s="isub4">French expedition against Ireland, 360-367;

anecdote of, 368;

relieved in command by St. Vincent, 368.

Brueys, French admiral,

i. commands French division in Adriatic, 252, 255;

designs upon Malta in 1798, 255;

appointed to command fleet in Egyptian expedition, 253;

negligent conduct of, 262, 263;

inadequate preparations for defence, 264-266;

Battle of the Nile, 266-272;

killed, 271.

Bruix, French admiral,

i. escape from Brest with twenty-five ships-of-the-line, in 1799, 305;

enters Mediterranean, 307;

action in Mediterranean, 312-315;

re-enters Atlantic accompanied by sixteen Spanish ships, 315;

reaches Brest, 316;

comments on this cruise, 318;

ii. instructions of Bonaparte to, in 1800, 60-63;

connection with invasion flotilla, and death, 130.

Calder, British admiral,

ii. ordered to command a detached squadron, 168;

action with combined fleets, 171;

court-martial upon, 174.

Catharine, Empress of Russia,

i. influence upon Joseph II., Emperor of Germany, 11;

relations with Austria and France, 1784, 16, 17;

naval undertakings, 1788, 20;

attitude toward French Revolution, 82, 243; ii. 233;

ii. death, 243.

Chauvelin, French ambassador to Great Britain,

i. disputes with British ministry, 32-34;

dismissed from Great Britain, 34.

Collingwood, British admiral,

i. remarks of, 70, 71, 75, 309 (note);

attention to health of crew, 71;

distinguished share in battle of Cape St. Vincent, 227;

ii. blockade off Rochefort, 118;

ordered to West Indies with eight ships in 1805, 155, 157;

blockade of Cadiz, 157, 159, 167, 175, 180;

surmise as to Napoleon's intentions, 156;

brilliant conduct at Trafalgar, 191;

succeeds to command after Nelson's death, 195.

Commerce, warfare against,

ii. chaps. xvii. and xviii.

Commerce-destroying,

i. by scattered cruisers, 179, 326-328, 335-338; ii. 199-218, 111, 114, 115;

contest over West India Islands, 115-119;

scarcity of provisions, 1793, 122;

convoy of provisions ordered from America, 122;

internal events, 1794, 166-168;

military successes in 1794, 168-171;

conquest of Belgium and Holland, 170;

peace with Prussia, Holland, and Spain, 172;

reaction of 1795, 173, 174;

internal disorders, 175, 176;

great fleets withdrawn from the sea, and policy of commerce-destroying adopted, 179, 201;

military weakness in 1795, 180-183;

loses Corsica, 1794, 187;

successes in Italy, 1795-1796, 198, 209-211, 233, 234;

regains Corsica, 216;

brings Austria to peace, 234, 250;

arrogance toward foreign governments, 240-243;

reactionary disorders, 243;

coup d'État of Sept. 3, 1797, 244;

danger from Great Britain, 251;

sends expedition to Egypt, 253;

capture of Malta by, 257;

naval defeat at the Nile, 263-277;

subjugation of Egypt by, 277, 289;

aggressions upon Holland and Switzerland, 278;

offence given to Naples, Austria, and Russia, 280-282;

reverses in the Mediterranean, 1798, 287;

expectations from conquest of Egypt, 288;

reverses in Europe, 1799, 323,

loss of Malta and Egypt, 328-334;

maritime impotence of, 335-338,

expeditions against Ireland, 346-380;

ii. conquest of Naples, 2;

reverses in Europe, 1799, 3-11, 407;

internal disorders, 1799, 11-15; Bonaparte first consul, 15;

successful campaign of 1800, 19-24;

maritime and colonial exhaustion, 1800, 25, 35;

peace of LunÉville with Austria, 39;

fruitless attempts to control Mediterranean, 59-68;

preliminaries of peace with Great Britain, 71-73;

exhaustion of national spirit of aggression, 74;

aggressions of Bonaparte, 1801-1803, 76-97;

cession of Louisiana by Spain, 77;

Peace of Amiens with Great Britain, 81;

renewal of war, 98;

Louisiana ceded to United States, 104;

mariti reaty of offensive and defensive alliance with France, i. 172;

centralized constitution imposed by France, 278;

contemplated invasion of Ireland from, 378;

naval defeat at Camperdown, 378;

ii. compelled to war against Great Britain by Bonaparte in 1803, 111;

share in Bonaparte's projected invasion of England, 119, 131, 133, 147, 164, 165;

base of commerce-destroying, 207, 216;

demands upon the United States to resist seizure of belligerent property, 247;

confiscation of goods of British origin ordered by Bonaparte, 1803, 265;

confiscations of American ships by Bonaparte, 292, 320, 321;

Louis Bonaparte crowned king, 299;

withstands Napoleon's Continental System, 300, 305, 318, 320;

continuous blockade by British navy, 313;

Louis abdicates and Holland is annexed to French Empire, 321;

commercial ruin of, 1811, 336.

Hood, Lord, British admiral,

i. commands Mediterranean fleet, 96;

receives surrender of Toulon, 92;

forced to evacuate the port, 105;

retires to HyÈres Bay, 106;

conquest of Corsica, 187;

merit of, 207;

returns to England, 189;

succeeded by Jervis, 194, 203;

tactical dispositions at St. Kitt's, in 1782, compared to those of Brueys in Aboukir Bay, 265.

Hotham, British admiral,

i. commands in Mediterranean, 1795, 190-194;

sluggishness of, 192, 199-202, 207.

Howe, Earl, British admiral,

i. commands Channel fleet, 96;

military character and naval policy of, 101;

naval campaign of 1794 and battle of June 1, 125-160;

admirable tactics of, 135, 149, 160;

strategic error of, 156-159;

retires from active service, 164;

opinion concerning Battle of the Nile, 273;

conduct of Brest blockade and Channel service, 162, 338-346.

Ionian islands (Corfu and others),

i. possessions of Venice in 1793, and subsequent transfers, 86, 235;

Bonaparte's desire for, 247-249 (and note);

transferred to France by treaty of Campo Formio, 250, 251;

indicated by Bonaparte as station for French fleet, 262;

taken from France by Russo-Turkish fleet, ii. commands Rochefort division, 132;

escapes to the West Indies, 19;

interference in Holland, 1787, 19;

defensive alliance with Great Britain and Holland, 1788, 21, 22, King joins in Declaration of Pilnitz, 28;

takes arms against France, 30;

jealousy of Austria, 80, 94;

advance into France, 93;

retreat from France, 103;

inaction in 1794, 103, 171;

makes peace with France, 1795, 172;

guarantee of North German Neutrality, 172;

refusal to join Second Coalition, 282;

ii. rigorous neutrality after 1795, 28;

ambitions of, 31;

hostile attitude toward Great Britain in 1800, 34;

joins Armed Neutrality, 36;

opportunism of, 40;

closes the German rivers against British trade, 54;

subsequent coolness toward Bonaparte, 68;

rebuff from Bonaparte, 69, note;

favored by Bonaparte in apportioning German indemnities, 84;

Bonaparte's pressure upon, 95;

annoyance at Bonaparte's occupation of Hanover, 110;

indignation at murder of the Duc d'Enghien, 177;

Hanover offered to, by Bonaparte, upon conditions, 179;

commercial advantages through neutrality, 251;

war with France, and defeat of Jena, 270;

tyranny of Napoleon over, 301, 311, 319, 322, 324, 325;

share in "neutralizing" traffic, 309.

Richery, French admiral,

i. commerce-destroying expedition, 202, 214;

shares in expedition against Ireland, 214, 348-353.

Rule of 1756,

ii. conceded by Russia and the Baltic States, 57, 58, 261, 262;

statement of, 234-236;

seizure of American vessels under, 236-239;

modifications of, by British government, 237, 242, 262, 263, 269;

evasion of, by American vessels, 253, 266-269;

extension of, by Orders in Council of January, 1807, 275;

tendency and importance of, 353-355,

arguments for and against, 356, also 235, 236.

Russia,

ance, 214;

naval co-operation with France, 214-216, 348;

naval defeat off Cape St. Vincent, 219-229;

share in Admiral Bruix's Expedition, 307-316;

internal weakness of, in 1799, 311;

ii. Bonaparte's use of, to further his continental policy, 59, 62, 67;

naval defeat near Cadiz, 1801, 64;

cession of Louisiana to France, 77;

Peace of Amiens with Great Britain, 81;

renewal of war with Great Britain, 1804, 133;

subserviency to Bonaparte's control, 134-136;

subsidies paid to France, 133, 138;

renewed alliance with France, 140;

share in Trafalgar campaign, 151, 154, 162-180;

naval defeat off Cape Finisterre, 169-171;

naval defeat at Trafalgar, 187-195;

revolt against Napoleon, 195, 292, 401;

weakness of colonial administration, 79, 213;

Napoleon's usurpation, 291;

Great Britain assumes Spanish cause, 294;

Napoleon's campaign in, 1808, 295, 298, 315;

Wellesley in, 315, 348, 349;

drain of Spanish war upon Napoleon, 317, 318, 319, 342, 343, 348, 397, 401, 402.

St. AndrÉ, Jean Bon, French representative and commissioner,

i. opinions on naval efficiency, 37, 58, 66.

States General,

i. meeting of the, in France, May, 1789, 24, 25.

Strategy, naval,

i. strategic position of Spain, i. 80-82;

of Portugal, 84;

particular importance of Mediterranean islands, 85, 247, 248;

importance of Malta, 87, 258, 319, ii. 92;

Maddalena Bay in Sardinia, 88, ii. 128, 143;

Corsica, i. 88, 2;

French forced to evacuate the Kingdom, 6;

French division occupies the heel of Italy after Marengo, 59;

evacuates after Peace of Amiens 71;

reoccupation after renewal of war in 1803, 109;

part played in Napoleon's combinations, 110, 124, 185;

Joseph Bonaparte, King of, 278.

United States,

difficulties with France, 1793-1797, i. 241, ii 242-248;

ii. cession of Louisiana by Spain to France, 78;

jealousy of political interference on the American continent by European nations, 103;

uneasiness at cession of Louisiana, 104;

buys Louisiana of France, 105;

sufferings from privateers in the West Indies, 1805, 213;

importance of American carrying trade, 231;

growth of merchant shipping, 232;

injuries under Rule of 1756, 233-237;

Treaty of Commerce and Navigation with Great Britain, 1794, 237-239;

difficulties with France arising thence, 239;

relations with Great Britain, 1794-1804, 241;

French aggressions upon American shipping, 242-246;

demands of Spain and Holland, 247;

course of trade with Europe, 1793-1804, 253, 254, 354;

hostilities with France, 1798-1800, 258;

trade with belligerent colonies, 266-268, 353;

British seizures of American ships, 1804, 269;

commercial treaty of 1806 with Great Britain rejected by Senate, 275;

effect upon American trade of British Order of January, 1807, 276;

Embargo Act of December, 1807, 282, succeeded by Non-Intercourse Act, 1809, 283;

importance of American market to Great Britain, 291;

losses by Napoleon's decrees of Bayonne and Rambouillet, 292;

American ships in Dutch ports confiscated by Napoleon, 320, 321;

expiration of Non-Intercourse Act, and proviso succeeding it, 331;

American trade in Baltic, 1809-1812, 345, and note;

declaration of war against Great Britain, 351.

Van Stabel, French rear-admiral,

i. escape of, from Lord Howe, 66;

protects large convoy from America, 123;

brings it safely to Brest, 161.

"Vengeur, " French ship-of-the-line,

i. desperate action with the British ship "Brunswick," 140-143;

sinks, 144.

Venice, Republic of,

i. deprived of possessions on Italian mainland, also Istria and Dalmatia, 235;

insurrection against French, 246;

conduct of Bonaparte toward, 247-249;

annihilation of,

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

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