, ‘adat;
(in the habit of), biasa.
Hair, rambut, bulu.
Hair-pin, chuchuk-sanggul.
Half, tengah, sa-tengah, sa-paroh.
Halt, crippled, tempang;
(to stop on a journey), singgah.
Halve, to, bahagi dua.
Hammer, pemukul, pengetok, martel.
Hammer, to, ketok.
Hamper, a, keranjang, raga.
Hand, tangan.
Handful, sa-genggam.
Handkerchief, sapu-tangan.
Handle, of a weapon, hulu;
(of a jar), telinga.
Handsome, bagus, elok, hebat.
Handwriting, tapak-tangan, khat.
Hang, to, (suspend), gantong, meng-gantong-kan;
(to be suspended), ber-gantong.
Happen, to, jadi.
Happy, senang, salamat.
Hard, keras, tegar.
Hardship, ka-sukar-an.
Harlot, sundal, jalang.
Harpoon, sarampang.
Harrow, sikat, garu.
Hasp, kuku.
Haste, gopoh.
Hat, topi;
(conical leaf hat), terendah.
Hatch, to, meng-geram.
Hatchet, beliong, kapak.
Hate, to, binchi.
Haul, to, tarik, hela.
Have, to, ada, ber-uleh, menaroh.
Haze, kabut.
Head, kapala, hulu.
Headache, sakit-kapala.
Health, sihat niaman.
Heap, kumpul-an, tambun.
Hear, to, dengar.
Heart, hati, jantong;
(of timber), teras;
(to have the heart to), sampei hati, dapat hati.
Heat, hangat.
Heave, to, bongkar.
Heaven, surga;
(Muhammadan), janat-al-naim.
Heavy, berat.
Hedge, pagar.
Heel, tumit.
Heel, to (incline), singet.
Heir, waris.
Hell, naraka, patala, (Muhammadan), jahanam.
Helm, kamudi.
Help, to, tulong, menulong, bantu, mem-bantu.
Hem, kelim.
Hen, ibu-hayam, hayam-betina.
Here, sini, di-sini, kamari.
Heritage, pusaka.
Hiccup, sedu.
Hide, to, sembunyi.
Hide, skin, belulang, kulit.
High, tinggi.
Hill, bukit, changkat.
Hillock, busut.
Hilt, hulu.
Hinder, to, tegah, larang, sangkut, tahan.
Hire, to (engage), upah, meng-upah-kan;
(rent), penyewa;
(to rent), sewa, menyewa.
History, cheritra, hakayat.
Hiss, to, ber-siul.
Hit, to, kena.
Hoarse, garok.
Hoe, changkol.
Hoist, to, angkat.
Hold, to, pegang.
Hold, of a ship, peta.
Hole, lobang, liang.
Holiday, hari-raya.
Hollow, lekok, geronggong.
Homicide, murder, pem-bunoh-an.
Hone, batu-asah.
Honest, betul.
Honesty, puteh-hati.
Honey, madu, manis-an lebah.
Honour, ka-mulia-an.
Hoof, kuku.
Hook, penggait;
(elephant-goad), kuasa;
(fish-), mata-kail.
Hoop, simpei.
Hope, harap, asa.
Hopeless, putus-harap.
Horizon, kaki-langit.
Horn, tandok;
(of the rhinoceros), sumboh;
(feeler), sungut.
Hornet, tabu-an, naning.
Horrible, ngeri, hebat.
Horse, kuda.
Horse-mango, bachang, machang.
Horse-race, ber-lomba kuda.
Hot, panas, hangat;
(acrid), pedas, pedis.
Hour, jam.
House, rumah.
Household, isi-rumah.
Hovel, pondok, teratak.
How, bagei-mana.
Howdah, kop;
(panniers), rengkah.
However, tetapi, akan-tetapi.
How much? how many? ber-apa, ber-apa baniak.
How long? ber-apa lama.
Hug, to, peluk, dakap.
Hum, to, sering, menyering.
Humane, morah-hati.
Humble, rendah;
(to humble oneself), me-rendah-kan diri.
Humpback, bongkok.
Hungry, lapar.
Hunt, to, buru, mem-buru.
Hurricane, ribut, tufan.
Hurry, gopoh.
Hurt, to, sakit-kan, menyakit-kan.
Husband, laki, swami, rumah-tangga.
Husk, kulit;
(of cocoanut), sabut;
(of rice), sekam.
Hut, pondok, teratak, jambar, lengkok.
I.
Ice, ayar baku, ayer batu.
Idea, ‘a?al.
Idiot, bodoh, gila, korang-‘a?al.
Idle, malas, segan.
Idol, berhala.
If, kalau, jikalau.
Ignite, to, chuchuk, pasang.
Ignorant, babal, bodoh.
Ill, sakit;
(of a royal personage), gering.
Ill-bred, korang-adab, be-adab.
Ill-humoured, masam-muka, peny-ebal.
Illicit, larang, churi.
Illustrious, mulia.
Image, rupa, gambar, bangun.
Imagine, to, sangka, agak.
Imitate, to, tiru, turut.
Immediately, sakarang ini.
Immortal, kakal, ba?a.
Impatient, korang-sabar.
Impertinent, kasar, sombong.
Important, besar, berat, matan.
Impossible, tiada akan, ta’kan, mustahil.
Impound, to, kandang-kan.
Imprison, to, kurong-kan.
Improve, to, baik-i, mem-baik-i.
Impudent, muka-tebal, muka-papan.
Incense, kaminian, istanggi, dupa.
Incest, sumbang.
Incline, to (bend), chondong.
Increase, to, ber-tambah;
(to add), tambah-kan, me-lebeh-kan;
(subs.), tambah-an, ka-lebeh-an.
Indebted, ber-hutang.
India-rubber, getah.
Indian-corn, jagong.
Indigo (plant), tarum;
(dye), nila.
Indignant, hangat-hati.
Indulge, to, kasih, pandang.
Industrious, rajin.
Infectious, jangkit, ber-jangkit-an.
Infidel, kafir.
Infirm, lemah, leteh.
Inform, to, beri-tahu, me-ma‘alum-kan.
Informer, penudoh.
Inhabit, to, duduk, diam.
Inhabitants, isi-negri.
Inheritance, pusaka.
Inhuman, bingis.
Injure, to, rosak-kan, binasa-kan.
Ink, dawat, tinta.
Inkstand, tampat-dawat.
Inland, hulu, darat.
Inquire, to, tanya, pareksa.
Insect, benatang.
Insert, to, masok-kan, selip.
Insignia, regalia, perkakas-ka-raja-an.
Insipid, tawar, maung.
Instant, sa’at, sa-kejap, sa-buntar.
Instead, ganti, alih-alih.
Instruct, to, ajar, meng-ajar-kan, meng-aji-kan.
Instructor, guru, pengajar.
Instrument, alat, perkakas-an.
Intend, to, mahu, handak, niat-hati.
Intercept, to (cut off), kepong.
Interest, bunga.
Interior, dalam;
(of a country), hulu, darat.
Interfere, to, masok-mulut.
Interpret, to, salin-kan, turun-kan bahasa lain;
(into Malay), jawi-kan, men-jawi-kan.
Interpreter, juru-bahasa.
Interval, selang.
Intestines, isi-perut.
Intoxicated, mabuk.
Inundation, ayer bah.
Invade, to, langgar, me-langgar.
Invent, to, meng-ada-kan.
Invention, hikmat.
Invisible, ba?in.
Invite, to, panggil, sila-kan.
Invulnerable, kebal, pelias.
Iron, besi.
Irony, sindir.
Island, pulau.
Issue, to, terbit.
Itch (the), kudis;
(to), gatal.
Ivory, gading.
J.
Jack-fruit, nangka.
Jackal, sri-gala.
Jacket, baju.
Jar, tempayan, buyong.
Jargon, bahasa kachau-kan.
Jasmine, malati, melur.
Jealous, chemburu.
Jealousy, chemburu-an.
Jetty, jambatan, pelantar.
Jew, Yahudi.
Jewel, permata.
Join, to, hubong, meng-hubong-kan.
Joint, buku, ruas, sendi.
Joke, lawah, gurau, saluroh, gonja.
Journey, per-jalan-an;
(by sea), pelaiar-an;
(provisions for a), bakal, bekas.
Joy, ka-suka-an, suka-hati, ber-suka-suka-an.
Judge, hakim.
Judgment, sangka, rasa;
(to deliver), putus hukum;
(day of), hari-kiamat.
Jug, a, buyong.
Juggle, to, sulap, balik-mata.
Juggler, penyulap.
Juice, ayer;
(of plants), getah.
Jump, to, lompat, ber-lompat;
(down), terjun.
Junk, jong, wangkang, top.
Just, ‘adil.
Just now, tadi, baharu-ini, baharu-tadi.
Justice, ka-‘adil-an.
K.
Keel, lunas.
Keep, to, simpan, menyimpan.
Keepsake, tanda hayat.
Kernel, isi.
Kettle, cherek.
Key, anak kunchi.
Kick, to, sepak, tendang.
Kid, anak kambing.
Kidneys, buah pinggang.
Kill, to, bunoh, membunoh.
Kiln, tenur.
Kind, affectionate, ber-kasih.
Kind, sort, bangsa, jenis.
Kindle, to, chuchuk, pasang-api, pelakat-api.
Kindred kaum, kulawarga.
King, raja.
Kiss, to, (smell), chium.
Kitchen, dapor.
Kite, (bird), halang, lang;
(paper), wau, layang-layang.
Kitten, anak kuching.
Knee, lutut.
Kneel, to, berdiri-lutut;
(as an elephant), terum.
Knee-pan, tempurong-lutut.
Knife, pisau.
Knitting, aniam, rajut.
Knock, to, ketok, pukul.
Knot, simpul.
Know, to, tahu, kenal.
Knuckle, buku-jari.
L.
Labour, karja, usaha.
Labourer, kuli, orang-gaji.
Lad, budak.
Ladder, tangga.
Ladle, sendok, gayong;
(to ladle out), chedok.
Lady, tuan, siti, inche.
Lace, gold or silver, renda.
Lake, tasek, danau.
Lamb, anak-biri.
Lame, tempang, chapik.
Lament, to, ratap, meratap, menangis;
(regret), menyesal.
Lamp, palita.
Lance, lembing, tombak.
Land, tanah, darat;
(padi-land), sawah, tanah bendang;
(garden-land), tanah kampong.
Lancet, taji.
Lane, lurong.
Language, bahasa, chara.
Lantern, tanglong.
Lap, pangku, riba.
Larboard, kiri.
Large, besar.
Last, to, tahan, menahan.
Last, hindmost, yang belakang, sa-kali, akhir;
(last night), sa-malam.
Late, akhir;
(at night), jauh malam.
Lath, kasau, lantei.
Lattice-work, gisi-gisi.
Laugh, to, tertawa, gelak.
Laugh at, to, (deride), menggonja-kan.
Law, hukum, undang-undang.
Lawn, halaman.
Lawful, halal, harus.
Lawyer, wakil.
Lay, to, (set down), bubok, letak, me-letak-kan;
(wager), ber-taroh;
(an egg), ber-telor.
Lazy, malas, segan.
Lead (the metal), timak hitam.
Lead, to (by the hand), pimpin;
(guide), tunjuk-kan, pandu-kan, hantar-kan.
Leaf, daun;
(of paper), halei, lei, kajang.
Leaky, bochor, tiris.
Lean, thin, kurus.
Lean, to (rest against), sandar, menyandar.
Leap, to, lompat, me-lompat;
(down), terjun.
Learn, to, belajar;
(religion), mengaji.
Learned, pandei, ‘alim.
Leather, kulit, belulang.
Leave, permission, izin.
Leave (to quit), tinggal-kan.
Leech, lintah;
(forest), pachat.
Leeward, di-bawah angin.
Left, kiri.
Left (remaining), sisa.
Leg, kaki;
(thigh), paha;
(from knee to ankle), betis;
(calf), jantong-betis.
Lend, to, beri-pinjam.
Length, panjang, lanjut.
Lengthways, bujur.
Leprosy, kusta.
Less, korang.
Let (to allow), biar;
(hire), beri-sewa.
Let off, to (fire-arms), pasang, chuchuh, me-letup-kan;
(forgive, discharge), ampun-kan, me-lepas-kan.
Letter, surat kirim-an.
Level, rata.
Liar, pem-bohong.
Liberal, morah-hati.
Liberate, to, lepas-kan, mardahika-kan.
Lick, to, jilat.
Lid, tudong;
(eye-), kelopak-mata.
Lie, falsehood, bohong.
Lie down, to, baring, tidor.
Life, niawa, jiwa, hayat.
Lift, to, angkat, meng-angkat.
Light, bright, chahya, terang;
(not heavy), ringan.
Light (to kindle), chuchuh, pasang;
(to guide with a torch), suloh, menyuloh.
Lighter, tongkang.
Lightning, kilat.
Like, bagei, saperti, laksana, sa-umpama.
Like, to, suka, gamar, ber-kenan.
Likeness, rupa, gambar.
Limb, angguta.
Lime, kapur;
(quicklime), tohor;
(birdlime), getah.
Lime, lemon, limau-asam.
Line, (string), tali;
(row), baris, nirei.
Lineage, ka-turun-an.
Linen, kain-rami.
Lining, alas, lapis.
Lion, singa.
Lip, bibir.
Liquid, chayer.
Listen, to, men-dengar.
Litter, usong-an.
Little, kechil.
Little finger, kelingking.
Liver, limpah.
Livelihood, ka-hidop-an, pen-cha-hari-an.
Lizard, chichak.
Load, baban, pikul-an;
(cargo), muat-an, sarat-an.
Loaf, ketul.
Lobster, hudang-galah.
Lock, kunchi.
Locust, bilalang.
Lodge, to, tumpang, menumpang;
(for a night), ber-malam.
Loft, para, loteng.
Log, batang, puntong.
Lonely, sunyi.
Long, lama.
Long, to, dendam, rindu.
Look, to, pandang, tengok, lihat;
(look up), tengadah.
Looking-glass, chermin.
Loom, perkakas-tenun.
Loose, longgar, kendor.
Lord, tuan;
(deity), tuhan.
Lose, to, hilang;
(to suffer defeat), alah.
Lotos, teratei.
Loud, riyuh, kuat.
Love, kasih-an;
(love, to), kasih, ber-kasih, berahi.
Low, rendah.
Low-water, ayer-surut, ayer mati.
Loyal, setia.
Luck, untong.
Luckily, sa-baik-baik-nia.
Lucky, mujur.
Lullaby, lagu pengulik.
Lump, ketul.
Lunatic, orang-gila.
Lungs, paru-paru.
Lust, hawa, nafsu.
Lute, kechapi.
M.
Mace, bunga-pala.
Machine, pesawat.
Mad, gila.
Maggot, hulat.
Magic, ‘ilmu.
Magistrate, hakim, tuan polis.
Magnet, besi-berani.
Maimed, kudong.
Mainmast, tiang-agong.
Maintain, to, pelehra.
Maize, jagong.
Majesty, baginda.
Make, to, buat, membuat.
Male (man), laki-laki;
(animal), jantan.
Malice, dingki, kechil-hati.
Malignant, ber-dingki.
Man, orang, laki-laki.
Man-of-war, kapal perang.
Manage, to, perentah, memerentah.
Mane, gambong, jambul.
Mange, kudis.
Mango, mampelam, mangga;
(horse-), machang, bachang.
Mangostin, manggis.
Manifest, to, menyata-kan, mene-rang-kan.
Mankind, manusia.
Manner, bagei, macham.
Manure, baja.
Many, baniak.
Map, peta.
Marble, pualam.
Mare, kuda-betina.
Margin, tepi.
Mark, tanda, ‘alamat;
(to shoot at), tuju-an, sasar.
Market, pasar.
Marriage, kawin, nikah;
(to demand in), pinang, meminang;
(to give in), nikah-kan.
Married, ber-kawin;
(having a wife), ber-bini;
(having a husband), ber-laki.
Marrow, otak-tulang.
Marsh, paya, redang.
Mash, to, pipis.
Mason, tukang-batu.
Mast, tiang.
Master, tuan;
(of a ship), juragan, nakhoda.
Mat, tikar.
Match, goris-api;
(to suit), padan.
Matchlock, satinggar.
Mate, of a ship, malim.
Matter (affair), perkara;
(pus), nanah.
Mattress, tilam.
May, buleh.
Meal (repast), makan-an;
(flour), tepong.
Mean, hina;
(to understand), harti, meng-harti.
Meaning (sense), ma‘ana, harti.
Meanwhile, dalam antara itu.
Means (by all), hubaya.
Measure, to, hukur, sukat.
Measurement, hukur-an, sukat-an.
Meat, daging.
Medicine, ubat.
Meek, manis, lemah-lumbut.
Meet, to, jumpa, ber-jumpa, temu, ber-temu.
Melon (water), temikei.
Melt, to, lebor, hanchur-kan.
Member, angguta.
Memory, ingat-an.
Mend, to, baik-i, mem-baik-i.
Mendicant, fa?ir.
Mention, to, sebut.
Merchandise, dagang-an.
Mercury, rasa.
Mercy, rahamat.
Meridian (noon), rambang.
Merit, pahala.
Mesh (of a net), mata.
Message, pasan-an.
Messenger, penyuroh, pesuroh.
Method (arrangement), atur-an.
Middle, tengah, per-tengah-an;
(middle finger), jari-hantu.
Middling, sedang.
Midwife, bidan, dukun.
Might, gagah, kuasa, ?oderat.
Mighty, ?uat, ber-kuasa.
Mild, manis, lumbut.
Mildew, lapuk, kulat.
Milk, susu.
Mill, kisar-an, giling-an.
Million, juta.
Mimic, to, ajuk.
Mince, to, chachah, chinchang.
Mind (sense), ‘a?al, budi;
(inclination), ka-handak;
(never mind), tiada apa, ta’ apa, ta’ usah.
Mine, gali-an, lombong, tebok.
Miner, kuli tebok, tukang gali.
Minister, mantri.
Minute (small), halus, seni;
(moment), sa‘at.
Mire, lumpur, lechah.
Mirror, chermin.
Miscarriage, gugur-an;
(of an elephant), sanglong.
Mischief, benchana.
Miserly, kikir, kikil, chikil.
Misery, hal ka-sukar-an.
Mist, kabut.
Mistake, salah, silap.
Mistress, tuan.
Misunderstand, to, salah-mengarti, salah-dengar.
Mix, to, champur, kachau.
Mock, olok, pupuh;
(to deride), sindir.
Mode, pri, chara.
Model, teladan, achu-an.
Modest, ber-malu, sopan.
Moment, sa-buntar, sa-kejap, sa‘at.
Money, wang, duit;
(ready-money), wang tunei.
Monkey, monyet, kera.
Monsoon, musim.
Month, bulan.
Moon, bulan.
Morass, paya, redang.
More, lebeh, lagi.
Morning, pagi, dina-hari.
Morrow, esok, besok, ka-esok-an.
Morsel, sa-suap, sa-mulut.
Mortal, fana.
Mortar, lesong.
Mortgage, to, gadei, chagar, sandar.
Mosque, masjid.
Mosquito, niamok.
Moss, lumut.
Most, ter-lebeh.
Mother, mak, ibu, bonda;
(adoptive), ma-angkat;
(step-mother), ma-tiri;
(mother-in-law), mentuah.
Mould, earth, tanah;
(mildew), lapuk;
(matrix), achu-an.
Mouldy, basi.
Mount, to, naik.
Mountain, gunong.
Mourn, to, tangis-kan, menangis-kan, ratap, meratap.
Mouse, tikus.
Mouse-deer, pelanduk.
Moustache, misei.
Mouth, mulut;
(of a river), kuala.
Mouthful, sa-suap, sa-mulut.
Move, to, (intrans.), ber-ubah, ber-gerak, kesak;
(trans.), gerak-kan, meng-gerak-kan, alih-kan, meng-alih-kan, meng-ubah-kan.
Much, baniak.
Mud, lumpur, sulut, lechah.
Muddy, turbid, kerok.
Mug, kindi.
Multiply, to, per-baniak-kan.
Murder, to, bunoh, mem-bunoh.
Murmur, to, sungut.
Muscle, urat.
Mushroom, chendawan.
Music, bunyi-bunyi-an, lagu.
Musk, kasturi.
Musk-rat, chenchurut.
Musket, snapang, bedil.
Muslin, kain khasa.
Must, handak, harus, dapat-tiada.
Mustard, sesawi.
Muster (to summon), kerah.
Mutiny, belut.
Mystery, rahusia.
N.
Nail, paku;
(of the fingers or toe), kuku;
(finger-nail worn purposely long), changei.
Naked, telanjang.
Name, nama;
(title), gelar-an;
(to name), gelar-kan, nama-kan.
Nape of the neck, tangkok.
Napkin, kain basah.
Narrate, to, cheritra-kan.
Narrow, sumpit, simpit, sesak, ginting.
Nation, bangsa.
Nature, tabi‘at.
Navel, pusat.
Navigate, to, me-layar-kan.
Navigation (science of), ‘ilmu-pe-layar-an.
Neap-tide, ayer surut, ayer mati.
Near, dekat, hampir.
Neat, chantek, chermat.
Necessary, wajib.
Necessity, desire, hajat.
Neck, batang leher;
(throat), leher.
Needle, jarum.
Neglect, lalei.
Neighbour, orang rumah sa-belah.
Nephew, anak-penakan, anak su dara.
Nerve, urat.
Nest, sarang, sarang-burong.
Net (casting), jala;
(seine), pukat;
(landing), sauh-sauh;
(snare), jaring.
Net, to, serat, menyerat.
Net-work, serat-an, jala-jala.
Never, ta’pernah;
(never mind), ta’apa, ta’usah.
New, baharu.
New-moon, sa-hari bulan.
News, khabar.
Next (in time), lepas itu, kemdian;
(in place), sa-belah.
Nice (pleasant), sedap.
Niece, anak-penakan, anak-sudara.
Night, malam;
(to pass the), ber malam.
Night-jar, tetegok, punggok.
Nimble, chepat, pantas.
Nip (to pinch), pichit, chubit, ketam, sepit.
Nippers (pincers), penyepit.
Nitre, sendawa.
Noble, bangsawan.
Nod, to, meng-antok.
Noise, gadoh, gempar, bising, riau.
None, satu pun tidak.
Nonsense, sia-sia, ta’ka-tahu-an.
Noon, rambang, tengah-hari.
Noose, jerat.
North, utara.
Nose, hidong;
(bridge of the), batang, hidong.
Nosegay, karangan-bunga.
Nostril, liang hidong.
Notch, takuk;
(gap, dent), sumbing.
Nothing, apa pun tidak.
Notice, to, per-hati-kan.
Notwithstanding, tetapi, lamun-kan.
Nourish, to, pelehra-kan.
Now, sakarang;
(now and then), kadang kadang, ter-kadang.
Number (quantity), baniak;
(a numeral), angka.
Nurse, a, inang, pengasoh.
Nurse (to rear, cherish), pelehra;
(give suck), menetek-kan, menyusu-kan;
(a sick person), dukun.
Nut, kachang.
Nutmeg, buah pala.
Nymph, bidyadari.
O.
Oakum, pakul.
Oar, dayong, pengayuk.
Oath, sumpah.
Obey, to, turut.
Obscene, charut;
(to use obscene language), men-charut.
Obscure, kelam, gelap.
Observe (watch), intei;
(notice), per-hati-kan.
Obstinate, degil, bantak, kras ka-pala.
Obstruct, to, sekat-kan.
Occasion, paksa.
Occupied (busy), ‘aral.
Occur, to, jadi, jatoh, tiba.
Ocean, laut-an.
Odd (of numbers), gasal, ganjil.
Odds and ends, rinchik-rinchik.
Offer, to, unjuk, tawar.
Office, (employment), pegang-an;
(place of business), gedong.
Offspring, anak-pinak.
Often, kerap-kerap.
Oil, minyak.
Old, tuah, lama;
(decayed), burok.
Olden time, dahulu-kala, zaman dahulu.
Omen, evil, pemali.
Once, sa-kali.
Only, sahaja, hania.
Onion, bawang.
Open, ter-buka;
(extensive), lapang, luas;
(to open), buka, mem-buka.
Opening (chink), chelah.
Opinion, rasa, pe-rasa-an, sangka, kira, pikir-an.
Opium, apiun, madat, chandu.
Opportunity, paksa, dan, sampat.
Oppose, to, lawan.
Oppression, anyaya.
Oppressive, zalim.
Orange, limau-manis.
Order (arrangement), atur-an, per-atur-an;
(class), pangkat;
(to command), suroh, menyuroh;
(of a royal personage), titak.
Orifice, liang.
Origin, asal, pangkal.
Ornament, per-hias-an.
Orphan, piatu.
Other, lain.
Otter, anjing-laut.
Ottoman, petarana.
Ought, patut, harus, handak-lah, mahu-lah.
Out, luar.
Outcast, bangsat, ter-buang.
Outcry, gempar, engar.
Outhouse, bangsal.
Outward, visible, zahir.
Oval, bulat-bujur.
Oven, dapor, tenur.
Over (upon), atas;
(ended), sudah.
Overcast (darkened), ber-tedoh.
Overflow, to, limpah, me-limpah.
Overladen, sarat.
Overlook, to, jaga, men-jaga, tunggu, menunggu.
Overseer, tandil, mandor.
Overturn, to, balik, mem-balik-kan.
Overturned, to be, ber-balik, ter-balik.
Owe, to, ber-hutang.
Owl, burong-hantu.
Owner, tuan, yang ampunya.
Ox, lumbu, sapi;
(wild), si-ladang.
Oyster, teram, siput.
P.
Pace (step), jangka.
Pack, to, kemas, bungkus-kan.
Paddle, a, kayuh, pengayuh;
(to row with), mengayuh.
Pain, sakit, sakit-an, ka-sakit-an;
(anxiety), per-chinta-an, susah-hati.
Paint, chat;
(to paint), sapu-chat;
(a painter), tukang-chat.
Pair, jodo, pasang.
Palace, astana, meligei.
Pale, puchat.
Paling, pagar, gisi-gisi.
Palm of the hand, tapak-tangan, telapak.
Palpitation, dabar.
Palsy, tepok, basal.
Pan (earthen), pasu;
(iron), kuali.
Pant, to, mangah, menguap.
Paper, ?ar?as.
Parable, per-upama-an.
Parasol, payong.
Parcel, bungkus, bungkus-an.
Pardon, ampun, ma‘af;
(to pardon), ampun-kan, ma‘af-kan.
Pare, to, raut, me-raut, hiris, meng-hiris.
Parents, ibu-bapa.
Parrot, nuri, bayan;
(small green parroquet), serindit.
Parry, to, tangkis.
Part, bahagi-an, sa-kerat, sa-paroh.
Particle, butir.
Partner, kawan, kongsi.
Partnership, in, sa-modal.
Pass, to, lalu;
(miss), selisih;
(as coin), laku.
Passion (anger), marah, hangat.
Passionate, hati panas, lakas marah.
Past, sudah, yang telah sudah, yang telah lalu.
Paste, pe-rekat, bubur.
Pastry, penganan.
Pat, to, tepuk.
Patch, tampal.
Patience, sabar.
Pattern, teladan, chonto.
Pawn, to, gadei, meng-gadei;
(a pledge), sandar-an.
Pay, to, bayar, mem-bayar;
(by instalments), ansur.
Payment, bayar-an, pem-bayar-an.
Pea, kachang.
Peace, sajehtra, santosa, ka-senang-an;
(to make peace), ber-damei.
Peacock, merak.
Peak, puchuk, kamunchak.
Pearl, mutiara.
Peck, to, patok, pagut.
Pedlar, orang ber-jajah, orang kelon-tong.
Peel, to, kupas, kelupas.
Peep, to, intei, meng-intei.
Pelican, undan.
Pelt, to, lotar, me-lontar.
Pellucid, hening, jerneh.
Pen, ?alam.
Pen (enclosure), kandang.
Penalty, denda, si?sa.
Penetrate, to, lut, melut.
Penitence, taubat.
Penknife, pisau-lipat.
People, orang.
Pepper, lada;
(black), lada-hitam;
(Chili), lada-merah, lada-china, chabei.
Perceive, to, rasa, per-hati-kan.
Perch, to, hinggap, tengger.
Percolate, to, tiris, meniris.
Perfect, semporna.
Perfectly, betul, benar, sakali.
Perfume, bau-bau-an.
Perfumed, harum, wangi.
Perhaps, antah, barangkali, mudah-mudah-an.
Peril, bahaya, mara-bahaya.
Perjury, dusta.
Permanent, kekal, kukuh, tetap.
Permission, izin.
Permit, to, beri, kasih, biar.
Perpetual, sanantiasa, yang tiada ber-ka-putus-an.
Persecute, to, anyaya-kan.
Persevere, to, ber-usaha.
Person, orang, marika.
Perspiration, peluh.
Perverse, bantah, angkara.
Pestle, alu, antan.
Petition, per-minta-an.
Pheasant, pegar;
(argus pheasant), kuang, kuwau.
Phlegm, dahak, hingus.
Pick (to gather), kutib, petik;
(pick up), pungut.
Pickles, achar;
(pickled fish or meat), pe-kasam.
Piebald, pied, belang.
Piece, sa-patah, su-kerat, sa-patong.
Pier, jambatan, pangkalan.
Pierce, to, chuchuk.
Piety, ‘ibadat.
Pig, babi.
Pigeon, merpati.
Pile (stake), panchang;
(to heap up), susun-kan.
Pillage, to, samun, rampas.
Pillar, tiang.
Pillow, bantal.
Pillow-case, sarong-bantal.
Pimple, bisul-lada.
Pin, piniti, jarum-penyemat.
Pincers, sepit, penyepit.
Pinch (a small quantity), sa-jumput;
(to pinch), chubit, pichit.
Pinchbeck, suasa.
Pineapple, nanas.
Pink, kasumbah.
Pipe (conduit), panchur-an.
Pipeclay, tanah-mala.
Pirate, perompak.
Pit, lobang.
Pitch, gala-gala;
(to pitch as a ship), anggu, meng-anggu.
Pitcher, buyung.
Pith, ampulur.
Pity, kasih-an, belas.
Place, tampat;
(to place), bubok, taroh, letak, me-letak-kan.
Plague (pestilence), hawar.
Plain, padang, medan.
Plait, to, aniam, pintal.
Plane, ketam.
Plank, papan.
Plant, pokok, tanam-an, tumboh-tumboh-an.
Plantain, pisang.
Plantation, kabun, ladang.
Plate (earthenware), piring, pinggan;
(metal), cheper.
Play, to, main.
Pleasant, sedap, lezat.
Pleased, suka.
Pledge, chagar, sandar-an.
Plenty, baniak.
Plough, tanggala.
Plover, kedidi, chicheoh.
Pluck (to gather), petik;
(pluck out), chabut.
Plump, tumbun, pejal.
Plunge, to, terjun, selam, menyelam.
Plunder, to, samun, rampas.
Pocket, saku.
Point, hujong;
(to point), tunjok, menunjok.
Poison, rachun.
Poisonous, bisa.
Poke (to thrust), chuchuk, jolok, chungkil.
Pole, batang;
(for propelling a boat), galah.
Polecat, musang.
Polite, adab, bastari.
Pollute, to, chamar-kan, kotor-kan.
Pomegranate, buah-dalima.
Pond, kulam.
Ponder, to, kenang, pikir.
Pool, lubok.
Poop, burit-an.
Poor, miskin.
Porcelain, tembikar.
Porcupine, landak.
Pork, daging-babi.
Porpoise, lomba-lomba.
Portion, bahagi-an.
Position (situation), ka-duduk-an.
Possess, to, milik, taroh.
Possible, buleh.
Post, panchang, tiang.
Pot (earthenware), priuk, belanga;
(iron), kuali;
(water), buyung;
(flower), pasu.
Potato, ubi benggala, ubi china.
Pouch, pundi-pundi.
Pound (pen), kandang.
Pound, to, tumbok.
Pour, to, tuang, tumpah;
(water over a person bathing), jurus.
Powder, serbuk;
(dust), lumat;
(gunpowder), ubat bedil.
Power, kuasa.
Praise, puji, puji-an;
(to praise), memuji.
Prawn, hudang.
Pray, to, sembahyang, do‘a.
Precious, endah.
Predestination, ajal, ta?dir.
Predict, to, foretell, tenung.
Pregnant, bunting, mengandong, ?amil.
Prepare, to, sedia-kan, langkap-kan.
Present (to be), ada, hazir, berhadap.
Present (gift), hadia, pem-beri-an, tanda-hayat (lit. “token of life”).
Presently, sa-buntar lagi.
Press, to, apit-kan;
(press down), tekan;
(squeeze out), perah.
Presumption, angkara.
Pretend, to, achu.
Pretence, pura-pura, buat-buat.
Pretty, bagus, chantek, molek.
Prevent, to, tegah, larang.
Price, harga;
(of a slave), penebus.
Prick, to, chuchuk, tikam.
Prickle, duri;
prickly, ber-duri.
Priest. (Muhammadan), imam;
(Christian), padri.
Prince, putra.
Princess, putri.
Principal, pokok, modal.
Print, to, chap.
Prison, panjara.
Private (secluded), sunyi;
(parts), ka-malu-an.
Privy, jamban.
Prize (booty), rampas-an;
(to value highly), endah-kan.
Procession, arak.
Proclaim, to, menyata-kan, mashur-kan.
Prodigal, pemburus.
Profit, laba, untong, faidah.
Prohibit, to, larang-kan, tegah-kan.
Prohibited, larang-an, haram.
Prolong, to, lanjut-kan.
Prominent (projecting), jungur.
Promise, a, per-janji-an;
(to promise), janji.
Prone (lying face downwards), tiharap.
Pronounce, to, sebut, menyebut.
Proof, ka-nyata-an, saksi-an.
Proper, patut, harus.
Property, harta, benda, had.
Prophet, nabi.
Prosecute, to, dawa, men-dawa.
Prostitute, sundal.
Prostrate, menyiharap, pelanting.
Protect, to, lindong-kan, pelehra-kan.
Proud, sombong.
Prove, to, nyata-kan, me-nyata-kan.
Proverb, ‘ibarat, tamsil, bidal, per upama-an.
Provisions, bakal, bakas, pelabur.
Provoke, to, usik, mengusik.
Prudence, ka-bija-an.
Prudent, cherdek, bijak, chermat.
Prune, to, ranchong, me-ranchong.
Psalm, zabur.
Pull, to, tarik, menarik;
(drag), hela;
(pull up), chabut.
Pulley, kapi.
Pulse, nadi.
Pump, bomba.
Pumpkin, labu.
Pungent, pedas.
Punish, to, siksa-kan, sakit-kan.
Punishment, siksa, ka-sakit-an.
Pupil (of the eye), biji mata;
(scholar), murid.
Puppy, anak-anjing.
Pure (clear), jerneh, hening.
Purgative, pen-chahar.
Purple, ungu.
Purpose, ka-handak;
(on purpose), sangaja.
Purse, unchang, pundi-pundi.
Pursue, to, hambat, kejar;
(wild animals), buru, mem-buru.
Pus, nanah.
Push, to, tolak, sorong.
Put, to, taroh, bubok, letak;
(put on), pakei, kena-kan;
(put off, postpone), tangguh;
(put out fire), padam.
Putrid, busuk.
Puzzle (enigma), tekak-teki.
Q.
Quail, puyuh, pikau.
Quake, to, ketar, mengetar.
Quality, sifat.
Quantity, baniak.
Quarrel, per-bantah-an;
(to quarrel), ber-kalahi, ber-tingkar.
Quarter (fourth part), suku;
(of a slaughtered animal), paha.
Queen, permeisuri.
Quench, to, padam-kan.
Question, sual;
(to question), pareksa, sual-kan, tanya.
Quick, lakas, chepat, bangat, lantas, pantas.
Quicksilver, rasa.
Quid (of betel), sepah.
Quiet, diam, sunyi;
(silent), sengap.
Quit (to forsake), tinggal-kan.
Quite, sakali, sa-mata-mata.
R.
Race (lineage), bangsa, asal.
Races (contest), lomba, ber-lomba.
Radish, lobak.
Raft, rakit, lantin.
Rafter, kasau.
Rag, perchah.
Ragged, koyak-rabak, chompang-champing.
Railing, pagar, kilik-kilik-an.
Rain, hujan;
(to rain, rainy), ber-hujan;
(drizzle), rinteh.
Rainbow, palangi.
Raise, to, angkat, bangun-kan;
(with a lever), tuwas.
Raisins, kismis, buah-anggor.
Rake, peng-garu, sikat.
Range (to dispose in order), meng atur-kan.
Rank (row, line), baris, saf;
(station in life), pangkat, martabat.
Rank (rancid), hanyir, basi.
Ransom, to, tebus, menebus.
Rape, rugul.
Rapid, deras, laju.
Rapids (in a river), jeram, chigar, riyam.
Rare, jarang.
Rat, tikus;
(musk-rat), chenchurut.
Rattan, rautan.
Rave, to (in delirium), meng-igau, ber-igau-igau.
Raw, mantah.
Ray (of light), sinar;
(a fish, the skate), pari.
Razor, pisau-chukur.
Reach, to (with the hand), chapei, men-chapei;
(attain), sampei.
Read, to, bacha.
Ready, sedia, siap.
Really, sunggoh, sa-sunggoh-nia.
Reap, to, ketam, tuwei, menuwei.
Rear (to bring up), pelehra, me-melehra-kan.
Reason (cause), karana, sebab;
(understanding), budi, ‘a?al.
Rebellious, derhaka, belut.
Rebuke, to, ajar, tegor, tengking.
Receive, to, terima, menerima;
(take), sambut.
Reckon, to, hitong, bilang.
Recline, to, baring, sandar.
Recollect, to, ingat, sedar.
Recover (to get well), ber-semboh.
Red, merah.
Redeem, to, tebus, menebus.
Red-lead, sadalinggam.
Reduce, to, korang-kan.
Reed, buluh.
Reef, karang.
Reflect, to, kenang.
Refuse, to, sangkal, anggan.
Refuse (rubbish), hampas, sampah.
Regalia, perkakaska-raja-an.
Regard (to gaze at), intei, renong.
Region, benua.
Regret, to, sesal, menyesal.
Reign, ka-raja-an.
Rein (bridle), tali-kang.
Reject, to, tolak-kan, buang, champak.
Rejoice (to be glad), ber-suka;
(gladden), menyuka-kan.
Relapse, balik-sakit.
Relate, to, cheritra-kan.
Relations (kindred), sudara, ibu-bapa, puwah, ?aum.
Release, to, lepas-kan, me-lepas-kan.
Relieve guard, to, gilir.
Religion, agama.
Reluctant, segan.
Remain, to, diam, tinggal, ber-hinti.
Remainder, ba?i;
(leavings), sisa.
Remedy, penawar, ubat.
Remember, to, ingat, meng-ingat, kenang.
Remove, to, (intrans.), pindah;
(trans.), men-jauh-kan, ubah-kan.
Rent (hire), sewa, penyewa.
Repair, to, baik-i, mem-per-baik-kan.
Repeat, to, ulang.
Repent, to, taubat, sesal, menyesal.
Replace, to, ganti.
Reply, to, sahut, menyahut, men-jawab, balas jawab.
Report, to, khabar-kan, beri tahu.
Report (rumour), khabar, bunyi.
Reprimand, to, mengajar.
Reprobate, bangsat.
Repudiate, to, cherei-kan.
Request, to, minta, pinta.
Resembling, akan-akan, sa-rupa.
Reside, to, tinggal, diam, duduk.
Resign, to, serah-kan, pulang-kan.
Resin, damar, getah.
Resist, to, lawan, me-lawan.
Respect, hormat.
Responsible for, to be, sanggup, tanggong.
Rest, per hinti-an, ka-senang-an.
Rest (remainder), ba?i.
Restore (to give back), pulang-kan.
Restrain, to, tahan, menahan.
Result, ka-sudah-an.
Retire (to retreat), undur, ber-undur.
Retired (secluded), sunyi.
Retribution, pem-balas-an.
Return, to, pulang, balik, kambali;
(retaliate), balas.
Revenge, balas, damdam.
Revenue, hasil.
Reverence, sembah.
Reverse, to, mem-balik-kan.
Revile, to, hujat-kan, me-maki.
Revive, to, sedar.
Reward, upah, pahala.
Rheumatism, sakit tulang, sakit-angin, sengal.
Rhinoceros, badak;
(rhinoceros-bird), enggang.
Rib, rusuk.
Ribbon, fitah.
Rice, beras;
(boiled), nasi;
(in the husk), padi;
(parched), bertih.
Rice-field, sawah, bendang;
(upland), umah, ladang.
Rich, kaya.
Riches, ka-kaya-an, harta, benda.
Riddle, tekak-teki.
Ride, to, naik, tunggang.
Ridge (rising ground), permatang;
(of a roof), bumbong-an.
Ridicule, to, sindir, gonja.
Right (proper), betul, benar, patut.
Right-hand, kanan.
Rightly, sa-betul-nia, sa-patut-nia.
Rigid (stiff), tegar, kinchang.
Rim, tepi.
Rind, kulit.
Ring (to sound), derang, ber-derang.
Ring, chinchin;
(ornamental hoop on weapons, &c.), simpei.
Ripe, masak.
Rise, to, bangun, bangkit;
(spring up), timbul, tumboh.
River, sungei, ayer, batang-hari;
(river-brink), baroh.
Rivulet, anak-sungei, anak-ayer.
Road, jalan;
(path), lurong.
Roadstead, labuh-an.
Roam, to, jajah, hanyut, ulang-pergi-datang.
Roar, to, menganguh.
Roast, to, panggang.
Rob, to, rompak, rampas, samun, rebut, churi.
Robe (gown), kabaya.
Rock, batu, karang.
Rock, to (intrans.), ayun, ber-ayun, goyang, ber-goyang;
(trans.), ayun-kan, meng-ayun-kan, goyang-kan, meng-goyang-kan.
Roe (of fish), telor-ikan, telor-teru-buk.
Roll up, to, gulong, meng-gulong.
Rolling, guling, goleh.
Roof, bumbong;
(of the mouth), lalangit.
Room, bilek;
(space), legah.
Roost, to, hinggap, tenggir.
Root, akar.
Rope, tali.
Rose, mawar;
(rose-water), ayer-mawar.
Rot, to, reput.
Rotten, burok, busuk, reput.
Rough, kesap, kesat, kerutu.
Round, bulat, buntar.
Roundabout, keliling.
Rouse, to, bangun-kan, gerak-kan.
Row, to, dayong, ber-dayong;
(with paddles), kayuh, ber-kayuh.
Rub, to, gosok, sapu, urut, genyek, gesek.
Rubbish, sampah.
Ruby, dalima.
Rudder, kamudi.
Rude, kasar.
Ruin, to, binasa, mem-binasa-kan, rosak.
Rule, to, perentah, memerentah.
Ruling-line, benang-arang.
Rump, punggong, pangkal-paha.
Run, to, lari;
(as water), me-leleh, meng-alir.
Run against (collide), himpit, timpah.
Rupee, rupiyah.
Rush at, to, terkam, menerkam.
Rust, karat.
S.
Sack, karong, goni.
Sacrifice, to, mem-pelas.
Sad, susah-hati, duka-chita.
Saddle, zin, palana, sela.
Safe, salamat, sajehtra.
Saffron, kuniet, kumkuma.
Sagacious, cherdek, bijak.
Sago, sagu.
Sail (of a vessel), layar;
(to sail), ber-layar.
Sailor, matros, khalasi.
Saint, wali, oulia.
Salary, gaji, upah.
Sale, jual-beli.
Saliva, ayer liyor.
Salt, garam;
(in taste), masin, asin.
Saltpetre, sendawa.
Salutation, tabek, salam.
Salute, to, beri salam, minta tabek.
Same, sama, sarupa.
Sand, pasir.
Sandbank, beting.
Sandalwood, chandana.
Sap, getah, aris.
Sash, salendang, tali-pinggang.
Satisfied, puas, kiniang.
Sauce, kuah.
Saucer, piring.
Savage, liyar, buas.
Save, to, simpan, mengimpan;
(be sparing), jimat.
Savoury, sedap.
Saw, gergaji.
Say, to, kata, mengata-kan.
Scald, to, chelor.
Scale (of a fish), sisik.
Scales, daching, naracha.
Scar, parut.
Scarce, jarang.
Scarf, salendang, salimpei.
Scarlet, merah-tuah.
Scatter, to, tabur, menabur-kan.
Scent, bau, bau-bau-an.
Scheme, jalan, hikmat.
Scholar (pupil), murid.
School, tampat-belajar.
Science, ‘ilmu.
Scissors, gunting.
Scold, to, maki, ber-tingkar.
Score, kodi.
Scorpion, kala-jengking.
Scrape, to, kikis, parang.
Scraper, kukur-an.
Scratch, to, garu, chakar.
Scream, to, tampik, ber-teriak.
Screen, tirei, bidei.
Screen (to protect), me-lindong-kan.
Screw, paku pulas.
Scull, tengkorak.
Scum, buih.
Scurf, kedal, kurap.
Sea, laut, laut-an.
Seal (signet), chap, matrei.
Sealing-wax, lak.
Seam, jahit-an.
Sea-shore, pantei, tepi-laut.
Sea-sick, mabuk-ombak.
Season, musim.
Search, to, chahari, bongkar, men-chahari, siasat, salongkar.
Seat, ka-duduk-an.
Sea-weed, bunga-karang.
Secret, rahusia.
Secrete, to, sembunyi-kan.
Secretly, churi-churi.
Security, bail, aku-an, tanggong-an.
See, to, tengok, lihat, pandang.
Seed, biji, benih.
Seed-plot, nursery, semai.
Seek, to, chahari.
Seize, to, pegang, tangkap.
Seldom, jarang.
Select, to, pilih, memilih.
Self, diri, sendiri, kendiri.
Sell, to, jual, men-jual.
Send, to, kirim, hantar.
Sense, ‘a?al;
(meaning), ma‘ana.
Senses (the five), pancha-indra.
Sentence, to, hukum-kan, putus-kan hukum.
Sentry, penungguh.
Separate, to, asing-kan, cherei-kan;
(distinguish), per-lain-kan.
Sepoy, sipahi.
Serious, berat.
Serpent, ular.
Servant, budak, orang-gaji, pen-jawat.
Serve (to wait on), me-layan.
Service (employment), pegang-an, tanggong-an.
Serviceable, ber-guna.
Set (to place, put), letak, buboh, taroh;
(to set out, depart), berangkat.
Settle, to, selasi;
(to fix, decide), tetap-kan.
Several, baniak juga.
Severe, keras.
Sew, to, jahit, menjahit, jaib, men-jaib.
Shade, tedoh, naung, per-naung-an.
Shadow, bayang, bayang-bayang.
Shady, ber-tedoh, ber-lindong.
Shaft (of a weapon), hulu.
Shake, to, goyang, gonchang;
(hands), jabat tangan.
Shallow, chetek, tohor;
(of a plate or vessel), cheper.
Sham, pura-pura.
Shame, malu.
Shape, rupa, sifat.
Share, habu-an, bahagi-an.
Shark, hiyu, ikan hiyu.
Sharp, tajam.
Sharpen, to, asah, chanai, tajam-kan;
(by paring or cutting), ranchong.
Shatter, to, remok, redam.
Shave, to, chukor.
Sheath, sarong.
Shed, bangsal, pondok, teratak, jambar.
Sheep, kambing biri-biri.
Sheet, kain selimut.
Shell, siput;
(rind or covering), kulit;
(cocoanut), tempurong;
(missile), priuk-api.
Shepherd, gambala.
Shew, to, tunjok, unjok.
Shield, perisai.
Shift (to change), alih, mengalih.
Shin, tulang-kering.
Shine, to, ber-sinar, ber-kilat.
Ship, kapal, prahu.
Shipwrecked, karam.
Shirt, kameja.
Shiver, to, gatar, mengatar.
Shoal, beting.
Shock (start), kejut.
Shoe, kasut, sapatu;
(-horn), pengijah-kasut.
Shoot, to, tembak, menembak membedil;
(an arrow), panah, memanah;
(sprout), tumboh.
Shop, kedei;
(to keep a), ber-kedei.
Shore (beach), pantei;
(to go on shore), naik di darat;
(prop), sokong.
Short, pendek, pandak;
(in quantity), korang.
Shot, small, kachang-kachang, pengabur.
Shoulder, bahu.
Shout, sorak, seru, tampik.
Shove, to, tolak, sorong.
Shower, hujan.
Shred, to, hiris.
Shriek, to, mekik, pekik, men-jerit.
Shrill, nyaring, ranang.
Shrimp, hudang.
Shrink, to, shrivel, kechut, kerukut.
Shroud, kapan.
Shut, to, tutop, katop;
(the eyes), pejam, kejam.
Shy, liyar.
Sick (ill), sakit, gering;
(sea-sick), mabuk-ombak;
(to vomit), muntah.
Sickle, sabit, pengetam.
Side, rusuk;
(one—), sa-belah.
Sieve, nyiru.
Sift, to, ayak, ayak-kan.
Sigh, to, keluh, mengeluh.
Sight, peng-lihat-an, pandang-an.
Sign (token), ‘alamat, tanda.
Sign, to, turun tanda tangan.
Signature, tanda tangan, khat.
Signet, chap, matrei.
Signification, ma‘ana.
Silent, diam, sengap.
Silk, sutra.
Silly, bodoh, bingong.
Silver, perak.
Similar, sama.
Simply, sahaja, chuma.
Sin, dosa.
Since, sa-peninggal.
Sincere, suchi hati, ekhlas.
Sinew, urat.
Sing, to, nyanyi, me-nyanyi.
Single, solitary, tunggal;
(alone), sa’orang.
Sink, to, tinggalam, karam.
Sinuous (winding), kelo-kelo.
Sip, to, hisap, hirup.
Sister, sudara perampuan;
(elder), kakah;
(younger), adek;
(in-law), ipar.
Sit, to, duduk;
(with the legs crossed), ber-sila;
(with the feet hanging down), ber-juntei;
(resting on the left arm with the left leg under the right), ber-tempuh;
(to squat), ber-jongkok, ber-tenggong, menyeranggong.
Site, tampat.
Size, besar.
Skein, tukal.
Skate, ikan-pari.
Skewer, penyuchuk.
Skill, ka-pandei-an.
Skin, kulit;
(hide), belulang.
Skin (to flay), kupas, kelupas.
Skip, to, me-lompat.
Skirt (of a garment), puncha.
Sky, langit.
Slab (of tin), keping;
(small), jung-kong.
Slack, kundor.
Slander, fitnah.
Slanting, miring, chondong, singet.
Slap, tampar, tempiling.
Slave, hamba, sahaya.
Sleep, to, tidor, lena, ber-adu.
Sleeve, tangan-baju.
Slender, nipis;
(in the waist), ramping.
Slice, to, hiris, meng-hiris.
Slice, a, sa’potong.
Slip, to, tegalichik, kalichik, gelinchir, kelinchir.
Slippery, lichin, linchin.
Slit, to, belah, mem-belah.
Slow, lambat, perlahan.
Small, kechil, halus.
Small-pox, chachar, ka-tumboh.
Smart, to, pedih.
Smear, to, lumur, lumas, chalit.
Smell, bau;
(to smell), chium.
Smelt, to, lebur.
Smile, to, sinnyum.
Smith, tukang.
Smoke, asap.
Smooth, lichin;
(level), rata.
Smother, lemas-kan.
Snail, unam, kelambui.
Snake, ular.
Snare, rachik.
Snarl, to, kerennyut, kerising, gerennying.
Snatch, to, rebut, me-rebut, sentak, rampas.
Sneer, to, sindir.
Sneeze, to, bersin.
Snipe, tetiru, berkik.
Snivel, ingus.
Snore, to, mengerok, dengkor, melengkor.
So, bagini, bagitu, damikian.
Soak, to, rendam.
Soap, sabun.
Soar (to fly), melayang.
Sob, to, isak;
(sobbing), ter-isak-isak-an.
Society (community), jumaha.
Soft, lemak, lumbut.
Solder, pateri, (to solder), pateri-kan.
Soldier, sipahi, soldado.
Sole (of the foot), tapak-kaki;
(fish), ikan lidah.
Sometimes, kadang-kadang.
Son, anak laki-laki, anak-jantan.
Song, nyanyi, lagu, gurindam.
Soon, sa-buntar-lagi.
Soot, arang-para.
Sop, to, chichah.
Sore (ulcer), puru;
(wound), luka;
(painful), sakit, pedih.
Sorrow, ka-duka-an, duka-chita, ka-susah-an, susah-hati.
Sorry, susah-hati.
Sort, bagei, macham, rupa, jenis.
Soul, nyawa, jiwa, ru?.
Sound (noise), bunyi.
Sour, asam, masam.
South, selatan;
(south-east), tang-gara;
(south-west), barat-daya.
Sow, to, tabur, menabur.
Space, lapang.
Spade, peng-gali.
Span, jingkal.
Sparing (parsimonious), kikir.
Spark, bunga-api.
Sparrow, burong-pipit.
Speak, to, ber-chakap, ber-kata, ber-tutur;
(to speak to, address), tegor, siapa-kan.
Spear, lembing, tombak.
Speck, titik.
Speckled, rintik, be-rintik.
Spectacles, chermin-mata.
Spell (incantation), mantra.
Spell, to, eja.
Spend, to, belanja.
Spices, rampak-rampak.
Spider, laba-laba, lawa-lawa.
Spill, to, tumpah, menumpah.
Spin, to, pintal.
Spinach, bayam.
Spinster, bujang.
Spirit (soul), nyawa, ruh, samangat.
Spirits (ardent), arak.
Spit (skewer), penyuchuk.
Spit, to, ludah.
Spite, sakit-hati, kechil-hati, dingki.
Splash, to, perchik, memerchik.
Spleen, limpa-kechil.
Splinter, serupih, tatal.
Split, to, belah, mem-belah.
Spoil, to, rosak, binasa.
Spoon, sendok, suduk.
Sponge, bunga-karang.
Spotted, ber-rintik.
Spout, panchur.
Sprain, salah-urat.
Spray (driving rain), tempias.
Spread, to (a mat, cloth, &c.), hampar, bentang;
(as fire or infection), jangkit, ber-jangkit, melarat.
Spring (of water), mata-ayer.
Spring (to germinate), tumboh;
(issue forth), timbul, terbit.
Sprinkle, to, perchik, memerchik;
(to water), seram.
Sprout, tunas.
Spur, taji.
Spy, solo;
(to spy), intei;
(spy-glass), teropong.
Squander, to, mem-boros-kan.
Square, ampat-pesagi.
Squat down, to, ber-jungkok.
Squeeze, to, apit, tindih;
(wring, squeeze out), perah.
Squint, juling.
Squirrel, tupei.
Stab, to, tikam, menikam.
Stable (firm), kukuh, tetap;
(for horses), bangsal-kuda.
Stagger, to, chondong-ruyong, layah-siak, me-ruyong.
Stagnant, tenang.
Stairs, tangga.
Stake, post, panchang.
Stake (to wager), ber-taroh.
Stale (musty), basi.
Stalk, tangkei.
Stammer, to, gagap.
Stamp (to trample), injak, jijak, pijak, terajang;
(impress), chap-kan.
Stand, to, ber-diri.
Star, bintang.
Stare, to, renong.
Startled, ter-kejut.
Starve, to, mati-lapar.
Station (rank), pangkat.
Stay (to dwell), tinggal, diam;
(wait), nanti, tangguh.
Steady, tetap, tegoh, kukuh.
Steal, to, churi.
Steam, hawap;
(to cook by), kukus.
Steel, baja.
Steep, tega, terjal.
Steep (to dip), chelop.
Steer, to, pegang kamudi.
Steersman, juru-mudi.
Step (stride), langkah.
Stepfather, bapa tiri.
Stern (of a vessel), burit-an.
Stew, to, tumis.
Stick (walking), tongkat.
Stick (to adhere), lekat;
(to be obstructed), sangkut.
Stiff, kaku.
Sting, to, singat.
Stingy, kikir, chikil, bakhil.
Stink, bau-busuk.
Stir, to, gerak.
Stitch, jerumat.
Stockade, kubu.
Stocking, sarong-kaki.
Stocks, pasong.
Stomach, perut.
Stone, batu.
Stool, bangko.
Stoop, to, tundok.
Stop (to cease), ber-hinti;
(hinder), tahan, tegah;
(intercept), ampang, adang;
(stop up, plug), sumbat.
Stopper, penyumbat.
Store, warehouse, gedong.
Stork, bangau.
Storm, ribut.
Story, cheritra;
(of a house), tingkat.
Straight, betul, lurus.
Strain (to filter), tapis.
Strait (of the sea), selat.
Strange (curious), pelik;
(wonderful), ‘ajaib.
Stranger, orang-dagang.
Strangle, to, pujut.
Stray (wandering), jalang;
(to lose the way), sesat.
Stream (river), sungei;
(current), harus.
Street, jalan, lorong.
Strength, kuasa, ?uat.
Strengthen, to, menegoh-kan.
Stretch (to spread out), bentang;
(the limbs), melunjur;
(in yawning), mengelisah.
Strew, to, hambur-kan.
Strict, keras.
Stride, langkah.
Strike, to, pukul, gasak, palu.
String, tali, utas.
Strip, to, tanggal-kan.
Striped, belang, ber-choring.
Stripped (naked), telanjang.
Stroke, sa’kali pukul, sa’kali takuk.
Stroke, to, raba, urut.
Strong, ?uat, gagah;
(violent), keras, deras.
Struggle, to, lawan, ber-gumul.
Stubborn, kapala-keras, degil.
Studious (diligent), rajin.
Study (learning), pelajar-an, pengan-an;
(to study), bel-ajar, meng-aji.
Stumble (to trip, knock against something), antuk ter-antuk, sen-tuk.
Stump (of a tree), tunggul.
Stupid, bodoh, bingong, babal.
Stupefied, bius. (See note, p. 112.)
Subject (subordinate to), ta‘aluk;
(matter, purport), fasal, buku, bunyi;
(citizen), ra‘iyat.
Submit, to, tunduk;
(refer for decision), sembah-kan, menyembah-kan.
Substitute, ganti.
Subtract, to, tolak, chabut.
Succeed (to take the place of), meng-ganti;
(to answer), jadi.
Succession (inheritance), pusaka.
Such, bagini, bagitu, yang dami-kian.
Suck, to, hisap, hirup;
(the breast), mam susu.
Suddenly, sa-kunyong-kunyong.
Suet, lemak.
Suffer (to endure), tahan, tanggong.
Sufficient, chukup.
Sugar, gula, shakar;
(moist), gula-pasir;
(sugar-candy), gula-batu;
(sugar-cane), tebu.
Suicide, bunoh-diri.
Suit (cause), bichara, da‘wa.
Suitable, padan, patut, harus.
Sulky, muka-masam, merajuk.
Sulphur, balirang.
Sumatra, pulau-percha.
Summit, merchu, puchuk, kamunchak.
Summon (to call out the peasantry), kerah, mengerah;
(to cite), panggil.
Sun, mata-hari.
Sunrise, mata-hari naik, terbit-mata-hari.
Sunset, mata-hari turun, masok mata-hari.
Sundry, ber-bagei-bagei.
Supercargo, tukang peta.
Superintend, to, perentah, meme-rentah.
Supine (lying face upwards), telentang.
Supple, lemah.
Supplies, bakal, pelabur.
Support, to, tahan, tanggong;
(prop), sokong.
Sure, tuntu, tetap.
Surety (security), aku-an.
Surfeited, jemu.
Surpass, to, lalu, lampau.
Surplus, ka-lebeh-an.
Surprised, heiran, ter-chengang.
Surrender, to, serah-kan.
Surround, to, kepong, mengeliling kan.
Suspect, to, menaroh shak.
Suspicion, shak hati.
Swaddle, to, bedong.
Swallow (a bird), layang-layang;
(to swallow), telan.
Swamp, paya, redang.
Swear, to, sumpah, ber-sumpah.
Sweat, peluh.
Sweep, to, sapu, menyapu.
Sweet, manis;
(fragrant), harum, wangi.
Sweetheart, kakasih.
Sweetmeats, manis-an, halwa.
Sweet potatoes, keledek.
Swell, to, bengkak.
Swift, laju, lantas, deras.
Swim, to, berenang.
Swindle, to, tipu, kechek.
Swing, a, buayan, indul;
(to swing), melenggang, ayun.
Swoon, to, pengsan.
Swoop, to, sambar, menyambar.
Sword, pedang.
Sympathise, ber-serta.
T.
Table, meja.
Tablecloth, kain-meja.
Tack (to sew), jahit, jaib;
(nautical term), beluk.
Tail, ekor.
Tailor, tukang-jaib.
Take, to, ambil;
(away), angkat, bawa-pergi.
Tale, cheritra.
Talk, to, ber-chakap, ber-kata-kata.
Talkative, mulut-panjang.
Tall, tinggi.
Tamarind, asam-jawa.
Tame, jinak.
Tangled, kusut, ter-kusut.
Tap, to, tepuk, ketok.
Tap-root, umbi, akar-susu.
Target, sasar, sasar-an.
Taste, rasa.
Tasteless, tawar.
Tax, chukei.
Tea, teh, cha, daun-teh, daun-cha, ayer-teh, ayer-cha.
Teapot, teh-kwan.
Teach, to, ajar, meng-ajar.
Teak, kayu jati.
Teal, belibis.
Tear, to, koyak, charik, rabit.
Tears, ayer-mata.
Tease, to, usik, sakat, menyakat.
Teeth, gigi.
Telescope, teropong.
Tell, to, khabar-kan, bilang, beri-tahu.
Temper, perangei.
Tempest, ribut.
Temples, the, pelipis.
Tend, to, tunggu, jaga.
Tender (to offer), unjuk-kan.
Tendon, urat.
Tenor (purport), bunyi, harti.
Terrible, ngeri.
Test, to, choba;
(metals), uji.
Tether to, tambat.
Thatch, atap.
Then, waktu itu, tatkala itu, pada masa itu.
There, sana, situ, di-sana, di-situ.
Therefore, karana itu, sebab itu.
Thick, tebal;
(in consistency), kental;
(turbid), keroh;
(close together), kerap, lebat.
Thief, penchuri.
Thigh, paha.
Thimble, sarong-jari, didal.
Thin, nipis, halus;
(lean), kurus.
Thing, barang, benda, mata-benda.
Think, to, fikir, pikir, kira, sangka.
Thirst, thirsty, haus, dahaga.
Thorn, duri.
Though, wolo, lamun-kan, masa-kan.
Thought, pikir-an, pe-rasa-an.
Thrash, to, balun, godam, gasak.
Thread, benang.
Threaten, to, ugut.
Thrifty, jimat.
Throat (outside), leher;
(inside), rungkong.
Throb, to, debar, ber-debar.
Throne, takhta, singgahsana.
Through, terus.
Throw, to, lempar, baling;
(away), champak, buang.
Thumb, ibu-jari.
Thunder, guntur, guroh.
Thunderbolt, panah-halilintar.
Tickle, to, geli.
Tide (flood), ayer-pasang;
(ebb), ayer-surut;
(current), harus.
Tie, to, ikat, tambat.
Tier (row), baris, pangkat, saf.
Tiger, harimau, rimau.
Tight, tegang, ketat, chekang.
Tiles (roofing), ginting.
Timber, kayu;
(balk), balak;
(tree), pokok-kayu.
Time, waktu, katika, masa;
(opportunity), sampat, dan.
Timid, takut.
Tin, timah, timah-puteh.
Tinder, rabok.
Tinsel, perada.
Tipsy, mabuk.
Tired, penat, lelah.
Title, gelar-an.
Toad, kangkong.
Toast, to, panggang.
Tobacco, tembakau.
To-day, hari-ini.
Toddy, tuak.
Toe, jari-kaki.
Together, sama, sama-sama, serta.
Token, ‘alamat, tanda.
Toll, chukei.
Tomb, ?ubur;
(place of visitation), karamat.
To-morrow, esok, besok;
(morning), besok-pagi.
Tone, bunyi.
Tongs, penyepit.
Tongue, lidah.
Tools, pekakas.
Tooth, gigi;
(-pick), pen-chunkil-gigi.
Top, kapala;
(summit), puchuk, kamunchak.
Torch, damar, suluh.
Torment, sangsara.
Torrent, ayer-deras;
(of tears), sebak.
Tortoise, kora-kora, labi-labi;
(-shell), sisik-pennyu.
Torture, tuwas.
Toss, to, me-lanting.
Total, jumlah, kumpul-an.
Touch, to, chekoh, jabat, suntoh.
Touchstone, batu-uji.
Tow, to, tunda.
Towards, ara ka-, hala ka-, tuju ka-.
Towel, sapu-tangan.
Town, negri, bandar.
Toy, per-main-an.
Trace, bakas;
(foot-mark), bakas-kaki.
Trade, per-nyaga-an;
(to carry on), ber-nyaga, menyaga.
Trader, sudagar.
Tradition, cheritra orang tuah-tuah.
Trample, to, pijak, jijak, terajang.
Transcribe, to, salin-kan, turun-kan.
Translate, to, salin, tarjamah, turun-kan, pindah-kan.
Transplant, to, alih, pindah-kan.
Transparent, jerneh, hening.
Transverse, lentang.
Trap, perangkap;
(bird-), rachik;
(set with a spear or sharp stake for larger animals), belantik.
Trappings, per-hias-an.
Tray, dulang;
(round), talam.
Tread, to, pijak, jijak, injak.
Treasury, khazanah.
Treaty, per-janji-an.
Tree, pokok, pohun;
(a dead tree), punggor;
(a fallen tree), rebah.
Tremble, to, ketar, mengetar.
Trench, parit.
Tribe, suku.
Trick (to cheat), kichau, kechek.
Trickle, titik, menitik.
Trim (to arrange), andam, meng-andam;
(balance), timbang.
Troop (company, flock), kawan.
Trouble, ka-susah-an;
(misfortune, calamity), bala, malang, mara-bahaya;
(difficulty), ka-sukar-an.
Trough, palong.
Trousers, saluar, sarual, chalana.
True, benar, sungguh, betul.
Trunk (of a tree), batang;
(of an elephant), belalei.
Trust (to confide), harap, perchaya.
Try, to, choba;
(judicially), pare?sa.
Tub, tong.
Tumble, to, jatoh, rebah.
Tune, lagu, ragam.
Turban, sarban, dastar, tangkolo.
Turn (to go round), ber-pusing, ber-paling;
(to cause to move round), mem-pusing;
(over), balik-kan.
Turtle, pennyu.
Tusk, siong, taring;
(of an elephant), gading.
Twig, dahan, ranting.
Twinkle, to, kejap, kelip.
Twilight (morning), dina-hari;
(evening), senja-kala.
Twin, kambar.
Twine (cord), tali-rami.
Twist, to, pulas, pintal.
Tyrannical, zalim.
U.
Ugly, uduh, buruk.
Ulcer, puru.
Umbrella, payong.
Uncertain, ta’ tuntu.
Uncle, bapa-sudara, pa-penakan.
Uncover, buka, mem-buka.
Under, bawah, di-bawah.
Understand, mengarti.
Underwood, belukar.
Undress, to, tanggal kain baju, buka pakei-an.
Unfortunate, chelaka, nasib ta’ baik.
Unhappy, susah-hati.
Unite, to, hubong, rapat-kan.
Universe, ‘alam.
Unless, hania, melain-kan.
Unload, to, bongkar, punggah.
Unlucky, chelaka, malang.
Unmannerly, kasar, be-adab.
Unmarried, bujang.
Untie, to, rungkei, luchut-kan.
Until, sampei, hingga.
Untrue, bohong, dusta.
Up, atas, di-atas, ka-atas;
(up to, as high as), arah, ?ad.
Upside down, ter-balik.
Urine, ayer-kinching.
Usage, ‘adat.
Use, guna;
(to use), pakei, per-guna-kan.
Useful, ber-guna.
Utter, to, sebut, meng-uchap.
V.
Vacant, kosong.
Vagabond, bangsat.
Vain, conceited, kachak, bisi, sombong;
(fruitless), sia-sia, chuma.
Valiant, gagah, berani, perkasa.
Valley, lembah, lurah.
Valuable, endah, ber-harga.
Value (to appraise), nilai.
Vanish, to, linyap, ghraib.
Vanquish, to, alah-kan;
(vanquished), alah.
Vapour, hawap.
Variegated, pancha-warna;
(striped), ber-choring.
Various, ber-bagei-bagei, ber-jenis-jenis.
Vary (to alter), ubah;
(differ), ber-lain, ber-beda.
Vast, luas.
Vegetables, sayur.
Veil, kain-selubong.
Veiled, ber-selubong.
Vein, urat-darah.
Velvet, beludu;
(of a deer’s antlers), saput.
Vengeance, balas;
(animosity, desire of vengeance), damdam.
Venom, bisa.
Verandah, serambi.
Verily, sa-sunggoh-nia.
Vermin (insect), tuma.
Verse, sloka;
(text), ayat.
Vex, to, usik, menyusah-kan.
Victory, jaya.
Village, kampong, dusun.
Vinegar, chuka.
Violate, to, rugul, me-rugul.
Virgin, anak-dara.
Visit, to, ber-tandang.
Vizier, wazir.
Voice, suara.
Volcano, gunong ber-api.
Volume, jilit.
Vomit, to, muntah.
Voracious, gelujuh.
Vow, niat;
(to fulfill a vow), bayar niat, lepas niat.
Vowel-points, baris.
Voyage, pe-layar-an.
Vulgar, hina.
Vulture, hering.
W.
Wade, to, meng-arung, me-randai.
Wages, gaji, upah.
Wail, to, ratap.
Waist, pinggang;
(waist-belt), tali-pinggang, tali-pending.
Waist-buckle, pending.
Wait, to, nanti, tangguh.
Wake, to, jaga, ber-jaga.
Waken, to, men-jaga-kan, bangun-kan, gerak-kan.
Walk, to, jalan, ber-jalan;
(on all fours), me-rangkak.
Walking-stick, tongkat.
Wall, dinding, tembok.
Wallow, to, meng-gelumang.
Wander, to, ber-hanyut.
Want (necessity), ka-korang-an;
(to want), handak, mahu, ber-ka-handak.
Wanton, gatal.
War, perang.
Ward off, to, tangkis.
Warehouse, gedong.
Warm, panas, hangat;
(to warm oneself at a fire), ber-diang.
Wash, to, basoh.
Wasp, tabuan, peningat.
Waste (to squander), burus.
Watch, jam, harloji, urulis;
(to watch), jaga, tunggu, kawal;
(expectantly), me-langut.
Water, ayer.
Waterfall, ayer-terjun, ayer-lata.
Water-melon, temikei.
Waterpot, buyong, kindi.
Wave, ombak, gelumbang;
(to wave), kirap, kelebat.
Wax, lilin;
(sealing wax), lak.
Weak, lemah, leteh.
Wealth, ka-kaya-an.
Weapon, senjata.
Wear, to, pakei.
Weary, leteh, lesu, penat.
Weather (climate), angin.
Weave, to, tenun.
Web (spider’s), sarang-laba-laba.
Wedge, baji.
Week, juma‘at, minggu.
Weep, to, tangis, menangis.
Weigh, to, timbang;
(anchor), bongkar-sauh.
Weighty, berat.
Welcome, to, tegor, meng-elu.
Well, telaga, perigi;
(-born), bang-sawan;
(-bred), bastari, ber-budi.
West, barat, mata-hari-jatoh, maghrib.
Wet, basah.
Whale, paus.
Wheat, gandum.
Wheel, roda.
Whet, to, asak, chanai.
Whetstone, batu-asah.
While, sedang, salagi, sambil.
Whip, chabuk, chamti.
Whiskers, misei.
Whisper, to, bisek, ber-bisek.
Whistle, to, siul.
White, puteh.
Whole, sumua, chukup.
Wick, sumbu.
Wicked, jahat.
Wide, lebar, luas;
(not closed), renggang.
Widow, janda, balu.
Widower, balu laki-laki.
Wife, bini, istri, perampuan.
Wild, liar.
Will, ka-handak, harap, harap-hati, ka-handak-hati;
(testament), wasiyat.
Willing, sudi, suka, mahu.
Win, to, menang.
Wind, angin;
(to wind), balut, lilit, putar, pusing.
Window, jandela, tingkap.
Windpipe, rungkong.
Wine, anggur.
Wing, sayap, kepak.
Wink, to, kejap, kelip.
Winnow, to, tampik.
Wipe, to, sapu, menyapu.
Wire, kawat, dawei.
Wisdom, ka-pandei-an, bijaksana.
Wise, pandei, bijak, cherdek.
Wish, to, handak, mahu, harap, niat-hati, ber-ka-handak.
Withdraw, to, undur.
Wither, to, layu.
Withhold, to, tahan, tahan-kan.
Witness, sa?si.
Woe, duka.
Woman, perampuan, betina.
Womb, perut.
Wonder, to, ber-chengang, heiran.
Wonderful, ‘ajaib.
Wood, kayu;
(a wood), hutan, belukar.
Woodpecker, belatok.
Wood-pigeon, tekukur.
Wool, bulu.
Word, sa’patah chakap, per-kata-an.
Work, karja;
(to work), buat karja, karja-kan, mengarja-kan.
Workman, tukang.
World, dunia.
Worm, chaching, hulat.
Worship, to, sembahyang, puja.
Worth, harga, laku.
Worthy, mustehik.
Wound, luka;
(open), liang.
Wrap, to, balut, bungkus-an.
Wrecked, karam.
Wrench open, to, umpil, sungkit.
Wrestle, to, ber-gumul.
Write, to, tulis, menulis, menyurat.
Wrinkle, wrinkled, kerut, kerukut, keretut.
Wrist, peng-gelang-an.
Writer, juru-tulis.
Wrong, salah, silap.
Y.
Yam, ubi.
Yard, ela.
Yawn, to, meng-uwap.
Year, tahun.
Yearly, sa-tahun-tahun.
Yearn, to, rindu, dendam.
Yeast, ragi.
Yellow, kuning.
Yesterday, kalmarin;
(the day before —), kalmarin dahulu.
Yet, lagi.
Yoke, koh.
Yolk (of an egg), kuning-telor.
Young, muda.
Youth, a, budak.
1. Pronounced prenggan.
2. There is no word in Malay which corresponds with our word “stroke” or “blow,” the idea of distinguishing the blow struck from the act of striking not having suggested itself to the native mind. “So many blows” must be translated, “struck so many times.” He was sentenced to twenty stripes with a rattan, Kena hukum di-atas-nia gasak dengan rotan dua-puloh kali. So-and-so can cut down a nibong tree in three strokes, Kalau si-anu tebang pokok nibong takuk tiga kali tumbang.
3. Karamat, a tomb, place, person, or thing of reputed sanctity; a corruption of the words ka rahmat, “to the mercy,” which occur in the phrase, Sudah pulang ka rahmat Allah, “Has returned to the mercy of God,” i.e., has died.
