Preface.

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Decoration

In preparing this little work, our desire has been to afford both pleasure and profit to those who may read or study its pages.

The most interesting, as well as the most useful things to us, are those with which we meet in every-day life; but we must have some knowledge of these things, ere we can contemplate them with much pleasure, or use them to our greatest profit.

Simple truths in natural science may be learned at an early age; for it requires no more than the ordinary intelligence possessed by boys and girls to understand them. Such facts are not only valuable in themselves, but they are also useful in disciplining the mind by teaching it to observe the many changes constantly going on around us, and to reason and reflect in regard to the same. Habits of observation and reflection thus formed are likely to go with us through life; and they may prove a blessing in a thousand ways; for they will not only add to our comfort and our enjoyment, but they will also produce many a pleasing thought.

We have endeavored to make a book that can be easily understood; but few scientific terms will be found in it, for its language is the language in familiar use; hence, it may serve to interest the fireside circle, and it may be referred to by intelligent boys and girls for answers to the many perplexing questions which are so often presented to their inquiring minds.

Many pupils have not the chance to attend even an Academy or a High School. It is to such that this book is especially adapted, for it is believed to contain as much matter as can be taught with satisfaction and profit in our public or our private schools; but to other pupils, it will prove a valuable introduction to larger and more comprehensive works.

Whenever a drawing would illustrate a fact, and make its application plainer, it has been made; but by far the best illustrations of hundreds of facts, explained in the text, will be found in the world around us, and the attention of both pupil and teacher should always be directed to this reliable and never-ending source.

In presenting these Familiar Lessons in Natural Philosophy to the youth of our country, it is with the earnest hope that it may make them better acquainted with the natural objects surrounding us; that it may lead them to observe the order, the harmony, and the beauty in nature everywhere; and that it may help to turn their thoughts more and more to Him, who is the Creator and Ruler of all things.

J. C. M.

Decoration

CONTENTS

PAGE
CHAPTER I.—Astronomy. 9
The Earth and other Planets 9
The Moon 14
Eclipses 18
CHAPTER II.—Light. 22
Color 22
Refraction of Light 32
Reflection of Light 34
The Eye 38
CHAPTER III.—Heat. 42
Sources of Heat 42
Expansion by Heat 46
Conduction of Heat 54
Convection of Heat 59
Liquefaction 61
Latent Heat 63
Ebullition 65
Vaporization 66
Evaporation 69
Radiation 71
Reflection 73
Absorption 74
CHAPTER IV.—The Air. 77
Winds 96
CHAPTER V.—Water. 99
Springs and Streams 104
Fogs and Clouds 106
Dew 109
Frost 112
Rain, Snow, and Hail 113
Ice 116
CHAPTER VI.—Sound. 118
Conduction of Sound 122
Trumpets and Speaking-tubes 125
Velocity of Sound 127
Reflection of Sound 128
CHAPTER VII.—Matter. 131
CHAPTER VIII.—Attraction. 137
Cohesion and Adhesion 137
Capillary Attraction 140
Gravitation 141
Centre of Gravity 145
Specific Gravity 150
CHAPTER IX.—Motion. 154
CHAPTER X.—Mechanical Powers. 164
Lever 164
Wheel and Axle 174
Pulley 176
Inclined Plane 177
Wedge 180
Screw 181
CHAPTER XI.—Electricity. 183
Magnetism 187
Electro-Magnetism 189

FIRST LESSONS
IN
Natural Philosophy.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

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