On the history of Sanskrit studies see especially Benfey, Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft, Munich, 1869. A very valuable work for Sanskrit Bibliography is the annual Orientalische Bibliographie, Berlin (begun in 1888). Page 1: Some inaccurate information about the religious ideas of the Brahmans may be found in Purchas, His Pilgrimage, or Relations of the World and the Religions observed in all Ages, 2nd ed., London, 1614; and Lord, A Discoverie of the Sect of the Banians [Hindus], London, 1630. Abraham Roger, Open Deure, 1631 (contains trans. of two centuries of Bhart?ihari). Page 2, Dugald Stewart, Philosophy of the Human Mind, part 2, chap. i. sect. 6 (conjectures concerning the origin of Sanskrit). C. W. Wall, D.D., An Essay on the Nature, Age, and Origin of the Sanskrit Writing and Language, Dublin, 1838. Halhed, A Code of Gentoo [Hindu] Law, or Ordinations of the Pandits, from a Persian translation, made from the original written in the Shanscrit language, 1776. Page 4: F. Schlegel, Ueber die Sprache und Weisheit der Inder, Heidelberg, 1808. Bopp, Conjugationssystem, Frankfort, 1816. Colebrooke, On the Vedas, in Asiatic Researches, Calcutta, 1805. P. 5: Roth, Zur Literatur und Geschichte des Veda, Stuttgart, 1846. BÖhtlingk and Roth’s Sanskrit-German Dictionary, 7 vols., St. Petersburg, 1852–75. BÜhler’s EncyclopÆdia of Indo-Aryan Research, Strasburg (the parts, some German, some English, began to appear in 1896). Page 6: See especially Aufrecht’s Catalogus Catalogorum (Leipsic, 1891; Supplement, 1896), which gives a list of Sanskrit MSS. in the alphabetical order of works and authors. Adalbert Kuhn, Herabkunft des Feuers, 1849; 2nd ed., GÜtersloh, 1886. Page 11: A valuable book on Indian chronology (based on epigraphic and numismatic sources) is Duff’s The Chronology of India, London, 1899. On the date of Buddha’s death, cf. Oldenberg, Buddha, Berlin, 3rd ed., 1897. Page 13: Fa Hian, trans. by Legge, Oxford, 1886; Hiouen Thsang, trans. by Beal, Si-yu-ki, London, 1884; I Tsing, trans. by Takakusu, Oxford, 1896. FÜhrer, Monograph on Buddha Sakyamuni’s Birthplace, Arch. Surv. of India, vol. xxvi., Allahabad, 1897; Alberuni’s India, trans. into English by Sachau, London, 1885. Page 14: Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, vol. i., 1877, vol. iii., 1888, Calcutta. Epigraphia Indica, Calcutta, from 1888.

Important Oriental journals are: Indian Antiquary, Bombay; Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlÄndischen Gesellschaft, Leipsic; Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, London (with a Bengal branch at Calcutta and another at Bombay); Journal Asiatique, Paris; Vienna Oriental Journal, Vienna; Journal of the American Oriental Society, New Haven, Conn. On the origin of Indian writing (pp. 14–20), see BÜhler, Indische PalÆographie, Strasburg, 1896, and On the Origin of the Indian Brahma Alphabet, Strasburg, 1898. Page 18: The oldest known Sanskrit MSS., now in the Bodleian Library, has been reproduced in facsimile by Dr. R. Hoernle, The Bower Manuscript, Calcutta, 1897. The Pali Kharosh?hi MS. is a Prakrit recension of the Dhammapada, found near Khotan; see Senart, Journal Asiatique, 1898, pp. 193–304. Page 27: The account here given of the Prakrit dialects is based mainly on a monograph of Dr. G. A. Grierson (who is now engaged on a linguistic survey of India), The Geographical Distribution and Mutual Affinities of the Indo-Aryan Vernaculars. On Pali literature, see Rhys Davids, Buddhism, its History and Literature, London, 1896. On Prakrit literature, see Grierson, The MediÆval Vernacular Literature of Hindustan, trans. of 7th Oriental Congress, Vienna, 1888, and The Modern Vernacular Literature of Hindustan, Calcutta, 1889.

On the text and metres of the Rigveda see especially Oldenberg, Die Hymnen des ?igveda, vol. i., Prolegomena, Berlin, 1888; on the accent, Wackernagel, Altindische Grammatik, vol. i. pp. 281–300 (full bibliography), GÖttingen, 1896; on the Rigveda in general, Kaegi, The Rigveda, English translation by Arrowsmith, Boston, 1886. Editions: Sam?hita text, ed. Max MÜller, London, 1873; Pada text, 1877; Sam?hita text (in Roman characters), ed. Aufrecht, Bonn, 1877 (2nd ed.); Sam?hita and Pada text with Saya?a’s commentary, 2nd ed., 4 vols., by Max MÜller, London, 1890–92. Selections in Lanman’s Sanskrit Reader (full notes and vocabulary); Peterson’s Hymns from the Rigveda (Bombay Sanskrit Series); A. Bergaigne and V. Henry’s Manuel pour Étudier le Sanskrit VÉdique, Paris, 1890; Windisch, ZwÖlf Hymnen des Rigveda, Leipzig, 1883; Hillebrandt, Vedachrestomathie, Berlin, 1885; BÖhtlingk, Sanskrit-Chrestomathie, 3rd ed., Leipsic, 1897. Translations: R. H. T. Griffith, The Rigveda metrically translated into English, 2 vols., Benares, 1896–97; Max MÜller, Vedic Hymns (to the Maruts, Rudra, Vayu, Vata; prose), in Sacred Books of the East, vol. xxxii., Oxford, 1891; Oldenberg, Vedic Hymns (to Agni in Books i.–v.: prose), ibid., vol. xlvi., 1897; A. Ludwig (German prose), 6 vols., Prag, 1876–88 (introduction, commentary, index). Lexicography: Grassmann, WÖrterbuch zum Rigveda, Leipsic, 1873; the Vedic portion of BÖhtlingk and Roth’s Lexicon and of BÖhtlingk’s smaller St. Petersburg Dictionary (Leipsic, 1879–89); Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford, 1899; Macdonell, Sanskrit-English Dictionary (for selected hymns), London, 1893. Grammar: Whitney, Sanskrit Grammar, 3rd ed., Leipzig, 1896; Wackernagel, op. cit., vol. i. (phonology); DelbrÜck, Altindische Syntax (vol. v. of Syntaktische Forschungen), Halle, 1888; Speijer, Vedische und Sanskrit Syntax in BÜhler’s EncyclopÆdia, Strasburg, 1896.

Consult especially Macdonell, Vedic Mythology, in BÜhler’s EncyclopÆdia, vol. iii. part 1 (complete bibliography), 1897; also Kaegi, op. cit.; Muir, Original Sanskrit Texts, vol. v., 3rd ed., London, 1884; Barth, The Religions of India, English trans., London, 1882; Hopkins, The Religions of India, Boston, 1895; Oldenberg, Die Religion des Veda, Berlin, 1894; Bergaigne, La Religion VÉdique, 3 vols., Paris, 1878–83; Pischel and Geldner, Vedische Studien, 2 vols., Stuttgart, 1889–92; Deussen, Allgemeine Geschichte der Philosophie, vol. i. part 1: Philosophie des Veda, Leipsic, 1894. On method of interpretation (pp. 59–64), cf. Muir, The Interpretation of the Veda, in the Journal of the Roy. As. Soc., 1866. Page 68: On the modification of the threefold division of the universe among the Greeks, cf. Kaegi, op. cit., note 118. P. 128: On dice in India and the Vibhidaka tree, cf. Roth in Gurupujakaumudi, pp. 1–4, Leipsic, 1896.

Consult especially Zimmer, Altindisches Leben, Berlin, 1879. On the home of the Rigvedic Aryans (p. 145) cf. Hopkins, The Panjab and the Rig-Veda, Journal of the Am. Or. Soc., 1898, p. 19 ff. On the Ham?sa (p. 150) cf. Lanman, The Milk-drinking Han?sas of Sanskrit Poetry, ibid., p. 151 ff. On the Vedic tribes (pp. 153–157), cf. Excursus I. in Oldenberg’s Buddha, Berlin, 1897. On the origin of the castes (p. 160) cf. Oldenberg, Journal of the Germ. Or. Soc., 1897, pp. 267–290; R. Fick, Die Sociale Gliederung im nordÖstlichen Indien zu Buddha’s Zeit, Kiel, 1897.

Samaveda: text with German trans. and glossary, ed. by Benfey, Leipsic, 1848; by Satyavrata SamaÇrami, Calcutta, 1873 (Bibl. Ind.), trans. by Griffith, Benares, 1893. Yajurveda: 1. Vajasaneyi Sam?hita, ed. Weber, with the comm. of Mahidhara, London, Berlin, 1852; trans. by Griffith, Benares, 1899; 2. Taittiriya Sam?hita, ed. (in Roman characters) Weber, Berlin, 1871–72 (vols. xi.–xii. of Indische Studien); also edited with the comm. of Madhava in the Bibl. Ind.; 3. Maitraya?i Sam?hita, ed. (with introduction) by L. v. Schroeder, Leipsic, 1881–86; 4. Ka?haka Sam?hita, ed. in preparation by the same scholar. Atharvaveda: text ed. Roth and Whitney, Berlin, 1856 (index verborum in the Journal of the Am. Or. Soc., vol. xii.); trans. into English verse by Griffith, 2 vols., Benares, 1897, and (with the omission of less important hymns) by Bloomfield into English prose, with copious notes, vol. xlii. of the Sacred Books of the East. Subject-matter: Bloomfield, The Atharvaveda in BÜhler’s EncyclopÆdia, Strasburg, 1899.

Aitareya Brahma?a, ed. Aufrecht, Bonn, 1879 (best edition); ed. and trans. by Haug, 2 vols., Bombay, 1863; Kaushitaki or Çankhayana Brahma?a, ed. Lindner, Jena, 1887; Aitareya Ara?yaka, ed. R. Mitra, Calcutta, 1876 (Bibl. Ind.); Kaushitaki Ara?yaka, unedited; Ta??ya Mahabrahma?a or Panchavim?Ça Brahma?a, ed. A. VedantavagiÇa, Calcutta, 1869–74 (Bibl. Ind.); Sha?vim?Ça Brahma?a, ed. J. Vidyasagara, 1881; ed. with trans. by Klemm, GÜtersloh, 1894; Samavidhana Brahma?a, ed. Burnell, London, 1873, trans. by Konow, Halle, 1893; Vam?Ça Brahma?a, ed. Weber, Indische Studien, vol. iv. pp. 371 ff., and by Burnell, Mangalore, 1873. Burnell also edited the Devatadhyaya Br., 1873, the Arsheya Br., 1876, Sam?hita Upanishad Br., 1877; Mantra Br., ed. S. SamaÇrami, Calc., 1890; Jaiminiya or Talavakara Br., ed. in part by Burnell, 1878, and by Oertel, with trans. and notes, in the Journal of the Am. Or. Soc., vol. xvi. pp. 79–260; Taittiriya Br., ed. R. Mitra, 1855–70 (Bibl. Ind.), N. Godabole, Anand. Ser., 1898; Taittiriya Ara?yaka, ed. H. N. Apte, Anand. Ser., Poona, 1898; Çatapatha Br., ed. Weber, Berlin, London, 1859; trans. by Eggeling in Sacred Books, 5 vols.; Gopatha Br., ed. R. Mitra and H. Vidyabhusha?a, 1872 (Bibl. Ind.), fully described in Bloomfield’s Atharvaveda, pp. 101–124, in BÜhler’s EncyclopÆdia, 1899. The most important work on the Upanishads in general is Deussen, Die Philosophie der Upanishads, Leipsic, 1899; trans. of several Upanishads by Max MÜller, Sacred Books, vols. i. and xv.; Deussen, Sechzig Upanishad’s (trans. with valuable introductions), Leipsic, 1897; a very useful book is Jacob, A Concordance to the Principal Upanishads and Bhagavadgita (Bombay Sanskrit Series), 1891. P. 226: Thirty-two Upanishads, ed. with comm. in AnandaÇrama Series, Poona, 1895; Aitareya Upanishad, ed. Roer, 1850 (Bibl. Ind.), also ed. in AnandaÇrama Series, 1889; Kaushitaki Brahma?a Upanishad, ed. Cowell, Calc., 1861 (Bibl. Ind.); Chhandogya Up., ed. with trans. by BÖhtlingk, Leipsic, 1889; also in Anand. Ser., 1890. P. 229: Kena or Talavakara, ed. Roer, Calc., 1850; also in Anand. Ser., 1889; Maitri Up., ed. Cowell, 1870 (Bibl. Ind.); ÇvetaÇvatara, ed. Roer, 1850, Anand. Ser. 1890; Ka?haka Up., ed. Roer, 1850, ed. with comm. by Apte, Poona, 1889, by Jacob, 1891; Taittiriya Up., ed. Roer, 1850, Anand. Ser., 1889; B?ihadara?yaka Up., ed. and trans. by BÖhtlingk, Leipzig, 1889, also ed. in Anand. Ser., 1891; IÇa Up., ed. in Anand. Ser., 1888; Mu??aka Up., ed. Roer, 1850, Apte, Anand. Ser., 1889, Jacob, 1891; PraÇna Up., Anand. Ser., 1889, Jacob, 1891; Ma??ukya Up., Anand. Ser., 1890, Jacob, 1891; ed. with Eng. trans. and notes, Bombay, 1895; Mahanaraya?a Up., ed. by Jacob, with comm., Bombay Sansk. Ser., 1888; N?isim?hatapaniya Up., Anand. Ser., 1895. P. 242: The parallelism of Çankara and Plato is rather overstated; for Plato, on the one hand, did not get rid of Duality, and, on the other, only said that Becoming is not true Being.

On the sutras in general consult Hillebrandt, Ritual-Litteratur, in BÜhler’s EncyclopÆdia, 1897; AÇvalayana Çrauta Sutra, ed. R. Vidyaaratna, Calc., 1864–74 (Bibl. Ind.); Çankhayana Çrauta, ed. Hillebrandt, 1885–99 (Bibl. Ind.); La?yayana Çrauta, ed. A. VagiÇa, Calc., 1870–72 (Bibl. Ind.); MaÇaka and Drahyaya?a Çrauta, unedited; Katyayana Çrauta, ed. Weber, London, Berlin, 1855; Apastamba Çrauta, in part ed. by Hillebrandt, Calc., 1882–97 (Bibl. Ind.); Vaitana Sutra, ed. Garbe, London, 1878; trans. by Garbe, Strasburg, 1878. AÇvalayana G?ihya Sutra, ed. with trans. by Stenzler, Leipsic, 1864–65; ed. with comm. and notes, Bombay, 1895; trans. in Sacred Books, vol. xxix.; Çankhayana G?ihya, ed. and trans. into German by Oldenberg, Indische Studien, vol. xv.; Eng. trans. in Sacred Books, vol. xxix.; Gobhila G?ihya, ed. with comm. by Ch. Tarkalam?kara, Calc., 1880 (Bibl. Ind.); ed. by Knauer, Dorpat, 1884; trans. by Knauer, Dorpat, 1887; trans. in Sacred Books, vol. xxx.; Paraskara G?ihya, ed. and trans. by Stenzler, Leipsic, 1876; trans. in Sacred Books, vol. xxix.; Apastamba G?ihya, ed. Winternitz, Vienna, 1887; trans. in Sacred Books, vol. xxx.; Hira?yakeÇi G?ihya, ed. Kirste, Vienna, 1889; trans. Sacred Books, vol. xxx.; Mantrapa?ha, ed. Winternitz, Oxford, 1897; Manava G?ihya, ed. Knauer, Leipsic, 1897; KauÇika Sutra, ed. Bloomfield, New Haven, 1890; Pit?imedha Sutras of Baudhayana, Hira?yakeÇin, Gautama, ed. Caland, Leipsic, 1896. Apastamba Dharma Sutra, ed. BÜhler, Bombay Sansk. Ser., two parts, 1892 and 1894; Baudhayana Dh. S., ed. Hultzsch, Leipsic, 1884; Gautama Dharma Çastra, ed. Stenzler, London, 1876; Vasish?ha Dharma Çastra, ed. FÜhrer, Bombay, 1883; Hira?yakeÇi Dharma Sutra, unedited; Vaikhanasa Dharma Sutra, described by Bloch, Vienna, 1896; Apastamba, Gautama, Vasish?ha, Baudhayana, trans. by BÜhler, Sacred Books, 2nd ed., Oxford, 1897. Rigveda PratiÇakhya, ed. with German trans, by Max MÜller, Leipsic, 1856–69; ed. with Uva?a’s comm., Benares, 1894; Riktantravyakara?a (Sama Pr.), ed., trans. Burnell, Mangalore, 1879; Taittiriya Prat., ed. Whitney, Journ. of the Am. Or. Soc., vol. ix., 1871; Vajasaneyi Prat., ed. with comm. of Uva?a, Benares Sansk. Series, 1888; Atharvaveda Prat., ed. Whitney, Journal Am. Or. Soc., vols. vii. and x. The Çulva Sutra of Baudhayana, ed. and trans. by Thibaut, in the Pandit, vol. ix.; cf. his article on the Çulvasutras in the Jour. of As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xliv., Calc. 1875. Six Vedangas, Sanskrit text, Bombay, 1892; Yaska’s Nirukta, ed. R. Roth, GÖttingen, 1852; ed. with comm. by S. SamaÇrami (Bibl. Ind.); Sarvanukrama?i, ed. Macdonell, Oxford, 1886 (together with Anuvakanukrama?i and Sha?guruÇishya’s comm.); Arshanukrama?i, Chhandonukrama?i, B?ihaddevata, ed. R. Mitra, 1892 (Bibl. Ind.); Pingala’s Chhandah? Sutra, ed. in Bibl. Ind., 1874; in Weber’s Indische Studien, vol. viii. (which is important as treating of Sanskrit metres in general); Nidana Sutra, partly edited, ibid.; Sarvanukrama Sutras of White Yajurveda, ed. by Weber in his ed. of that Veda; ed. with comm., Benares Sansk. Ser., 1893–94; Chara?avyuha, ed. Weber, Ind. Stud., vol. iii. On Madhava see Klemm in Gurupujakaumudi, Leipsic, 1896.

On the Mahabharata in general, consult especially Holtzmann, Das Mahabharata, 4 vols., Kiel, 1892–95; BÜhler, Indian Studies, No. II., Trans. of Imp. Vienna Academy, 1892; cf. also Jacobi in GÖttinger Gelehrte Anzeigen, vol. viii. 659 ff.; Winternitz, Journal of the Roy. As. Soc., 1897, p. 713 ff.; Indian Antiquary, vol. xxvii. Editions: 5 vols., Bombay, 1888, Calc. 1894; trans. into Eng. prose at the expense of Pratapa Chandra Ray, Calc., 1896; literal trans. into Eng. by M. N. Dutt, 5 vols., Calc., 1896. Episode of Savitri, ed. Kellner, with introd. and notes, Leipsic, 1888; Nala, text in BÜhler’s Third Book of Sanskrit, Bombay, 1877; text, notes, vocabulary, Kellner, 1885; text, trans., vocab., Monier-Williams, Oxford, 1876. On the Pura?as in general, consult introd. of H. H. Wilson’s trans. of the Vish?u P., 5 vols., ed. Fitzedward Hall, 1864–70; Holtzmann, op. cit., vol. iv. pp. 29–58; Garu?a P., ed. Bombay, 1888; ed. Vidyasagara, Calc., 1891; Agni, ed. R. Mitra, Bibl. Ind., 1870–79, J. Vidyasagara, Calc., 1882; Vayu, ed. R. Mitra, Bibl. Ind., 1888; Bombay, 1895; Matsya, Bombay, 1895; Kurma, Bibl. Ind., 1890; Marka??eya, ed. Bibl. Ind., 1855–62; trans. by Pargiter, Bibl. Ind., 1888–99, by C. C. Mukharji, Calc., 1894; Padma, ed. V. N. Mandlik, 4 vols., Anand. Ser., 1894; Vish?u, ed. with comm., Bombay, 1887; five parts, Calc., 1888; prose trans. by M. N. Dutt., Calc., 1894; Wilson, op. cit.; Bhagavata, ed. with three comm., 3 vols., Bombay, 1887; 2 vols., Nir?aya Sagara Press, Bombay, 1894; ed. and trans. by Burnouf, 4 vols., Paris, 1840–47, 1884; Brahma, ed. Anand. Ser., 1895; Varaha, Bibl. Ind., 1887–93. On the Ramaya?a in general, consult Jacobi, Das Ramaya?a Bonn, 1893; also Journal of the Germ. Or Soc., vol. xlviii. p. 407 ff., vol. li. p. 605 ff.; Ludwig, Ueber das Ramaya?a, Prag, 1894; Baumgartner, Das Ramaya?a, Freiburg i B., 1894; Bombay recension, ed. Gorresio, Turin, 1843–67; with three comm., 3 vols., Bombay, 1895; Bengal recension, Calc., 1859–60; trans. by Griffith into Eng. verse, Benares, 1895; into Eng. prose, M. N. Dutt, Calc., 1894.

On the age of Kavya poetry consult especially BÜhler, Die indischen Inschriften und das Alter der indischen Kunstpoesie, in Trans. of the Imp. Vienna Academy, Vienna, 1890; Fleet, Corpus Inscr. Ind., vol. iii., Calcutta, 1888. On the Vikrama era see Kielhorn, GÖttinger Nachrichten, 1891, pp. 179–182, and on the Malava era, Ind. Ant., xix. p. 316; on the chronology of Kalidasa, Huth, Die Zeit des Kalidasa, Berlin, 1890. Buddha-charita, ed. Cowell, Oxford, 1893; trans. by Cowell, Sacred Books, vol. xlix. Raghuvam?Ça, ed. Stenzler, with Latin trans., London, 1832; ed. with Mallinatha’s comm., by S. P. Pandit, Bombay Sansk. Ser.; text with Eng. trans. by Jvalaprasad, Bombay, 1895; ed. K. P. Parab, with Mallinatha, Nir?aya Sagara Pr., Bombay, 1892; i.–vii., with Eng. trans., notes, comm. of Mallinatha, and extracts from comm. of Bha??a Hemadri, Charitravardhana, Vallabha, by G. R. Nangargika, Poona, 1896. Kumara-sambhava, ed. with Latin trans. by Stenzler, London, 1838; cantos i.–vi., ed. with Eng. trans. and comm. of Mallinatha, by S. G. Despande, Poona, 1887; second part, with full comm., ed. by J. Vidyasagara, 4th ed., Calc., 1887; ed. with comm. of Mallinatha (i.–vii.) and of Sitaram (viii.–xvii.), 3rd ed., Nir?aya Sagara Press, Bombay, 1893; ed. with three commentaries, Bombay, 1898; trans. by Griffith, London, 1879. Bha??ikavya, ed. Calc., 1628; cantos i.–v., with comm. of Jayamangala, English trans., notes, glossary, by M. R. Kale, Bombay, 1897; with comm. of Mallinatha and notes by K. P. Trivedi, Bombay Sansk. Ser., 2 vols., 1898; German trans. of xviii.–xxii., by SchÜtz, Bielefeld, 1837. Kiratarjuniya, ed. by J. Vidyasagara, Calc., 1875; with Mallinatha’s comm., Nir?aya Sagara Press, Bombay, 1885; cantos i.–ii., trans. by SchÜtz, Bielefeld, 1843. ÇiÇupalavadha, ed. with Mallinatha’s comm., by Vidyasagara, 1884; also at Benares, 1883; German trans. by SchÜtz, cantos i.–ix., Bielefeld, 1843. Naishadhiya-charita, ed. with comm. of Naraya?a, by Pandit Sivadatta, Bombay, 1894. Nalodaya, ed. Vidyasagara, Calc., 1873; German trans. by Shack, in Stimmen vom Ganges, 2nd ed., 1877; Raghavapa??aviya, ed. with comm. in the Kavyamala, No. 62. Dhanam?jaya’s Raghavapa??aviya, quoted in Ga?aratnamahodadhi, A.D. 1140, is an imitation of Kaviraja’s work: cf. ZachariÆ in BÜhler’s EncyclopÆdia, pp. 27–28. For a modern Sanskrit drama constructed on a similar principle see Scherman’s Orientalische Bibliographie, vol. ix., 1896, p. 258, No. 4605. Haravijaya, ed. in Kavyamala, 1890; see BÜhler, Detailed Report, p. 43, Bombay, 1877. Navasahasankacharita, ed. Bombay Sansk. Series, 1895; see BÜhler and ZachariÆ in Trans. of Vienna Acad., 1888. Setubandha (in the Maharash?ri dialect), ed. with trans. by S. Goldschmidt, 1884; ed. in Kavyamala, No. 47, Bombay, 1895. Vasavadatta, ed. with introd. by Fitzedward Hall, Bibl. Ind., 1859; ed. with comm. by J. Vidyasagara, Calc., 1874. Kadambari, ed. P. Peterson, Bomb. Sansk. Ser., 1889; ed. with comm. in Nir?aya Sagara Press, Bombay, 1896; with comm. and notes by M. R. Kale, Poona, 1896; trans., with occasional omissions, by C. M. Ridding, Royal As. Soc, London, 1896. Harshacharita, ed. by J. Vidyasagara, Calc., 1883; ed. with comm., Jammu, 1879; Bombay, 1892; trans. by Cowell and Thomas, Roy. As. Soc. London, 1897. DaÇakumara-charita, Part i., ed. BÜhler, Bomb. Sansk. Ser., 2nd ed., 1888; Part ii., P. Peterson, ibid., 1891; ed. P. Banerji, Calc., 1888.

Meghaduta, ed. with vocab. by Stenzler, Breslau, 1874; with comm. of Mallinatha, Nir?aya Sagara Press, Bombay, 1894; ed. by K. B. Pathak, Poona, 1894. Eng. verse trans, by Wilson, 3rd ed., London, 1867; by T. Clark, London, 1882; into German by Max MÜller, KÖnigsberg, 1847, by SchÜtz, Bielefield, 1859, Fritze, Chemnitz, 1879. ?itusam?hara, ed. with Latin and German trans. by P. v. Bohlen, Leipsic, 1840; with notes and Eng. trans. by Sitaram Ayyar, Bombay, 1897. Gha?akarpara, ed. Brockhaus, 1841, trans. into German by HÖfer (in Indische Gedichte, vol. ii.). ChaurapanchaÇika, ed. and trans. into German by Solf, Kiel, 1886; trans. by Edwin Arnold, London, 1896. Bhart?ihari’s Centuries, ed. with comm., Bombay, 1884, trans. into Eng. verse by Tawney, Calc., 1877; Ç?ingara-Çataka, ed. Calc. 1888. Ç?ingaratilaka, ed. Gildemeister, Bonn, 1841. AmaruÇataka, ed. R. Simon, Kiel, 1893. SaptaÇataka of Hala, ed. with prose German trans. by Weber, Leipsic, 1881 (in Abhandlungen fÜr die Kunde des Morgenlandes, vol. viii., No. 4). Mayura’s Surya-Çataka, or Hundred Stanzas in praise of the Sun, ed. in Kavyamala, 1889. Gitagovinda, ed. J. Vidyasagara, Calc., 1882; Bombay, Nir. Sag. Pr., 1899; trans. into German by RÜckert, vol. i. of Abhandlungen fÜr die Kunde des Morgenlandes, Leipsic.

On the Sanskrit drama in general, consult especially H. H. Wilson, Select Specimens of the Theatre of the Hindus, 2 vols., 3rd ed., London, 1871; Sylvain LÉvi, Le ThÉÂtre Indien, Paris, 1890. Çakuntala, Bengal recension, ed. by Pischel, Kiel, 1877; Devanagari recension, Monier-Williams, 2nd ed., Oxford, 1876; M. R. Kale, Bombay, 1898; trans. by Monier-Williams, 6th ed., London, 1894; into German by RÜckert, Leipsic, 1876; Fritze, 1876; Lobedanz, 7th ed., Leipsic, 1884; there are also a South Indian and a Kashmir recension (cf. BÜhler, Report, p. lxxxv). VikramorvaÇi, ed. S. P. Pandit, Bombay, 1879; Vaidya, 1895; South Indian recension, ed. Pischel, 1875; trans. Wilson, op. cit.; Cowell, Hertford, 1851; Fritze, Leipsic, 1880. Malavikagnimitra, ed. Bollensen, Leipsic, 1879; S. P. Pandit, Bombay, 1869, S. S. Ayyar, Poona, 1896; trans. by Tawney, 2nd ed., Calc., 1891; into German by Weber, Berlin, 1856; Fritze, Leipsic, 1881. M?icchaka?ika, ed. Stenzler, Bonn, 1847; J. Vidyasagara, 2nd ed., Calc., 1891; trans. by Wilson, op. cit.; into German by BÖhtlingk, St. Petersburg, 1877; by Fritze, Chemnitz, 1879. Ratnavali, ed. Cappeller, in Bohtlingk’s Sanskrit-Chrestomathie, 1897; with comm. Nir. Sag. Pr., Bombay, 1895; trans. by Wilson, op. cit.; into German by Fritze, Chemnitz, 1878. Nagananda, ed. J. Vidyasagara, Calc., 1873; ed. Poona, 1893; trans. by Palmer Boyd, with preface by Cowell, London, 1872. Ba?a’s Parvatipari?aya, ed. with trans. by T. R. R. Aiyar, Kumbakonam, 1898; Germ. by Glaser, Trieste, 1886. Malatimadhava, ed. R. G. Bhandarkar, Bombay, 1876; trans. by Wilson, op. cit.; by Fritze, Leipsic, 1884. Mahavira-charita, ed. Trithen, London, 1848; K. P. Parab, Bombay, 1892; trans. by J. Pickford, London, 1871. Uttararamacharita, ed. with comm. and trans., Nagpur, 1895; ed. with comm. by Aiyar and Parab, Nir?aya Sagara Press, 1899; trans. by Wilson, op. cit. Mudrarakshasa, ed. Telang, Bombay, 1893; trans. by Wilson, op. cit.; into German by Fritze, Leipsic, 1887. Ve?isam?hara, ed. K. P. Parab, Nir?aya Sagara Press, Bombay, 1898; N. B. Godabale, Poona, 1895; Grill, Leipsic, 1871; trans. into English by S. M. Tagore, Calc., 1880. ViddhaÇalabhanjika, ed. J. Vidyasagara, Calc., 1883. Karpuramanjari, ed. in vol. vii. of The Pandit, Benares. Balaramaya?a, ed. Govinda Deva Çastri, Benares, 1869; J. Vidyasagara, Calc., 1884. Pracha??apa??ava, ed. Cappeller, Strasburg, 1885. (On RajaÇekhara, cf. Kielhorn, Epigr. Ind., part iv. 1889; Fleet in Ind. Antiq., vol. xvi. pp. 175–178; Jacobi in Vienna Or. Journal, vol. ii. pp. 212–216). Cha??akauÇika, ed. J. Vidyasagara, Calcutta, 1884; trans. by Fritze (KauÇika’s Zorn). Prabodhachandrodaya, ed. Nir. Sag. Pr., Bombay, 1898; trans. into German by GoldstÜcker, with preface by Rosenkranz, KÖnigsberg, 1842; also trans. by Hirzel, ZÜrich, 1846; Taylor, Bombay, 1886.

Panchatantra, ed. Kosegarten, Bonn, 1848; by Kielhorn and BÜhler in Bomb. Sansk. Ser.; these two editions represent two considerably divergent recensions; trans. with very valuable introd. by Benfey, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1859; English trans., Trichinopoli, 1887; German by Fritze, Leipsic, 1884. The abstract of the Panchatantra in Kshemendra’s B?ihatkathamanjari, introd., text, trans., notes, by Mankowski, Leipsic, 1892. HitopadeÇa, ed. F. Johnson, London, 1884; P. Peterson in Bomb. Sansk. Ser. Kamandakiya Nitisara, ed. with trans. and notes, Madras, 1895; text ed. by R. Mitra, Bibl. Ind. Calc., 1884. Çivadasa’s Vetalapanchavim?Çatika, ed. H. Uhle (in Abhandlungen der deutschen morgenl. Gesell. vol. viii., No. 1), Leipsic, 1881. Sir R. F. Burton, Vikram and the Vampire, new ed., London, 1893. Sim?hasana-dvatrim?Çika, ed. (Dwatringshat puttalika), J. Vidyasagara, Calc., 1881. Çukasaptati, ed. R. Schmidt, Leipsic, 1893 (Abh. f. d. Kunde d. Morgenlandes), Munich, 1898; trans., Kiel, 1894; Stuttgart, 1898. Kathasaritsagara, ed. trans. by Brockhaus, Leipsic (Books i.–v.) 1839, (vi.–xviii.) 1862–66; ed. Bomb., 1889; trans. by Tawney in Bibl. Ind., 1880–87. B?ihatkathamanjari, chaps. i.–viii., ed. and trans. by Sylvain LÉvi in Journal Asiatique, 1886. Jataka-mala, ed. Kern, Boston, 1891; trans. by Speijer in Sacred Books of the Buddhists, vol. i., London, 1895. KathakoÇa, trans. by C. H. Tawney from Sanskrit MSS., Royal As. Soc., London, 1895. Pali Jatakas, ed. by FausbÖll, London, (completed) 1897; three vols. of trans. under supervision of Cowell have appeared, I. by Chalmers, Cambridge, 1895; II. by Rouse, 1895; III. by Francis and Neil, 1897. Warren, Buddhism in Translations, Harvard, 1896. Bhart?ihari’s Niti and Vairagya Çatakas, ed. and trans., Bombay, 1898 (on Bhart?ihari and Kumarila see Pathak in Journ. of Bombay Branch of Roy. As. Soc., xviii. pp. 213–238). Mohamudgara, trans. by U. K. BanerjÏ, Bhawanipur, Bengal, 1892. Cha?akya Çatakas, ed. Klatt, 1873. On the Nitimanjari cf. Kielhorn, GÖttinger Nachrichten, 1891, pp. 182–186; A. B. Keith, Journ. Roy. As. Soc. 1900. Çarngadhara-paddhati, ed. Peterson, Bombay, 1888. Subhashitavali, ed. Peterson and Durgaprasada, Bombay, 1886. BÖhtlingk’s Indische SprÜche, 2nd edition, 2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1870–73; index by Blau, Leipsic, 1893. Dhammapada, trans. by Max MÜller in Sacred Books of the East, vol. x., 2nd revised edition, Oxford, 1898.

On Indian philosophy in general see Garbe’s useful little book, Philosophy of Ancient India, Chicago, 1897; F. Max MÜller, Six Systems of Indian Philosophy, London, 1899. Garbe, Sankhya Philosophie, Leipsic, 1894; Sankhya und Yoga in BÜhler’s EncyclopÆdia, Strasburg, 1896 (complete bibliography); Sankhya-karika, text with comm. of Gau?apada, ed. and trans. by Colebrooke and Wilson, Oxford, 1837, reprinted Bombay, 1887; ed. in Benares Sansk. Ser., 1883; trans. Ballantyne (Bibl. Ind.); Sankhyapravachana-bhashya, ed. by Garbe, Harvard, 1895, trans. into German, Leipsic, 1889; Aniruddha’s comm. on Sankhya Sutras, trans. by Garbe, Bibl. Ind., Calc., 1888–92; Sankhya-tattva-kaumudi, ed. with Eng. trans., Bombay, 1896, trans. by Garbe, Munich, 1892; Çankara’s Rajayogabhashya, trans. Madras, 1896; Svatmarama’s Ha?hayogapradipa, trans. by Walther, Munich, 1893; Ha?hayoga Gheranda Sanhita, trans. Bombay, 1895. On fragments of PanchaÇikha cf. Garbe in Festgruss an Roth, p. 74 ff., Stuttgart, 1893; Jacobi on Sankhya-Yoga as foundation of Buddhism, Journ. of Germ. Or. Soc., 1898, pp. 1–15; Oldenberg, Buddha, 3rd ed. Mimam?sa-darÇana, ed. with comm. of Çabara Svamin (Bibl. Ind.), Calc., 1887; Tantravarttika, ed. Benares, 1890; Çlokavarttika, fasc. i., ii., ed. with comm., Benares, 1898; Jaiminiya-nyaya-mala-vistara, ed. in Anand. Ser. 1892. Arthasam?graha, as introd. to Mimam?sa, ed. and trans. by Thibaut, Benares, 1882. Most important book on Vedanta: Deussen, System des Vedanta, Leipsic, 1883; Deussen, Die Sutra’s des Vedanta, text with trans. of Sutras and complete comm. of Çankara, Leipsic, 1887. Brahma Sutras, with Çankara’s comm., ed. in Anand. Ser., 1890–91; Vedanta Sutras, trans. by Thibaut in Sacred Books, vol. xxxiv., Oxford, 1890, and xxxviii., 1896. PanchadaÇi, ed. with Eng. trans., Bombay, 1895. On date of Çankara cf. Fleet in Ind. Ant., xvi. 41–42. Vedanta-siddhanta-muktavali, ed. with Eng. trans. by Venis, Benares, 1890. Vedantasara, ed. Jacob, with comm. and notes, Bombay, 1894, trans. 3rd ed., London, 1892. Bhagavadgita with Çankara’s comm., Anand. Ser., 1897, trans. in Sacred Books, vol. viii., 2nd ed., Oxford, 1898; by Davies, 3rd ed., 1894. Nyaya Sutras in Vizianagram Sansk. Ser., vol. ix., Benares, 1896. Nyayakandali of Çridhara, ibid., vol. iv., 1895. Nyaya-kusumanjali (Bibl. Ind.), Calc., 1895. VaiÇeshika-darÇana, ed. with comm., Calc., 1887. Saptapadarthi, ed. with comm., Benares, 1893; text with Latin trans. by Winter, Leipsic, 1893. Tarkasam?graha, ed. J. Vidyasagara, Calc., 1897; ed. with comm., Bombay Sansk. Ser., 1897; text and trans. by Ballantyne, Allahabad, 1850. SarvadarÇana-sam?graha, ed. by T. Tarkavachaspati, Calc., 1872; trans. by Cowell and Gough, 2nd ed., London, 1894.

M’Crindle, Ancient India as Described by Classical Authors, 5 vols., especially vol. v., Invasion of India by Alexander, London, 1896. Weber, Die Griechen in Indien, in Transactions (Sitzungsberichte) of the Roy. Prussian Acad., Berlin, 1890. Sylvain LÉvi, Quid de GrÆcis veterum Indorum monumenta tradiderint, Paris, 1890; also La GrÈce et l’Inde (in Revue des Etudes Grecques), Paris, 1891. Goblet d’Alviella, Ce que l’Inde doit À la GrÈce, Paris, 1897; also Les Grecs dans l’Inde, and Des Influences Classiques dans la Culture Scientifique et LittÉraire de l’Inde, in vols. xxxiii., xxxiv. (1897) of Bulletin de l’AcadÉmie Royale de Belgique. L. de la VallÉe Poussin, La GrÈce et l’Inde, in MusÉe Belge, vol. ii. pp. 126–152. Vincent A. Smith, GrÆco-Roman Influence on the Civilisation of Ancient India in Journal of As. Soc. of Bengal, 1889–92. O. Franke, Beziehungen der Inder zum Westen, Journ. of Germ. Or. Soc., 1893, pp. 595–609. M. A. Stein in Indian Antiquary, vol. xvii. p. 89. On foreign elements in Indian art see Cunningham, ArchÆological Survey of India, vol. v. pp. 185 ff.; GrÜnwedel, Buddhistische Kunst, Berlin, 1893; E. Curtius, Griechische Kunst in Indien, pp. 235–243 in vol. ii. of Gesammelte Abhandlungen, Berlin, 1894; W. Simpson, The Classical Influence in the Architecture of the Indus Region and Afghanistan, in the Journal of the Royal Institution of British Architects, vol. i. (1894), pp. 93–115. P. 413: On the Çakas and Kushanas, see Rapson, Indian Coins, pp. 7 and 16, in BÜhler’s EncyclopÆdia, Strasburg, 1898. On the relation of Indian to Greek fables, cf. Weber in Indische Studien, vol. iii. p. 327 ff. Through the medium of Indian fables and fairy tales, which were so popular in the Middle Ages, the magic mirror and ointment, the seven-league boots, the invisible cap, and the purse of Fortunatus (cf. Burnell, Samavidhana Brahma?a, preface, p. xxxv), found their way into Western literature. For possible Greek influence on Indian drama, cf. Windisch, in Trans. of the Fifth Oriental Congress, part ii., Berlin, 1882. On chess in Sanskrit literature, cf. Macdonell, Origin and Early History of Chess, in Journ. Roy. As. Soc., 1898. On Indian influence on Greek philosophy, cf. Garbe in Sankhya und Yoga, p. 4. L. von Schroeder, Buddhismus und Christenthum, Reval, 2nd ed., 1898. P. 422–23: It seems quite possible to account for the ideas of the Neo-Platonists from purely Hellenic sources, without assuming Indian influence. On the relation of Çakuntala to Schiller (AlpenjÄger) and Goethe (Faust), cf. Sauer, in Korrespondenzblatt fÜr die Gelehrten und Realschulen WÜrttembergs, vol. xl. pp. 297–304; W. von Biedermann, Goetheforschungen, Frankfurt a/M., 1879, pp. 54 ff. (Çakuntala and Faust). On Sanskrit literature and modern poets (Heine, Matthew Arnold), cf. Max MÜller, Coincidences, in the Fortnightly Review, New Series, vol. lxiv. (July 1898), pp. 157–162.