TABLE OF CONTENTS.

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Gideon Algernon Mantell

VOL. I.

Dedication, p. v.

Prefatory Note to the Second Edition, vii.

Preface to the First Edition, ix.

Address to the Reader, xi.

Table of Contents, xv.

Description of the Plates, xix.

List of Lignographs in Vol. I., xxxi.

Introduction, 1.

Preliminary Remarks:—On the Plan of the Work and the Arrangement and Subdivision of the subjects it embraces, 8. Works of Reference, 8. Explanation of Terms, 11. List of subjects, 12.

PART I.—Stratigraphy of the British Islands, and the Nature of Fossils, 15.

Chapter I.—On the Nature and Arrangement of the British Strata and their Fossils, 15.

Chapter II.—Synopsis of the British Strata, 23. Chronological Arrangement of the British Formations; Modern or Human Epoch; Post-Pliocene, 23. Tertiary Epochs, 24. Secondary Epochs, 25. PalÆozoic Epochs, 30. Hypogene Rocks, 34. Volcanic Rocks, 35.

Chapter III.—On the Nature of Fossils or Organic Remains, 37. Incrustations, 38. Silicification, 40. Animal Remains, 43. Hints for Collecting Fossil Bones, 45.

PART II.—Fossil Botany, 51.

Chapter IV.—Fossil Botany, 51. Fossil Vegetables, 51. On the investigation of the Fossil Remains of Vegetables, 54. Endogenous Stems, 56. Exogenous Stems, 56. Structure of ConiferÆ, 57. Botanical principles, 58. Exogens, 59. Endogens, 59. Investigation of Fossil Stems, 61. Fossil Leaves, 64. On the Microscopical Examination of Fossil Vegetables, 65. Mode of preparing slices of Fossil Wood, 66.

Chapter V.—On Peat-wood, Lignite, and Coal, 69. Submerged Forests; Peat, 70. Lignite, Brown-coal, Cannel-coal, 71. Bovey-coal, 72. Jet, 72. Wealden Coal, 73. Coal, 76. Stratification of a Coal-field, 80. Origin and Nature of Coal, 82.

Chapter VI.—Fossil Vegetables, 86. Fossil Cryptogamia, 87. Recent DiatomaceÆ, 88. Fossil DiatomaceÆ, 93. Fossil ConiferÆ, 100. Fossil Fucoids, 101. Chondrites, 101. Moss-agates and Mocha-stones, 103. EquisetaceÆ, 105. Calamites, 107. Filicites or Fossil Ferns, 109. Pachypteris, 112. Sphenopteris, 112. Cyclopteris, 114. Neuropteris, 115. Glossopteris, 115. Odontopteris, 116. Anomopteris, 116. Toeniopteris, 117. Pecopteris, 118. Lonchopteris, 119. Phlebopteris, 120. Clathropteris, 121. Stems of Arborescent Ferns, 122. Caulopteris, 123. Psarolites, 123. SigillariÆ and StigmariÆ, 125. Internal Structure of SigillariÆ, 130. Stigmaria, 132. Lepidodendron, 137. Lepidostrobus, 140. Triplosporite, 142. Lycopodites, 143. Halonia and Knorria, 143. Asterophyllites, 145. Sphenophyllum, 147. Cardiocarpon, 147. Trigonocarpum, 148. Fossil CycadaceÆ, 150. Pterophyllum, 152. Zamites, 152. Trunks and Stems of CycadaceÆ, 156. Mantellia, 157. Clathraria, 159. Endogenites, 163. Fossil ConiferÆ, 164. Fossil Coniferous Wood, 167. PalÆoxylon, 167. Pence, 168. Araucarites, 168. Sternbergia, 168. Petrified Forests of Conifers, 169. Coniferous Wood in Oxford Clay, 172. Coniferous Wood in Chalk, 173. Tertiary Coniferous Wood, 175. Fossil Foliage and Fruit of ConiferÆ, 175. Araucaria, 175. Pinites, 176. Walchia, 177. Abietites, 178. Thuites, 180. Voltzia, 180. Taxites, 181. Noeggerathia, 181. Fossil Resins and Amber, 181. Fossil Palms, 183. Fossil Palm-leaves, 185. Fossil Fruits of Palms, 186. Fossil Fruits from the Isle of Sheppey, 186. Nipadites, 190. Fossil Fruit of Pandanus, 192. Wood perforated by Teredines, 193. Fossil LiliaceÆ, 194. Fossil Fresh-water Plants, 195. Fossil Fruits of Chara, 195. Fossil NymphaeÆ, 197. Fossil Flowers, 197. Fossil Angiosperms, 197. Fossil Flora of Œningen, 200. Carpolithes, 202. Fossil Dicotyledonous Trees, 203. Dicotyledons of the Cretaceous Epoch, 205. Retrospect of Fossil Botany, 206. On Collecting British Fossil Vegetables, 211. British localities of Fossil Vegetables, 213.

PART III.—Fossil Zoology, 216.

Chapter VII.—Fossil Zoophytes; Porifera or Amorphozoa; Polypifera or Corals; Bryozoa or Molluscan Zoophytes, 218. Fossil Porifera, 219. On the Sponges in Chalk and Flint, 222. Spongites, 223. Fossil Zoophytes of Faringdon, 226. Scyphia, 227. Cnemidium, 228. Chenendopora, 228. Tragos, 229. Siphonia, 230. Choanites, 233. Paramoudra, 236. Clionites, 238. Spicula of Sponges, 238. Spiniferites, 239. Ventriculites, 242. Polype in Flint, 250. Fossil Polypifera, 251. Graptolites, 255. Fungia, 256. Anthophyllum, 257. Turbinolia, 257. Caryophillia, 257. Favosites, 258. Catenipora, 259. Springopora, 259. Lithostrotion, 260. Cyathophyllum, 260. AstrÆa, 262. Madrepora, 264. Millepora, 264. Lithodendron, 264. Gorgonia, 265. Fossil Bryozoa, 265. Flustra, 266. Crisia, 269. Retepora, 269. Fenestrella, 270. PetalÆpora, 270. Pustulopora, 270. Homoesolen, 271. Idmonea, 271. Verticillipora, 273. Lunulites, 273. Geological Distribution of Fossil Zoophytes, 273. On Collecting Fossil Corals, 276. British localities, 278.

Chapter VIII.—Fossil StelleridÆ; comprising the Crinoidea and the AsteriadÆ, 280. Crinoidea, 281. Pentacrinus, 282. Fossil Crinoidea, 283. Fossil Stems of Crinoidea, 284. Pulley-stones, 285. Apiocrinus, 288. Bourqueticrinus, 291. Encrinus, 292. Pentacrinites, 293. Actinocrinus, 295. Cyathocrinus, 295. Rhodocrinus, 297. Eugeniacrinus, 297. Pentremites, 297. Cystidea, 298. Marsupites, 299. Fossil AsteriadÆ, 301. Fossil Ossicula of Star-Fishes, 303. Ophiura, 304. Goniaster, 306. Asterias, 307. Geological Distribution of the Crinoidea, 308.

Chapter IX.—Fossil EchinidÆ, 311. CidaritidÆ, 314. Cidaris, 316. Diadema, 318. Echinus, 318. Salenia, 318. Spines of Cidarites, 319. Flint Casts of Cidarites, 320. CidaritidÆ of the PalÆozoic Rocks, 321. ClypeasteridÆ, 322. Galerites, 322. Holectypus, 324. Discoidea, 324. ClypeideÆ, 325. Clypeus, 325. Nucleolites, 326. SpatangidÆ, 326. Ananchytes, 327. Micraster, 328. Toxaster, 329. Holaster, 330. Geological Distribution of Echinites, 330. On Collecting and Developing Echinodermata, 331.

Chapter X.—Fossil Foraminifera; and Microscopical Examination of Chalk and Flint, 336. Foraminifera, 339. Classification of the Foraminifera, 342. Nummulites, 344. Orbitoides, 346. Siderolina, 346. Fusulina, 346. Nodosaria, 347. Cristellaria, 348. Flabellina, 348. Polystomella, 348. Lituola, 348. Spirolina, 349. Globigerina, 350. Nonionina, 350. Rotalia, 351. Rosalina, 351. Textularia, 352. Verneuilina, 352. Strata composed of Foraminifera, 352. Foraminifera of the Chalk and Flint, 355. Fossil Remains of the Soft Parts of Foraminifera, 357. Foraminifera-Limestones of India, 362. Foraminifera-deposit at Charing, 363. Foraminifera of the Oolite, Lias, &c. 364. Foraminifera-deposits of the United States, 364. Foraminifera of the Carboniferous Formations, 365. Foraminifera-Limestone of New Zealand, 366. Tertiary Foraminifera, 366. Foraminifera of the Fens of Lincolnshire and Cambridgeshire, 367. Recent Foraminifera-deposit at Brighton, 368. Geological Distribution of the Foraminifera, 369. Instructions for the Microscopical Examination of Chalk, Flint, and other Rocks, 371.

Chapter XI.—Fossil Testaceous Mollusks, or Shells, 374. Mollusca, 374. Acephala, 375. Encephala, 378. Fossil Bivalve Shells, 381. Shell-Rocks, 382. Fossil Brachiopoda, 388. Terebratula, 389. Spirifer, 390. Rhynchonella, 391. Pentamerus, 391. Orthis, LeptÆna, and Productus, 392. Calceola, 392. Crania, 392. Orbicula, 392. Obolus, 392. Lingula, 393. Hippurites, 393. Fossil Shells of the Lamellibranchiates, 394. Monomyaria, 395. Ostrea, 395. GryphÆa, 396. Spondylus, 398. Plagiostoma, 399. Plicatula, 400. Pecten, 400. Inoceramus, 401. Avicula, 404. Dimyaria, 404. Venericardia, 405. Pectunculus, 405. Nucula, 406. Pinna, 406. Mytilus, 407. Modiola, 407. Pholadomya, 408. Pholas, 408. Teredo, 410. Trigonia, 412. Fossil Fresh-water Bivalves, 413. Unio, 414. Cyclas, 416. Fossil Pteropoda, 417. Fossil Gasteropoda, 417. Fresh-water Univalves, 421. Paludina, 421. LimnÆus, 423. Planorbis, 423. Melanopsis, 424. Marine Univalves, 424. Fusus, 425. Pleurotoma, 425. Cerithium, 425. Potamides, 425. Rostellaria, 426. Dolium, 426. Trochus,426. Solarium, 426. Conus, 426. Pleurotomaria, 427. Euomphalus, 429. Murchisonia, 430. SphÆrulites, 430. Molluskite, 432. Geological Distribution of Bivalve and Univalve Mollusks, 436. On the Collecting and Arranging Fossil Shells, 441. British Localities of Fossil Shells, 443.

CONTENTS OF VOL. II.

Description of Frontispiece (Plate II.)

List of Lignographs in Vol. II.

Table of Contents.

PART III.—continued.

Chapter XII.—Fossil Cephalopoda, 447.

Chapter XIII.—Fossil Articulata, 503.

Chapter XIV.—Fossil Ichthyology; Sharks, Rays, and other Placoid Fishes, 562.

Chapter XV.—Fossil Ichthyology; Ganoid, Ctenoid, and Cycloid Fishes, 600.

Chapter XVI.—Fossil Reptiles; Enaliosaurians and Crocodiles, 643.

Chapter XVII.—Fossil Reptiles; Dinosaurians, Lacertians, Pterodactyles, Turtles, Serpents, and Batrachians, 684.

Chapter XVIII.—Fossil Birds, 759.

Chapter XIX.—Fossil Mammals, 775.

PART IV.—Geological Excursions, 827.

Miscellaneous, 905.

General Index, 909.

DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER.

Plate I.—Frontispiece to Vol. I.

Plate II. Frontispiece to Vol. II.

Plates III., IV., V., and VI., to follow the Table of Contents, and be placed opposite the description of each.

Lign. 247, to face page 770.

DESCRIPTION
OF THE

FRONTISPIECE OF VOL. I.

PLATE I.

Fig. 1.— A Fern in Coal-shale, from Leicestershire.
2.— A Crustacean in Limestone, from Solenhofen.
3.— A Fish (Pycnodus rhombus) in Limestone; from near Castel-a-mare.
4.— Half the Lower Jaw of a Hyena, from a fissure in a sandstone rock, near Maidstone.
5.— An Ammonite, from the Isle of Portland.

DESCRIPTION OF THE VIGNETTE OF VOL. I.

A Group of Fossils, containing

Ammonites Mantellii, from the Chalk-marl, Sussex.
Turrilites costatus, from the Lower Chalk, Rouen.
Chondrites Bignoriensis, from the Chalk-marl, Sussex.
Echinus and Fusus, from Tertiary strata, Palermo.

« xx »
« xxi »

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE II.

The Frontispiece of Vol. II.

A Fossil Fish of the Salmon tribe, allied to the Smelt; from the Chalk, near Lewes, in Sussex.

[See Vol. II. pages 626 and 628.]

Plate III
J. Dinkel del. G. Scharf lithog.
Printed by Hullmandel & Walton

« xxii »
« xxiii »

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE III.

Incrustations, and Fossil Plants.

Figs. 1,2,3.— Twigs of Larch and Hawthorn, coated with tufa, or travertine, from having been exposed to the dripping of an incrusting spring; from Russia; see p. 39.
5.— A branch of recent Chara, with its fruit, with a thin pellicle of incrustation. Matlock.
6, 7.— Hazel-nuts, from Belfast Lough: fig. 6 is lined with crystals of calcareous spar; fig. 7 is filled with a solid mass of the same mineral; see p. 71.
4, 8.— Impressions of Dicotyledonous Leaves in Gypseous Marlstone, from Stradella, near Pavia; see p. 201.
9.— Eocene Lacustrine or Fresh-water Limestone, from East Cliff Bay, Isle of Wight, with stems and seeds of Charge: slightly magnified; see p. 195.
10.— Encrusted Twigs, from Matlock; the vegetable matter has perished, and left tubular cavities; see p. 39, and p. 873.
Plate IV
J. Dinkel del. G. Scharf lithog.
Printed by Hullmandel & Walton

« xxiv »
« xxv »

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE IV.

Various species of recent DiatomaceÆ, to illustrate the Fossil remains of this Tribe of Vegetables.

For detailed descriptions, see pages 87-100.

Figs. 1to5.— Various kinds of Xanthidia: figs. 2, 3, 4, found in a pond on Clapham Common, and fig. 1. living in a pond near Westpoint, United States.
1.— Xanthidium furcatum: 1/24 of a line in diameter.
2.— ———— hirsutum: 1/36.
3.— ———— aculeatum: 1/24.
4.— ———— fasciculatum: 1/24.
5.— —————————— variety of the above.
2*.— Pyxidicula operculata; Carlsbad, Bohemia: 1/48 of a line in diameter.
6.— Bacillaria vulgaris. 1/36 of a line in diameter. Pond on Clapham Common.
7.— Cocconeis scutellum: from the Baltic: 1/24 of a line.
8.— Navicula viridis: 1/6 of a line. Ponds on Clapham Common.
9.— The same; a side view; showing the currents produced in the water by the animal when in locomotion.
10.— Gallionella lineata: 1/36 of a line. Ponds on Clapham Common.
11.— Gallionella moniliformis: 1/72 of a line.
12.— Synhedra ulna: 1/9 of a line: the point a, marks the pedicle of attachment. Ponds on Clapham and Wandsworth Commons.
13.— Podosphenia gracilis: 1/12 of a line; attached to a thread of Calothria and having by self-division formed a radiating cluster. Common in the ditches communicating with the Thames in Battersea-fields.
14.— Navicula splendida: 1/12 of a line in diameter.
15.— Lateral view of the same.
16.— Eunotia turgida: 1/14 of a line; the empty shell, with sixty-five ribs, viewed laterally.
17.— A living group of the same: 1/20 of a line: a piece of Conferva rivularis, beset with these animalcules. The smaller species are E. Westermanni.

[All the above organisms were figured and described by Ehrenberg as animals (Polygastrica), and are comprised in his family Bacillaria; they are now, however, regarded as unquestionably vegetable structures, belonging to the family of AlgÆ, termed DiatomaceÆ.]

Pl. 5.
Plate V
J. Dinkel del. G. Scharf lithog.
Printed by Hullmandel & Walton

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE V.

Illustrative of the Structure of Fossil Vegetables.

Fig. 1.— Polished transverse section of silicified Monocotyledonous Wood, from Antigua; p. 185.
1a.— Magnified 20 times linear.
1b.— Magnified 75 times linear.
2a.— Transverse section of silicified Coniferous Wood (Abies Benstedi) from the Kentish Rag, near Maidstone (Iguanodon quarry), × 120 linear; p. 173.
2b.— Vertical or longitudinal section of the same, × 250 linear.
3a.— Transverse section of calcareous coniferous wood, from Willingdon, Sussex, × 80 linear; p. 173.
3b.— Longitudinal section of the above, × 120 linear.
4.— Slice of a transverse section of a recent Dicotyledonous Stem; showing, 1st, Pith or medullary column, occupying the centre; 2d, Four bands of woody layers, separated by condensed lines of elongated tissue in series, and having large regular openings of vessels, with numerous medullary rays running continuously from the central pith to the bark; 3d, the bark. (From Mr. Witham.)
5.— Slice of a transverse section of a recent gymnospermous phanerogamic stem (of a Cycas), having a central pith, with woody layers separated by a condensed line, and consisting of elongated cellular tissue, arranged in a regular series; medullary rays and bark. (From Mr. Witham.)
6.— Bundles of vascular tissue in Stigmaria ficoides, × 12 linear. See p. 135. The two strands of vessels that appear as if on the surface (and are of a looser texture) are part of the vascular tissue of the stem, and become inflected (that is, bent over), and give rise to a band of vessels (the darker band seen between the above), that passes towards the bark or cortical covering.
7.— Portion of a transverse section of one of the bundles of vascular tissue of Sigillaria elegans, × 20 linear. (From M. Brongniart.) See p. 131.
The convex portion on the left, and which in the original stem is situated towards the centre, is composed of the medullary vascular tissue formed of vessels irregularly disposed.
The longitudinal bundles are the woody fibres arranged in a radiated circle: the smooth interspaces are medullary rays.
The two distinct roundish spots of vascular tissue on the right of the ligneous zone occur irregularly on the outside of the woody circle, and are supposed to be detached bundles of the ligneous zone extending towards the leaves. See p. 131.
Pl. 6.
Plate VI
J. Dinkel del. G. Scharf lithog.
Printed by Hullmandel & Walton

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE VI.

Illustrative of the Structure of Fossil Teeth.

Fig. 1a.— Tooth of Psammodus porosus, from the Mountain Limestone. See p. 587.
1b.— Vertical section, a portion × 75 linear.
1c.— Transverse section of the same, × 75.
2a.— Tooth of Ptychodus polygurus, from the Chalk, near Lewes. See p. 585.
2b.— Portion of longitudinal section, × 20.
2c.— Portion of transverse section, × 20.
3b.— Tooth of the Labyrinthodon JÆgeri, from the New Red sandstone near Wirtemberg; half the natural size: the specimen presented by Dr. JÆger. See p. 742.
3a.— A moiety of a transverse polished section, × 20.
3b.— Portion of a vertical section near the apex, × 20.
3c.— One of the anfractuosities of fig. 3a × ×.
4a.— Crown or upper portion of a tooth of a young Iguanodon, from Tilgate Forest. See p. 697.
4b.— Portion of a vertical section of the above, × 20.
4c.— A small portion of a transverse section of the same, × 20.
5.— Tooth of Goniopholis, Tilgate Forest: half the natural size. See p. 678.
6a.— Tooth of a reptile (probably of the HylÆosaurus), from Tilgate Forest; half the natural size. See p. 690.
6b.— Portion of a vertical section of the same, × 20.
7a.— Tooth of Megalosaurus, from Tilgate Forest. See p. 687.
7b.— Portion of a vertical section of the same, × 10.
8.— A small portion of a vertical section of a tooth of Dendrodus. See p. 618.
9.— Portion of a transverse section of the base of a tooth of Ichthyosaurus, × 20. See p. 665.
10a.— Tooth of Lepidotus, Tilgate Forest. See p. 606.
10b.— The upper figure is a transverse section, and the lower a vertical section of the same, × 20.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

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