Abbeys of St. Germain and St. Denis, revenues of, 6.
Adirondack forest, 235;
lakes of, 357.
Ailanthus glandulosa, 515.
Akaba, gulf of, infiltration of fresh water in, 440.
Albano, lake of, artificial lowering of, 353.
Algeria, deserts of, artesian wells in, 443;
sand dunes of, 463;
consolidated dunes, 480.
Alpaca, South American, 83.
Amazon, Indians of, 11.
Ameland, island of, 499.
America, North, primitive physical condition of, 27, 43;
forests of, 28;
possibility of noting its physical changes, 52;
by scientific observation, 53;
forest trees of, 274;
sand dunes of, 469;
proposed changes in hydrography of, 532.
Animal life, sympathy of ruder races with, 39;
instinct, fallibility of, 40;
hostility of civilized man to inferior forms of, 121.
Animals, wild, action of on vegetation, 78.
Aphis, the European, 104.
Apennines, effects of felling the woods on, 150, 152.
Appian way, the, 542.
Aqueducts, geographical and climatic effects of, 358.
Arabia PetrÆa, surface drainage of, 440;
sandstone of, 452;
sands and petrified wood of, 455;
wadies of, 538.
Aragua, valley of, Venezuela, 202.
Ararat, Mt., phenomenon of vegetation on, 287.
ArdÈche, l', department of, 152;
destruction of forests in, 389.
— river and basin, floods of, 386;
supply of water to the Rhone, 388, 398;
violence of inundations of, 388;
damage done by, 390;
effect on river beds, 391;
force of its affluents, 392.
Argostoli, Cephalonia, millstreams of, 434.
Armenia, ancient irrigation of, 366.
Arno, the river, deposits of, 414;
upper course of in the Val di Chiana, 417, 420.
Artesian wells, their sources, 441;
usual objects, 442;
occasional effects, 442;
employment in the Algerian desert, 443;
by the French Government, 444;
success and probable results of, 445;
known to the ancients, 443;
depth of, 444.
Arundo arenaria, 501.
Ascension, island of, 205.
Auk, the wingless, extirpation of, 95.
Australia a field of physical observation, 51.
Avalanches, Alpine, various causes of, 266;
by felling trees, 270.
Azoff, sea of, proposed changes, 531.
Babinet, plan for artificial springs, by, 448.
Baikal Lake, the fish of, 117.
Baltic Sea, sand dunes of, 467.
Barcelonette, valley of, former fertility, 243;
present degradation of, 244.
Bavaria, scarcity of fuel in, 299.
Bear, the mythical character of, 40.
Beaver, the, agency in forming bogs, 31;
cause of its increased numbers, 84.
Bee, the honey, products of, 105;
introduction in United States, 106.
Belgium, effect of plantations in, 152;
Campine of, 513.

Ben GÂsi, district of, rock formation in, 537.
Bergamo, change of climate in the valley of, 151.
Bibliographical list of authorities, vii.
Birch tree (black and yellow), produce of, 171.
Birds, number of, in United States, 86;
the turkey, dove, pigeon, 87;
as sowers and consumers of seeds, 87;
as destroyers of insects, 89;
injurious extirpation of, 90;
wanton destruction of, 92;
weakness of, 93;
instinct of migratory, 94;
extinction of species, 95;
commercial value of, 97;
introduction of species, 98.
Bison, the American, 78;
number and migrations of, 81, 83;
domesticated, 135.
Blackbird, the proscription of, 91.
Bogs, formation and nomenclature of, 29-32;
of New England, 29;
repositories of fuel, 30.
BrÉmontier, system of dune plantations of, 503;
a benefactor to his race, 515.
Breton, Cap, dune vineyards of, 508.
Busbequius' letters, 64.
Camel, the, transfer and migrations of, 83;
injurious to vegetation, 132.
Campine of Belgium, 513.
Canada thistle, the, 68.
Canals, geographic and climatic effects of, 359;
injurious effects of Tuscan, 359;
projected, Suez, 519;
Isthmus of Darien, 522;
to the Dead Sea, 524;
maritime, in Greece, 526;
Saros, 527;
Cape Cod, 528;
the Don and the Volga, 531;
Lake Erie and the Genesee, 532;
Lake Michigan and the Mississippi, 533.
Cape Cod, sand dunes of, 487;
legislative protection of, 502;
vegetation of, 503;
projected canal through, 528.
Cappercailzie, the, extinction of, in Britain, 96.
Carniola, caves of, 434.
Caspian Sea, proposed changes in its basin, 531.
Catania, lava streams of, 544.
Catavothra of Greece, 536.
CÉvennes, effects of clearing the, 153.
Champlain, lake, dates of its congelation, 163.
Cherbourg, breakwater of, 46, 332.
Chiana, Val di, description and character of, 417-420;
plans for its restoration, 420;
artificial drainage of, attempted, 421;
successfully executed, 423.

Clergy, mediÆval, their character, 282.
Climatic change, discussions of, 9;
how tested, 20;
causes producing, in New England, Africa, Arabia PetrÆa, 20-22;
man's action on, difficult to ascertain, 51;
deterioration, 71.
Coal mines, combustion of, 546.
Coal, sea, early use of, for fuel, 222;
increased use of, in Paris, 295.
Coast line, change of, from natural causes, 331;
subject to human guidance, 332.
Cochineal insect transferred to Spain, 105.
Cochituate Aqueduct, Boston, 103.
Col Isoard, valley of, devastated, 242.
Commerce, modern, on what dependent, 60.
Como, lake of, proposed lowering of, 358.
Constance, lake of, 534.
Cork-oak tree, yield of, 311.
Corporations, social and political, influence of, 54.
Cosmical influences, 13.
Cotton, early cultivation of, 61;
can be raised by white labor, 381.
Crawley Sparrow Club, 90.
Currents, sea, strength of, 456;
in the Bosphorus, 457.
Cuyahoga river, 208.
Cypress tree, its beauty, 314.
Darien, Isthmus of, proposed canal across, 522;
conjectural effects of, 523.
Dead Sea, projected canals to, 524;
possible results of, 525.
Deer, numbers of, in United States; 82;
tame, injurious to trees, 130.
Denmark, peat mosses of, 22;
dunes of, 497;
extent and movement of, 498;
legislative protection of, 501, 504.
Desert, the, richness of local color, 445;
mirage in, 446.
Des Plaines river, 533.
Despotism a cause of physical decay, 5.
Dikes, recovery of land by, in the Netherlands, 335;
early usage and immense extent of, 336;
encouraged by the Spaniards, 337;
details of their construction and effect on the land gained, 340-345;
in Egypt, 413.
Dinornis, or moa, recent extirpation of, in New Zealand, 95.
Dodo, the, extirpation of, 95.
Domestic animals, action of, on vegetation, 79;
origin and transfer of, 82;
injurious to the forest growth, 130.

Don river, proposed diversion of, 531.
Draining a geographical element, 360;
superficial, its necessity in forest lands, 363;
effect on temperature, 364;
underground, ib.;
extensive use of, in England, 362;
affects the atmosphere, 364;
disturbs the equilibrium of river supply, 365;
by boring, 362;
in France, &c., 362;
Paris, 363.
Drance, Switzerland, glacier lake of, 403.
Dry land and water, relative extent of, 178.
Dwight, Dr., Travels in the United States, characterized, 52.
Earth, fertile, below the rock, 537;
transported to cover rocky surfaces, 537.
Earthquakes, effects of, 542;
causes and possible prevention of, 543;
of Lisbon, 544.
Earthworm, utility of, in agriculture, 100;
multiplication of, in New England, 101.
Egypt, catacombs, 70;
papyrus or water lily, 70;
poisonous snakes of, 112;
supposed increase of rain in, 190;
productiveness of, 230;
necessity and extent of irrigation in, 368, 373;
cultivated soil of, 372, 374;
population of, 374;
amount of water used for irrigation, 380;
saline deposits, 382;
artificial river courses of, 402;
cultivated area of, 412;
sands of, 458;
their prevalence and extent, 459;
source of, 461;
action on the Delta and cultivated land, 462;
effect of the diversion of the Nile on, 529;
refuse heaps near Cairo, 541.
Eland, the, preserved in Prussia, 86.
Elm, the Washington, Cambridge, 146.
Elsineur, artificial formation in harbor of, 539.
England, forest economy of, 221;
large extent of ornamental plantations, 222;
Forests of, described by CÆsar, 222;
private enterprise in sylviculture, 292;
sand dunes of, 507.
Enguerrand de Coucy, cruelty of, 281.
Erie Canal, the, influence on the fauna and flora of its region, 116;
lake, depth and level of, 532;
proposed canal from, 532.
Espy's theories of artificial rain, 547.
Etna, volcanic lava and dust, 131.
Euphrates, sand plains in the valley of, 511.
Eye, cultivation of the, 11;
control of the limbs by, 12;
trained by the study of physical geography, 12.

Feudalism, pernicious influence of, 6.
Fir tree, the, its products, 311.
Fire weed, in burnt forests of the United States, 287.
Fish, destruction of, by man, 112, 114, 120, 122;
106;
the carnivorous, useful to man, 107;
destruction of, by fish, 108;
abundance of, in Northern Europe, 108;
destruction of, by birds, 109;
do. quadrupeds, 110;
do. reptiles, 110;
do not multiply in the forest, 291;

confine themselves to dead trees, 322.
Inundations, influence of the forest on, 223;
of the German Ocean, 334;
means for obviating, 384;
of 1856 in France, 393;
remedies against, 395;
legislative regulation of the woodlands in France for prevention of, 396;
proposed basins of reception, 398;
do. in Peru and Spain, 400;
Rozet's plan for diminishing, 406.
Irrigation, remote date of in ancient nations, 366;
among Mexicans and Peruvians, 366;
its necessity in hot climates, 367;
in Europe, 367;
in Palestine, 368;
in IdumÆa, 370;
Egypt, 371, 373;
quantity of water so applied, 376, 377;
extent of lands irrigated, 396;
effects of, 378;
on river supply, 380;
on human health, 381;
saline deposits from, in India and Egypt, 382;
effect of, on vegetable crops, 378;
on the soil, 379;
economic evils of, 379.
Islands, floating, in Holland and South America, 349, 351.
Ijssel river, Holland, 535.
Italy, effects of the denudation of its forests, 220;
political condition adverse to their preservation, 219;
beauty of its winter scenery, 314;
extent of irrigation in, 368;
atmospheric phenomena of Northern, 368.
Jupiter, satellites of, visible to the eye, 12.
Jutland, effects of felling the woods in, 150;
destruction of forests in, 279;
encroachments of the sea on, 491.
Kander river, Switzerland, artificial course of, 403.
Karst, the subterranean waters of, 536.
KjÖkkenmÖddinger in Denmark, 16;
their extent, 540.
Kohl, J. G., "the Herodotus of modern Europe," 340;
on dune sand, 475.
LabruguiÈre, commune of, 208.
LÆstadius, account of the Swedish Laplanders, 96.
Lakes, draining of, by steam hydraulic engines, 346;
natural process of filling up by aquatic vegetation, 349;
lowering of, in ancient and modern times, 353;
in Italy, 354;
in Switzerland, 356;
inconvenient consequences of, 356;
mountain, their disappearance, 357.
Landscape beauty, insensibility of the ancients to, 2;
of the oasis and the desert, 445.
Lava currents, diversion of their course, 544;
from Vesuvius, phenomena of, 545;
heat emitted by, 545.
Life, balance of animal and vegetable, 103.
Liimfjord, the, irruption of the sea into, 491;
aquatic vegetation of, 492;
original state of, 519.
Lion, an inhabitant of Europe, 85.
Lisbon, earthquake of, 544.
Locust, the, does not multiply in woods, 296;
tree and insect, 32.
Lombardy, statistics of irrigation in, 376.
Louis IX., of France, clemency of, 282.
Lower Alps, department of, ravages of torrents in, 246.
Lumber trade of Quebec, 271;
of United States, 1850-'60, 301.
Lungern, lake of, lowering of, 356.
Madagascar, gigantic bird of, 96;
the ai-ai of, 110.
Madder, early cultivation of, in Europe, 20.
Madeira, named from its forests, 129.
Maize, early cultivation of, law of its acclimation, 19;
native country of, 73.

Malta, transported soil of, 538;
salt works at, 540.
Man, reaction of, on nature, 8;
insufficiency of data, 9;
geographical influence of, 13;
physical revolutions wrought by, 14;
unpremeditated results of conscious action, 15;
ancient relics of, in old geological formations, 16;
mechanical effects of, on the earth's surface, 25;
destructiveness of, 35;
in animal life and inorganic nature, 36-39;
character of his action compared with that of brutes, 42;
subversive of the balance of nature, 43;
sometimes exercised for good, 44;
present limits to, 45;
transfer of vegetable life by, 59;
remains of, 76;
contemporary with the mammoth, 77;
agency in the extermination of birds, 96;
do. introduction of species, 98;
increase of insect life, 104;
introduction of new forms of do. by, 105;
destruction of fish by, 112, 120, 122;
extirpation of aquatic animals by, 119;
possible control of minute organisms, 125;
his first physical conquest, 135;
his action on land and the waters, 330;
possible geographical changes by, 517;
incidental effects of his action, 539;
illimitable and ever enduring do., 548.
Maremme of Tuscany, ancient and mediÆval state of, 425;
extent of, 427;
inhabitants, 428;
improvement of, 429;
sedimentary deposits of, 425, 430.
Marine isthmuses, cutting of, 517;
its difficulties, 518;
sometimes done by nature, 519.
Marmato in Popayan, 205.
Marshes, climatic effects of draining, 358;
insalubrity of mixture of fresh and salt water in, 417.
Mechanic arts, illustration of their mutual interdependence, 307.
Medanos of the South American desert, 482.
Mediterranean Sea, tides of, 425;
sand dunes of, 467;
poor in organic life, 520.
Mella, the river, Italy, 248.
Meteorology, uncertainty and late rise of, 16, 22;
varying nomenclature of, 23;
precipitation and evaporation, 24.
Michigan, lake, sand dunes of, 467;
originally wooded, 487;
proposed diversion of its waters, 532.
Mining excavations, effects of, 545.
Minute organisms, their offices, 123;
universal diffusion and products of, 124, 127;
possible control of their agency by man, 125;
the coral insect, 125;
the diatomaceÆ, 126.
Miramichi, great fire of, 28.
Mistral in France, 153.
Mississippi river, "cut offs" and their effect, 415;
precipitation in the valley of, 436;
projected canal to, 533.
Mountain slides, their cause, 265, 268;
their frequency in the Alps, 267.
Mountainous countries, their liability to physical degradation, 50.
Monte Testaccio, Rome, 541.
Moose deer, the American, rapid multiplication of, 130.
Mushrooms, poisonous, how to render harmless, 286.
Natural forces, accumulation of, 46;
resistance to, 542.
Nature, man's reaction on, 8;
observation of, 10;
stability of, 27, 34;
restoration of disturbed harmonies of, 35;
nothing small in, 548.
Naturalists, enthusiasm of, 99.
Netherlands, ancient inundations of, 334;
recovery of land by diking, 334;
the practice derived from the Romans, 335;
extent of land gained from the sea, 336;
do. lost by incursions of do., 337;
character of lands gained, 338;
natural process of recovery, 339;
grandeur of the dike system of, 340;
method of their construction in, 341;
modes of protection, 343;
various uses of, 343;
effect on the level of the land, 344;
drainage of do., 345;
primitive condition of, 351;
effects on the social, moral, and economic interests of the people of, 351;
sand dunes of, 486;
encroachments of the sea on, 494;
artificial dunes in, 499;
protection of dunes in, 500;
removal of do., 509.
Nile, the river, valley of, 374;
its ancient state, 375;
inundations of, 385;
water delivery of, 387;
artificial mouths of, 402;
consequences of diking, 410, 413;
richness of its deposits, 411;
extent of do., 412;
mud banks caused by its deposits , 433;
sand dunes at its mouths, 468;
conduits for irrigation, 521;
proposed diversion of, 528;
not impossible, 529;
effects of, 530;
ceramic banks of, 541.
Northmen in New England, 60.
Nubians, Nile boats of the, 17.
Numbers, the frequent error in too definite statements of, 260;
oriental and Italian usage of, 261.

Oak, the English, early uses in the arts, 223;
"openings" of North America, 136.
Ohio, mounds of, 18;
remains of a primitive people in, 135, 138;
apple trees of, 22.
Old World, former populousness of, 4;
physical decay of, 3;
present desolation of, 5;
its causes, 5;
ancient climate of, 19;
physical restoration of, 47.
Olive tree, the wild, 74;
importance of, 312.
Orange tree known to the ancients, 64;
the wild, 74.
Orchids, fertilization of, by insects, 102.
Organic life embraced in modern geography, 57;
its geological agency, 75;
geographical importance of, 7;
bones and relics of, human and animal, 76.
Ostrich, the, diminution of its numbers, 97.
Ottaquechee river, Vermont, transporting power of, 253.
Otter, the American, voracity of, 120.
Oxen, agricultural uses of, in United States, 80.
Oyster, the, transplantation of, 118.
Palestine, ancient terrace culture and irrigation of, 369;
disastrous effects of its neglect, 370.
Palissy, Bernard, character of, 218;
plan for artificial springs, 447.
Paragrandini of Lombardy, 141.
Paramelle, the AbbÉ, on fountains, 437.
Peat beds, accidental burning of, 546;
— mosses of Denmark, 32.
Pecora, river of the Maremma, its deposits, 425.
Peru, ancient progress in the arts, 366;
basins of reception in, 400.
Petra, in IdumÆa, ancient irrigation at, 370.
Phosphorescence of the sea unknown to the ancients, 114.
Physical decay of the earth's surface, 3;
its causes, 5;
arrest of, in new countries, 48;
forms and formations predisposing to, 49.< l">468;
of America, 469;
of Western Europe, 470;
literature of, 471;
height of, 472;
humidity of, 473;
of Cape Cod, 487;
character of their sand, 474, 481;
concretion within, 476;
interior structure of, 477;
general form of, 478;
geological importance of, 479;
composition of sandstone, 481;
as barriers against the sea, 489;
in Western Europe, 490;
extent of, 507;

of Gascony, 496;
of Denmark, 497;
of Prussia, 497;
artificial formation of, in Holland, 499;
protection of, 500;
by vegetation, 501;
trees adapted to, 505;
removal of, 509.
Sand-dune vineyard of Cap Breton, 508.
Sand plains, mode of deposit, 464;
constituent parts, 464;
inland, of Europe, 509;
landes of Gascony, 511;
Belgium, 513;
Eastern Europe, 513;
advantages of reclaiming, 515;
private and public enterprise, 516.
Sand springs, 511.
Sandal wood extirpated in Juan Fernandez, 130.
Saros, projected canal of, 527.
Sawmills, action of their machinery more rapid by night, 278.
Schelk, the extirpation of, 85.
Schleswig-Holstein, encroachments of the sea on, 493.
Scientific observation, practical lessons of, 54-56.
Sea, the, exclusion of, by dikes, in Lincolnshire, 333;
encroachments of, 490;
coast, 491;
the Liimfjord, 491;
Schleswig-Holstein, 493;
Holland, 494;
France, 494.
Sea cow, Steller's, extirpation of, 119.
Seal, the, in Lake Champlain, 117;
voracity of, 120.
Seeds, vitality of, as preserved by the forest, 287, 289.
Seine river, ancient level of, 214;
affluents of, 435.
Ship building of the middle ages, Venice and Genoa, 218.
Siberia, ice ravine in, 158.
Sicily, stone weapons found in, 18;
sulphur mines of, 72;
olive oil crop of, 312.
Silkworm, introduction in South America, 105.

Sinai, Mt., rain torrent at, 441;
production of sand in peninsula of, 454;
garden of monastery at, 537.
Snakes, destructive to insects, 110;
tenacity of species, 111;
number of, in Palestine and Egypt, 111.
Snow, action of the woods on, 211;
experiments on, 212.
Soils, amount of thermoscopic action on various, 144;
mechanical effects of shaking in the Netherlands, 344;
effect of frost on, in United States, 344.
Solar heat, economic employment of, 47.
Solitary, the, extirpation of, 95.
Sound, transmission of, in still air, 165.
Springs, artificial, proposed by Palissy, 447;
by Babinet, 448.
Spain, neglect of forest culture in, 279.
Squirrel, the, destructiveness of, in forests, 34;
of Boston, 121.
St. Helena, flora of, 65;
destruction of its forests, 130.
Staffordshire, phenomena of vegetation in, 288.
Starlings, habits of, in Piedmont, 111.
Stork, the, geographical range of, 93;
anecdote of a, 99.
Subterranean waters, their origin, 434;
sources of supply, 435;
reservoirs and currents of, 438;
diffusion of, in the soil, 439;
importance, 440;
of the Karst, 535;
of Greece, 536.
Suez canal, the, danger from sand drifts, 461;
effect on the Mediterranean and Red Sea basins, 520.
Sugar cane, culture of, 62.
Sugar-maple tree, produce of, 169.
Summer dikes of Holland, 342.
Sunflowers, effect of plantations of, 154.
Swallow, the, popular superstitions respecting, 418.
Switzerland, ancient lacustrine habitations of, 16, 70, 83.
Sylt Island, sand dunes of, 474;
encroachments of the sea on, 493.
Sylviculture, best manuals of practice of, 304;
when and how profitable, 305;
its methods, 315;
the taillis treatment, 315;
the futaie do., 317;
beneficial effects of irrigation, 319;
exclusion of animals, 321;
removal of leaves, &c., 322;
topping and trimming, 324.
Taguataga Lake, Chili, 355.
Tea plant, the, cultivated in America, 62.
Temperature, general law of, 52.
Teredo, the general diffusion of, 107.

Termite, or white ant, ravages of, 107.
Teverone, cascade of, Tivoli, 402.
Timber, general superiority of cultivated, 305;
slow decay of, in forest, 322.
Tobacco an American plant, 68;
introduction in Hungary, 67.
Tocat, Asia Minor, oak woods of, 186.
Tomato, the, introduction to New England, 19.
Torricelli, successful plan for draining the Val di Chiana, 421.
Torrents, destructive action of, 231;
means of prevention, 233;
ravages of, in Southeastern France, 237;
Provence, 239;
Upper Alps, 240;
Lower Alps, 246;
action of, in elevating the beds of mainland streams, 249;
in excavating ravines, 250;
transporting power of, 251;
signs of, extinguished, 263;
crushing force of, 392.
Trees, as organisms, specific temperature of, 156;
moisture given out by, 158;
total influence on temperature, 159;
absorption of water by, 166;
flow of sap, 169;
absorption of moisture by foliage of, 172;
exhalation of do., 174;
consequent refrigeration, 175;
amount of ligneous products of, 173;
protection against avalanches afforded by, 269;
power of resisting the action of fire, 273;
American forest trees, 274;
their dimensions, 275;
change in relative proportions of height and diameter, 276;
comparative longevity of, 277;
European and American compared, 308;
species more numerous in America, 309;
Spenser's catalogue of, 308;
interchange of European and American species, 310;
species of Southern Europe and their extent, 312;
natural order of succession in, 323.
See Forest, Woods.
Trieste, proposed supply of water to, 536.
Trout, the American, 115, 117, 121.
Tuscany, rivers of, their deposits, 414;
physical restoration in, 416;
improvements in Val di Chiana, 417;
do. in the Maremma, 424.
Tyrolese rivers, elevation of their beds, 249.
Ubate, lakes of, New Granada, 204.
Undulation of water, 456.
United States, foreign plants grown in, 61;
weight of annual harvest in, 62;
number of quadrupeds in, 79;
of birds, 86;
effect of felling woods on its climate, 180;
forests of, 300;
instability of life in, 328.
Upper Alps, department of, ravages of torrents in, 240.
Urus, or auerochs, domesticated by man, 83;
extirpation of, 85.
Val de Lys, evidence of glacier action in, 252.
Vegetable life, transfer by man's action, 59.
Velino, cascade of, Tivoli, 402.
Vesuvius, vegetation on, 131;
eruption of February, 1851, 544.
Volcanic action, resistance to, 544;
matter, vegetation in, 131.
Volga river, proposed diversion of, 531.
Walcheren, formation of the island, 340.
Wallenstadt, lake of, 534.
Walnut tree, consumption of, for gun stocks, 296;
oil yielded by, 310.
Ward's cases for plants, 175.
Waste products, utilization of, 37.
Weeds common to Old and New World, 66;
extirpated in China, &c., 71.
Whale, the, food of, 113;
destruction of, 114.
Whale fishery, date of its commencement unknown, 112;
in the middle ages, 112;
American, 113.
Wheat, its asserted origin, 73;
introduction to America, 74.
Wild animals, number of, 84.
Wild organisms, vegetable and animal, tenacity of life in, 69.
Willow, the weeping, introduction in Europe, 64.
Wolf, increase of the, 84;
prevalence in forests of France, 296.
Wolf Spring, Soubey, 206.
Wood, increased demand for, 293;
ship building, railroads, &c., 294;
market price of, 294;
replaced by iron in the arts, 295;< br/> means of increasing its durability, 295;
how affected by rapid growth, 306;
facilities for working, 307.
Woods, habitable earth originally covered by, 128;
conditions of their propagation, 131;
destructive agency of man and domestic animals, 132;
do not furnish food for man, 133;
first removal of, 134;
burning of, 136;
in Sweden and France, 137;
effect on the soil, 138;
destruction of, its effect, 139;
electrical influence of, 140;
chemical influence of, 142;
influence on temperature, 143;
absorbing and emitting surface of, 144;
in summer and winter, 147;
dead products of, 148;
as a shelter, 149;
in France, 149, 151;
New England, 149;
Italy and Jutland, 150;
as a protection against malaria, 154;
tend to mitigate extremes of temperature, 155.
See Forest, Trees.
Wood mosses and fungi, absorbent of moisture, 168.
Woodpecker, the, destroyer of insects, 109.
Yak, or Tartary ox, the, 83.
Yew tree, geographical range of, 70.
Zeeland, province, formation of, 339.
Zostera marina, 492.
Zuiderzee, proposed drainage of, 534;
means of, and geographical results, 535.

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FORSYTH'S "CICERO."

A New Life of Cicero.

BY WILLIAM FORSYTH, M. A., Q. C.

With Twenty Illustrations. 2 vols. crown octavo. Printed on tinted and laid paper. Price, $5.00.

The object of this work is to exhibit Cicero not merely as a Statesman and an Orator, but as he was at home in the relations of private life, as a Husband, a Father, a Brother, and a Friend. His letters are full of interesting details, which enable us to form a vivid idea of how the old Romans lived 2,000 years ago; and the Biography embraces not only a History of Events, as momentous as any in the annals of the world, but a large amount of Anecdote and Gossip, which amused the generation that witnessed the downfall of the Republic.

Copies sent by mail, post paid, on receipt of price.

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LORD DERBY'S "HOMER."

The Iliad of Homer.

RENDERED INTO ENGLISH BLANK VERSE BY EDWARD, EARL OF DERBY.

From the fifth London Edition.
Two volumes, royal octavo, on tinted paper. Price $7.50 per vol.

Extracts from Notices and Reviews from the English Quarterlies, &c.

AMERICAN NOTICES.

Copies sent by mail, post paid, on receipt of price.