  Physical geography of Campania, Vesuvius: Nissen, Italische Landeskunde, vol. I (Berlin, 1883), pp. 263-272; Phillips, Vesuvius (Oxford, 1869); G. vom Rath, Der Vesuv (Berlin, 1873); Palmieri, Il Vesuvio e la sua storia (Milan, 1880); Judd, Volcanoes (International Scientific Series, New York, 1831); Lobley, Mount Vesuvius—A Descriptive, Historical, and Geological Account of the Volcano and its Surroundings (London, 1889); Ruggiero, Della eruzione del Vesuvio nell' anno LXXIX, in the commemorative volume published under the title Pompei e la regione sotterrata dal Vesuvio nell' anno LXXIX (Naples, 1879), pp. 15-32. Pompeii as a seaport [p. 3]: Strab. Geog. V. IV. 8 (p. 247). The seacoast and the Sarno in antiquity [p. 4]: Ruggiero, op. cit., pp. 5-14; Mau, Dell' antico lido del mare, Bull. dell' Inst., 1880, pp. 89-92; CHAPTER II. POMPEII BEFORE THE ERUPTION The founding of Pompeii [p. 8]: the question of the origin of the city is closely connected with that of the system of streets, for which see references to Chap. V, p. 517. Origin of the name [p. 8]: cf. F. von Duhn, Verhandlung der 34ten Philologen-Versammlung (1880), p. 154; for pompe = quinque, cf. Buck, Der Vocalismus der Oskischen Sprache (Leipzig, 1892), pp. 118-119. The derivation of Pompeii from p?p? (p?pe??) is assumed by Nissen, Pompejanische Studien (Leipzig, 1877), p. 580; cf. also Sogliano, Rendiconto della Accademia di Archeologia, Nuova Serie, Naples, vol. 15 (1901), p. 115. The expedition of P. Cornelius [p. 9]: Liv. IX. XXXVIII. 2-3. The siege of Sulla [p. 10]: Appian. Bel. Civ., I. V. 39, VI. 50; Oros. V. XVIII. 22; Vell. Pater. II. XVI. 2. The Pompeians and P. Sulla [p. 10]: Cic. Pro P. Sulla, XXI. Excavations near the Sarno canal [p. 10]: Not. d. scavi, 1880, pp. 494-498; 1881, pp. 25-29, 64-66. For other evidence relating to the suburbs, see Nissen, Pompejanische Studien, p. 379; Mau, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 4 (1889), pp. 299-300, 344. Inscriptions [p. 11]—referring to the Salinenses: C. I. L. IV. 1611; Not. d. scavi, 1884, p. 51. Referring to the Campanienses: C. I. L. IV. 470, 480, 1216, 1293 [quoted p. 492], 2353 [p. 219]. Venus Pompeiana [p. 12]: Museo Borb., vol. 8, pl. 34; Helbig, WandgemÄlde der vom Vesuv verschÜtteten StÄdte Campaniens (Leipzig, 1868), no. 295; Wissowa, De Veneris simulacris Romanis (Breslau, 1882), pp. 15-21; cf. also Rossbach, Vier Pompejanischen Wandbilder, Jahrb. des Inst. vol. 8 (1893), pp. 57-59 (no. 4). Name of the Roman colony [p. 12]: known from inscriptions, as that of Holconius Rufus and Egnatius Postumus [p. 85], and the tablets of Caecilius Jucundus, as 3340, CXLIII. in C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 1; with the latter we may compare the abbreviation after the name of Privatus [p. 504]. Civic administration [p. 12]: Marquardt, RÖmische Staatsverwaltung, vol. 1 (Edit. 2, Leipzig, 1881), pp. 132-215: C. I. L. X. pp. 90-93, IV. pp. 249-255; Willems, Les Élections municipales À PompÉi (Paris, 1886), and review of this book by Mau, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 4 (1889), pp. 298-302. Duumvirates of Caligula [p. 14]: C. I. L. X. 901, 902, 904. Lex Petronia [p. 14]: C. I. L. X. 858 [cf. p. 219]; Marquardt, op. cit. vol. 1, p. 170. Inscriptions referring to priests [p. 14]: augurs, C. I. L. X. 806, 820, 822; pontifices, C. I. L. X. 788, 789, 791, 851, 859; of Mars, C. I. L. IV. 879; of Ceres, C. I. L. X. 812, 1036, 1074; of Ceres and Venus, Not. d. scavi, 1890, Officials of the Pagus Augustus Felix [p. 14]: C. I. L. X. 814, 853, 924, 944, 1027, 1028, 1030, 1042, 1055, 1074; RÖm. Mitth., vol. 4 (1889), p. 344. Pompeian wine [p. 14]: Plin. N. H. XIV. II. 35, III. 38, VI. 70; Columella, De re rust. III. II. 27. For the forms of the amphorae, see the plate at the end of C. I. L. IV. following the map; for the inscriptions, C. I. L. IV. pp. 171-188 and Suppl. 2. Pompeian cabbage and onions [p. 15]: Plin. N. H. XIX. VIII. 140; Columella, De re rust. X. 135, XII. X. 1. Volcanic products [p. 15]: pumice stone, Vitr. II. VI. 2; oil mills, Cato, De agri cultura, XXII. 3, 4, CXXXV. 2. Cicero's Pompeianum [p. 16]: Cic. Acad. pr. II. III. 9, XXV. 80; ad Att. I. XX. 1, V. II. 1, X. XV. 1, XVI. 4, XIII. VIII; ad Fam. VII. III. 1, IV, XII. XX; ad Quint. fr. II. XIV. 1; Plut. Cic. VIII. See also Schmidt, Cicero's Villen—Das Pompeianum, Neue JahrbÜcher fÜr das Klassische Altertum, vol. 3 (1899), pp. 489-497, and the review by Mau, RÖm. Mitth. vol. 15 (1900), pp. 129-130. Death of Claudius's Drusus at Pompeii [p. 16]: Suet. Div. Claud. XXVII. Inscriptions [p. 16]: C. I. L. X. 874, 875; for the Greek inscriptions discovered at Pompeii, cf. C. I. L. IV, Index, p. 264; Kaibel, Inscriptiones Graecae Siciliae et Italiae, pp. 188-189; Dilthey, Dipinti Pompeiani accompagnati d' epigrammi greci, Ann. dell' Inst. vol. 48 (1876), pp. 294-314. Population of Pompeii [p. 16]: Fiorelli, Gli Scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, App. 3, pp. 12-14; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 374-379. Evidence regarding the existence of a Jewish colony at Pompeii [pp. 17-18]—inscriptions cited: C. I. L. IV, 1507, 2569, 2609, 2611, IV. Suppl. 4976, 5244. Painting with the judgment of Solomon: Lumbroso, Sul dipinto pompeiano in cui si È ravvisato il giudizio di Salomone, Memorie della Acc. dei Lincei, Serie 3, vol. II (1883), pp. 303-305; Samter, ArchÄologischer Anzeiger, Beiblatt zum Jahr. des Inst., vol. 13 (1898), pp. 49-50. Supposed Christian inscription and the literature relating to it: de Rossi, Una memoria dei Cristiani in Pompei, Bulletino di Archeologia Cristiana, vol. 2 (1864), pp. 69-72, and Dei Giudei Libertini e dei Cristiani in Pompei, ibid. pp. 92-93; C. I. L. IV. 679, and Suppl. p. 461. CHAPTER III. THE DESTRUCTION OF POMPEII The particulars of the eruption are treated at length in the works on Vesuvius cited in the note to Chap. I. Vesuvius before the eruption [p. 19]: Strabo, V. VIII. (p. 247); Diod. The earthquake of 63 A.D. [p. 19]: Tac. Ann. XV. XXII (erroneously assigned to 62); Sen. N. Q. VI. I. 1-15, XXVI. 5, XXVII. 1; cf. also the dedicatory inscription of the temple of Isis [p. 170]. Date of the eruption [p. 19]: Mau, Del mese e del giorno dell' eruzione, Bull. dell' Inst. 1880, pp. 92-96; Not. d. scavi, 1889, pp. 407-410; RÖm. Mitth., vol. 5 (1890), pp. 282-283. Ancient sources of our knowledge of the eruption [pp. 19-20]: Plin. Ep. VI. XVI, XX; Dio Cass. LXVI. XXI-XXIII; incidental references, M. Aurel. Anton. IV. XLVIII; Euseb. Chron. ad an. Abr. 2095; Plut. De sera numinis vindicta, XXII. p. 566 E, De Pythiae oraculis, IX. p. 398 E; Tertullian, Apologet. XL, De pallio, II. Covering of Herculaneum [p. 21]; Ruggiero, Della eruzione del Vesuvio nell' anno LXXIX (see note to Chap. I.), pp. 21-22. Excavations at Stabiae [p. 21]: see note to Chap. IV. Commission sent by Titus [p. 23]: Suet. Div. Tit. 8. Excavations at Pompeii: Fiorelli, Pompeianarum antiquitatum historia (3 vols., Naples, 1860-1864); Fiorelli, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872 (Naples, 1873); C. I. L. X. pp. 93-94. Periodical reports of the excavations: Bullettino Archeologico Napolitano pubblicato da Avellino (vols. 1-6, Naples, 1842-1848). Bullettino Archeologico Napolitano, Nuova Serie, edited by Garrucci and Minervini (vols. 1-8, Naples, 1853-1863); Bullettino Archeologico Italiano, edited by Minervini (1861-1862); Giornale degli scavi di Pompei pubblicato da Giuseppe Fiorelli (Naples, 1861-1865, incomplete); Giornale degli scavi di Pompei, Nuova Serie, pubblicata dagli alunni della Scuola archeologica (vols. 1-4, Naples, 1868-1879); since 1876, in the Notizie degli scavi di antichitÀ. The reports on the excavations by Professor Mau were published in the Bullettino dell' Instituto from 1873 to 1885; since 1885 they have appeared in the RÖmische Mittheilungen. Excavations at Herculaneum: Ruggiero, Storia degli scavi di Ercolano (Naples, 1885). Excavations at Inscriptions discovered by Fontana [p. 25]: C. I. L. X. 928, 952. Time required to complete the excavations [p. 29]: Fiorelli, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, App. p. 10. CHAPTER V. A BIRD'S-EYE VIEW The system of streets [p. 32]: Nissen, Das Templum (Berlin, 1869), pp. 63-81; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 572-593; Fiorelli, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, App. pp. 10-12; von Bezold, Osservazioni sulla limitazione di Pompei, Bull. dell' Inst. 1880, pp. 151-159; Mau, Osservazioni sulla rete stradale di Pompei, Bull. dell' Inst. 1881, pp. 108-112. The regions and insulae [p. 34]: Fiorelli, Sulle regioni Pompeiane e della loro antica distribuzione (Naples, 1858); Fiorelli, Descrizione di Pompei (Naples, 1875), pp. 24-25; for the names given to houses, Fiorelli, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, App. pp. 18-20. Meaning of the word Insula: Richter, Insula, Hermes, vol. 20 (1885), pp. 91-100. CHAPTER VI. MATERIALS, CONSTRUCTION, ARCHITECTURAL PERIODS Materials, construction, periods, systems of measurement: Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 1-97; Fiorelli, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, pp. 78-86; Ruggiero, Delia eruzione del Vesuvio nell' anno LXXIX (see note to Chap. I), pp. 5-8; Mau, Pompejanische BeitrÄge (Berlin, 1879), pp. 1-41, and RÖm. Mitth., vol. 4 (1889), pp. 294-298. Mason's marks: C. I. L. IV. pp. 166-167; Richter, Ueber antike Steinmetz-zeichen (Berlin, 1883), pp. 13-22, summarized by Mau, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 4 (1899), pp. 292-294; Mau, Segni di scarpellino di Pompei, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 10 (1895), pp. 47-51. Marriott, Facts about Pompeii (London, 1895), pp. 62-85, reviewed by Mau, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 10 (1895), pp. 222-224. A complete collection of mason's marks will appear in C. I. L. IV. suppl. 2. CHAPTER VII. THE FORUM Excavation (1813-1818), plan, remains: Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 3, pp. 135-212, vol. 3, pp. 1-17; Gell, Pompeiana (Edit. 2, 2 vols., London, 1832), vol. 1, pp. 27-38; Mazois, Les ruines de PompÉi (four parts, cited as vols.; vols. 1 and 2, 1824; vols. 3 and 4, continued by Gau, 1828-1829; Paris), vol. 3, pp. 28-36, plates 13bis, 14; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 313-319, 344-374. Inscriptions relating to the Forum or found in it: C. I. L. X. 787-794, IV. pp. 4, 41, 125-127; inscription of A. Clodius Flaccus [p. 57], X. 1074. Statues of the Forum [pp. 46-48]: Mau, Die Statuen des Forums von Pompeji, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), pp. 150-156. History of the colonnade [p. 50]: Mau, Il portico del Foro di Pompei, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 6 (1891), pp. 168-176. Paintings illustrating the life of the Forum [p. 55]: Le pitture antiche di Ercolano e contorni (5 vols., Naples, 1757-1779), pp. 213, 221, 227; Helbig, WandgemÄlde, nos. 1489-1500; particularly Jahn, Ueber Darstellungen des Handwerks und Handelsverkehrs auf antiken WandgemÄlden, Abhandlungen der sÄchsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, philologisch.-hist. Classe, vol. 5 (1870), pp. 263-318 and pl. 1-3; reproduced also by Baumeister, DenkmÄler des klassischen Altertums (3 vols., Munich, 1884-1888), vol. III. Fig. 1653; Schreiber, Atlas of Classical Antiquities (trans. by Anderson; London, 1895), pl. 87, 88, 89. Shape of a typical forum contrasted with that of the agora [p. 57]: Vitr. V. I. 1-3. Admission fee, [p. 57]: Friedlaender in Marquardt, RÖm. Staatsverwaltung (Edit. 2), vol. 3, pp. 492-493. Slaves not permitted to witness the games [p. 58]: Cic. De harus. resp. XII. 26. CHAPTER VIII. THE BUILDINGS AROUND THE FORUM—THE TEMPLE OF JUPITER Of the Capitolium in Roman colonies generally: Kuhfeldt, De capitoliis imperii Romani (Berlin, 1882); Castan, Les capitaux provinciaux du monde romain (BesanÇon, 1886); de Rossi and Gatti, I campidogli nelle colonie e nelle altre cittÀ del mondo romano, Bull. com., vol. 15 (1887), pp. 66-68; Wissowa, Capitolium (2), Pauly-Wissowa Real-EncyclopÄdie, vol. 3, pp. 1538-1540. The temple of Jupiter (excavated in 1816-1818, 1820): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 3, pp. 185-200, vol. 2, pp. 16-17, vol. 3, p. 13; Mazois, Les ruines de PompÉi, vol. 3, pp. 48-50, pl. 30-36; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 320-327; Mau, Pomp. BeitrÄge, pp. 200-209; Weichardt, Pompeji vor der ZerstÖrung (Leipzig, 1897), pp. 61-78. Variation of the plan from the Etruscan, union of Greek and Etruscan elements [p. 63]: cf. Vitr. IV. VII. 1, VIII. 5. Relief in the house of Caecilius Jucundus [p. 64]: Mau, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 15 (1900), pp. 115-116. Decoration of the cella [p. 65]: Mau, Geschichte der decorativen Wandmalerei in Pompeji (Berlin, 1882), pp. 61-62, 248. Inscriptions found in the cella [p. 66]: C. I. L. X. 796-797. The Capitolium and the temple of Zeus Milichius [p. 66]: Mau, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), pp. 141-149. Temples of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva in Etruscan and Roman cities [p. 66]: Serv. Com. in Verg. ad Aen. I. 422; Vitr. I. VII. 1. Capitals of the Ionic columns of the cella, and of the Corinthian columns of the portico [pp. 63-67]: Mazois, Les ruines de PompÉi, vol. 3, pl. 35. The The vaults in the podium [p. 67]: Not. d. scavi, 1900, pp. 341-344. CHAPTER IX. THE BASILICA Excavation (1813-1816): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 86, pt. 3, pp. 111-179 passim; vol. 2, p. 13. Inscriptions: C. I. L. X. 805-807, IV. pp. 113-125. Decoration: Mau, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 11-17. Reconstruction: Mau, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 3 (1888), pp. 14-46, vol. 6 (1891), pp. 67-71, vol. 8 (1893), pp. 166-171; cf. also Wolters, Das Chalcidicum der Pompejanischen Basilica, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 3 (1888), pp. 47-60. Equal height of main room and corridor was first assumed by Mazois (Les ruines de PompÉi, vol. 3, pls. 17, 18), afterward by Mau (Pomp. BeitrÄge, pp. 156-199). A clerestory was added by Canina (Architettura Antica, vol. 3, pl. 93), and by Lange (Haus und Halle, Leipzig, 1885, pp. 351-372). Schoene (Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 198-201) assumes an equal height for the large columns and the half-columns, with a gallery above the corridor. The Basilica Porcia [p. 70]: Huelsen, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 8 (1893), pp. 84, 91. Other references on the Roman basilicas: Huelsen, Nomenclator topographicus (Kiepert and Huelsen, Formae urbis Romae antiquae, Berlin, 1896), pp. 13-14. The Basilica at Fano [p. 71]: Vitr. V. I. 6-10; Prestel, Des M. Vitruvius Pollio, Basilica zu Fanum Fortunae (Strassburg, 1900). Reconstruction: Viollet-le-Duc, Entretiens sur l'architecture (2 vols. Paris, 1863, 1872), vol. 1, pp. 150-157, and Atlas, pl. 8-10; translation of vol. 1 by van Brunt (under the title Discourses on Architecture, Boston, 1873), pp. 144-149 and pls. 8-10. Literature relating to the origin of the Christian basilica: Dehio and von Bezold, Die kirchliche Baukunst des Abendlandes, vol. 1 (Stuttgart, 1892), pp. 62-63, and Lowrie, Monuments of the Early Church (New York, 1901), pp. 420-421; cf. also Holtzinger, Die altchristliche und byzantinische Baukunst (Stuttgart, 1899; in Durm's Handbuch der Architektur), pp. 19-25; Kraus, RealencyclopÄdie der christl. AlterthÜmer (2 vols., Freiburg, 1882-1886), vol. I. under Basilica; Lange, Haus und Halle (Leipzig, 1885), pp. 270-326; F. Witting, Die AnfÄnge christlicher Architektur (Strassburg, 1902). CHAPTER X. THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO Excavation (1817-1818), remains, restoration: Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 3, pp. 191, 203-210, vol. 2, pp. 9, 69, vol. 3, pp. 9-16; Gell, Pompeiana (Edit. 3, by Gell and Gandy, London, 1852), pl. 53-54; Mazois, Inscriptions relating to the temple—Oscan [p. 80]: Mau, Bull. dell' Inst, 1882, pp. 189-190, 203, 205-207; Buecheler, Rhein. Mus., vol. 37 (1882), p. 643; Zvetaieff, Inscriptiones Italiae inferioris dialecticae (Moscow, 1886), p. 55 (no. 156 a); von Planta, Grammatik der Oskisch-Umbrischen Dialekte (2 vols.; Strassburg, 1892, 1897), vol. 2, p. 500; Conway, Italic Dialects (2 vols., London, 1897), vol. 1. p. 65. Latin [pp. 85-86]: C. I. L. X. 787, 800-804. Paintings [pp. 84, 87]: Helbig, WandgemÄlde, nos. 266, 395, 1306, 1324, 1325, 1544, and NachtrÄge, pp. 461-462. Statues found in the court [p. 87]—Venus: Museo Borb., vol. 14, pl. 23. Artemis and Apollo: Museo Borb., vol. 8, pl. 59, 60. Herm in the Naples Museum formerly thought to be Maia: Patroni, La pretesa Maia, erma del Museo Nazionale di Napoli, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 15 (1900), pp. 131-132. The cult of Mercury and Maia [p. 89]: cf. Samter, Altare di Mercurio e Maia, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 8 (1893), pp. 222-225. Augustus as Mercury [p. 90]: Kiessling, Zu Hor. Od. I. 2, in Philologische Untersuchungen (herausgegeben von Kiessling und U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Berlin), Heft 2 (1881), p. 92. Inscriptions referring to the cult of Mercury and Maia, afterward of Augustus, at Pompeii: C. I. L. X. pp. 109-113. Dendereh inscription (found with a wall painting showing the portrait of an emperor): Duemichen, Baugeschichte des Denderah Tempels (Berlin, 1877), p. 16 and pl. 9; Krall, Wiener Studien, vol. 5 (1883), p. 315, note. CHAPTER XI. THE BUILDINGS AT THE NORTHWEST CORNER OF THE FORUM—THE TABLE OF STANDARD MEASURES The table of standard measures [p. 92]: Mancini, La mensa ponderaria di Pompei esistente nel Museo Nazionale di Napoli, Giornale degli scavi di Pompei, Nuova Serie, vol. 2 (1871), pp. 144-161; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 71-74; Conway, The Italic Dialects, vol. 1, pp. 67-68, vol. 2, pp. 521-523; Zvetaieff, Sylloge inscriptionum Oscarum, pl. 13; C. I. L. X. 793. Measurements of the cavities by Mr. Bidder: The Academy, April 15, 1895, p. 319. Other tables of standard measures [p. 93]: at Minturnae, C. I. L. X. 6017; at Tivoli, Not. d. scavi, 1883, pp. 85-86, 172, and Lanciani, Pagan and Christian Rome (Boston, 1892), pp. 40-41; at Selinus, Not. d Scavi. 1884, p. 321; CHAPTER XII. THE MACELLUM Excavation (in 1821-1822), identification, reconstruction: Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 38-56, vol. 3, pp. 31-32; Gell, Pompeiana (Edit. of 1832), vol. 1, pp. 46-68; Mazois, Les ruines de PompÉi, vol. 3, pp. 59-67, pl. 42-46; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 275-286; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 120-128; Not. d. scavi, 1898, pp. 333-339. Other macella [p. 94] in Rome: Huelsen, Nomenclator top. (see note to Chap. IX), p. 44. At Puteoli: Gervasio, Sopra alcune iscrizioni riguardanti il Macello nell' antica Pozzuoli (Naples, 1852); published also in Memorie della regale Accademia ercolanese di archeologia, vol. 6 (1853), pp. 265-283. The tholus [p. 94]: Varro, apud Non., p. 448. The coin of Nero referred to is described by Eckhel, Doctrina numorum veterum (Edit. 2, 8 vols., Vienna, 1792-1828), vol. 6, p. 273, and figured by Cohen, Description historique des monnaies frappÉes sous l'empire romain, vol. 1 (Edit. 2, Paris, 1880), p. 288; and Donaldson, Architectura Numismatica, no. LXXII. Paintings in the Macellum at Pompeii [pp. 96-98]: Helbig, WandgemÄlde, see Topogr. Index, p. 476, under Pantheon. Cupids as bakers and as makers of wreaths [p. 98]: Museo Borb., vol. 4, pl. 47, and vol. 6, pl. 51; Roux, Herculanum et PompÉi (text by BarrÉ; 8 vols., Paris, 1840), vol. 2, pl. 83, 84; Helbig, WandgemÄlde, nos. 777, 800; Jahn, Abhandlungen der KÖnigl. sÄchsichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, philolog-hist. Classe, vol. 5 (1870), pp. 315-318 and pl. 6. Statues found in the imperial chapel [p. 98]: Mau, Statua di Marcello nipote di Augusto, Atti della reale Accademia di Napoli, vol. 15 (1891), pp. 133-151; Helbig, Osservazioni sopra i ritratti di Fulvia e di Ottavia, Mon. dei Lincei, vol. 1 (1890), pp. 573-590. Both these articles are summarized by Mau, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 6 (1891), p. 268, and vol. 7 (1892), pp. 169-171. The statues were published with the names of Livia and Drusus, son of Tiberius, in the Museo Borb., vol. 3, pl. 37, 38; the right hand of Octavia is restored. Destruction wrought by the earthquake of 63 [p. 101]: this matter will be discussed in an early number of the RÖmische Mittheilungen. CHAPTER XIII. THE SANCTUARY OF THE CITY LARES Excavation (1817), remains: Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 3, p. 196; Mazois, Les ruines de PompÉi, vol. 3, pp. 50-51, pl. 37; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 303-306. Identification and restoration: Mau, Der StÄdtische Larentempel in Pompeji, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), pp. 285-301. CHAPTER XIV. THE TEMPLE OF VESPASIAN Excavation (in 1817), remains, identification, restoration: Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 3, p. 198; Mazois, Les ruines de PompÉi, vol. 4, pp. 33-36, pl. 12-15; Garrucci, L'Augusteum, la curia degli Augustales, il Chalcidicum, l'aedes Fortunae Augustae, Bullettino archeologico Napolitano, Nuova Serie, vol. 2 (1854), pp. 4-6, published also in his Questioni Pompeiane (Naples, 1853), pp. 74-79; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 270-275; Mau, Osservazioni sul creduto tempio del Genio di Augusto in Pompei, Atti della reale Accademia di Napoli, vol. 16 (1894), pp. 181-188; Weichardt, Pompeji vor der ZerstÖrung, pp. 95-101. For the restoration given in Fig. 46, see Mau, Der Tempel des Vespasian in Pompeii, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 15 (1900), pp. 133-138. CHAPTER XV. THE BUILDING OF EUMACHIA Excavation (1814-1818): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 3, pp. 154-158, 195, 198, 210-213, vol. 2, pp. 7-19, vol. 3, pp. 6, 13, 16, 23. Remains, identification, restoration: Bechi, Del calcidico e della cripta di Eumachia scavati nel Foro di Pompeji l'anno 1820 (Naples, 1820); Gell, Pompeiana (Edit. of 1832), vol. 1, pp. 13-26; Mazois, Les ruines di PompÉi, vol. 3, pp. 42-47, pl. 22-27; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 287-303. For the restorations given in the text, see Mau, Osservazioni sull' edifizio di Eumachia in Pompei, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 7 (1892), pp. 113-143. Inscriptions [pp. 111, 112]: C. I. L. X. 808-815. Decoration [p. 111]: Mazois, Les ruines de PompÉi, vol. 3, pp. 45-46, pl. 26, 27; Mau, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 334-335, 410, and pl. 10; Helbig, WandgemÄlde, no. 1094 c. CHAPTER XVI. THE COMITIUM Remains, identification: Mazois, Les ruines de PompÉi, vol. 3, pp. 58-59; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 185-193; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 136-138. CHAPTER XVII. THE MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS Excavation (1814), remains, identification: Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 3, pp. 154-159, vol. 2, p. 160; Mazois, Les ruines de PompÉi, vol. 3, p. 52, pl. 38; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 306-311; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 139-142. CHAPTER XVIII. THE TEMPLE OF VENUS POMPEIANA Excavation, remains, identification: Not. d. scavi, 1899, pp. 17-23, 1900, pp. 27-30. In these reports the temple is assigned to the worship of Augustus, the history of the building also being misunderstood. For a justification of the interpretation of the remains given in the text, see Mau, Der Tempel der Venus Pompeiana. RÖm. Mitth., vol. 15 (1900), pp. 270-308 and pl. 7-8. CHAPTER XIX. THE TEMPLE OF FORTUNA AUGUSTA Excavation (1823-1824): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 84-85, 91, 95-98. Remains, restoration: Mazois, Les ruines de PompÉi, vol. 4, pp. 45-48, pl. 24-26; Gell, Pompeiana (Edit. of 1832), vol. 1, pp. 69-82; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 178-184; Mau, Der Tempel der Fortuna Augusta in Pompeji, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), pp. 269-284; Weichardt, Pompeji vor der ZerstÖrung, pp. 85-93. Inscriptions [pp. 130, 132]: C. I. L. X. 820-828. CHAPTER XX. THE FORUM TRIANGULARE AND THE GREEK TEMPLE Excavation of the Forum and the temple (1767-1797): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 211, 276, 285, 286, 297, 307, 308, pt. 2, pp. 63-65. Remains of the temple, restoration: Mazois, Les ruines de PompÉi, vol. 3, pp. 17-22, pl. 8-10. Especially attractive are the sketches and restorations given by Weichardt, Pompeji vor der ZerstÖrung, pp. 17-33, pl. 1, 2 (reproduced in our pl. 3), and 3. The best description of the remains of the temple is given by Koldewey and Puchstein, Die griechischen Tempel in Unteritalien und Sicilien (Berlin, 1899), pp. 45-49 and pl. 5; their conclusions are criticised by Mau, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 15 (1900), pp. 126-128. See also von Duhn and Jacobi, Der griechische Tempel in Pompeji (Heidelberg, 1890); Sogliano, Il tempio nel Foro triangolare di Pompei, Mon. dei Lincei, vol. 1 (1890), pp. 189-200; both these contributions are reviewed by Mau, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 6 (1891), pp. 258-267. The colonnade contained ninety-five Doric columns [p. 135]: there were in addition two half-columns at the south end; Plan III in this respect is inexact. The number of columns is often given as one hundred. Inscriptions of the sundial and the pedestal [p. 136]: C. I. L. X. 831, 832. Number of columns in the temple front uneven [p. 137]: the steps are too broad for one intercolumniation, and must have been designed for two, as indicated in Fig. 62. Human bones found in the enclosure [p. 139]: Romanelli, Viaggio a Pompei (1811), p. 104 (Edit. 2, 1817, p. 182), "Vi furono trovati molti avanzi di cadaveri sepolti." Excavations made here at the suggestion of Professor Mau brought to light few traces of bones. Oscan inscription [p. 139]: Zvetaieff, Sylloge inscriptionum Oscarum (Leipzig, 1868), no. 69 and pl. 13; von Planta, Grammatik der Oskisch-Umbrischen Inschriften, vol. 2, p. 501; Conway, Italic Dialects, vol. 1, p. 63. Oscan inscription [p. 140]: see references below, pp. 530-531. Excavation of the two theatres and the court behind the Large Theatre (July, Paintings at Pompeii relating to the stage: Helbig, WandgemÄlde, nos. 1464-1476; Sogliano, Le pitture murali Campane, nos. 740-752; Maass, Affreschi scenici di Pompeii, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 53 (1881), pp. 109-159, and Mon. dell' Inst., vol. 11, pl. 30-32. Remains of the Large Theatre: Mazois, Les ruines de PompÉi, vol. 4, pp. 55-70, pl. 27-34; Fiorelli, Descrizione di Pompei, pp. 352-357; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 232-253; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 153-176. The tribunals [p. 145]: it is evident from the language of Suetonius (Div. Aug. 44, solis virginibus Vestalibus locum in theatro separatim et contra praetoris tribunal dedit) that opposite the place set aside for the praetor, which was called tribunal, there was another likewise reserved. In our theatre the two platforms mentioned correspond exactly with this arrangement, and there is no other part of the structure to which the word tribunalia, in the inscription of the Holconii (p. 148), could properly be applied. We are safe therefore in calling the platforms tribunals. Wall painting, showing theatre police seated in niches in front of the stage [p. 146]: found in the casa della fontana grande; described by Helbig, WandgemÄlde, no. 1468; figured in Museo Borb., vol. 4, pl. 18, and in Wieseler, TheatergebÄude und DenkmÄler des BÜhnenwesens bei den Griechen und RÖmern (GÖttingen, 1851), pl. 11, 2. A similar figure sitting in a shallow niche has been found on a wall in the eighth region (VIII. II. 23); see RÖm. Mitth., vol. 3 (1888), p. 202, no. 12. On the need of police to keep order in Roman theatres, see the references given by Marquardt, RÖm. Staatsverwaltung, vol. 3 (Edit. 2), pp. 541-542; but cf. KÖrting, Geschichte des griechischen und rÖmischen Theaters (Paderborn, 1897), p. 367. Place of stage machinery [p. 147]: Pollux, Onomast. IV. 128. Inscriptions relating to Actius Anicetus [p. 148]: inscription found at Puteoli, C. I. L. X. 1946; graffiti, C. I. L. IV. 2155, and Index, p. 233, under Actius and Anicetus; C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 5395. Assemblies in the theatre [p. 148]: at Tarentum (282 B.C.), App. De rebus Samnit. VII. II; Dio Cass. Frag. XXIX. 5; at Pergamus, Plut. Sulla, 11. Cf. Muller, BÜhnenalterthÜmer, pp. 73-75. Inscriptions found in the theatre [pp. 148-150]: monumental, C. I. L. X. 833-843; painted inscriptions and graffiti, C. I. L. IV. pp. 63, 153-157. The stage and the orchestra in the Greek and the Roman theatre [p. 150]: Vitr. V. VI-VIII. The problem of the stage in the Greek theatre [p. 151]: Doerpfeld and Reisch, Das griechische Theater, BeitrÄge zur Geschichte des Dionysos-Theaters in Athen und anderer griechischer Theater (Athens and Leipzig, 1896), particularly pp. 341-365; Doerpfeld, Das griechische Theater Vitruvs, Athen. Mitth., vol. 22 (1897), pp. 439-462; vol. 23 (1898), pp. 326-356. A convenient summary of Doerpfeld's conclusions and of the literature The stage of the Large Theatre at Pompeii [p. 152]: Puchstein and Koldewey, Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift, 1896, pp. 477-478; ArchÄologischer Anzeiger, Beiblatt zum Jahrb. des Inst., 1896, pp. 30, 40; Puchstein, Die griechische BÜhne (Berlin, 1901), pp. 75-77. CHAPTER XXII. THE SMALL THEATRE Excavation, remains: see references to Chap. XXI. Decoration (second style): Mau, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 248-249. Inscriptions: C. I. L. X. 844, 845. Theft of the bronze letters of the inscription of Oculatius Verus [p. 156]: Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 3, pp. 231, 277; Zangemeister, Sopra l' iscrizione del teatro piccolo di Pompei, Bull. dell' Inst., 1866, pp. 30-31. Gaius Quinctius Valgus [p. 153]: Cic. De lege agraria, III; C. I. L. IX. 1140, X. 5282 (cf. Buecheler, Carmina Latina epigraphica, vol. 1, Leipzig, 1895, no. 12); Dessau, C. Quinctius Valgus, Der Erbauer des Amphitheaters zu Pompeii, Hermes, vol. 18 (1883), pp. 620-622. The narrow doors at the rear of the stage designed to give access to the tribunalia [p. 156]: Kelsey, The Stage Entrances of the Small Theatre at Pompeii, American Journal of ArchÆology, series 2, vol. 4 (1900), p. 150, also vol. 6 (1902). CHAPTER XXIII. THE THEATRE COLONNADE Excavation (October 25, 1766, to April 7, 1769, and December 10, 1791, to February 20, 1794): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 195-228, pt. 2, pp. 46-48, 51, 52, 54, 151-153, pt. 3, p. 273. Remains, identification, restoration: Mazois, Les ruines de PompÉi, vol. 3, pp. 12-15, pl. 2-6; Gell, Pompeiana (Edit. of 1852), p. 184; Garrucci, Il Ludus Gladiatorius, ovvero Convitti dei Gladiatori, in his Questioni Pompeiane (Naples, 1853), pp. 1-8; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 253-262. The suggestion has lately been made that the colonnade may have been designed as the Gymnasium of pre-Roman Pompeii (Petersen, Ueber die sogen. Gladiatorenkaserne in Pompeji, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 14 (1899), pp. 103-104). Graffiti: C. I. L. IV. pp. 157-159. Exhibitions of gladiators [p. 161]: C. I. L. X. 1074, and references to Chap. XXX. Paintings [pp. 161-162]: Helbig, WandegemÄlde, nos. 322, 1512. CHAPTER XXIV. THE PALAESTRA Excavation (April 13 to August 31, 1797): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 2, pp. 66-68. Remains, identification: Mazois, vol. 3, pp. 25-26, pl. 11, 12; Nissen, Measurements, showing conformity to the Oscan standard [p. 165]: Mau, Pomp. BeitrÄge, pp. 21-23. Oscan inscription [p. 165]: Zvetaieff, Sylloge inscriptionum Oscarum, no. 63, pl. 11; von Planta, Grammatik der Oskisch-Umbrischen Dialekte, vol. 2, p. 499; Conway, Italic Dialects, vol. 1, no. 42. Doryphorus [p. 166]: reproduction on a larger scale, Brunn and Bruckmann, DenkmÄler griechischer und rÖmischer Sculptur, no. 273. CHAPTER XXV. THE TEMPLE OF ISIS The worship of Isis outside of Egypt: Lafaye, Histoire du culte des divinitÉs d'Alexandrie, SÉrapis, Isis, Harpocrate et Anubis, hors de l'Égypte, depuis les origines jusqu'À la naissance de l'École nÉo-Platonicienne (Paris, 1883); for the literature relating to the worship of Isis in Italy, see Roscher, AusfÜhrliches Lexikon der griechischen und rÖmischen Mythologie, vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 398-412. Excavation of the temple (December 22, 1764, to September 27, 1766): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 164-194. Inscriptions relating to the temple: Piranesi (see below), pl. 70-72; C. I. L. X. 846-851. Inscription found at Puteoli [p. 169]: C. I. L. I. 577, X. 1781; Wiegand, Die puteolanische Bauinschrift sachlich erlÄutert, JahrbÜcher fÜr classische Philologie, Supplementband 20 (1894), pp. 659-778. An interesting graffito relating to the worship of Isis was found in the house of the Silver Wedding in 1892; see RÖm. Mitth., vol. 8 (1893), p. 57, no. 7 (cf. also de Rossi, Roma sotterranea, vol. 2, pp. 14-15). Remains, restoration: Sogliano, Aedis Isidis Pompeiana, not yet published [see Preface, p. vi.]; Piranesi, AntiquitÉs de PompÉi (designs made about 1788), vol. 2 (= vol. 26 of Opera, in 27 vols.), pl. 59-72; Mazois, Les ruines de PompÉi, vol. 4, p. 24, pl. 7-11; Niccolini, Le case ed i monumenti di Pompei (Naples, 1854-1895), vol. 1, pt. 3, end (12 pl.); Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 170-175, 346-349; Mau, Pomp. BeitrÄge, p. 23; Weichardt, Pompeji vor der ZerstÖrung, pp. 103-113. Statues—Bacchus [p. 170]: Museo Borb., vol. 9, pl. 11: Roux, Herculanum et PompÉi, vol. 6, pl. 21. Isis [p. 176]: Museo Borb., vol. 14, pl. 35. Herm of Sorex [p. 176], Piranesi, AntiquitÉs de PompÉi, vol. 2. pl. 72. The statue of Venus has disappeared: Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, note 208, p. 649. Paintings [pp. 172 et seq.]: Helbig, WandgemÄlde, nos. 1-6, 135, 138, 391 b, 962, 1013, 1096-99, 1103, 1271, 1292, 1571, 1576-1577. Paintings from Herculaneum [p. 178]: Roux, Herculanum et PompÉi, vol. 2, pl. 68, 69; Helbig, WandgemÄlde, nos. 1111, 1112. A left hand carried in procession in honor of Isis [p. 173]: Apul. Metam. XI. X. Service described by Apuleius [p. 176]: Metam. XI. XX. While the people Perseus rescuing Andromeda [p. 179]: that the male figure is intended to represent Perseus and not Hermes is certain from the description of the figure when first excavated—"alla cinta tiene una testa alata" (Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 171). All trace of the Medusa head has now disappeared. Initiation into the mysteries of Isis [p. 182]: Apul. Metam. XI. XXI, XXIII. CHAPTER XXVI. THE TEMPLE OF ZEUS MILICHIUS Excavation (September 27 to October 18, 1766; March 15-22 and June 14, 1798): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 194-195, pt. 2, pp. 70-71. Remains, identification, restoration: Mazois, Les ruines de PompÉi, vol. 4, p. 22, pl. 4-6; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 175-177, 535-536; Mau, Pomp. BeitrÄge, pp. 13-15, 227-232; Mau, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 60-61; Mau, Das Capitolium und der Tempel des Zeus Meilichios in Pompeji, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), pp. 141-149. An impossible restoration is given by Weichardt, Pompeji vor der ZerstÖrung, pp. 116-123. Two statues and a bust of terra cotta [p. 184]: von Rohden, Die Terracotten von Pompeji (Stuttgart, 1880), pp. 42-43, pl. 29. Oscan inscription [p. 184]: Zvetaieff, Sylloge inscriptionum Oscarum, no. 62, pl. 10; von Planta, Grammatik der Oskisch-Umbrischen Dialekte, vol. 2, p. 499; Conway, Italic Dialects, vol. 1, pp. 58-59; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 531-536. CHAPTER XXVII. THE STABIAN BATHS Roman baths in general: Marquardt, Privatleben der RÖmer, Edit. 2, pt. 1, pp. 269-297; Mau, article BÄder in the Pauly-Wissowa RealencyclopÄdie, vol. 2, pt. 2, pp. 2743-2758; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 152-155. Baths in Pompeii—in the second Insula of Region VIII: Mau, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 3 (1888), pp. 194-205, vol. 5 (1890), pp. 130-141, vol. 10 (1895), pp. 218-219. In the so-called villa of Julia Felix: Chambalu, Die wiederverschÜttete Besitzung der Julia Felix beim Amphitheater in Pompeji, Festschrift zur 43ten Versammlung deutscher Philologen und SchulmÄnner dargeboten von den hÖheren Lehranstalten KÖlns (Cologne, 1895), and the review of this pamphlet by Mau, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 10 (1895), pp. 225-227. For the baths of M. Crassus Frugi, see above, p. 408; for the baths in private houses at Pompeii, Mau, Pomp. BeitrÄge, pp. 149-151, and above, pp. 267, 306-307 (both in the house of the Silver Wedding), 346, 357, 362-363. Excavation of the Stabian Baths (1854-1857; the official reports are meagre): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 589-658; cf. also Minervini, Notizie de' piÙ recenti scavi di Pompei, Bull. Archeologico Napolitano, Nuova Serie, vols. 2-6 (1853-1858). Remains: Michaelis, Die neuen BÄder in Pompeji, ArchÄologische Paintings: Helbig, WandgemÄlde, nos. 30 (p. 11), 44, 416, 432, 1016, 1057, 1260 b, 1545; see below, pl. XIII. Origin of the balneae pensiles [p. 187]: Valer. Max. IX. I. 1; Plin. N. H. IX. LIV. 168. The anteroom of the men's baths [p. 190]: in the front part of this was once a shallow basin, undoubtedly for preliminary cleaning before one entered the frigidarium; cf. p. 197. Bath basin in the men's tepidarium [p. 192]: cf. Kuszinsky, Aquincum (Budapest, 1889), p. 62. The poet declaiming in the bath [p. 192]: Petr. Sat. XCI.; Hor. Sat. I. IV. 74-76; and cf. Mayor's note to Juvenal I., 17 and III., 9. Pulvinus [p. 193], testudo alvei [p. 194]: Vitr. V. X. Testudo alvei: Mau, Fulcra lectorum—testudines alveorum, Nachrichten von der KÖnigl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu GÖttingen, 1896, pp. 76-82; von Duhn and Jacobi, Der griechische Tempel in Pompeji, pp. 33-35 and pl. 9. Inscriptions—Vulius and Aninius [p. 195]: C. I. L. X. 829. Vaccula [p. 197]: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 1, no. 3340, VI. Atinius [p. 200]: Zvetaieff, Sylloge inscriptionum Oscarum, no. 66, pl. 13; von Planta, Grammatik der Oskisch-Umbrischen Dialekte, vol. 2, p. 500; Conway, Italic Dialects, vol. 1, p. 61. Destrictarium [p. 195]: all the rooms at the left of the palaestra are of later date than the inscription; the present destrictarium probably takes the place of an earlier one. Improvement of the arrangements for heating [p. 196]: the hollow walls of the caldarium are made with hollow tiles, while in the tepidarium tegulae mammatae are used; for a fuller discussion of the successive changes, see Mau, Pomp. BeitrÄge, pp. 131-141. The brazier of Vaccula [p. 197]: Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 649-650. Hermes in the gymnasium at Phigalia [p. 200]: Paus. VIII. XXXIX. 4 (6); cf. also IV. XXXII. 1. CHAPTER XXVIII. THE BATHS NEAR THE FORUM Excavation [1824-1825]: Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 106, 107-116, 118, 121-125, 128, vol. 3, p. 15. Remains: Bechi, Terme Pompeiane, Museo Borb., vol. 2, pl. 49-52 (text, 31 pp.); Brulloff, Thermes di PompÉi (Paris, 1829), 10 large pls.; Gell, Pompeiana (Edit. of 1832), vol. 1, pp. 83-141, vol. 2, pp. 80-94; Mazois, Les ruines de PompÉi, vol. 3, pp. 67-77, pl. 47-50; Zahn, Neuentdeckte WandgemÄlde Inscriptions of the builders [p. 203], of Vaccula [p. 205], of Aper and Rufus [p. 206]: C. I. L. X. 817-819. CHAPTER XXIX. THE CENTRAL BATHS Excavation (1876-1878), remains: Mau, Bull. dell' Inst., 1877, pp. 214-223, 1878, pp. 251-254. Laconicum: Mau, Pomp. BeitrÄge, pp. 144-145. Of amphitheatres in general, and gladiatorial sports: Friedlaender, Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms in der Zeit von August bis zum Ausgang der Antonine, Edit. 6 (3 parts, here cited as volumes, Leipzig, 1888-1890), vol. 2, pp. 358-435, Edit. 7, vol. 2, pp. 45-66; briefer statement by Friedlaender in Marquardt's Staatsverwaltung, Edit. 2, vol. 3, pp. 554-565; Meier, De gladiatura Romana quaestiones selectae (Bonn, 1881). Gladiatorial combats in Campania and in Rome [pp. 212-213]: Strabo, V. IV. 12 (p. 250, C); Valer. Max. II. IV. 7; Liv. Epit. XVI. and XXIII. XXX. 15. For the games following Caesar's triumph, see Suet. Div. Iul., XXXIX. App. Bel. Civ. II. XV. 102 and Dio. Cas. XLIII. 22. Excavation of the Amphitheatre (1748, 1813-1816): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 5-6, pt. 3, pp. 114 et seq., 185, 189. Remains: Mazois, Les ruines de PompÉi, vol. 4, pp. 77-86, pl. 43-47; Fiorelli, Descrizione di PompÉi, pp. 69-74; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 97-127. Paintings [pp. 213, 214], Helbig, WandgemÄlde, nos. 1514, 1515, 1519; cf. also nos. 1512-1513, 1516-1518, and Sogliano, Le pitture murali Campane, nos. 665-668. Inscriptions relating to the building, or found on it [pp. 212, 218, 219]: C. I. L. X. 852-859; painted inscriptions and graffiti, C. I. L. IV. pp. 7, 64-66, 159. Inscriptions relating to the games [pp. 221 et seq.]—announcements: C. I. L. IV. 1177-1204, Suppl. 3881-3884. Programme [p. 223]: C. I. L. IV. 2508. Custos, ostiarius ab amphitheatro [p. 225]: C. I. L. VI. 6226, 6228. Inscription of Salvius Capito [p. 225]: C. I. L. IX. 465, 466 (cf. also C. I. L. X. 4920). Names of gladiators, with their records [pp. 225-226]: C. I. L. IV., see Index, under gladiatores, p. 255. Graffiti in the house on Nola Street [p. 226]: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 4277-4393; and RÖm. Mitth., vol. 5 (1890), pp. 25-39, 64-65, vol. 7 (1892), p. 23. Combat between the Pompeians and the Nucerians [pp. 220, 221]: Tac. CHAPTER XXXI. STREETS, WATER SYSTEM, AND WAYSIDE SHRINES The streets [pp. 227-229]: Mazois, Les ruines de PompÉi, vol. I, pp. 25-26, pl. 2, 3, 14, 15, 35, 37, vol. 2, pp. 35-39, pl. 2-8; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 516-572. Inscriptions on the pavement [p. 228], C. I. L. X. 870, 871. The water system [pp. 230-233]: Mazois, Les ruines de PompÉi, vol. 3, p. 27, pl. 13; Murano, Pompei—donde venivano le acque potabili ai castelli acquarii (Naples, 1894); review of Murano's treatise by Mau, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 10 (1895), pp. 216-218. Age of the aqueduct supplying Pompeii: Mau, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 10 (1895) pp. 49-51. Recent investigation of the system of sewers: Not. d. scavi, 1900, pp. 587-599. Water towers of Constantinople [p. 232]: von Hammer, Geschichte des Osmanischen Reichs (10 vols., Pest, 1827-1835), vol. 7, pp. 422, 598-599; cf. also Pardoe, Beauties of the Bosphorus (London, 1839), pp. 24-25. Wayside shrines [pp. 233-236]: Mazois, Les ruines de PompÉi, vol. 2, pl. 6; Gell, Pompeiana (Edit. of 1852), pp. 97-98; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 242-244. Paintings of divinities on the outside of houses [p. 236]: Helbig, WandgemÄlde, nos. 7-28; Sogliano, Le pitture murali Campane, nos. 1-4; serpents, Helbig, nos. 29, 30; Sogliano, nos. 5-8. Painting of the twelve gods; Gerhard, Intorno la pittura Pompeiana rappresentante i dodici dei, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 22 (1850), pp. 206-214. Inscription [p. 236]: C. I. L. IV. 813; cf. Pers. Sat. I. 113. CHAPTER XXXII. THE DEFENCES OF THE CITY Excavation of walls, gates, towers: Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 154, 234-236, pt. 3, pp. 64-69, 76, 84-88, 96-97, 111-124, 131, 143-151, 160, 168-170, vol. 2, pp. 1, 501-506, 530, 593-597. Remains: Mazois, Les ruines de PompÉi, vol. 1, pp. 33-37, 52-53, pl. 10-13, 35-37; Gell, Pompeiana (Edit. of 1852), pp. 87-96, 98; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 457-516; Mau, Pomp. BeitrÄge, pp. 211-215, 235-252; Mau, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 57-59. Oscan inscriptions [p. 240]: Zvetaieff, Sylloge inscriptionum Oscarum, nos. 80-83, pl. 14 (nos. 7, 8), pl. 15, pl. 16 (no. 4); von Planta, Grammatik der Oskisch-Umbrischen Dialekte, vol. 2, p. 503; Conway, Italic Dialects, The Stabian Gate [p. 242]: Minervini, Strada e porta Stabiana, Bull. Arch. Napolitano, Nuova Serie, vol. 1 (1853), pp. 186-187 and pl. 8, fig. 10; Fiorelli, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, pp. 78-79, pl. 14, fig. 2. Minerva as patron divinity of city gates [p. 242]: that is, according to Greek usage, an indication of the strength of Greek influence at Pompeii. Among the Romans the divinity of city gates was Juno. Cf. Serv. Com. in Verg. ad Aen. II, 610. Inscription of Flaccus and Firmus [p. 242]: C. I. L. X. 1064. Of the Pompeian and the Roman house: Mazois, Essai sur les habitations des anciens romains, in Les ruines de PompÉi, vol. 2, pp. 3-34 (3 pls.); Mazois, Le palais de Scaurus (Paris, 1819; Edit. 3, revised by Varcollier, 1861); Gell, Pompeiana (Edit. of 1852), pp. 99-141; Zumpt, Ueber die bauliche Einrichtung des rÖmischen Wohnhauses (Berlin, 1844; Edit. 2, 1852); Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 593-668; Viollet-le-Duc, Histoire de l'habitation humaine (Paris, 1875), and English translation under the title, The Habitations of Man in all Ages (Boston, 1876), Chap. 18; Lange, Haus und Halle, Studien zur Geschichte des antiken Wohnhauses und der Basilica (Leipzig, 1885), especially pp. 50-59, 244-269; Guhl and Koner, Das Leben der Griechen und RÖmer (Edit. 6, Berlin, 1893), pp. 558-580, and English translation from the third German edition, Life of the Greeks and Romans (London, 1877), §§ 75, 76; Marquardt, Das Privatleben der RÖmer (Edit. 2, Leipzig, 1886), pp. 213-250; Middleton, article Domus in Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, vol. 1 (Edit. 3, London, 1890), particularly pp. 684-687; Monceaux, Domus in Daremberg and Saglio's Dictionnaire des antiquitÉs grecques et romaines, vol. 2, pt. 1, especially pp. 349-362. For remains of houses and villas in Britain, cf., e.g., Wright, The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon (Edit. 4, London, 1885), passim; Scarth, Roman Britain (London, 1883), Chap. 18; and the special articles in Archaeologia (London, 1770 +). Inscriptions in Pompeian houses, including those in mosaic floors: C. I. L. X. 860-869, 872-875, 877-882. Fauces, or prothyron [p. 248]: Vitr. VI. IV. 6; Greenough, The Fauces of the Roman House, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. 1 (1890), pp. 1-12. Stone thresholds [p. 249]: Ivanoff, Varie specie di soglie in Pompei ed indagine sul vero sito della fauce, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 31 (1859), pp. 82-108, pl. D-F; and Mon. dell' Inst., vol. 6, pl. 28. Dangers of the streets of Rome at night [p. 250]: Juv. Sat. III. 305-308. Kinds of atriums [p. 250], dimensions [p. 252]: Vitr. VI. III., IV. Waterspouts of the compluvium [p. 251]: von Rohden, Die Terracotten von Pompeji, pl. 1-9. Gartibulum [p. 254]: Var. de Ling. Lat. V. 125; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, p. 641. Tablinum [pp. 255-258]: Vitr. VI. IV (III), 5-6; Var. ap. Non. p. 83; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 643-644. Alae [p. 258]: Vitr. VI. IV (III), 4, 6. Peristyle [p. 260]: Vitr. VI. IV (III), 7; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 645-668; Bie, Zur Geschichte des Hausperistyls, Jahrb. des. Inst., vol. 6 (1891), pp. 1-9. Triclinium [p. 262]: Vitr. VI. V. I. Trimalchio's dining rooms (cenationes): Petr. Sat. LXXVII. Lares, Genius, and Penates in house paintings [p. 268]: Helbig, WandgemÄlde, nos. 31-95; Sogliano, Le pitture murali Campane, nos. 9-46, 63-71. Serpents: ibid., nos. 47-62; see also de Marchi, Il culto privato di Roma antica, vol. 1 (Milan, 1896), pp. 27-144; Jordan, De Larum imaginibus atque cultu, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 34 (1862), pp. 300-339; Reifferscheid, De larum picturis Pompeianis, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 35 (1863), pp. 121-134; Jordan, De Genii et Eponae picturis Pompeianis nuper detectis, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 44 (1872), pp. 19-47, and pl. B, C; Wissowa, Die Ueberlieferung Über die rÖmischen Penaten, Hermes, vol. 22 (1887), pp. 29-57. Genius of a woman as Juno [p. 270]: Mau, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 2 (1887), p. 114. Jupiter and Venus: Helbig, WandgemÄlde, no. 67. Two genii (Ins. IX. viii. 13): Mau, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 5 (1890), pp. 244-245. Shop fronts [p. 276]: cf. Middleton, Remains of Ancient Rome (2 vols., London, 1892), vol. 1, pp. 192-194. Pergula [p. 277]: Mau, Sul significato della parola pergula nell' architettura antica, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 2 (1887), pp. 214-220. Natus in pergula: Petr. Sat. LXXIV. CHAPTER XXXIV. THE HOUSE OF THE SURGEON Excavation (1770): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 245-246, 248, 253 et seq. (p. 254, discovery of the instruments from which the house takes its name). Plan, construction, restoration: Piranesi, AntiquitÉs de PompÉi, vol. 1, pl. 14-21; Mazois, Les ruines de PompÉi, vol. 2, p. 51, and pl. 13 (plan); Fiorelli, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, pp. 79, 83; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 402-412; Mau, Pomp. BeitrÄge, 37-41, 49-51 (proof that the measurements of the house conform to the Oscan standard); Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 279-281; Greenough, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. 1 (1890), pp. 10-11 (plan showing conformity of the chief measurements to the proportions recommended by Vitruvius). Mural paintings: Helbig, WandgemÄlde, nos. 1427 b, 1443, 1459, and pp. CVIII-CIX with note 4 on p. CXXV; cf. also Mau, Geschichte der dec. CHAPTER XXXV. THE HOUSE OF SALLUST Excavation (1806-1809): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 2, pp. Plan, restoration: Mazois, Les ruines de PompÉi, vol. 2, pp. 75-79, pl. 35-39; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 652-654; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 300-307. Decoration: above, pp. 459-460; Mau, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 17-33, 112-114, 416-417, pl. 2; Helbig, WandgemÄlde, nos. 51, 124, 249 b, 319, 373, 429, 465, 493, 746, 751, 900, 1055, 1255, 1311 (cf. Topogr. Index, p. 467). In the Naples Museum are good copies of the paintings that are in the garden and near the open-air triclinium. CHAPTER XXXVI. THE HOUSE OF THE FAUN Excavation (1830-1832): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 240-255, vol. 3, pp. 113-118; Not. d. scavi, 1900, p. 31. Plan, construction: Fiorelli, Descrizione di Pompei, pp. 152-159; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 655-658; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 346-353. Wall decoration: Mau, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 33-57, 110-111, 122-123, 140, 162, 263-264, pl. 2; Niccolini, Le case ed i monumenti di Pompei, vol. 1. Mosaics: Museo Borb., vol. 7, pl. 62, vol. 8, pl. 36-45, vol. 9, pl. 55, vol. 14, pl. 14; Roux, Herculanum et PompÉi, vol. 5, 6th series, pl. 20-29, 32; Schreiber, Atlas of Classical Antiquities (Eng. trans., London, 1895), pl. 63 (fish mosaic, with identification of species in the accompanying text); Marx, Il cosidetto Akratos nella casa del Fauno, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 7 (1892), pp. 26-31. CHAPTER XXXVII. A HOUSE NEAR THE PORTA MARINA Decoration: Mau, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 96, 281. CHAPTER XXXVIII. THE HOUSE OF THE SILVER WEDDING Excavation (1892-1893), plan, decoration: Mau, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 8 (1893), pp. 14-61; cf. also Not. d. scavi, 1892. Dated inscription [p. 305]: C. I. L. I. (Edit. 2), p. 342; cf. also RÖm. Mitth., vol. 8, pp. 30-31. CHAPTER XXXIX. THE HOUSE OF EPIDIUS RUFUS Excavation (1866), plan: Fiorelli, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, pp. 62-63; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 297-300. Decoration, paintings: Mau, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 98-100; Helbig, WandgemÄlde, nos. 59 b, 231, 863 b, 870 b, 874 b, 885 b, 892 b, 967 b. CHAPTER XL. THE HOUSE OF THE TRAGIC POET Excavation (1824-1825), plan, decoration: Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 116-135; Gell, Pompeiana (Edit. of 1832), vol. 1, pp. 142-178; Niccolini, le case ed i monumenti di Pompei, vol. 1; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 285-289. Paintings: Helbig, WandgemÄlde, see p. LXXXVI. and Topogr. Index under Casa del poeta, p. 471; also Helbig, Le nozze di Giove e di Giunone, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 36 (1864), pp. 270-282. The Iphigenia of Timanthes [p. 319]; Cic. Orator, XXII. 74; Plin. N. H. XXXV. X. 73; Quint. Inst. orat. II. XIII. 12, 13; Valer. Max. VIII. XI. ext. 6, with the comment of Lessing in the Laokoon, chap. 2, and the references given by BlÜmner, Lessing's Laokoon (Berlin, 1876), pp. 36-37; cf. also Baumeister, DenkmÄler des klassischen Altertums (3 vols., Munich, 1884-1888), vol. 1, pp. 754-757, and Jex-Blake and Sellers, The Elder Pliny's Chapters on the History of Art (London, 1896), pp. 116-117, note 2. CHAPTER XLI. THE HOUSE OF THE VETTII Excavation (1894-1895), plan, restoration, decoration, paintings: Mau, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), pp. 3-97; Sogliano, Mon. dei Lincei, vol. 8 (1898), pp. 233-416; Herrlich, ArchÄologischer Anzeiger, 1896, pp. 206-207; Mau, Amoren als Oelfabrikanten, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 15 (1900), pp. 138-141; Mau, Amoren als Goldschmiede, RÖm, Mitth., vol. 16 (1901), pp. 109-116. CHAPTER XLII. THREE HOUSES OF UNUSUAL PLAN House of Acceptus and Euhodia (excavated in 1882) [p. 341]: Mau, Bull. dell' Inst. 1884, pp. 126-132. House without a compluvium (excavated between 1890 and 1895) [p. 343]: Mau, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 10 (1895), pp. 148-155. Fures foras, frugi intro [p. 346]: paraphrase of the saying, Petr. Sat. LII., aquam foras, vinum intro. House of the Emperor Joseph II. (excavated in 1767-1769, filled up, and again excavated in 1885-1886) [p. 344]: Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 208-211, 227-234; Mazois, Les ruines de PompÉi, vol. 2, pp. 73-74, pl. 32-34; Mau, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 2 (1887), pp. 110-138. CHAPTER XLIII. OTHER NOTEWORTHY HOUSES House of Caecilius Jucundus (excavated in 1875): Mau, Bull, dell' Inst., 1876, pp. 149-151, 160-168, 223-234; Mau, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 65, 414-415, 446, 450, pl. 13, 14, 18; Sogliano, Le pitture murali Campane, nos. 133, 138, 158, 176, 192, 207, 214, 233, 236, 251, 291, 413, 448, 449, 477, 514, 531, 561, 579, 582, 583, 589, 594, 607, 640, 651, 659, 669, 670, 674, 675, 676, 677, 693, 700, 708, 809, 815, 816. House of Lucretius (excavated in 1847): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 453, 459-473; Minervini, in Niccolini, Le case ed i monumenti di House of the Hunt (excavated in 1834): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 3, pp. 286-288; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 277-279; Helbig, WandgemÄlde, see Topogr. Index, p. 473, under Casa della caccia antica; Mau, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, p. 454. House of the Centenary (excavated in 1879-1880): Mau, Bull, dell' Inst., 1881, pp. 113-128, 169-175, 221-238; 1882, pp. 23-32, 47-53, 87-91, 104-116, 137-148; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 353-359; Mau, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 287, 314, 321, 368, 382-385, 443-444, 449, 452, 455; Sogliano, Le pitture murali Campane, nos. 530, 585, 596, 628. House of the Sculptured Capitals (excavated in 1831-1833): Avellino, Descrizione di una casa pompeiana con capitelli figurati all' ingresso, dissotterrata negli anni 1831, 1832 e 1833 (Naples, 1837), also in Mem. dell' Acc. Ercolanese, vol. 6 (1837); Niccolini, le case ed i monumenti di Pompei, vol. 1; Fiorelli, Descrizione di Pompei, pp. 225-227; Marquardt, RÖm. Privatleben (Edit. 2), pp. 224 ff.; Mau, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 94, 374-379, 388, 430-431; Helbig, WandgemÄlde, see Topogr. Index, p. 473. House of Pansa (excavated in 1813-1827): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 3, pp. 116-161, vol. 2, pp. 195-197; Mazois, Les ruines de PompÉi, vol. 2, p. 82, pl. 42-45; Fiorelli, Descrizione di Pompei, pp. 102-106; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 325-329; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 658-659; Mau, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 72-73; Helbig, WandgemÄlde, nos. 53, 115, 1014. House of Castor and Pollux (also known as house of the Dioscuri, and casa del Questore; excavated in 1828-1829): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 205-221; Niccolini, op. cit., vol. 1; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 334-342; Museo Borb., vol. 5 (see Relazione degli scavi di Pompei, at the end of the vol.; 26 pp. text, with plan; cf. also pl. 32, 33); Mau, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 258, 372-373, 402, 420-421, 446, 455; Helbig, WandgemÄlde, pp. LXXXV-LXXXVI and Topogr. Index, p. 469. House of the Centaur (excavated in 1828-1829): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 217-224; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 330-334; Mau, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 75-78; Helbig, WandgemÄlde, see Topogr. Index, p. 469, under Casa del Centauro. For the large mosaic found in this house, known under the title "Force conquered by Love," see Museo Borb., vol. 7, pl. 61; Roux, Herculanum et PompÉi, vol. 5, series 6, pl. 30. House of Meleager (excavated in 1829-1830): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 224-240; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 307-314; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 426-427; Mau, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 74, 373-374, 446, 453; Helbig, WandgemÄlde, pp. LXXXVII-LXXXVIII and Topogr. Index, p. 468. House of Apollo (excavated in 1829-1830): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 235-236; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 427-428; Mau, Geschichte Houses with mosaic fountains (excavated in 1826-1827): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 174-202; Descrizione di Pompei, pp. 125-126; Niccolini, op. cit., vol. 1; Helbig, WandgemÄlde, p. LXXXVIII and Topogr. Index, p. 470, x. House of the Anchor (excavated in 1830): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 237-239; Descrizione di Pompei, pp. 142-143; Mau, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 79-80, 258-259, 302, 396-397, 399, 422; Helbig, WandgemÄlde, nos. 174, 334, 495, 564, 1220. House of the Citharist (excavation begun in 1853, completed in 1868): Fiorelli, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, pp. 65-69; Fiorelli, Descrizione di Pompei, pp. 61-65; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 359-366; Mau, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 64, 251-252, 315, 316, 318, 326, 335-336, 343, 367, 389, 397, 411-413, 446. Paintings: Helbig, WandgemÄlde, see Topogr. Index, pp. 482-483; Orestes and Pylades, Helbig, Oreste e Pilade in Tauride su dipinto Pompeiano, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 37 (1865), pp. 330-346, and Mon. dell' Inst., vol. 8, pl. 22. Statue of Apollo [p. 352]: often reproduced, as by Overbeck, Atlas der griechischen Kunstmythologie, pl. 20, no. 26; Mon. dell' Inst., vol. 8, pl. 13; Reinach, RÉpertoire de la statuaire grecque et romaine, vol. 2 (Paris, 1897), p. 97, no. 8; Brunn and Bruckmann, DenkmÄler griechischer und rÖmischer Sculptur, no. 302. See KekulÉ, Statua Pompeiana di Apolline, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 37 (1865), pp. 55-71; Wolters, Eine Spartanische Apollostatue, Jahrb. des Inst., vol. 11 (1896), pp. 1-10; Furtwaengler, Meisterwerke der griechischen Plastik (Leipzig, 1893), pp. 79, 80, and English translation by EugÉnie Sellers, Masterpieces of Greek Sculpture (London, 1895), p. 52; Collignon, Histoire de la sculpture grecque, vol. 2 (Paris, 1897), pp. 665-666. House of Cornelius Rufus (excavated in 1861): Fiorelli, Giornale degli scavi, vol. 1 (1861); Fiorelli, Descrizione di Pompei, pp. 340-342; Mau, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, p. 97; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 537-538. House of Marcus Holconius (excavated in 1861): Bull. Arch. Italiano, vol. 1 (1861-1862), pp. 18-143; Fiorelli, Giornale degli scavi, vol. 1 (1861), pp. 13 et seq.; Fiorelli, Descrizione di Pompei, pp. 332-337; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 290-297. CHAPTER XLIV. ROMAN VILLAS. THE VILLA OF DIOMEDES Of Roman villas in general: Castell, The Villas of the Ancients Illustrated (London, 1728); Friedlaender, Sittengeschichte Roms, Edit. 5, vol. 2, pp. 85-93, 170-193, vol. 3, pp. 89-100, Edit. 7, pp. 201-210; Schmidt, Cicero's Villen. Neue JahrbÜcher fÜr das klas. Altertum, vol. 3 (1899). pp. 328-355, 466-497, particularly pp. 328-333; Winnefeld, Tusci und Laurentum des jÜngeren Plinius, Jahrb. des Inst., vol. 6 (1892), pp. 201-217; Winnefeld, Villas in the region about Baiae: Beloch, Campanien (Edit. 2, Berlin, 1883), pp. 201-202, 269-274. Villas about Rome: Nibby, Dintorni di Roma (Edit. 2, 3 vols., Rome, 1848-1849), vol. 3, pp. 31-41, 203, 647-737; De Rossi, Il Tuscolo, le ville Tusculane e le loro antiche memorie cristiane, Bull. di Archeologia cristiana, 1872, especially pp. 87-121; Lanciani, Le ville Tusculane (with map, tav. 20-21), Bull. com., 1884, pp. 172-217; Lanciani, La villa Castrimeniese di Q. Voconio Pollione, ibid., pp. 141-171; Grossi-Gondi, Di una villa dei Quintilii nel Tusculano, Bull. com., 1898, pp. 313-338; Lanciani, The Destruction of Ancient Rome (New York, 1899), pp. 101-105; Grossi-Gondi, La villa dei Quintilii e la villa di Mondragone (Rome, 1901). Villa of the Laberii at Uthina (south of Tunis): Gauckler, Le domaine des Laberii À Uthina, Monuments et MÉmoires publiÉes par l'AcadÉmie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres, vol. 3 (Fondation Piot, Paris, 1897), pp. 177-229; Schulten, review of Gauckler's monograph, GÖttingsche gelehrte Anzeigen, 1898, pp. 475-481, and briefer report (with plan) in ArchÄologischer Anzeiger, Beiblatt zum Jahrb. des Inst., 1898, pp. 113-115. Villas in Britain: References to Chap. XXXIII, and Morgan, Roman British Mosaic Pavements (London, 1886). The Villa of Diomedes (excavated in 1771-1774): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 249-278; Mazois, Les ruines de PompÉi, p. 89, pl. 47-53; Ivanoff, Architektonische Studien, Heft. 2 (mit Elaeuterungen von August Mau, Berlin, 1895), pl. 4-6; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 369-376; Mau, Pomp. BeitrÄge, p. 151; Helbig, WandgemÄlde, see Topogr. Index, p. 483. Bedroom in Pliny's villa [p. 358]: Plin. Ep. II. XVII. 23. CHAPTER XLV. THE VILLA RUSTICA AT BOSCOREALE Excavation, plan, remains: Mau, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 9 (1894), pp. 349-358, vol. 11 (1896), pp. 131-140; Pasqui, La villa pompeiana della Pisanella presso Boscoreale, Mon. dei Lincei, vol. 7 (1897), pp. 397-554. For the collection of silverware, see references on p. 538. Part of the objects of bronze found in the villa are in Berlin; see Pernice, Bronzen aus Boscoreale, ArchÄologischer Anzeiger, Beiblatt zum Jahrb. des Inst., vol. 15 (1900), pp. 177-181. Others are in the Field Columbian Museum, Chicago; see Tarbell, American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 3 (1899), Second Series, p. 584. Sleeping room of the overseer near the entrance [p. 363]: Varro, R.R. I, xiii, 2. Small open cistern [p. 366]: As the establishment was not connected with an aqueduct, rain water was carefully saved. The villa as a country residence [p. 366]: In the farmhouses about Rome and Naples to-day rooms over the quarters of the tenant are reserved for the use of the owner. CHAPTER XLVI. HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE Nearly all the articles of furniture and of the toilet referred to in this chapter are figured and described, with many others, in the Real Museo Borbonico. For detailed reference, see the Index, near the end of vol. 16 (pp. 96-97, Ori; pp. 97-98, Argenti; pp. 99-112, Suppellettile), and our List of Illustrations, pp. xxi-xxiii. Most of them are reproduced by Roux, Herculanum et PompÉi, vol. 7; a number are figured by Piranesi in the volume, Oggetti di uso civile, militare e religioso, trovati a Pompeia e ad Ercolano (= vol. 27 of his Opera). See also the references on the Pompeian and the Roman house [pp. 531-532], and Becker, Gallus (eighth English edition, London, 1886), pp. 285-301; Guhl and Koner, Life of the Greeks and Romans, §§ 86-93, 97; Friedlaender, Sittengeschichte Roms, Edit. 5, vol. 3, pp. 100-112, Edit. 7, vol. 2, pp. 210-220; Marquardt, RÖm. Privatleben (Edit. 2), pp. 607-768. Cf. Mau, Fornelli antichi, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 10 (1898), pp. 38-46. Silver cups found in the Casa dell' Argenteria [p. 379]: Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, p. 305. The treasure of Boscoreale [p. 380]: HÉron de Villefosse, Le trÉsor de Boscoreale, Monuments et MÉmoires publiÉs par l'AcadÉmie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres, vol. 5 (Fondation Piot, Paris, 1899), fasc. 1 and 2; also Michaelis, Der Silberschatz von Boscoreale, Preussische JahrbÜcher, vol. 85 (1896), pp. 19-56; Winter, Der Silberschatz von Boscoreale, ArchÄologischer Anzeiger, Beiblatt zum Jahrb. des Inst., vol. 11 (1896), pp. 74-87; cf. also Collignon, Histoire de la sculpture grecque, vol. 2, pp. 681-682. Shallow bowl with a representation of Alexandria [p. 380]: Two similar bowls were ornamented with realistic portrait heads of a man and a woman, which, to judge from the manner of dressing the hair, probably date from the reign of Claudius or Nero. The bowl containing the portrait of the woman had been lost, and the detached head is now in the British Museum. The other, with the rest of the collection (102 pieces) is in the Louvre. Beside Epicurus an eager pig [p. 381]: cf. Hor. Ep. I. iv. 16, Epicuri de grege porcus. Greek inscription [p. 382]: HÉron de Villefosse, op. cit., p. 59.
CHAPTER XLVII. THE TRADES AT POMPEII. THE BAKERS Of the trades in general: BlÜmner, Technologie und Terminologie der Gewerbe und KÜnste bei Griechen und RÖmern (4 vols.; Leipzig, 1875-1887); Marquardt, RÖm. Privatleben, pt. 2 (Edit. 2; Leipzig, 1886). Inscriptions relating to the trades at Pompeii: C. I. L. IV., see Index, p. 256, under artes et officia privata. Signs of shops [p. 387]: Jordan, Ueber rÖmische AusbÄugeschilder, ArchÄologische Zeitung, vol. 4 (1871), pp. 75 et seq. Inscription of Diogenes: C. I. L. X. 868; see the article, AushÄngeschilder, by Mau, in Pauly-Wissowa, RealencyclopÄdie, vol. 2. pp. 2558-2559. Cupids as carpenters and shoemakers [p. 385]: Helbig, WandgemÄlde, nos. 804, 805; the two paintings are often reproduced, as by Schreiber, Atlas of Classical Antiquities, English translation by Anderson (London, 1895), pl. 72, 1, and 73, 12. Stuccoer (tector): Bull, dell' Inst., 1879, p. 134; Sogliano, Le pitture murali Campane, no. 655; BlÜmner, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 53 (1881), pp. 107-108, pl. H. Bakers and bakeshops [p. 388]: BlÜmner, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 1-88; Marquardt, op. cit., pp. 414-424; Fulvio, Delle fornaci e dei forni pompeiani, Pompei e la regione sotterrata dal Vesuvio nell' anno LXXIX. pp. 273-291; de Rossi, Antichi mulini in Roma e nel Lazio, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 29 (1857), pp. 274-281; Mau, Su certi apparecchi nei pistrini di Pompei, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 1 (1886), pp. 45-48, and pl. 3. Processes of bread-making: best illustrated in the reliefs of the monument of Eurysaces, Rome, shown in Mon. dell' Inst., vol. 2, pl. 58; cf. C. I. L. I. 1013-1015; Jahn, Sepolcro di Eurisace, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 10 (1838), particularly pp. 231-248. Loaves of bread represented in paintings: Helbig, WandgemÄlde, nos. 1501, 1661 ff.; see, e.g., Museo Borb., vol. 6, pl. 38, vol. 8, pl. 57. Remains of loaves found at Pompeii: Fiorelli, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, p. 172. CHAPTER XLVIII. THE FULLERS AND THE TANNERS Appliances and processes: BlÜmner, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 155-178, 257-287. A fuller description of the tannery, with illustrations showing the implements discovered, is given by Mau, Bull. dell' Inst., 1874, pp. 271-275, 1875, pp. 18-25. No soap in Pompeii [p. 393]: Hofmann, Ueber vermeintliche antike Seife, Wiener Studien, vol. 4 (1882), pp. 263-270. Pictures illustrating the fullery [pp. 394-395]: Museo Borb., vol. 4, pl. 49, 50; Helbig, WandgemÄlde, no. 1502; Jahn, Abhandlungen der kÖnigl. sÄchsischen Gesellschaft des Wissenschaften, philologisch-hist. Classe, vol. 5 (1870), pp. 305-311, and pl. 4. CHAPTER XLIX. INNS AND WINESHOPS Roman inns: Friedlaender, Sittengeschichte Roms, Edit. 5, vol. 2, pp. 33-39, Edit. 7, vol. 1, pp. 311-325. Inscriptions: caupones, copones, C. I. L. IV., see Index, p. 256; of Sittius, C. I. L. IV. 806, 807 (for the picture, see Helbig, WandgemÄlde, no. 1601); of the inn, Ins. VII, XII, C. I. L. IV. 2144-2164. Pictures illustrating the life of the wineshop [p. 403]: Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, p. 204; Museo Borb., vol. 4, pl. A, vol. 5, pl. 48; Helbig, WandgemÄlde, nos. 1487, 1504. Selling of wine mixed with water [p. 404]: a stock charge against ancient innkeepers; Trimalchio (Petr. Sat. XXXIX) makes out that these were born under the sign Aquarius, 'the waterer.' For the wineshop in which the graffito was found, see Mau, Bull. dell' Inst., 1874, pp. 252-256. CHAPTER L. THE STREET OF TOMBS Of Roman tombs and rites of burial: Marquardt, RÖm. Privatleben (Edit. 2), pp. 340-385; Friedlaender, Sittengeschichte Roms, Edit. 5, vol. 3, pp. 112-123, Edit. 7, vol. 2, pp. 220-228; Guhl and Koner, Life of the Greeks and Romans, §§ 77, 78, 110; Lanciani, Pagan and Christian Rome (1892), pp. 168-208, 253-305; Vollmer, De funere publico Romanorum, JahrbÜcher fÜr classische Philologie, Supplementband 19 (1893), pp. 319-364; see the article Bestattung, by Mau, in Pauly-Wissowa, RealencyclopÄdie, vol. 3, pp. 346-359. Of the street of tombs as a whole: Mazois, Les ruines de PompÉi, vol. 1; Fiorelli, Descrizione di Pompei, pp. 401-419; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 381-397; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 398-422. Tombs near the Herculaneum gate, not including the Garland tomb (excavated 1763-1764, 1769-1770): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 150-155, 234-241, pt. 2, pp. 110-118 (journal of Francesco la Vega); Piranesi, AntiquitÉs de PompÉi, vols. 1, 2, pl. 2-5, 34-44. Sepulchral enclosure of Terentius Felix (excavation finished December 15, 1828): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, p. 217; Bonucci, PompÉi dÉcrite (seconde traduction de la 3e Édition italienne, Naples, 1830), p. 73. The tomb nearest the gate on the right: Mau, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 3 (1888), pp. 140-142. Tombs farther from the gate, to the limit of excavation (excavated 1806-1813): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 2, pp. 87, 176-177, (Garland tomb), pt. 3, pp. 74-120, 223-225, 249; Millin, Description des tombeaux qui ont ÉtÉ dÉcouverts À PompÉi dans l'annÉe 1812 (Naples, 1813); Clarac, Fouille faite À PompÉi en prÉsence de S. M. la Reine des Deux Siciles le 18 Mars, 1813 (Naples, 1813). Tomb of the blue glass vase (1837): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 3, p. 132; Schulz, in his Scavi di Pompei, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 10 (1838), pp. 194-195. Tomb of Diomedes (excavated in 1775): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 279-280. Tomb of Istacidius Helenus (1775, 1828): Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist, vol. 1, pt. 1. pp. 279-280, vol. 2, p. 217. The pre-Roman graves [p. 407]: Mau and von Duhn, Bull. dell' Inst., 1874, pp. 156-167; earlier finds of painted vases, Bonucci, PompÉi (1830), p. 65; and de Iorio, Plan de PompÉi et remarques sur ses Édifices (Naples, 1828), p. 33. T. Suedius Clemens [pp. 407-408; cf. also p. 488]: Clemens was now evidently a supporter of Vespasian; previously he had been in the service of Otho (Tac. Hist. I. LXXXVII, II. XII). Blue glass vase [p. 415]: Schultz, Anforina di vetro con bassirilievi rinvenuta in Pompei, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 11 (1839), pp. 84-100. Gladiatorial scenes on the tomb of Scaurus [p. 419]: admirably engraved by Mazois (op. cit., pl. 30, 31, 32), and frequently reproduced, as by Schreiber, Atlas of Classical Antiquities (Eng. trans., 1895), pl. 30, 2-9, text, with citation of literature, p. 59; Niccolini, le case ed i monumenti di Pompei, vol. 1. Inscriptions accompanying the figures: C. I. L. IV. 1182; the inscription of the tomb itself is given, C. I. L. X. 1024. In his interpretation of the reliefs Mazois incorrectly assumed (op. cit., pp. 47-48) that on account of the baiting of a bear by one of the figures with a cloth the tomb could not have been built before the time of Claudius. The passage cited by him (Plin. N. H. VIII. XVI. 54) has no bearing on the date; but the tomb of Scaurus, which belongs neither to the oldest nor to the most recent, may well have been built in the time of Claudius or of Nero. Ship on the tomb of Naevoleia Tyche [p. 423]: Jordan, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 44 (1872), pp. 20-26; Visconti, Fronte di Sarcofago con Tritoni e navi, Bull. Com., vol. 1 (1872-1873), pp. 255-269; cf. Cic. De Sen. XIX. 71. Petronius (Sat. LXXI.) humorously represents Trimalchio as ordering 'ships under full sail' among the carvings of his tomb. Inscription of Salvius [p. 426]: found, according to C. I. L. X. 1032, beside the tomb of Naevoleia Tyche; but we have the testimony of Bonucci (PompÉi, 1830, p. 37) to the effect that it was found in the niche where it now is, where it exactly fits the cavity. The mistake in the Corpus may have arisen from a misunderstanding of the report of the excavation, which is now unfortunately lost. M. Alleius Luccius Libella [p. 426]: the name was originally Luccius Libella, with what praenomen is not clear; but Luccius Libella married the daughter of M. Alleius (M. Alleius Nigidius Maius?) and was adopted by him, assuming his praenomen and nomen, so that the full name took the form given in the inscription. The son dropped the original nomen Luccius, and was called simply M. Alleius Libella. In like manner the name of the son of D. Lucretius Satrius Valens became D. Lucretius Valens [p. 222]. CHAPTER LI. BURIAL PLACES NEAR THE NOLA, STABIAN, AND NOCERA GATES Burial places near the Nola Gate [p. 429]: Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 2, pp. 594-597; Nissen, Pomp. Studien, pp. 480-483. Graves east of the Stabian Road [p. 429]—earlier finds: Fiorelli, Pomp. ant. hist., vol. 1. pt. 1, pp. 11-12, 14, 42, 46-48, 50, 51-52; C. I. L. X. 1047-1062; RÖm. Mitth., vol. 10 (1895), p. 226, 7. Later finds: Not. d. scavi, 1893, pp. 333-335, 1894, pp. 15-16, 382-385, 1897, pp. 275-276; Mau, Scavi fuori porta Stabiana, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 9 (1894). pp. 62-65. vol. 10 (1895), pp. 156-159. Tombs near the Stabian Gate [p. 430]: Not. d. scavi. 1889, pp. 280-281, Tombs near the Amphitheatre [p. 431]: Not. d. scavi, 1886, pp. 334-337, 1887, pp. 33-40, 452-458; Mau, Sepolcri della via Nucerina, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 3 (1888), pp. 120-149. For the inscriptions, see also Ephem. Epigr., vol. 8, pp. 88-90 (320, 321, 324, 326, 328, 329, 332); advertisement of the stray horse, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 3, p. 145. Desecration of tombs near Rome [p. 436]: Lanciani, The Destruction of Ancient Rome, pp. 89-98. CHAPTER LII. ARCHITECTURE Doric frieze with red metopes [p. 441]: there is a similar frieze in the house VII. III. 31; see Mau, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, p. 97. CHAPTER LIII. SCULPTURE Of the sculptures found at Pompeii: Very few of the sculptures unearthed at Pompeii are treated or reproduced in the comprehensive works on ancient sculpture. The more important statues and reliefs found prior to 1865, as well as those discovered in Herculaneum, are published in the Real Museo Borbonico, with descriptive text; see the Index at the end of vol. 16, pp. 8-34. They are reproduced also by Roux, with descriptive text by BarrÉ, Herculanum et PompÉi, vols. 6 and 7 (first part). These engravings, while in many cases faulty, are often serviceable to students at a distance in the identification of photographs, which are easily obtained through the Naples dealers. The better terra-cottas are published by Von Rohden, Die Terracotten von Pompeji (Stuttgart, 1880). A somewhat fuller treatment of Pompeian sculpture is given in Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 532-563. Heads of Epicurus, Demosthenes, and Callimachus [p. 447]: Mau, Bull. dell' Inst., 1876, pp. 242-243; Brizio, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 45 (1873), pp. 98-106; Mommsen and Robert, ArchÄologische Zeitung, 1880, pp. 32-36; Comparetti, La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni (Torino, 1883), pp. 33-53, pl. III, nos. 4, 7, 8; Mau, Bull. dell' Inst., 1883, pp. 89-96; for other references, see Helbig, FÜhrer durch die Öffentlichen Sammlungen klassischer AltertÜmer in Rom (Edit. 2, 2 vols., Leipzig, 1899), vol. 1, p. 319, no. 476. Busts of Virgil and Horace [p. 448] (found in October, 1868): Giornale degli scavi di Pompei, Nuova Serie, vol. 1 (1868), p. 133 and pl. 1; Fiorelli, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, p. 164; Bernoulli, RÖmische Ikonographie, vol. 1 (Stuttgart, 1882), pp. 127, 192; Helbig, FÜhrer durch die Öffentlichen Sammlungen klassischer AltertÜmer in Rom (Edit. 2), vol. 1, pp. 355-356. A further reason why Brutus cannot be represented in the Naples bust is that the similar bust in the Capitoline Museum in Rome (Helbig, op. cit., no. 536) shows a person well on in years, while the prominence of Brutus lasted only for a brief period, and it is not likely that there Aphrodite and Spes [p. 450]: Mau, Bull, dell' Inst., 1873, pp. 233-235. Artemis [p. 450]: often reproduced, as Museo Borb., vol. 2, pl. 8; Roux, Herculanum et PompÉi, vol. 6, pl. 76, 77; Brunn and Bruckmann, DenkmÄler griechischer und rÖmischer Sculptur, no. 356. Identification with Artemis Laphria (Paus. VII. XVIII. 9): Studniczka, Die archaische Artemis-statuette aus Pompeii, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 3 (1888), pp. 277-302, and pl. 10; Collignon, Histoire de la sculpture grecque, vol. 2 (Paris, 1897), pp. 656-657. Dancing satyr [p. 450]: Museo Borb., vol. 9, pl. 42; Roux, Herculanum et PompÉi, vol. 6, pl. 59; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 549-551. Silenus carrying frame with glass vase [p. 451]: Museo Borb., vol. 16, pl. 29; Fiorelli, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, p. 159; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, p. 552. Listening Dionysus [p. 452]: Giornale degli scavi di Pompei, 1862, p. 60 and pl. 14; Fiorelli, Gli scavi di Pompei dal 1861 al 1872, pp. 158-159; Benndorf, Sulla statua Pompeiana creduta di Narcisso, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 38 (1866), pp. 107-113; Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, pp. 552-555; Hauser, Narcisso, Jahrb. des Inst., vol. 4 (1889), pp. 113-118; Collignon, Histoire de la sculpture grecque, vol. 2, pp. 451-453; Museo Borb., vol. 16, pl. 28; Brunn and Bruckmann, DenkmÄler, no. 384. Hauser in the article cited makes it appear probable that the figure had originally a somewhat different pose; the right foot rested flat upon the base, the left only on the heel, so that the body, instead of leaning forward, was slightly bent back. The present pose, however, was given to the figure in antiquity; according to G. Patroni, the wedge of lead under the right foot was in its present place when the statuette was discovered. Ephebus of 1900 [p. 453]: Not. d. scavi, 1900, pp. 584-587 (7 illustrations); Sogliano, L'efebo in bronzo rinvenuto in Pompei, Mon. dei Lincei, vol. 10 (1901), pp. 641-654, pl. 16-26. This statue is assigned to the Roman period by Waldstein, The Monthly Review, 1901, pp. 125-126, and Petersen, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 16 (1901), p. 96. CHAPTER LIV. PAINTING. WALL DECORATION Technique of Pompeian painting: Donner, Die erhaltenen antiken Wandmalereien in technischer Beziehung, printed as an introduction to Helbig's WandgemÄlde (see Chap. LV.), pp. I—CXXVII; Mau, Geschichte der decorativen Wandmalerei in Pompeji (Berlin, 1882; with atlas of 20 plates). Specimen illustrations: Many entire walls as well as single paintings are reproduced in color in the extensive works by Zahn, Die schÖnsten Ornamente und merkwÜrdigsten GemÄlde aus Pompeji, Herkulanum und Stabiae, nebst einigen Grundrissen und Ansichten (Mit deutschem und franzÖsischem Text. Drei Abtheilungen in 30 Heften, 302 Tafeln. Berlin, 1827-1859); and Niccolini, Le case ed i monumenti di Pompei designati e descritti (Naples, 1854-1901). Both works are rarely found complete, and the plates of the second in particular leave much to be desired in respect to drawing as well as coloring; it has therefore been thought best not to encumber these notes with detailed references to them. A number of walls are shown also by Roux, Herculanum et PompÉi (8 vols., Paris, 1840), vol. 1 (108 plates), and by D'Amelio, Dipinti Murali di Pompei, Naples, 1888. Professor Mau has in preparation a new work on wall decoration which will be illustrated by colored plates similar to those in the atlas to his Wandmalerei. The sources of the illustrations in this and the following chapter are given in our List of Illustrations, p. xxv. Preparation of the wall [p. 456]: Vitr. VII. III; cf. also Middleton, The Remains of Ancient Rome (2 vols. London, 1892), vol. 1, pp. 91-103. Decoration of the house of Lucretius [p. 457]: see references on p. 528. The four styles of decoration [p. 457]: suggestive critical comments by Wickhoff, Roman Art (English trans. by Mrs. S. Arthur Strong, London, 1900), pp. 117 ff.; but see the review of the German original by Mau, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 10 (1895), pp. 227-235. Decoration of the second style in Rome [p. 462]—house of Germanicus on the Palatine: Mau, Due pareti d'una stanza sul Palatino, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 52 (1880), pp. 136-149, and Mon. dell' Inst., vol. 11, pl. 22-23; Mau, Geschichte der dec. Wandmalerei, pp. 196-205 and pl. 9. House in the Farnesina garden: Not. d. Scavi, 1879, pp. 15, 40, 68, 114, 141, 179-180, 267, 314, 333, 1880, pp. 32, 127-128, 138-140, and pl. 4 (plan); Mau, Parete dipinta della casa antica scoperta nel giardino della Farnesina, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 54 (1882), pp. 301-308; HÜlsen, Fregio dipinta nella casa antica scoperta nel giardino della Farnesina, ibid., pp. 309-314; Mau, Pitture della casa antica scoperta nella villa Farnesina, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 56 (1884), pp. 307-322, vol. 57 (1885), pp. 302-318; Mon. dell' Inst., vol. 11, pl. 44-48, vol. 12, pl. 5, 5 a, 7, 7 a, 8, 17-34; Supplemento (1891), pl. 32-36; especially Lessing and Mau, Wand- und Deckenschmuck eines rÖmischen Hauses aus der Zeit des Augustus (Berlin, 1891; with 16 plates from the same blocks as those in the Mon. dell' Inst.); Helbig, FÜhrer durch die Sammlungen klassischer AltertÜmer in Rom, vol. 2, pp. 226-223, nos. 1107-1108, 1119-1122, 1124, 1129-1136, 1141-1144, 1146-1148, 1151. Of the paintings in general: the paintings discovered prior to 1868 are described, with references to the literature, by W. Helbig, WandgemÄlde der No evidence of development in composition or technique [p. 471]: cf. Wickhoff, Roman Art, pp. 139 ff. Hercules and Antaeus [p. 472]: Bull. dell' Inst., 1876, p. 101; Sogliano, Le pitture murali Campane, no. 495. Mosaic pictures on the floor [p. 472]: as in the house of the Faun; see references on p. 533. For the Pompeian mosaics in general, see Gli ornati delle pareti ed i pavimenti delle stanze dell' antica Pompei, 3 vols. Naples, 1796-1808, vols. 1 and 2; Museo Borb., Index at the end of vol. 16, pp. 35-37; Roux, Herculanum et PompÉi, vol. 5 (latter part, 32 plates). Group of Admetus and Alcestis in architectural framework [p. 473]: Sogliano, op. cit., no. 506. Seafights [p. 474]: Helbig, WandgemÄlde, nos. 1576-1580 (those of the Macellum are shown in a colored plate by Mazois, Les ruines de PompÉi, vol. 3, pl. 46); RÖm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), p. 56, nos. 113-116, and Sogliano, Mon. dei Lincei, vol. 8 (1898), p. 310, fig. 33; cf. also Sogliano op. cit., nos. 669-670. Xenia [p. 474]: Vitr. VI. VII (X) 4; Helbig, WandegemÄlde, nos. 1661-1718. For fig. 266 cf. Museo Borb., vol. 6, pl. 38; Helbig, no. 1690. Landscapes [p. 475]: Roux, Herculanum et PompÉi, vol. 3 (end; 30 plates); Helbig, WandgemÄlde, pp. 385-394; Sogliano, op. cit., pp. 141-144. Tadius, Ludius [p. 475]: Plin. N. H. XXXV. X. 116. In Mayhoff's text (vol. 5, 1897) the name is given as Studius. Cf. Helbig, BeitrÄge zur ErklÄrung der campanischen Wandbilder. Rhein. Mus., vol. 25 (1870), pp. 393-407. Decoration of the villa at Prima Porta: Brunn, Scavi di Prima Group of musicians [p. 476]: Museo Borb., vol. 1, pl. 30; Helbig, WandegemÄlde, no. 1442. Paquius Proculus and his wife [p. 477]: Bull. dell' Inst., 1868, p. 204; Sogliano, op. cit., no. 673. Busts of youths with the names of Homer and Plato [pp. 477-478]: found in 1892 in the tablinum of the small house joined to the house of the Silver Wedding [fig. 146, d]; reproduced, with fuller description, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 8 (1893), pp. 19-23. Paintings of Achilles in the house of Castor and Pollux [p. 478]: Helbig, WandgemÄlde, nos. 1297, 1307. Scenes of combat [p. 478]—Hercules, from Herculaneum: Pitture di Ercolano, vol. 3, pl. 47, p. 247; ibid., vol. 4, pl. 5, p. 27; and Museo Borb., vol. 11, pl. 9; Helbig, WandgemÄlde, nos. 1124, 1125. Meleager and the boar: Fiorelli, Descrizione di Pompei, pp. 40, 382; Sogliano, op. cit., nos. 508, 509. Achilles and the fleeing Troilus: Bull. dell' Inst., 1868, p. 37; Helbig, WandgemÄlde, pp. 460-461; cf. also Sogliano, op. cit., no. 548. Combat between warrior and Amazon: Bull. dell' Inst., 1871, p. 204; Sogliano, op. cit., no. 547, cf. also no. 548. Io and Argus, Io in Egypt [p. 479]: Museo Borb., vol. 2, pl. 12, vol. 10, pl. 2; Roux, Herculanum et PompÉi, vol. 2, pl. 59; Helbig, WandgemÄlde, nos. 131, 138. Cf. Braun, Elenco dei monumenti rappresentanti il mito di Io, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 10 (1838), pp. 328-330, and Mon. dell' Inst., vol. 2, pl. 59. Hecuba [p. 479]: Bull. dell' Inst., 1877, p. 13; Mau, Ettore riportato a Troia, pittura paretaria di Pompei, Ann. dell' Inst., vol. 49 (1877), pp. 268-279, and pl. O, P (colored, at the end of the volume); Sogliano, op. cit., no. 579. Narcissus, Polyphemus, Apollo, and Admetus [pp. 479-480]: Helbig, WandgemÄlde, nos. 1338-1367, Sogliano, op. cit., nos. 586-592; Helbig, nos. 220-222, 1048. Idyllic pictures [p. 480]—Selene and Endymion: Helbig, WandgemÄlde, nos. 950-962; Sogliano, op. cit., nos. 456-457. Paris and Oenone: Helbig, no. 1280. Perseus and Andromeda: Helbig, nos. 1192-1198. Bacchus and Ariadne: Helbig, nos. 1235-1240; Sogliano, no. 538; RÖm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), pp. 52-53 (no. 98, house of the Vettii). Hercules and Omphale: Helbig, nos. 1136-1140; cf. Sogliano, nos. 496, 497. Examples of a pathetic situation [p. 480]—Aphrodite and the wounded Adonis: Helbig, nos. 335-340; Sogliano, no. 142. Cyparissus: Sogliano, nos. 109, 110; RÖm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), p. 19 (no. 36, with illustration, house of the Vettii). Europa and the bull: Sogliano, no. 79; cf. Helbig, nos. 123-130. Groups with figures in contrast [p. 480]—Hephaestus and Thetis: Helbig, nos. 1316-1318 c. Daedalus and PasiphaË: Helbig, nos. 1205-1208; RÖm. Paintings in groups [p. 481]: Trendelenburg, GegenstÜcke in der Wandmalerei, ArchÄologische Zeitung, vol. 9 (1876), pp. 1-8, 79-93. Group of three paintings, Achilles: Bull. dell' Inst., 1879, pp. 51-54 (Ins. IX. V. 2); Sogliano, nos. 572, 576, 577. Group of two, Polyphemus, Aphrodite fishing: Bull. dell' Inst., 1876, pp. 49-50; Sogliano, nos. 146, 472 (Ins. VI. XIV. 28); Helbig, nos. 354, 1049 (house of Lucretius). Group of two, Europa and Pan: Sogliano, nos. 79, 196 (Ins. IX. V. 18). Double group, Hercules and Artemis, Athena and Marsyas: RÖm. Mitth., vol. 5 (1890), pp. 263-269 (with illustrations), vol. 6 (1891), pp. 71-72 (Ins. V. II. 10). CHAPTER LVI. MONUMENTAL INSCRIPTIONS AND PUBLIC NOTICES Publication: in the notes to the preceding chapters references have been given to the place of publication of nearly all the monumental inscriptions, both Latin and Oscan; the Latin inscriptions on stone are classified C. I. L. X. 787-1079, with a supplementary collection, Ephem. Epigr., vol. 8, pp. 86-90 (nos. 311-332); cf. also Not. d. scavi, 1898, pp. 422-423. The Oscan inscriptions of all classes are published by Zvetaieff, Sylloge Inscriptionum Oscarum (with 19 plates of facsimiles; St. Petersburg and Leipzig, 1878); Inscriptiones Italiae inferioris mediae (with 11 plates; Moscow and Leipzig, 1886); von Planta, Grammatik der Oskisch-Umbrischen Dialekte (2 vols., Strassburg, 1892, 1897), vol. 2, pp. 499-510 (nos. 28-116); Conway, The Italic Dialects (2 vols., London, 1897), vol. 2, pp. 54-81 (nos. 39-86). The public notices are collected in C. I. L. IV. pp. 1-75 (nos. 1-1204), pp. XVI-XVII (nos. 3256-3296), and the Supplement, pt. 2, which is in press, pp. 467-499 (nos. 3341-3884). House of Aemilius Celer [p. 486]: Mau, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 4 (1889), pp. 118-119. Election notices [p. 487]—M. Marius: C. I. L. IV. 3. Publius Furius: ibid., 67. Herennius Celsus: ibid., 299. Casellius: ibid., 223 et al., and RÖm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), p. 96. Holconius Priscus: C. I. L. IV. 157. hic aerarium conservabit: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 3702. Claudius Verus: C. I. L. IV. 367, Suppl. 5229, and often between nos. 3707 and 3828. Election notices [pp. 488-489]—Helvius Sabinus: C. I. L. IV. 787. M. Epidius Sabinus: ibid., 470. Sabinus: ibid., 635. Epidius Sabinus: ibid., 787. Vatia: ibid., 575, 576, 581. Claudius: ibid., 425. Notices to rent—insula of Nigidius Maius [p. 489]: C. I. L. IV. 138. Property of Julia Felix [p. 490]: ibid., 1136. Offer of reward [p. 490]: C. I. L. IV. 64. CHAPTER LVII. THE GRAFFITI Publication: the graffiti are collected, C. I. L. IV. pp. 76-166 (nos. 1205-2549 c), pp. XVII-XVIII (nos. 3297-3339), and Suppl., pt. 2, pp. 499-599 (nos. 3885 et seq.). Cf. Correra, Graffiti di Roma, Bull. com., 1893, pp. 245-260, 1894, pp. 89-100, and pls. II-VI, 1895, pp. 193-216. Admiror, paries [p. 491]: found in the Large Theatre, the Amphitheatre, and the Basilica; C. I. L. IV. 1904, 2461, 2487; Bull. dell' Inst., 1867, pp. 50-53; Bull. com., 1894, p. 99; Buecheler, Carmina Latina epigraphica, no. 957 (vol. 1, Leipzig, 1895), p. 440. References to writing on walls in ancient authors: Plin. Epist. VIII. VIII. 7; Mart. Ep. XII. LXI. 7-10; Cic. In Verr. III. XXXIII. 77. Metrical graffiti: Buecheler, Die metrischen Wandinschriften, Rhein. Mus., vol. 12 (1857), pp. 250-260. Graffiti relating to the conflict in the Amphitheatre [p. 492]: see references on pp. 529-530. Praetorian guard [p. 492]: C. I. L. IV. 1994. Names and greetings [p. 493]—Paris, Sabinus: C. I. L. IV. 1245, 1305. Aemilius: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 5350. Samius, Pyrrhus: C. I. L. IV. 1864, 1852. Love [p. 494]—Quisquis amat: Bull. dell' Inst., 1876, p. 233; C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 4091; cf. C. I. L. IV. 1173, 3199: Buecheler, Carm. Lat. epigr., nos. 945, 946. Nemo est bellus: C. I. L. IV. 1883; Buecheler, 233; RÖm. Mitth., vol. 13 (1898), p. 45. Nam nemo flammas: C. I. L. IV. 1898; Buecheler, 948. Alliget hic auras: C. I. L. IV. 1649; Buecheler, 944. Si quis forte meam: C. I. L. IV. 1645; Buecheler, 953, 954. Quotations and paraphrases [p. 495]: Propert. II. V. 9; C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 4491; Bull. dell' Inst., 1875, p. 191: Ovid, Ars Am. I. 475-476, and C. I. L. IV. 1895. Lovers' messages [p. 495]—Victoria: C. I. L. IV. 1477. Cestilia: ibid., 2413 h. Pupa: ibid., 1234; Buecheler, no. 232. Serena: Bull. dell' Inst., 1874, p. 269; C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 3928-3930. Si quid amor: Not. d. scavi, 1883, p. 53; Buecheler, no. 935. Lovers' complaints [p. 496]: Tu, dea: C. I. L. IV. 2310 k. Quoted couplets joined: ibid., 1893, 1894. Threat against Venus: ibid., 1824; RÖm. Mitth., vol. 8 (1893), p. 59 (no. 29); Buecheler, no. 947. Records of tarrying [p. 496]—Romula: C. I. L. IV. 2060. Staphilus: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 4087. Restitutus: RÖm. Mitth., vol. 7 (1892), p. 25; Buecheler, 355. Varus and Pelagia: C. I. L. IV. 2321. Balbus and Fortunata: Bull. dell' Inst., 1883, p. 195; C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 4933. Greeting of Hirtia Psacas [p. 497]. Bull. dell' Inst., 1894, p. 201; C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 3905. Memoranda [p. 497]—gambling: C. I. L. IV. 2119. Paces: ibid., 1714. Advent of young: Bull. dell' Inst., 1874, p. 202; C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 3890. Figures: C. I. L. IV. 1996, 2008, 2011, 2020, etc. Oleum l. a.: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 4000; Fiorelli, Descrizione di Pompei, p. 59. Catchwords, quotations, proverbs [p. 498]: Verg. Aen. I. 1: C. I. L. IV. 1282, 2361, 3198. Aen. II. 1: ibid., 2213, and often; RÖm. Mitth., vol. 8 (1893), p. 57.[5] Lucr. I. 1: C. I. L. IV. 3072. Minimum malum: ibid., 1811, 1870. Moram si quaeres: ibid., 2069. CHAPTER LVIII. INSCRIPTIONS RELATING TO BUSINESS AFFAIRS Tablets of Caecilius Jucundus [p. 499 et seq.]: edited by Zangemeister, C. I. L. IV. Suppl. fasc. 1 (1898); first published by de Petra, Le tavolette cerate di Pompei rinvenute a' 3 e 5 Luglio, 1875 (Rome, 1876), also in Atti della R. Accademia dei Lincei, ser. 2, vol. 3, pp. 3, 150-230; cf. Mommsen, Die Pompeianischen Quittungstafeln des L. Caecilius Iucundus, Hermes, vol. 12 (1879), pp. 88-141; Mommsen, Pompeianische GeschÄftsurkunden, Hermes, vol. 23 (1888), pp. 157-159; Bruns, Fontes iuris Romani antiqui (Edit. 6, 1893), pp. 291-293, 314-320. Of interest in this connection are the remains of wax tablets found in the gold mines near Verespatak (ancient Alburnus Maior) in Transylvania (C. I. L. III. pp. 921-960), and the records of transactions found on papyri of the Roman period in Egypt (cf., e.g., Schulten, Ein rÖmischer Kaufvertrag auf Papyrus aus dem Jahre 166 n. Chr., Hermes, vol. 32, 1897, pp. 273-289). Tablet A [p. 502]: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 3340, XXV; de Petra, no. 15. Tablet B [p. 504]: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 3340, CXLVII; de Petra, no. 124. Inscriptions on amphorae [p. 505]—ex fundo Badiano: C. I. L. IV. 2551. Estate uncertain: C. I. L. IV. 2552 (names of the consuls incorrectly given). fundus Satrianus, fundus Asinianus: Mau, RÖm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), p. 96; Not. d. scavi, 1895, p. 33. Brands of wine [pp. 505-506]—Cnidium: RÖm. Mitth., vol. 13 (1898), p. 40. Coum: C. I. L. IV. 2565. ??tt???: RÖm. Mitth., vol. 8 (1893), p. 60. ?e??????????: Bull. dell' Inst., 1874, p. 264. Gustaticium [p. 506]: RÖm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), p. 96. Edibles [p. 506]—Oliva alba dulce: C. I. L. IV. 2610. Lomentum: ibid., 2597. g. f.: ibid., 2576. Liquamen: ibid., see Index, p. 243; RÖm. Mitth., vol. 13 (1898), p. 30. Names of proprietor, consignor, consignee [p. 507]—M. Caesius Celer: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. Virnius Modestus: Not. d. Scavi, 1881, p. 195. Caecilius Jucundus: Bull. dell' Inst., 1876, p. 24. Caecili Iucundi: C. I. L. IV. Suppl. 3433. Inscriptions of the Boscoreale treasure [p. 507]: published in facsimile by HÉron de Villefosse, Le trÉsor de Boscoreale; see pp. 42 et seq. Inscription of the Alexandria patera [p. 507]: PHI·ET·EMB·P·P·IIS?????VI. PHI·P·P·II???? · EMB·P·P·S???? Stamps [p. 508]: for the stamped and other permanent inscriptions on tiles, lamps, amphorae, and different kinds of terra-cotta vessels found at Pompeii, as well as the stamps and seals, see the second part of C. I. L. X., under Instrumentum Domesticum. Examples of stamps [p. 508]—bread: C. I. L. X. 8058, 18. Popidius Priscus: ibid., 8058, 70. Vettii: RÖm. Mitth., vol. 11 (1896), p. 3. |
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