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CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.

Interest in the subject—Influence of Lyell—Usher's Chronology—AimÉ BouÉ first to proclaim the high antiquity of man—Dr. Schmerling the founder—Boucher de Perthes the apostle—Classifications by Lubbock, Lartet, Renevier, and Westropp—Plan of the work—No Universal Age of Stone, Bronze, or Iron—Epochs not sharply defined—Outlines of History—Superstitious Notions—Skull from Constatt—Stone hatchet from London—Cavern of Gailenreuth—Axes from Hoxne—Human jaw from Maestricht—Skeleton from Lahr—"ReliquiÆ DiluvianÆ"—Discoveries by Tournal and Christol—Engis and Enghihoul Caverns—Schmerling's labors—Lyell's opinions—Arrow mark on skull of Cave-Bear—Boucher de Perthes and the Valley of the Somme—Jaw of Moulin-Quignon—Kent's Hole—Fossil Man of Denise—Remains from the Manzanares—Cave of Aurignac—Lyell declares his belief—Lake-Dwellings of Switzerland Neanderthal Skull—Caverns near Torquay—Cave of Massat—Cave of Lourdes—Caverns of AriÉge—Tertiary at St. Prest—Implements near Gosport—Bones from Colmar—Implements near Bournemouth—Trou de la Naulette—Bones near Savonia—Reindeer Station—Foreland Cliff—Fossil Man of Mentone—Other Discoveries near Mentone. 11

CHAPTER II.
GLACIAL EPOCH.

Starting point for the investigation—Advance of the ice—Fauna of Europe—Geological Period—Probable Date—Probable Duration—Evidences of the Existence of Man—Implements from Hampshire—Flint tools at Bournemouth—Oval flint from Foreland Cliff—Implements from the Valley of the Somme—Jaw of Moulin-Quignon—Implements from the Seine—Axes near Madrid—Kent's Hole—Brixham Cave—Human jaw from Maestricht—Skeleton from Lahr—Cave of La Naulette—Implements from Hoxne—Bones from Colmar. 25

CHAPTER III.
GLACIAL—CONTINUED.

Belgian Caverns—Caverns of LiÉge—Engis Skull—Remarks of Prof. Huxley—Views of Busk, Schmerling, Buchner, and Vogt—Neanderthal Skull—Prof. Huxley, Dr. Buchner, and Dr. Fuhlrott on Geological time of Neanderthal Skull—Opinions of Huxley, Buchner, Schaaffhausen, and Busk—Skull from the Loess of the Rhine, Constatt, Cochrane's Cave, Island of MoËn, Minsk, and Plau—Borreby Skulls—Human skulls of Arno. 44

CHAPTER IV.
PRE-GLACIAL EPOCHS.

North America during the Tertiary—Europe—Climate—Fauna of Eocene—Of Miocene—Of Pliocene—Traces of Man—Opinions of Lyell, Lubbock, and A. R. Wallace—Man in the Pliocene—Hearth under Osars—Human bones from Savonia—Discoveries at St. Prest—Skull from Altaville—Prof. Denton's Statement—Man in the Miocene—Flints from Pontlevoy—Flint-flake from Aurillac—Marks on bones near Pouance—Implements from Colorado and Wyoming—Eocene—Glacial Periods during the Miocene. 58

CHAPTER V.
CONDITION OF MAN IN THE EARLIEST TIMES.

No knowledge of the first appearance of Man—Fauna of India during the Miocene—Intellect of Man—Contests with the Beasts—A weapon invented—Earliest type—Advancement slow—Climate changes—Sufferings of Man—Known by the Remains—Structure of the Neanderthal Man—Engis Man—Men both large and small—Animal structure of jaws from La Naulette and Moulin-Quignon. 63

CHAPTER VI.
INTER-GLACIAL EPOCH.

Condition of the earth—Numerous traces of Man—Cave of Aurignac—Conclusions of Lartet and Cartailhac—Caverns of Maccagnone—Wokey Hole—Fossil Man of Denise—Reindeer Station on the Schusse—Dr. Buchner's Conclusions. 68

CHAPTER VII.
CONDITION OF MAN IN THE INTER-GLACIAL.

Length of the Inter-Glacial—Man an improvable being—Implements improved—Art of engraving begun—Religious nature—Denton's description of primeval man—Language improved. 76

CHAPTER VIII.
REINDEER EPOCH.

Advance of the Glaciers—Fauna—-Reindeer epoch a distinct one—Evidences of the existence of Man—Caves of Central and Southern France—Implements from Les Eyzies—Relics from La Madeleine—Workshops of Laugerie-Haute and Laugerie-Basse—Cave and rock shelters of Bruniquel—Cave of Gourdan—Fossil Man of Mentone—Other remains near Mentone—Other bone caves of France—Belgian Caverns—Trou de Frontal—Trou Rosette—Trou des Nutons—Cave of Chaleux—Cave at Furfooz—Cave of Thayngen—Cave near Cracow. 79

CHAPTER IX.
MAN OF THE REINDEER EPOCH.

Man under a more favorable aspect—Type of—Dwellings—Clothing—Food—Cannibalism—The Arts—Traffic—Burial—Dupont's Report. 89

CHAPTER X.
NEOLITHIC EPOCH.

How characterized—Caves of this period—Contents of—Cave of Saint Jean d'Alcas—Danish Shell-Mounds—Danish Peat Bogs—Lake-Dwellings of Switzerland—Enumeration of—Robenhausen—Fauna and Flora of—Troyon and Keller on—Other Lake-Dwellings—Chronology. 94

CHAPTER XI.
MAN OF THE NEOLITHIC.

Type of—Advancement—Habitations—Clothing—Food—Arts and Manufactures—Vast number of implements discovered—War—Agriculture—Burial—Dolmens, Tumuli, Cromlechs, and Menhirs—Victims, or Cannibalism. 103

CHAPTER XII.
BRONZE EPOCH.

No direct relation to Antiquity of Man—How characterized—Type—Habitation and Food—Clothing—Implements—Arts—Agriculture—Fishing and Navigation—Burial—Religious Belief—Stone crescents. 108

CHAPTER XIII.
IRON EPOCH.

Civilization established—Swiss Lake-Dwellings—Dr. Keller's Observations. 112

CHAPTER XIV.
TRACES OF MAN IN AMERICA.

Great opportunities for the ArchÆologist—Aim of the chapter—Skull from Osage Mission—Comstock lode—Charcoal at Toronto—Knife from Kansas—Pelvic bone from Natchez—Skeleton from New Orleans—Remains from the reefs of Florida—Caverns of Brazil—Shell Heaps—Mound-Builders—Extent of Mounds—Implements of—Sacrificial—Sephulchral—Temple—Symbolical—Antiquity of—Fort Shelby—How long the Mound-Builders remained. 114

CHAPTER XV.
WRITTEN HISTORY.

Mystery of Ancient Empires—Rollin's difficulties—Egypt—Manetho's list—Statement of Herodotus—Mariette's explorations—Borings in the mud deposits of the Nile—Dr. Schliemann's discoveries at Troy—History of Chaldea by Berosus—Astronomical calculations—Chinese history—Mexican History. 123

CHAPTER XVI.
LANGUAGE.

A field for study—Three divisions of language—Rhematic period—Origin of—Various theories—Change of—Views of Ancients—Number of—Comparative permancy of written language. 132

CHAPTER XVII.
UNITY OF THE HUMAN RACE.

Objections to the Unity of the Race—Anatomical—Geographical—Disparity of—Non-existence of medium types—Phenomena caused by two united types—Objections answered—Both man and animals affected by climate, food, and condition—Examples—Argument from language—Ocean navigated by frail crafts—Examples—Captain Tyson and party—The two extremes exist in all nations, and even in families—People who have retrograded—Races will amalgamate and perpetuate their kind—Griquas—Papuas—Pitcairn Islanders—Law of hybridity—Close affinity of the races—Slow change of. 136

CHAPTER XVIII.
THE BIBLE.

Controversy—Perversion of meaning—Men of science branded—Design of the chapter—Creation—"Bara"—Day—Man's appearance—Two accounts—Case of Cain—Sons of God—Remarks of Dr. Livingstone—Doctrine of unity of the race—Chronology—The Deluge—Septuagint—Monarchies—The Dispersion—Opinion of Dr. Hedge—No supernatural aid in the formation of Language—What God may do does not imply what he has done—Dean Stanley on the Biblical account of Creation. 143