A-, prefixed signifies absence; as aseptate, without septa.

Abbreviations:	cm.	=	centimeter.
	mm.	=	millimeter.
	µ	=	micron.
	in.	=	inch.
	´	=	inch or inches.
		=	line(1/12 inch) or lines.
	nov. gen.	=	new genus.
	n. sp.	=	new species.
		×	between two figures signifies by; 2×4 = 2 by 4.
		-	between two figures = to; 2–4 = from 2 to 4.

Aber´rant (aberran(t-)s, ppr. of aberrare, stray from, < ab, from, + errare, to stray), differing in some of its characters from the group in which it is placed, said of a plant, species, genus.

Abjec´tion (abjectio(n-), act of casting away, abicere, abjicere, < ab, away, + jacere, throw), throwing off with force, as spores or seeds; expulsion.

Abjoint´ (ab, from, + junctus, adjoining), to joint off or delimit by septa or partitions.

Abnor´mal (abnormis, deviating from a fixed rule, irregular, < ab, from, + norma, a rule), not conforming to the usual type; irregular, unnatural.

Abor´tive (abortivus, born prematurely), imperfect or wanting.

Abrupt´ (abruptus, steep, disconnected, < ab, off, + rumpere, break), terminating suddenly.

Abstric´tion (abstrictus, ppr. of abstringere, < abs, from, + stringere, bind), separation of one part from another by constriction, especially of spores from their hyphÆ.

Acaules´cent, Acau´line, Acau´lose, Acau´lous (caulis, a stem or stalk of a plant), having a very short stem or none; stemless.

Ac´erose (acerosus, chaffy), narrow, stiff and pointed like spruce needles; intermediate in form between acicular and subulate.

Acetab´uliform (acetabulum, a cup-shaped vessel; forma, form), cup-shaped, having the form of a shallow bowl.

Ach´roous (Gr—priv. + Gr—color), colorless, achromatic.

Acic´ula (pl. AciculÆ)(a needle, a small pin, dim. of acus, a needle), a needle-shaped spine, prickle or other body.

Acic´ular, Acic´ulate, Ac´iform (acicula, a small pin or needle), needle-shaped, having a sharp point like a needle, as pine leaves.

Ac´rogen (Gr—at the top, + Gr—born, produced), a cryptogam which increases by development [of an apical cell] at the summit of an axis, having a true stem, leaf-like appendages, etc., as ferns, mosses, etc.

Acrog´enous (as acrogen + ous), (a) produced at the apex, as some spores from the apex of a hyphal branch; (b) of the nature of or pertaining to acrogens.

Acrop´etal (Gr—the top, + L.—petere, seek), developing from below upward, or from the base toward the apex.

Acu´leate, Acu´leated (aculeatus, furnished with prickles or stings), slender-pointed.

Acu´leus (pl. Acu´lei) (a sting, prickle, spine, dim. of acus, a needle), a prickle.

Acu´minate (acumen, a point or extremity), terminating in a long drawn point.

Acute´ (acutus, sharp), sharp, applied to gills having sharp edges or pointed at either end.

Ad´nate (adnatus, grown to, pp. adnasci, to grow to), growing into or fast to; of gills, e. g. closely attached to the stem.

Adnexed´ (adnexus, connected), of gills attached to the stem, but not adnate to it.

Adpressed´ (adpressus, pp. of adprimere, < ad, to; premere, to press), pressed in close contact but not adherent.

Adventi´tious (adventitius, prop. adventicius, coming from abroad, < adventus, pp. of advenire, come to, arrive at), appearing casually, or in an abnormal or unusual position or place.

Æru´ginose, Æru´ginous (Æruginosus, < Ærugo, rust of copper), verdigris-green.

Affin´ity (affinita(t-)s, < affinis, neighboring, related by marriage), morphological relationship; resemblance in general plan of structure.

Agam´ic, Ag´amous (Gr—unmarried + ic), sexless.

Ag´amogen´esis (Gr—unmarried, + Gr—production), non-sexual reproduction.

Agam´ospore (Gr—unmarried, + spora, spore), spore formed without fertilization.

Ag´aric (agaricum, a kind of tree-fungus used as tinder, named, according to Dioscorides, from the country of the Agari in Sarmatia, where this fungus abounded), any gill-bearing fungus; formerly applied only to members of the genus Agaricus.

Agar´icioid, of the nature of an agaric; mushroom-like.

Agglom´erate (agglomeratus, pp. of agglomerare, adglomerare, wind into a ball, < ad, to, + glomerare, wind into a ball), (a) clustered densely, but not connected together; (b) gathered into a rounded mass or into a compacted heap or pile.

Agglu´tinated (agglutinatus, pp. adglutinare, paste to), glued to a surface; grown together fast; applied to fungi that are firmly attached to matrix.

Ag´gregate, Ag´gregated (aggregatus, pp. adgregare, lead to a flock; add to), collected together but not cohering.

Albu´minoid (albumen + oid), an organic substance containing nitrogen in its composition, as proteids.

Allan´toid (Gr—a sausage, + Gr—form), sausage-shaped; narrowly oblong.

Allia´ceous (allium, garlic, + aceous), having the odor of onions.

Aluta´ceous (alutacius, < aluta, soft leather), having the quality or color of tanned leather; leathery.

Alveo´late (alveolatus, hollowed out, < alveolus, a small hollow), with small depressions like a shallow honeycomb, pitted.

Amor´phous (Gr—without form, shapeless, misshapen), without definite form, structure or position.

Am´phigen (Gr—around, + Gr—produce), a thallogen; a name applied to a cryptogam which increases by development of cellular tissue in all directions and not at the summit of a distinct axis. See Acrogen.

Amphig´enous (Gr—about; Gr—to beget), not confined to one surface, growing all around; e. g., hymenium of Clavaria.

Amyg´daline (amygdalinus, < amygdala, almond), resembling the almond.

Amyla´ceous (amylum, starch, + aceous), composed of, containing or resembling starch.

Am´ylum (Gr—starch), starch.

Anal´ogy (Gr—equality of ratios, proportion), superficial or general resemblance, without structural agreement; physiologically or functionally alike, morphologically unlike.

Anas´tomosing (Gr—an opening, outlet, discharge), united by running together irregularly; intercommunication of vessels, lines, gills or veins with each other.

Angiocar´pous (Gr—a capsule, case, vessel of any kind), having the hymenium developed in a closed receptacle.

Angus´tate (angustatus, pp. of angustere, straiten, narrow, < angustus, narrow), narrow.

An´nual (annualis, a year old, < annus, a year), completing growth in one year or season.

An´nular (annularis, relating to a ring, < annulus, a ring), ring-shaped.

An´nulate (See Annular), having a ring.

An´nulus (See Annular), the ring on the stem of a mushroom formed by the separation of the veil from the margin of the cap.

Anom´alous (anomalus, irregular, uneven), deviating from a general rule, method or analogy.

Anom´aly (anomalia, irregularity, unevenness), any deviation from the usual character.

Ante´rior (as if from anterus, < ante, before), in front; denotes a position on the under side of the pileus adjacent to the margin; thus the end of a lamellÆ next the margin is called the anterior end.

Aparaph´ysate (a + Gr—an offshoot), without paraphyses.

A´pex (pl. Api´ces)(apex, the extreme end), in mushrooms the extremity of the stem nearest the gill; the end furthest from the base or point of attachment.

Ap´ical (apex, the extreme end, point), relating to the apex or top.

Ap´ices, plural of apex.

Apic´ulate (apiculatus, dim. of apex, a point), terminating in a short, abrupt point.

Apic´ulus (pl. Apic´uli) (dim. of apex (apic-), a point), a short, sharp point.

Apothe´cium (pl. Apothe´cia), (Gr—a storehouse), in Ascomycetes, an open cup-shaped fructification with the hymenium on its upper concave surface; cup.

Appendic´ulate (appendiculatus < appendicula, appendix, an appendage), hanging in small fragments; having an unusual appendage.

Ap´planate (applanatus < ad, to, + planus, flat), flattened out or horizontally expanded.

Appressed´ (appressus, adpressus, pp. of adprimere, press to, < ad, to, + premere, press), applied closely to the surface or to each other; adpressed.

Approx´imate (approximatus, pp. approximare < ad, to; proximare, to approach), of gills which approach but do not reach the stem.

A´queous (as if aqueus, < aqua, water), watery; nearly colorless; hyaline.

Arach´noid (Gr—a spider’s web; + forma, form), like a cobweb.

Arbo´real, Arbor´ical (arboreus, pertaining to trees), tree-inhabiting.

Ar´cuate (arcuatus, pp. arcuare, to bend like a bow, < arcus, a bow), bow-shaped.

Arena´ceous, Arena´rious, Are´nose (arenaceus, harenaceus, sandy, < arena, harena, sand), sandy; growing in sandy places.

Are´olate (areola, dim. of area, a plot), divided into little areas or patches.

Argilla´ceous (argillaceus < argilla, white clay), resembling or like clay.

Ar´id (aridus, dry, < arere, be dry), dry.

Aris´tate (aristatus < arista, awn or beard), having a pointed beard-like process as in barley.

Armil´la (armilla, a bracelet, armlet, hoop, ring, dim. prob. of armus, shoulder), a plaited frill hanging from the apex of the stem.

Arte´riole (arteriola, dim. of arteria, artery), a small artery.

Artic´ulate (articulatus, pp. of articulare, divide into joints or members, < articulus, a joint, etc.), jointed.

Ascend´ing (ad, to, + scandere, to climb), inclining or growing upward; applied to a lamella where its edge forms a line ascending in the direction from the margin of pileus toward the apex of the stipe; as in conical shaped pilei; applied to the partial veil when in the young stage its stem-attachment is below the level of its marginal one; in this case a ring formed from it is called inferior.

As´ci (Gr—a leathern bag, bladder), spore cases of certain mushrooms, in which a definite number of spores are enclosed in a sac.

Ascif´erous, Ascoph´orous (ascus + ferre, bear), ascus-bearing.

Ascig´erous (ascus + gerere, bear), bearing asci.

As´cocarp (Gr—a bag, + a fruit), in Ascomycetes, sporocarp producing asci and ascospores.

Ascog´enous (Gr—a bag, + producing), producing asci.

Ascomyce´tes (Gr—a bag, + Gr—a mushroom), group of fungi in which the spores are produced within little sack-like cells, called asci.

Ascomyce´tous, of or pertaining to the ascomycetes.

As’cophore (Gr—bearing wine-skins; Gr—a bag), sporophore bearing an ascus or asci.

Ascoph´orous, bearing an ascus or asci.

As´cospores (Gr—a bag, + Gr—seed), one of a number of spores formed within an ascus.

As´cus (pl. As´ci) (Gr—a leather bag, bottle, bladder, etc.), microscopic sack-like cells in which spores, generally eight in number, are developed.

Asep´tate (Gr—without, + L.—septum, a fence), without partitions or septa, said of hyphÆ and spores.

Ash Color (See Cinereous).

As´perate, As´perated (asperatus, pp. of asperare, roughen, < asper, rough), having a rough, uneven surface.

As´tichous (astichus, < a + Gr—row), not arranged in rows.

Asto´matous (astomatus, mouthless), without a mouth or aperture; without stomata.

As´tomous (astomus, mouthless), without a stoma or mouth.

At´omate (Gr—an atom), sprinkled with atoms or minute particles.

A´tro (ater, black), in composition “black,” or “dark.”

A´tropurpu´reous (ater, black, + purpura, purple dye, + ous), dark purple.

A´trosanguin´eous (ater, black; sanguineus, blood, bloody), dark purple; dark blood color.

Atten´uate (attenuatus, pp. of attenuare, make thin, weaken, lessen, < ad, to, + tenuare, make thin), becoming gradually narrowed or smaller.

Auranti´aceous (aurantium, an orange), orange-colored.

Aur´eous (aureus, of gold, golden, < aurum, gold), golden-yellow; yellow with a slight tinge of red.

Auric´ulate, Aur´iform (auriculatus, < auricula, the external ear), ear-shaped.

Auto-basid´ium (actus, an act, dim. of Gr—a base, + basidium), an unseptated basidium giving rise at the apex to four slender sterigmata (sometimes fewer, sometimes more), each bearing a spore.

Auton´omous (Gr—independent; of one’s own free will; Gr—self, + Gr—hold sway), said of plants that are perfect and complete in themselves; not forming part of a cycle; independent.

Ax´is (axle, axis, pole of the earth), the central line of growth; stipe, stalk, etc.

Azo´nate (Gr—without, + L.—zona, a zone), without zones or circular bands of different color.

Ba´dious (badius, bay), bay; reddish-brown; chestnut color.

Band, a broad bar of color.

Banded, marked with bands.

Barbed (barba, beard), furnished with barbs, fibrils or hairs.

Base (bassus, low, short, thick), the extremity opposite to the apex; the part of an organ nearest its point of attachment; applied to lamellÆ; (a) the line of attachment to the pileus (as connected by veins at the base); (b) sometimes used to define the end attached to the stipe (broad or reticulate at the base).

Basid´iogenet´ic (Gr—a base + genesis), produced upon a basidium.

Basid´iomyce´tes (basidium + Gr—a mushroom), group of fungi which has its spores produced upon basidia.

Basid´iophore (basidium + Gr—to bear), a sporophore bearing basidia.

Basid´iospore (basidium + Gr—spora, spore; seed), spore acrogenously abjointed upon a basidium.

Basid´ium (pl. Basid´ia), mother cells in the hymenium of basidiomycetes formed on the end of a hyphal branch and abstricting spores; the spores are generally four in number, each on a sterigma, but sometimes more, sometimes fewer, and sometimes sessile. See Auto-basidium and Proto-basidium.

Basip´etal (basis, a base, + petere, seek, + al), in the direction of the base.

Bay (badius), a very rich dark-reddish chestnut; badious.

Bi-, prefix, meaning twice.

Bib´ulous (bibulus, < bibere, drink), having the quality of absorbing or imbibing moisture.

Bicip´etal, Bicip´itous (biceps (bicipit-), two-headed, + al), in botany divided into two parts at the top or bottom.

Bi´fid (bifidus, forked, < bi, two, + findere, cleave, divide), cleft or divided into two parts.

Bifur´cated (bifurcus, two-forked), divided into two forks or branches as in the gills of certain Agarics.

Biloc´ular (bi, two, + loculus, a cell, < locus, a place), two-celled.

Biog´enous (bi, two, + genus, < gena, born), growing on living organisms.

Bise´riate, Bise´rial (bi, two, + seriate), arranged in two rows.

Bis´tre (fuligineus), a dark brown color somewhat more reddish than sepia, but much less so than burnt umber.

Boot´ed, applied to the stem of a mushroom when enclosed in a sheath or volva; peronate.

Boss, a knob or short rounded protuberance; umbo.

Bossed, Bull´ate (bulla, a bubble), furnished with a boss, stud or umbo.

Branched (brancha, claw), dividing from the sides; also styled furcate and forked; ramifying, diverging.

Brick, trade-term for a mass of mushroom spawn, in dimensions the size of a brick of masonry.

Brick Red (testaceus, lateritius, rutilus), a dull brownish-red color like the color of burnt bricks.

Broad, wide or deep vertically, not narrow.

Broccoli Color, the color of a variety of cabbage.

Buff (luteus, luteolus), a light dull brownish-yellow, like the color of dressed buck-skin or chamois.

Bul´bous (bulbosus, < bulbus, bulb), said of the stem of a mushroom when it has a bulb-like swelling at the base.

Byssa´ceous, Bys´soid (as if byssaceus, < byssus), resembling or consisting of fine filaments like the flax or cotton.

Bys´sus (Gr—originally a fine yellowish flax), an old name for the filamentous mycelium of certain fungi.

CÆru´leus, Ceru´leos (cÆruleus, dark-blue, dark-green, dark colored), light blue; sky-blue.

CÆ´sious (cÆsius, bluish-gray), pale, bluish-gray; lavender colored.

CÆs´pitose, CÆs´pitous, Ces´pitose (cÆspitosus, < cÆsposus, a clump of turf), growing in tufts or clumps.

Calca´reous (calcarius, pertaining to lime, < calyx, lime), chalky, chalk-like.

Callos´ity, Cal´lus (callosita, < callosus, callous), a hard or thickened spot or protuberance.

Calyp´tra (Gr—a veil, hence calyptra, a hood), applied e. g. to the portion of the volva covering the pileus.

Campan´ulate (campana, a bell), bell-shaped.

Canalic´ulate (canaliculus, a little channel), channeled, furrowed.

Can´cellate (cancellatus, pp. of cancellare, make like or provide with a lattice), latticed, marked both longitudinally and transversely with an open network.

Can´didous (candidus), shining white.

Canes´cent (canescen(t-)s, pp. of canescere, < canus, white or hoary), having whitish, grayish or hoary pubescence.

Cap, pileus; the expanded, umbrella-like receptacle of the common mushroom.

Cap´illary (capillaris, pertaining to the hair, < capillus, the hair), pertaining to or resembling hair.

Capil´liform (capillus, hair, + forma, form), in the shape or form of a hair.

Capillit´ium (capillus, hair), spore-bearing threads, filling as a packing material the fruiting part of certain fungi, variable in thickness and color, sometimes continuous with the sterile base, sometimes free, dense, persistent or lax and evanescent, often branched; found in the Lycoperdons.

Cap´itate (capitatus, having a head, < caput, head), having a head, or the form of a head.

Capit´ulum (capitulum, a small head, < caput, head), a small head.

Cap´sule (capsula, a small box or chest, dim. of capsa, a box), an enclosing envelope usually thin and membranous.

Carbona´ceous (carbon + aceous), rigid, blackish and brittle; like or composed of carbon or coaly matter.

Car´diac (cardiacus, heart), of or pertaining to the heart; pertaining to the esophageal portion of the stomach, opposed to pyloric.

Ca´rious (cariosus, < caries, decay), decayed.

Carmine (carmineus, coccineus), a very pure and intense crimson, the purest of the cochineal colors.

Car´neous (carneus, < caro, flesh), fleshy; flesh-colored.

Car´nose (carnosus, fleshy, < caro, flesh), fleshy.

Cartilag´inous (cartilaginosus, < cartilago, gristle), firm and tough; gristly.

Casta´neous (castaneus), chestnut-colored; chestnut color. (Burnt umber + vermilion.)

Cau´date (caudatus, < cauda, a tail), having a tail-like appendage.

Caulic´olous (dim. of caulis, a stalk), growing on herbaceous stems.

Cell (cella, a small room, barn, etc.), (a) a small cavity, compartment or hollow place; (b) a mass of protoplasm of various size and shape, generally microscopic, with or without a nucleus and enclosing wall, the fundamental form-element of every organized body.

Cell´ular (cellula, dim. of a cell, + ar), composed of cells.

Cell´ulose (cellula, a cell), the essential constituent of the primary wall-membrane of cells, a secretion from the contained protoplasm; allied to starch, sugar and inulin. Chemical formula, C₆H₁₀O₅.

Centimeter, CM. (centum, a hundred, + metre, meter), in the metric system a measure of length, the hundredth part of a meter, equal to 0.3937 of an English inch.

Centrif´ugally (centrum, the center, + fugere, flee), from the center outwards.

Centrip´etally (centrum, the center, + petere, seek, move toward), from the circumference toward the center.

Ce´pÆform (cepa, an onion; forma, form), onion-shaped.

Cera´ceous (ceraceus, < cera, wax), wax-like, waxy.

Cereb´riform (cerebrum, the brain, + forma, form), brain-shaped.

Cer´vine (cervinus, < cervus, deer), of a deep tawny or fawn color.

Chan´neled (canalis, a water-pipe, canal), hollowed out like a gutter; canaliculate

Charta´ceous (chartaceus, < charta, paper), like paper.

Chestnut Color (castaneus, spadiceus), a rich dark reddish-brown of a slightly purplish cast. (Vermilion + burnt umber.)

Chlam´ydospores (Gr—mantle, + Gr—seed) (encased spores), one of a number of thick-walled resting spores usually formed in rows from the breaking up of the hyphÆ into spherical bead-like cells; on germination they may develop sporangia or conidiophores.

Chlo´rophyll (chlorophyllum, Gr—yellowish-green; Gr=L., folium, a leaf), the green coloring matter of plants.

Chloro´sis (Gr—greenness, paleness), loss of color, etiolation.

Chocolate-Brown (chocolatinus), a rich dark reddish-brown color, like the exterior glazed surface of a cake of chocolate.

Chrome-Green (chromium-viridis), a dull green color, nearly intermediate between malachite green and sage green.

Chrome-Yellow, a deep yellow.

Cil´ia (pl. of Cili´um), (cilium, an eye-lid), marginal hair-like processes.

Cil´iate (cilium, an eye-lid), fringed with hair-like processes.

Cine´reous, Cinera´ceous (cinereus, cineraceus), ash-gray; a light bluish-gray color, lighter than plumbeous.

Cin´nabarine (cinnabar, vermilion, + ine), cinnabar-colored; bright red; vermilion.

Cinnamo´meous, Cinnamon (cinnamomeus, cinnamominus), a light reddish-brown color, like the inner surface of cinnamon bark.

Cinnamon-Rufous (cinnamomeo-rufus), rufous with a tinge of cinnamon. (Burnt sienna + raw umber + light red + white.)

Cir´cinate (circinatus, pp. circinare, to make round), disposed in a circle; circular, coiled like a shepherd’s crook.

Circumscis´sile (circumscissus, pp. of circumscindere, cut about), opening or dividing by a transverse circular line; applied to a mode of dehiscence in some fruits.

Cit´rine, Cit´reous, Cit´rinous (citrus, a lemon or citron), lemon-yellow colored.

Clath´rate, Clath´roid (clathratus, Gr—a lattice), latticed.

Cla´vate, Clav´iform (clavatus, < clava, a club), club-shaped, gradually thickened towards the top.

Clay Color (lutescens, luteolus, lutosus, argillaceus), a dull light brownish-yellow color, nearly intermediate between yellow ocher and Isabella color.

Cleis´tocarp, Clis´tocarp (Gr—that can be closed, + fruit), an ascocarp which is entirely closed, and from which the spores escape by its final rupture.

Close, packed closely side by side; said of lamellÆ when they are close together; also styled crowded.

Coales´cent (coalescens, ppr. of coalescere, grow together), growing together of similar parts; coherent.

Coch´leate, Cochlear´iform (cochleatus, cocleatus, spiral, < cochlea, coclea, a snail’s shell), shaped like a snail shell.

Cohe´rent (coherens, ppr. of cohÆrere, stick together, cohere), sticking together of similar parts; sometimes used in the sense of connate.

Collen´chyma (Gr—glue, + Gr—an infusion), in Geaster, etc., a cartilaginous-gelatinous tissue, hygroscopic and with great capacity for swelling, forming one of the inner layers of the peridium; its swelling at maturity causes the outer peridium to burst outward in a stellate manner.

Collic´ulose (colliculus, a little hill, dim. of collis, a hill), covered with little hill-like elevations.

Col´loid (Gr—glue, + semblance), like glue or jelly.

Columel´la (columella, a little column), a sterile tissue rising column-like in the midst of the capillitium, serving as a point of insertion for the threads which connect it with the peridium in the form of a network. (In LycoperdaceÆ.)

Co´mate, Co´mose, Co´mous (comatus, hairy, < coma, a hair), furnished with a tuft of silky hairs; hairy.

Com´planate (complanatus, pp. of complanare, make plane or plain), flattened vertically to a level surface above and below.

Compressed´ (compressa, fem. of compressus, pp. of comprimere, compress), flattened laterally.

Concat´enate (con, together, + catenare, link, chain, < catena, a chain), linked together in a chain.

Concave´ (concavus, hollow, arched, vaulted; com, together, + cavus, hollow), having a rounded, incurved surface.

Concen´tric (con, together; centrum, center), having a common center, as a series of rings, one within another.

Concep´tacle (conceptaculum, < concipere, pp. conceptus, contain, conceive), a closed sporiferous body.

Con´chiform (concha, a shell, + forma, shape), shell-shaped, resembling a clam-shell in shape.

Concolored, Concol´orous (concolor, of one color), of a uniform color.

Concres´cent (concrescentia, < concrescere, grow together), growing together.

Con´crete (concretus, grown together, solid), coalescent; united in a coagulated, condensed or solid mass; grown together.

Confer´void (conferva, a name applied to certain of the AlgÆ, sea-weeds; + Gr—form), like a Conferva, from the finely branched threads; loose and filamentous.

Con´fluent (con, together, + Gr—fluere, flow), blended into one.

Con´gener (congener, of the same race, < con, together, + genus (gener), race), of the same genus or kind.

Congener´ic, Congener´ical, Congen´erous (congener, of the same race, + ic, ous), belonging to or nearly allied to the same genus.

Congenet´ic (con, together, + Gr—generation, seed), produced at the same time or by the same cause; alike in origin.

Conglom´erate (conglomeratus, pp. of conglomerare, roll together, heap together, < com, together, + glomerare, gather into a ball), densely clustered; gathered into a round mass; composed of heterogeneous materials.

Conglu´tinate (conglutinatus, pp. of conglutinare, glue together, < com, together, + glutinare, glue), as if glued together.

Conid´ial (conidium + al), pertaining to or of the nature of a conidium or conidia; characterized by the formation of conidia; bearing conidia.

Conidiif´erous, Conidioph´orous (conidium, dust, + ferre, bear), bearing conidia.

Conid´iophore (conidium, + Gr—bearing), a hypha from which are abstricted conidia.

Conid´ium (pl. Conidia), a non-sexual spore formed singly or in chains by abstriction from the ends of hyphÆ or hyphal branches. See under Spore.

Co´nifer (conifer, cone-bearing, < conus, a cone, + ferre, bear), a cone-bearing tree.

Conjuga´tion (conjugatio(n-), a joining, entomological relationship, < conjugare, pp. conjugatus, join), union of two cells to form a spore.

Con´nate (connatus, pp. connasci, < con, together; nascor, to be born), united by growing together from the first.

Con´nivent (conniven(t-)s, coniven(t-)s, ppr. of connivere, conivere, wink at; overlook), having an inward direction, converging, coming in contact, said of a cup whose sides curve inward and meet at the margin.

Con´stant (constan(t-)s, steady, firm, < com, together, + stare), always present or always in the same condition.

Constric´ted (constrict + ed), contracted so as to be smaller in one or more places than in others.

Con´text (contextus, pp. of contexere, join or weave together), texture; substance.

Contig´uous (contiguus, touching), near, or in contact.

Contin´uous (continuus, joined, < continere, hold together), without a break; applied to spores or hyphÆ that have no septa.

Contor´ted (contortus, pp. of contorquere, twist, < com, together; torquere, twist), distorted, twisted, crooked or deformed.

Con´vex (convexus, vaulted, arched, convex, concave), elevated and regularly rounded; forming the segment of a sphere or nearly so.

Convex´o-Plane, between convex and flat.

Con´volute (convolutus, pp. of convolvere, roll together), covered with irregular convexities and depressions resembling the convolutions of the brain.

Cor´date (cordatus, heart-shaped), heart-shaped.

Coria´ceous (coriaceus, < corium, leather), of a leathery texture.

Cor´neous (corneus, horny), of a horny texture.

Cor´rugated (corrugatus, pp. corrugare, < con, together, + rugare, to wrinkle), wrinkled; contracted; puckered; having a wrinkled appearance.

Cor´tex (cortex, cork), literally bark; a covering of cells enclosing the axis; cortical layer; the outer rind-like layer or layers of some fungus bodies.

Cor´tical (cortex (cortic), bark, rind, + al), of or pertaining to the cortex.

Cor´ticate, Cor´ticated (corticatus, pp. adj., < cortex, bark), furnished with bark-like covering; having a rind.

Corti´na (cortina), a veil of spider-web structure rupturing at or near the stem; applied to the peculiar veil of the genus Cortinarius.

Cor´tinate (cortinatus, < cortina, a curtain), provided with or pertaining to a cortina.

Cos´tate (costatus, ribbed, < costa, rib), having a ridge or ridges as if ribbed.

CostÆ (pl. of costa, a rib, a side), ribs or primary veins (as in a leaf).

Crate´ra (crater, a bowl), a cup-shaped receptacle.

Crater´iform (crater, a crater, + forma, shape), basin or saucer-shaped; having the form of a crater.

Cream Color (cremeus), a light pinkish-yellow color like cream.

Cre´nate (crenatus, < crena, a notch), notched at the edge, indented, scalloped: The notches are blunt or rounded, not sharp as in a serrated edge.

Cren´ulate, Cren´ulated (crenulatus), same as crenate.

Creta´ceous (cretaceus, chalky, < creta, chalk), chalky; of the color of chalk.

Crib´rate, Crib´riform (cribrum, a sieve, + forma, shape), sieve-like; perforated with small holes.

Crib´rose (cribrosus, < cribrum, a sieve), pierced with holes; perforated.

Crimson (carmineus, sanguineus, sanguineo-ruber), blood-red, the color of the cruder sorts of carmine.

Cri´nite (crinitus, haired, pp. of crinire, provide with hair, < crinis, hair), having a tuft of long, weak hairs.

Crisp, Crisped, Cris´pate (crispus, curled, wavy, uneven, tremulous), having the surface, especially near the margin, strongly and finely undulate, as the leaves of the Savoy cabbage.

Cris´tate (cristatus, < crista, a crest), crested; bearing a ridge, mane or tuft on the top.

Cru´ciate, Cru´ciform (cruciatus, pp. of cruciare, torture), having the form of a cross with equal arms.

Crusta´ceous (crusta, a crust, + aceous), of hard and brittle texture.

Cryp´togam (Gr—hidden, + marriage), a plant of the order Cryptogamia.

Cryptoga´mia (Gr—hidden, + marriage), flowerless plants propagated by spores.

Cryptog´amy (Gr—hidden, + marriage), obscure fructification as in plants of the class Cryptogamia.

Culm (culmus, a stalk), the stem of grasses.

Cu´neate, Cune´iform (cuneatus, pp. of cuneare, wedge, make wedge-shaped, < cuneus, a wedge), wedge-shaped.

Cup (cupa, a tub, cask, vat), the concave fruiting body of angiocarpous lichens and discomycetous fungi; the peridium of a clustering fungus. See Apothecium.

Cu´preous (cupreus, of copper, < cuprum, copper), copper-colored.

Cu´pular, Cu´pulate (a little cup, dim. of cupa, a cup), cup-shaped.

Cu´pule, Cu´pula (a little cup, dim. of cupa, a cup), a receptacle shaped like a little cup, as in Peziza.

Curled, same as Crisp.

Curt (curtus, clipped, broken, shortened), short.

Cur´tain (cortina, a small croft, screen, etc.), same as cortina.

Cus´pidate (cuspidatus, pp. cuspidare, < cuspis, a point, spear), with a sharp spear-like point.

Cu´ticle (cuticula, dim. of cutis, the skin), a distinct skin-like layer; cutis, cuticle, pellicle and epidermis have been used indiscriminately to describe the separable or inseparable skin-like layer sometimes present on the outer surface of the pileus and stem; of these terms, cuticle is used most commonly.

Cu´tis. See Cuticle.

Cya´neous (cyaneus, dark blue), bright blue; azure; lapis-lazuli blue.

Cyano´sis (Gr—dark-blue, + osis), in pathology a blue or more or less livid color of the surface of the body, due to imperfect circulation and oxygenation of the blood.

Cy´athiform (cyathus, a cup; forma, form), cup-shaped, shape of a drinking glass slightly widened at the top.

Cylin´dric, Cylin´drical (cylindricus, cylinder), cylinder-shaped; applied to a branch or stem having the same or nearly the same diameter throughout, and its cross-section circular.

Cym´bÆform, Cym´biform (cymba, a boat, + forma, shape), boat-shape.

Cyst (cystis, the bladder, bag, pouch), a bladder-like cell or cavity.

Cystid´ium (pl. Cystid´ia) (Gr—the bladder, + the dim. termination), sterile bladder cells of the hymenium, generally larger than the basidia cells between which and with which they are formed.

Dash, -, between two figures = to; from 2 to 4.

Daughter-cell, any cell when mentioned in relation to the one (mother-cell) from which it is derived.

Deal´bate (dealbatus, pp. of dealbare, whiten, white-wash, etc., < de + albare, whiten), as if white-washed; covered with very white opaque powder.

Decid´uous (deciduus, that falls down; < decidere, < de, down, + cedere, to fall), falling off at maturity or at the end of the season, not permanent; losing the foliage every year.

Decor´ticate, Decor´ticated (decorticatus, pp. of decorticare, < de, from, + cortex, bark), denuded of bark; destitute of a cortex or cortical layer.

Decum´bent (decumben(t-)s, ppr. of decumbere, lie down, < de, down, + cumbere, lie) applied to a stem having the lower part resting on the ground.

Decur´rent (decurren(t-)s, ppr. decurrere, run down), applied to lamellÆ (gills) which are prolonged down the stem.

Decurved´ (decurve + ed, after decurvatus, curved back), curved downward; opposed to recurved.

Deflexed´ (deflexus, pp. deflectere, turn aside), bent or turned down.

Dehis´cence (dehiscen(t-)s, dehiscent), the spontaneous opening of a peridium at maturity to discharge the spores.

Dehis´cent (dehiscere, gape, open), a closed organ opening of itself at maturity or when it has attained a certain development.

Deliques´cent (deliquescere, melt away), relating to mushrooms which at maturity become liquid or melt down.

Delimita´tion (delimitare, mark out the limits, < de + limitare, limit, bound), the marking, fixing or prescribing the limits or boundaries.

Den´droid, Den´driform (Gr—a tree, + L.—forma, form), tree-shaped.

Den´tate (dentatus, tooth), toothed with a concave serrature.

Dentic´ulate (denticulatus, < denticulus, a small tooth), finely dentate.

Denu´date (denudatus, pp. of denudare, make bare, strip), naked; exposed, not immersed.

Depressed´ (depressus, pp. of deprimere, < de, down, + premere, press), as if pressed down or flattened; sunk below the level of the surrounding margin.

Dermini, a group of fungi with brown or rust-colored spores.

Descend´ing (descindere, pp. descensus, come down, fall, < de, down, scandere, climb), applied to a marginal veil when, in the young stage, its marginal attachment is below the level of its stem-attachment; a ring formed from it is called superior; turned downward.

Des´iccate, Des´iccated (desiccatus, pp. of desiccare, dry up, < de, intensive, < siccare, dry), dried.

Deter´minate (determinatus, pp. determinare, fix, limit), ending definitely; having a distinctly defined outline.

Determina´tion (determinatio(n), boundary, conclusion, end, determinare, pp. determinatus, bound, determine), assignment to the proper place in a classification or series.

Diagno´sis (diagnosis, a distinguishing), scientific discrimination of any kind; a short distinctive description, as of a plant.

Diaph´anous (Gr—through, + to appear), of a transparent texture; permitting the passage of light.

Dichot´omous (Gr—in two, + to cut), dividing into two; regularly forked.

Dichot´omy (Gr—a cutting in two), a mode of branching by constant forking or dividing in pairs.

Did´ymous (Gr—double, twofold, twin), double; of two equal parts.

Differen´tiated (differentia, difference), exhibiting differentiation.

Differentia´tion (differentia, difference, + ation), (a) discrimination between by observing or describing the differences; (b) the evolutionary process or results by which originally different parts or organs become differentiated or specialized in either form or function; specialization.

Dif´fluent (diffluen(t-)s, ppr. of diffluere, < dis, away, apart, + fluere, flow), readily dissolving.

Dif´form, Difformed´ (deformis, deformed), irregular in form, not uniform.

Diffuse´ (diffusus, pp. of diffundere, pour in different directions, pour out, < dis, away, + fundere, flow), spreading widely, loosely and irregularly.

Dig´itate (digitatus, having fingers or toes, < digitus, finger), furnished with fingers; dividing like the fingers of the hand.

Dila´ted (dilatare, spread out; extend), expanded; enlarged.

Dimid´iate (dimidiatus, < dimidiare, halve), halved; e. g. of gills which reach halfway to the stem; also of pileus when it is semi-circular in outline or nearly so; as many Polyporei.

Dimor´phic, Dimor´phous (dimorphus, having two forms), existing in two distinct forms.

Dimor´phism (dimorphus, having two forms), the property of existing under two distinct forms.

Disc, Disk (discus, a disk, trencher), (a) any flat circular disk-like growth; (b) the central portion of the upper surface of a pileus; the cup-shaped or otherwise variously shaped hymenial surface of a Discomycete.

Dis´ciform, Dis´coid, Dis´coidal (discoides, disk-shaped), of a circular, flat form; disk-shaped.

Dis´cocarp (Gr—a disk, + Gr—fruit), ascocarp in which the hymenium or disk lies exposed while the asci are maturing as in Peziza, Morchella, etc.

Discomyce´tes (Gr—a disk, + Gr—fungus), a group of ascomycetous fungi in which the hymenium is exposed; the fruiting body is cupular, discoid or clavate, and sometimes convoluted.

Discrete´ (discretus, distinguished, separated), distinct, not coalescent.

Dissec´ted (dissectus, pp. of dissecare, cut asunder, < dis, asunder, + secare, cut), cut deeply into many lobes or divisions.

Dissep´iments (dissepimentum, a partition) dividing walls; partitions.

Dis´tal (dist(ance) + al), pertaining to the apex or outer extremity.

Dis´tant, (distans, ppr. distare, stand apart), far apart; of gills which have a wide distance between them.

Dis´tichous (Gr—having two rows), disposed in two rows.

Divar´icate (divaricatus, pp. divaricare, spread asunder), separating at an obtuse angle; diverging widely.

Dor´sal (dorsalis, < dorsum, the back), pertaining to the back, literally on the upper side.

Down, fine, soft pubescence.

E or Ex-, prefix signifying “destitute of,” “outside of,” or “away from.”

Ebe´neous (ebeneus, of ebony, < ebenus, ebony), black like ebony.

Ebur´neous (eburneus, of ivory, < ebur, ivory), ivory-white.

Eccen´tric (Gr—out of the center), excentric.

Ech´inate (echinatus, set with bristles, prickly), furnished with stiff bristles.

Echin´ulate (echinulus, dim. of echinus, a hedgehog), beset with short bristles.

Ecto- (Gr—without, outside), prefix signifying “outside.”

Ectobasid´ia (Gr—outside, + basidium), basidia placed on an exposed surface; not enclosed.

Eden´tate (edentatus, toothless, pp. of edentare, render toothless), without teeth.

Effused´ (effusus, pp. effundere, pour out), spread over without regular form.

Effu´so-Reflexed´, effused with upper margin reflected forming a pileus.

Egg (ovum, an egg), a young plant before rupture of the volva in Phalloids, Amanitas, etc.

Egutt´ulate, not containing guttulÆ.

Ellip´soid (Gr—ellipse, + Gr—form), a solid figure all plane, sections of which are ellipses or circles.

Ellipsoi´dal, shaped like an ellipsoid.

Ellip´tic, Ellip´tical (Gr—ellipse), elongate-ovate; more than twice as long as broad; parallel-sided in the middle and rounded at both ends.

Emar´ginate (emarginatus, pp. emarginare, < e, out of; margo, the margin), notched at the end; of gills with a sudden scoop, as if scooped out at the point of attachment to the stem.

Embossed´, in botany projecting in the center like the boss or umbo of a round shield.

Em´bryo, the mushroom before leaving its volva, also an early stage of mushrooms which have no volva.

Encrust´ing (incrustare, cover with a rind or crust, < in, on, + crusta, a crust).

Endem´ic (Gr—native), peculiar to and characteristic of a locality or region; indigenous in some region and not elsewhere.

Endo-, Ento- (Gr—“in,” “within”), prefix signifying “within,” “inside.”

Endobasid´ia (Gr—within, + basidium), basidia enclosed in a dehiscent or indehiscent conceptacle.

Endocau´lous (Gr—within, + caulis, a stalk), growing in the substance of herbaceous stems.

En´dogen (Gr—within, + producing). See Monocotyledon.

Endog´enous (Gr—within, + Gr—producing, + ous), produced within another body; of or pertaining to the class of endogens.

Endoperid´ium (Gr—within, + peridium), inner layer of the peridium.

En´dophyte (Gr—within, + a plant), a plant growing within an animal or another plant, usually as a parasite; entophyte.

En´dospore, Endospo´rium (Gr—within, + Gr—seed), (a) the inner coat of a spore; (b) spore which is produced within a sporangium or spore-sac as the ascospores.

En´siform (ensis, a sword, + forma, shape), sword-shaped.

Entire´ (integer, < integrum, whole), the edge quite devoid of serrature or notch; continuous.

Entomog´enous (Gr—an insect, + produced), growing upon or in insects.

Entomoph´ytous (Gr—within, + grow), growing upon or in insects.

En´tophyte, endophyte.

Epider´mis (Gr—the outer skin), the external or outer layer of the plant.

Epig´enous (Gr—growing after or late), growing upon the surface of a part; often limited to growth upon the upper surface, in distinction from hypogenous.

EpigÆ´ous, Epige´ous (Gr—on or of the earth; on the ground), growing on or in the ground.

Ep´iphragm (Gr—a covering; lid), a delicate membrane closing the cup-like receptacle of the NidulariaceÆ.

Ep´iphytal, Epiphyt´ic, Epiphyt´ical (Gr—upon, + a plant), of the nature of an epiphyte.

Ep´iphyte (Gr—upon, + a plant), growing upon the outside of another plant; either parasitic or not.

Ep´ispore, Epispo´rium (Gr—upon, + seed), the outer coat of a spore; same as exosporium.

Epithe´cium (Gr—upon, + a case), the layer sometimes formed above the asci by the concrescent tips of the paraphyses.

Epix´ylous (Gr—upon, + wood + ous), growing upon wood.

E´qual (Æqualis, equal, like), all gills of the same, or nearly the same, length from back to front; stem of uniform thickness.

Ero´ded (erodere, gnaw off), the edge ragged as if torn.

Erum´pent (erumpen(t-)s, ppr. of erumpere, break out), prominent; originating beneath and bursting through the surface of the matrix.

E´tiolate, E´tiolated (stipula, straw), whitened, blanched by exclusion of the sun’s rays or by disease.

Evanes´cent (evanescen(t-)s, ppr. of evanescere, vanish away), fleeting; vanishing; soon disappearing.

E´ven, of a surface which is quite plane as contrasted e. g. with one which is striate, pitted, etc. Distinguished from smooth. A surface may not be smooth and yet be even.

Ex-, prefix. See “E-.”

Excen´tric (Gr—out of the center), not central; the stems of some mushrooms are always excentric.

Excip´ulum (excipulum, a vessel for receiving liquids, < excipere, take out, receive), outer layer of an apothecium or cup developed as part of the receptacle.

Exo-, prefix signifying “outside.”

Ex´ogen (Gr—outside, + producing), a plant in which the growth of the stem is in successive concentric layers.

Exog´enous, growing by additions on the outside; belonging to or characteristic of the class of exogens; produced on the outside, as the spores of hyphomycetous and many other fungi.

Exoperid´ium (Gr—outside, peridium), outer layer of the peridium.

Ex´ospores (exosporium), spores which are free, not produced within a sporangium, as basidio-spores.

Exospo´rium (Gr—outside, + seed), the outer coat of a spore; same as episporium.

Exot´ic (exoticus, foreign, alien), foreign, not native.

Expan´ded (expandere, pp. expansus, spread out, < ex, out, + pandere, spread), spread out, as a pileus from convex to plane.

Ex´planate (explanatus, flattened, spread out), flattened, expanded; applied usually to a part which has been rolled or folded.

Exser´ted (exsertus, thrust out, pp. of exsere, stretch out), projecting; standing out.

Exsicca´ti (exsiccatus, pp. of exsiccare, dry up), dried specimens; especially those published in sets and distributed.

Fac´ultative (faculta(t-)s, faculty), capability, etc., having a faculty or power, but exercising it only occasionally or incidentally; optional or contingent.

Fac´ultative-Par´asite, an organism which normally lives throughout as a saprophyte, but which may also go through its course either wholly or in part as a parasite.

Fac´ultative-Sap´rophyte, an organism which normally is parasitic, but which can vegetate at certain stages as a saprophyte.

Fal´cate, Fal´ciform (falcatus, bent, curved, hooked, sickle-shaped, < falx, a sickle), hooked, curved like a scythe or sickle.

Family (familia, household establishment, < famulus, a servant), a systematic group in a scientific classification embracing a greater or less number of genera which agree in certain characters not shared by others of the same order.

Farc´tate (farctus, < farcio, to stuff), stuffed; without vacuities; opposed to fistulose.

Farina´ceous (farinaceus, < farina, meal), mealy.

Far´inose (farinosus, mealy), covered with a white mealy powder.

Fas´cia (fascis, a bundle), a band or bar.

Fas´ciate, Fas´ciated (fascia, a band or girth), having broad parallel bands or stripes; banded or compacted together; exhibiting fasciation.

Fascia´tion (fascia, a band), the act or manner of binding with fasciÆ, a monstrous flattened expansion of the stem; condition of being bound or compacted together.

Fas´cicle, Fascic´ulus (fasciculus, a small bundle; packet, etc.), a close cluster; a small bundle.

Fascic´ulate (fasciculus, a small bundle), growing in small bundles or fascicles.

Fastig´iate (fastigiatus, sloping, < fastigium, the top of a gable, slope), with branches erect and close together; sloping upward to a summit, point or edge.

Favose´ (favosus, < favus, a honey-comb), honey-combed; resembling a honey-comb.

Fawn-Color (cervinus, cervineus), a light warm-brown color.

Ferru´gineous, Ferru´ginous (ferrugineus), rust-red or the color of iron rust.

Fi´brillar, Fi´brillate, Fi´brillose, Fi´brillous (fibrilla, a fiber), appearing to be covered or composed of minute fibers.

Fi´brous (fibrosus, < fibra, a fiber), clothed with small fibers.

Fi´brous-Myce´lium, Fibrillose-Mycelium, elongated branching mycelial strands, formed by the union of hyphÆ.

Fig´urate (figuratus, pp. figuare, < figura, a form, shape), of a certain determinate form or shape.

Fil´ament (filum, thread), a separate fiber or fibril of any animal or vegetable tissue, as a filament of silk, wool, etc.

Filamen´tous, like a thread; composed of threads or filaments.

Filamen´tous-Myce´lium, Floc´cose-Myce´lium, mycelium of free hyphÆ which are at most loosely interwoven, but without forming bodies of definite shape and outline.

Fil´aceous, Fil´iform (filum, a thread, + aceous), like a thread or filament.

Fim´briate, Fim´briated (fimbriatus, < fimbriÆ, a fringe), fringed; cut jaggedly.

Fis´sile (fissilis, cleft, < fissus, pp. findere, split), capable of being split, cleft or divided in layers.

Fis´sured (fissura, a cleft, chink, fissure), cleft or split.

Fis´tular, Fis´tulose (fistularis, like a pipe, < fistula, a pipe), tubular, hollow in the center like a pipe.

Fixed, said of lamellÆ or spines not readily detached from the underlying tissue.

Flabel´late, Flabel´liform (flabellum, a fan), fan-shaped.

Flac´cid (flaccidus, flabby, pendulous), soft and limber; flabby; without firmness or elasticity.

Flaves´cent (flavescens, ppr. flavescere, become yellow, < flavus, yellow), yellowish or turning yellow.

Fla´vous (flavus, golden-yellow, reddish-yellow), yellow.

Flesh, inner substance of a fungus-body as distinguished from the cortical and hymenial layers.

Flesh-Color (carneus, incarnatus), a pinkish-color like that observable in the cheeks of a person of fair complexion; carnation.

Flesh´y, succulent; composed of juicy cellular tissue.

Flex´uose, Flex´uous (flexuosus, < flexus, a bending, winding), wavy.

Floc´ci (pl. of Floc´cus) (floccus, a lock of wool), woolly locks.

Floc´cose (floccosus, < floccus, a lock of wool), downy, woolly; composed of or bearing flocci.

Floc´culose (flocculosus, < flocculus, dim. of floccus, a lock of wool), covered with flocci; composed of or bearing minute flocci.

Folia´ceous (foliaceus, leafy, of leaves, < folium, a leaf), leaf-like; bearing leaves.

Fo´veate (foveatus, < fovea, a small pit, pitfall), marked with pits or depressions.

Fov´eolate (foveolatus, < foveola, dim. of fovea, a small pit), marked with minute pits or depressions.

Free, said of gills which are not attached to the stem; said of any part not attached to another; of spores not inclosed in a special envelope.

Frill, same as Armilla.

Front, same as Anterior.

Fringe (fimbria, a border), a lacerated, marginal membrane.

Fruc´tification (fructificare, bear fruit), reproducing power of a plant; fruiting; also the organs concerned.

Fuga´cious (fugar, < fugere, flee), fleeting, transitory; falling or fading early.

Fu´gitive (fugitivus, fleeing away; a fugitive), quickly disappearing; evanescent.

Fuligin´eous, Fulig´inous (fuliginosus), sooty-brown or dark smoke-color.

Fulves´cent (fulvescens), inclining to a fulvous color.

Ful’vous (fulvus), a rather indefinite brownish-yellow or yellowish-brown tint, like tanned leather; tawny.

Fu´mose, Fu´mous (fumosus, full of smoke, < fumus, smoke, steam), smoke-colored, fuliginous.

Fun´goid (fungus, mushroom, + Gr—form), of, or pertaining to fungi.

Fungol´ogy (fungus, mushroom, + Gr—speak), mycology.

Fun´gus (pl. Fun´gi) (fungus, a mushroom), a thallophyte characterized by the absence of chlorophyl and deriving its sustenance from living or dead organic matter.

Funic´ular (funiculus, a small cord), having the character of a funicle or small cord.

Funic´ulate (funiculus, a small cord), having a funicle.

Funic´ulus (L.—a small rope), in NidulariaceÆ the cord of hyphÆ attaching a peridiolum to the inner wall of the peridium.

Fur´cate (furcatus, < furca, a fork), forked.

Furfura´ceous (furfuraceus, < furfur, bran), with branny scales or scurf.

Fusces´cent (fuscus, dark, dusky, + escent), somewhat fuscous.

Fus´cous (fuscus, dusky), brownish in color; brown or brown tinged with gray; dingy, not pure.

Fu´siform, Fu´soid (fusus, a spindle; forma, form), spindle-shaped.

Gamogen´esis (Gr—marriage, + generation), sexual reproduction.

Gas´teromyce´tes, Gas´tromyce´tes (Gr—stomach, + mushroom), a group of Basidiomycetes in which the hymenium is enclosed in a sack-like envelope called the peridium.

Gelat´inous (gelatinosus, < gelatina, gelatine), jelly-like.

Gener´ic (genus, race, sort), pertaining to, of the nature of, or forming a mark of a genus; having the rank or classificatory value of a genus.

Genet´ic (Gr—generation), of or pertaining to origin or mode of production.

Ge´nus (pl. Gen´era) (L.—race, birth, origin, kind), a group of species having one or more characteristics in common; the union of several genera presenting the same features constitute a tribe.

Gib´bous (gibbus, hump-backed), in the form of a swelling; of a pileus e. g. which is more convex or tumid on one side than the other.

Gills, the plates of an agaric on which the hymenium is situated; the lamellÆ.

Gil´vous, isabelline; color of sole-leather.

Gla´brous (glaber, smooth), smooth, devoid of pubescence; a surface may be glabrous or smooth, and not even, or vice versa.

Glair (clarus, clear), any viscous transparent substance resembling white of an egg.

Glands, Glan´dules (glans, an acorn, dim. glandula, a gland), moist or sticky dots resembling the glands on the epidermis of phenogams.

Glan´dular, bearing glands.

Glauces´cent (glaucescen(t-)s, < glaucus, silvery, gleaming), inclining to glaucous.

Glau´cous (glaucus, silvery, gleaming), covered with a whitish-green bloom or very fine white powder easily rubbed off. Somewhat like that of cabbage.

Gle´ba (gleba, a clod), in Gastromycetes, spore-bearing tissue composed of chambers lined with the hymenium and enclosed by the sack-like peridium, as in puff-balls, etc.; in phalloids the peridium or volva ruptures and the gleba is carried up on the stem-like or clathrate receptacle.

Glo´bose, Glob´ular, Glob´ulose (globosus, round as a ball), nearly spherical.

Glu´tinose, Glu´tinous (glutinosus, gluey, viscous, < gluten, glue), covered with a sticky exudation; viscous; glue-like.

Gonid´ium (Gr—generation; seed), same as conidium; also preferably applied to the algal element of lichens.

Gran´ular, Gran´ulate, Gran´ulose (granula, dim. of granum, grain), covered with or composed of granules.

Gran´ule (granula, dim. of granum, grain), a little grain; a fine particle; a sporule found in all cryptogamic plants.

Gray (griseus; cÆsius; cinereus; canus; leucophÆus), a color produced by the mixture of black and white. Various shades depending upon varying relative proportions of the components.

Greaved (greve, the shin-bone), of a stem clothed like a leg in armor.

Grega´rious (gregarius, of a flock), of mushrooms not solitary but growing together in numbers in the same locality; in groups but not in a tufted manner.

Gru´mous (grumosus, < grumus, a little heap), clotted; of flesh e. g. composed of little clustered grains.

Gut´tate (guttatus, < gutta, a tear), marked with tear-like spots or drops.

Gutt´ula (pl. GuttulÆ) (dim. of gutta, a drop), a small drop or drop-like particle; the oil-globule in some spores resembling a nucleus.

Gutt´ulate, finely guttate; also, containing or composed of fine drops or drop-like particles; said of spores containing an oily nucleus-like globule or guttula.

Gymnocar´pous (Gr—naked, Gr—fruit), having the hymenium exposed when the spores are maturing.

Gy´rate, Gy´rose (Gr—a circle), circling in wavy folds; having folds resembling the convolutions of the brain.

Hab´itat (habitat, it dwells), natural abode of a vegetable species.

Hausto´rium (pl. Hausto´ria) (haustor, a drawer, < haurire, pp. haustus, draw), special branch of filamentous mycelium, which serves as an organ of adhesion and suction.

Hemiangiocar´pous (hemi, half, + Gr—a vessel, a case), partly angiocarpous as those agarics where the hymenium is at first enclosed by a veil or otherwise and later becomes exposed.

Hepat´ic (hepaticus, of the liver), pertaining to the liver, hence liver-colored; brownish-red.

Herbic´olous, growing on herbaceous plants.

Heteroge´neous (Gr—one of two), of a structure which is different from adjacent ones.

Hibernac´ulum (pl. Hibernac´ula) (winter residence, < hibernare, pass the winter), applied to bodies which are the forms in which certain fungi (e. g. TyphulÆ) pass the winter.

Hirsute´ (hirsutus, rough, shaggy, bristly), hairy with stiff hairs.

Hir´to-Ver´rucose, bearing hairs grouped in wart-like masses.

His´pid (hispidus, rough, shaggy, bristly), having strong hairs or bristles; bristly.

Hoar´y, covered with short dense grayish-white hairs; canescent.

Holo-, (Gr—entire, complete in all parts), a prefix signifying entire; whole.

Homoge´neous (Gr—one and the same, + kind), similar in structure; of the same character.

Host, the name given to any plant or animal supporting a parasitic fungus.

Homol´ogous (Gr—agreeing, correspondent), having the same relative position, proportion, value or structure; having correspondence or likeness.

Hu´mus (earth, ground, soil), vegetable mold; woody fiber in a state of decay.

Hy´aline (Gr—clear), colorless; transparent; clear like glass.

Hygromet´ric (Gr—wet, moist, + a measure, + ic), readily absorbing and retaining moisture.

Hygroph´anous (Gr—moist; Gr—to show), of a watery appearance when moist and opaque when dry.

Hygroscop´ic, having the property of absorbing moisture from the atmosphere; sensitive to moisture.

Hyme´nium (hymenial, belonging to the hymenium; Gr—a membrane), the fruit-bearing surface; e. g. covering intimately each side of the gills of an Agaric.

Hy´menomyce´tes (Gr—a mushroom, + Gr—a membrane), a group of Basidiomycetes having the hymenium on the free, exposed surface of the sporophore.

Hy´menophore, Hymenoph´orum (Gr—a membrane, + to bear), the structure which bears the hymenium; in Agarics e. g. the under surface of the pileus to which the gills are attached.

Hy´pha (pl. Hy´phÆ), the elementary filament or thread of a fungus; a cylindric thread-like branched body developing by apical growth, and usually becoming transversely septate.

Hy´phal, of or pertaining to the hypha.

Hypocrater´iform (Gr—the stand of a crater, + forma, form), having the shape of a cylindrical cup the margin of which turns outward; salver-shaped.

HypogÆ´ous, Hypoge´al, Hypoge´ous (hypogÆous, underground), subterranean; forming below the surface of the ground.

Hypog´enous (Gr—under, + produced, + ous), growing on the under surface.

Hypophyl´lous (foltum, a leaf, + ous), growing on the under side of a leaf.

Hypothe´cium (Gr—under, a case), layer of hyphal tissue immediately beneath a hymenium.

Identification, the determination of a genus and species to which a given specimen belongs.

Im´bricate, Im´bricated (imbricatus, pp. of imbricare, cover with gutter tiles; form like a gutter tile), to lay or lap one over another, like shingles.

Immar´ginate (in, negative; marginatus, marginate), without a well-defined margin.

Immersed´ (immersus, pp. of immergere, dip or plunge into), sunk into the matrix; originating beneath the surface of the matrix or of the ground; growing wholly under water.

Imper´forate (in, not, + perforatus, pp. of perforare, perforate), without any aperture.

Incanes´cent (incanescen(t-)s, ppr. of incanescere, become gray or hoary), somewhat or slightly canescent.

Incar´nate (in, in, on, + caro (carn), flesh), flesh-colored.

Incised´ (incisus, pp. incindere, cut into), appearing as if cut into; having marginal slits or notches.

Incras´sated (incrassatus, pp. of incrassare, < in, in; crassare, make thick), becoming thicker by degrees, swelling or swollen.

Incrus´ting (incrustare, cover with a rind or crust, < in, on, + crusta, a crust), forming a crust-like coating.

Indehis´cent, applied to a peridium which does not open spontaneously at maturity; the spores within it becoming freed by its decay.

Indif´ferent, primitive, homogenous, not developed into parts or organs of different structure or function.

Indig´enous (indigena, a native), native of a country.

Indigo Blue, a dark blue-color like the indigo of commerce.

In´durated (induratus, pp. of indurare, harden, < in, in, + durare, harden), hardened.

Indu´sium (L.—a tunic, < induere, put on), in certain phalloids, an appendage or veil hanging from the apex of the stem beneath the pileus.

Infe´rior (inferior, lower), growing below some other part; of the ring of an Agaric which is far down on the stem.

Infla´ted, swollen like a bladder.

Inflexed´ (inflexus, pp. inflexere, bent), bent inward.

Infundib´uliform (infundibulum, a funnel; forma, form), funnel-shaped.

Inhibit´ion (inhibitio(n-), a restraining, < inhibere, restrain), the lowering of the action of a nervous mechanism by nervous impulses reaching it from a connected mechanism.

In´nate (innatus, pp. of innasci, < in, into; nascor, to be born), originating within the substance of the plant or matrix; appearing to be within or blending with the substance of a part.

Inorgan´ic, not produced by vital processes; not organic.

Isabella Color (alutaceus), a light grayish-cinnamon color, or light buff-brown.

Inser´ted (insertus, pp. inserere, to insert), growing like a graft from its stock; attached to or growing out of some other part.

Insiti´tious (insitio, an ingrafting, < inserere, pp. insitus, sow or plant, ingraft), inserted.

Inter- (L.—in the midst, between, among, during), prefix signifying “between” or “among” or “during.”

Inter´calary, Inter´calated (intercalatus, pp. of intercalare, < inter, between, + calare, call), interposed; inserted between.

Intercell´ular (inter, between, + cellula, cellule, + ar), situated between the cells.

Interrupt´ed, said of any surface or series the continuity of which is broken.

Inter´stices, spaces between any surfaces or things.

Intra- (intra, within), prefix signifying “within.”

Intracell´ular, situated within a cell or cells.

Intralam´ellar, situated within or between the plates of the lamellÆ (gills).

Intravenal (intra, within, + vena, vein), situated or occurring within veins.

Introduced´, applied to plants brought from another country and growing spontaneously.

Intumes´cent (intumescens, ppr. of intumescere, swell up), swelling up, becoming tumid.

Invag´inated (in, in, + vagina, a sheath), sheathed.

In´volute (involutus, pp. involvere, to roll up), rolled inwards.

Isabel´line, of the color of soiled linen or sole leather; alutaceous; brownish-yellow, yellowish-gray.

La´biate (labiatus, lipped, < labium, lip), said of an aperture with distinct lip-like borders.

Labyrin´thine, Labyrin´thiform (labyrinthus, labyrinth), characterized by intricate and sinuous lines; like a labyrinth.

Lac´cate (laccatus, < lacca, lac), as if varnished or covered with a coat like sealing wax.

Lac´erate, Lac´erated, as if torn.

Lacin´iate (laciniatus, < lacinia, a lappet), divided into flaps; irregularly cut into jagged edges, more regular and larger than fimbriate.

Lactes´cent (lactescere, turn to milk), milk-bearing, provided with a milky juice.

Lacu´na (pl. Lacu´nÆ) (lacuna, a pit, hollow, cavity, etc.), a pit or hollow, a gap; a vacancy caused by the admission, loss or obliteration of something necessary to continuity or completeness.

Lacu´nose, Lacu´nous (lacunosus, full of hollows, < lacuna, a pit), marked with small hollows, pitted; having or full of lac.

Lamel´la (pl. Lamel´lÆ) (lamella, a thin piece of metal, wood), a gill or gills of mushrooms, on which the hymenium is extended.

La´nate (lanatus, woolly, < lana, wool), woolly; covered with a wool-like pubescence.

Lan´ceolate (lanceolatus, < lanceola, a little spear), lance-shaped; tapering to both ends.

Lat´eral, attached to or by one side.

Lateric´eous, Laterit´ious (latericeus, lateritius, consisting of bricks, < later, a brick), brick-colored.

La´tex (latex, liquid; ferre, bear), thick milky juice.

Laticif´erous (latex, liquid, + ferre, bear), applied to the tubes containing latex, as in the Lactarii.

Lat´ticed, formed by interlacing and crossing lines or columns which leave open spaces between.

Lavender (lavendulaceus), a very pale purplish color, paler and more delicate than lilac.

Lax (laxus, loose, slack), not compact, limber, flaccid.

Lead-Color (plumbeus), same as Plumbeous.

Lemon-Yellow (citreus, citrinus), a very pure light-yellow color, much like gamboge, but purer and richer.

Lentic´ular, Len´tiform (lenticularis, lentil-shaped, < lenticula, a lentil), shaped like a double convex lens; lentil-shaped.

Lep´idote (Gr—scaly), scurfy with minute scales.

Leucos´porÆ (Gr—white; Gr—seed), a group of fungi having white spores, hence leucospore, a white spore; leucosporous, having spores of a white color.

Lev´igate (levigatus, pp. of levigare, make smooth), having a polished surface.

Lig´natile (lignatilis, < lignum, wood), growing on wood.

Lig´neous (ligneus, wooden), of woody texture.

Lig´ulate (ligula, a tongue, strap, etc., + ate), strap-shaped, flattened like a strap.

Lilac, Lilaceous (lilacinus, lilaceus), a light-purple color, like the flowers of the lilac.

Lin´ear (linearis, < linea, a line), narrow and straight, slender.

Ling´uiform, Ling´ulate (lingua, tongue), tongue-shaped.

Livid (lividus, black-and-blue), bluish-black, like the black and blue of a bruise.

Lobed, Lo´bate (Gr—the lobe of an ear), having divisions which are large and rounded.

Lob´ulate, having small lobes.

Loc´ular, Loc´ulate, Loc´ulose, Loc´ulous (loculus, a box, cell), divided by internal partitions into loculi or cells.

Loc´ulus (pl. Loc´uli), a little chamber or cell.

Lu´cid (lucidus, light, bright, clear), clear, transparent, bright.

Lu´men (lumen, a window-light), the internal cavity or spaces in a cell or any tubular organ.

Lu´rid (luridus, pale-yellow, wan, etc.), a color between purple, yellow and gray; livid.

Lu´teous (luteus), yellowish; more or less like buff or clay color.

Lutes´cent (lutescen(t-)s, ppr. of lutescere, turn to mud, < lutum, mud), yellowish.

Macro- (Gr—long), in composition “large” or “long.”

Mac´ulate, Mac´ular, Mac´ulose (maculatus, pp. of maculare, spot, speckle), spotted.

Mam´miform (mamma, a breast; forma, form), breast-shaped; mastoid; teat-like.

Mar´ginal Veil, a horizontal membrane extending from the margin of the pileus to the stem; found in Hymenomycetes.

Mar´ginate, having a well-defined border.

Maroon (atro-purpureus, atro-coccineus), a rich brownish-crimson, nearly like the pigment called purple madder; claret color.

Ma´trix (matrix, a womb), the substance upon or in which a fungus grows.

Mauve (malvaceus, malvinus), a light tint of violet. (Aniline violet + white.)

Medial (medialis, < medius, the middle), applied to ring when situated about at the middle of stem.

Medul´la (medulla, marrow, pith, kernel, < medius, middle), pith, marrow, kernel; inner substance as distinguished from outer or cortical layer or layers.

Med´ullary, composed of or pertaining to a medulla.

Mega- (Gr—great, large), prefix signifying “great.”

Melanos´porÆ (Gr—black, —seed), a group of fungi having black spores.

Membrana´ceous (membranaceus, of skin or membrane, < membrana, skin, membrane), pertaining to, or of the nature of, skin, membrane; membranaceous; thin, rather soft and pliable.

Meris´moid (merisma, from Gr—to divide, + —form), applied to pileus which is subdivided into many smaller pilei; resembling a Merisma; having a branched or laciniate pileus.

Mes´opod (Gr—middle, + —foot), plant having a central stem.

Mica´ceous (micaceus, < mica, mica), covered with glistening mica-like particles.

Mi´cron, Mi´kron, [Greek: m];, microscopic unit of measure; ¹/₁₀₀₀ of a millimeter; nearly .00004 inch; to convert inches to microns, approximately, divide by .00004; represented by the Greek letter [Greek: m], following the number.

Millimeter, MM. (mille, a thousand, + meter), the thousandth part of a meter, equal to 0.03937 inch or nearly, ¹/₂₅ inch. It is denoted by mm., as 25.4 mm. is 1 inch.

Min´iate (miniatus, pp. of miniare, color with red lead, < minium, red lead), vermilion-colored; of a bright, vivid red color.

Mi´trate, Mit´riform (mitra, a miter), miter-shaped, bonnet-shaped.

Mold, Mould, fine soft earth; a general term to describe certain fungus growths of a low type.

Monil´iform (monile, necklace; forma, form), contracted at intervals in the length like a string of beads.

Monos´tichous (Gr—single, + —a line), arranged in one row.

Mon´strous, of unnatural formation; deviating greatly from the natural form or structure (has no reference to size).

Morpholog´ic, Morpholog´ical, of or pertaining to morphology.

Morphol´ogy (Gr—form, + —speak), the science of organic form; the science of of outer form and internal structure.

Mother-Cell, a cell from which another is derived.

Mouse-Gray (murino-griseus; murinus). (Lamp-black + white + sepia.)

Mov´able, applied to a ring which has separated from the stem and can be moved up and down.

Muced´inous (mucedo, mucus), having the character of or resembling mold or mildew.

Mu´cid (mucidus, moldy, < mucere, be moldy or musty, < mucus, mucus), musty, moldy, slimy.

Mucilag´inous (mucilago, a moldy, musty juice, + ous), slimy, ropy, slightly viscid, soft, moist.

Mu´cous (mucosus, slimy, < mucus, slime), pertaining to mucus, or resembling it; slimy, ropy, lubricous.

Mu´cro (L.—a sharp point, esp. of a sword), a short and abrupt point of a leaf or other organ.

Mu´cronate (mucronatus, pointed, < mucro, a sharp point), tipped with an abrupt, sharp short point.

Multi- (multus, much, many), in composition “many.”

Mul´tifid (multifidus, many-cleft), having many divisions.

Multipar´tite (multipartitus, much divided), divided into many parts.

Multisep´tate (as if multiseptatus, < multus, many, + septum, a partition), divided by many partitions.

Mu´ricate (muricatus, pointed), rough with short hard points.

Muric´ulate (muriculatus, dim. of muricatus, pointed), finely muricate.

Mu´riform (murus, wall, + forma, shape), resembling the arrangement of the bricks in the walls of a house; said of spores having septa at right angles to each other.

Mu´rine, Mu´rinous (murinus, of a mouse), mouse-colored.

Mush´room, a cryptogamic plant of the class fungi: applied in a general sense to almost any of the larger, conspicuous fungi, such as toadstools, puff-balls, hydnei, etc., but more particularly to the agaricoid fungi and especially to the edible forms.

Mu´tualism, symbiosis of two organisms living together and mutually helping and supporting each other.

Myc, Mycet, Myceto, Myco, prefix signifying “fungus.”

Myce´lial, of or pertaining to mycelium.

Myce´lium (Gr—a fungus, + an excrescence), spawn of fungi resulting from the germination of spores; in agarics e. g. forming root-like threads; the weft of threads from which the mushroom arises.

Myce´lioid, like mycelium.

Myc´eloid, like a fungus.

Mycetol´ogy (Gr—a fungus, + —speak), mycology.

Mycolog´ical, relating to fungi.

Mycol´ogist, one who is versed in mycology.

Mycol´ogy (Gr—a fungus, + —speak), the science of fungi, their structure, classification, etc.

Mycoph´agist, one who eats fungi.

Mycoph´agy (Gr—a fungus, + —eat), the eating of fungi.

Na´ked, bare; without covering of any kind, as of an enveloping membrane, pruinose, farinaceous or furfuraceous particles, tomentum, fragments of volva or veil, etc.

Nap´iform (napus, a turnip, + forma, form), turnip-shaped.

Narrow, of a very slight vertical width.

Nas´cent (nascen(t)s, ppr. of nasci, be born), in the earliest rudimentary condition; beginning to exist or to grow.

Nat´uralized, said of a plant of foreign origin which thrives as if indigenous.

Navic´ular, Naviculoid (navicula, a small ship or boat), boat-shaped; scaphoid.

Netted, covered with projecting, reticulated lines.

Nigres´cent, Nig´ricant (nigrescen(t-)s, ppr. of nigrescere, become black, grow dark), becoming black, also blackish, dusky, fuscous.

Nit´id, Nit´idus (nitidus, shining, bright, < nitere, to shine), lustrous, shining, polished.

Ni´veous (niveus, snowy, < nix, snow), snow-white.

Nod´ule (nodulus, a little knot, dim. of nodus, a knot), a little knot or lump.

Nod´ulose, Nod´ulous (nodulosus, < nodulus, a little knot), having little swellings, knotty.

Non-, not; prefix giving a negative sense to words.

Nu´cleate, Nu´cleated (nucleatus, having a kernel), having a nucleus or nuclei.

Nucle´olus (pl. Nuclei) (nucleolus, dim. of nucleus, a little nut), sharply defined point often seen in the nucleus.

Nu´cleus (pl. Nu´clei) (nucleus, a little nut, kernel, stone of a fruit); the central, highly differentiated mass of protoplasm in a spore or other cells of a fungus, controlling cell division and reproduction, functionally the most important portion of a cell, for in it the process of cell division begins; sometimes improperly applied to the oil globules or guttulÆ and the vacuoles within some spores.

Ob-, in composition “inversely.”

Obcla´vate (as if obclavatus, < ob, from; clava, a club), inversely club-shaped.

Obcon´ic, Obcon´ical (ob; conus, a cone), inversely conical.

Obcor´date (ob; cordatus, heart-shaped), like an inverted heart.

Obese´ (obesus, fat), stout, plump.

Ob´ligate-Parasite, can only grow as a parasite; see facultative parasite.

Ob´ligate-Saprophyte, can only grow as a saprophyte. See Facultative Saprophyte.

Ob´long, two or three times longer than broad, with nearly parallel sides.

Obo´vate, inversely ovate, having the broad end upward or toward the apex.

Obpyr´iform (ob + pyriform, pear-shaped), inversely pear-shaped.

Ob´solete, indistinct, very imperfectly developed; hardly perceptible.

Obtuse´, blunt or rounded.

Ochra´ceous, O´cherous, O´chreous, O´chroid, O´chry, O´chrous, O´chery (ochre, ocher, + aceous), ocher-yellow; brownish-yellow.

Ochra´ceous-Rufous (ochraceo-rufus). (Yellow ocher + burnt sienna + light red.)

Ochre Yellow (ochraceo-flavus). The color of the pigment called yellow ocher.

Ochros´porÆ (Gr—pale yellow), a group of fungi having ocher or brown-colored spores.

Oleag´inous (oleum, oil), oily or oil-like.

Oliva´ceous, Olive (olivaceus, olivinus), a greenish-brown color like that of olives (Sepia + light zinnober-green.)

Olive-Buff (olivaceo-luteus). (Yellow ocher + cobalt-blue + white.)

Olive-Green (olivaceo-viridis), a peculiar color, produced by the mixture of yellow and gray, resulting in a tint somewhat between olive and dull yellowish-green.

Olive-Yellow (olivaceo-flavus). (Light-cadmium + black + white.)

Opaque´, Opake´, mostly used in the sense of dull, not shining.

Oper´culum (operculum, a lid, cover, < operire, cover, shut, conceal), a lid-like cover.

Orange (aurantius), a deep reddish-yellow like the rind of an orange.

Orange-Rufous (aurantio-rufus). (Neutral-orange or cadmium-orange + light-red.)

Orange-Yellow (aurantio-flavus), a color intermediate between orange and yellow.

Orbic´ular (orbicularis, < orbiculus, a little disk), having the form of an orb; having the shape of a flat body nearly circular in outline.

Order, the most important unit of classification above the genus.

Organ´ic, pertaining to either living or dead animal or vegetable organism.

Os´mose (osmosis, thrust, push, impel), the impulse or tendency of fluids to pass through membranes and mix or become diffused through each other.

Osmo´sis (Gr—impulsion, pushing), the diffusion of fluids through membranes; see osmose.

Osmot´ic, of or pertaining to or characterized by osmose.

Os´tiole, Osti´olum (ostiolum, a little door), mouth of the perithecium; orifice through which the spores are discharged.

O´vate (ovatus, egg-shaped), egg-shaped; having a figure the shape of a longitudinal section of an egg.

O´void (ovum, egg, + Gr—form), egg-shaped; used to describe solids.

Pales´cent, inclining to paleness; becoming pallid.

Pal´lid, pale, undecided color.

Pal´udine, Palu´dinous, Pal´udose, Palus´trine (palus (palud-), a swamp), growing in marshes or swamps.

Papil´iona´ceous (papilio(n-), butterfly), variegated; mottled; marked with different colors; as the lamellÆ of some species of PanÆolus mottled with black spores.

Papil´la (pl. Papil´lÆ) (papilla, a nipple, a teat, also a bud, pimple, dim. of papula, a pustule), a small nipple-shaped elevation.

Pap´illate (papillatus, < papilla, a nipple), furnished with one or more nipple-like elevations.

Papil´liform, Papil´lÆform, shaped like a papilla.

Papyra´ceous (papyraceus, < papyrus, paper), parchment; resembling the material covering a hornet’s nest; pergamentous.

Paraph´ysis (pl. Paraph´yses) (Gr—an off-shoot), slender, thread-like bodies growing with the asci; sterile cells usually club-shaped found with the reproductive cells of some plants.

Par´asite (Gr—one who eats at another’s table, a guest), a plant growing on or in another living body from which it derives all or part of its nourishment.

Parasit´ic, growing on and deriving support from another plant.

Paren´chyma (Gr—the peculiar tissue of the lungs, liver, kidney and spleen), the fundamental cellular tissue of plants composed of thin walled, approximately isodiametric cells; absent in fungi. See Pseudoparenchyma and Prosenchyma.

Parenchym´atous, pertaining to, containing, consisting of or resembling parenchyma.

Pa´ries (pl. Pari´eties), wall of a cavity or capsule.

Pari´etal (parietalis, belonging to walls, < paries (pariet-), a wall), pertaining to or arising from a wall.

Par´tial (partialis, divisible, solitary, < pars, a part), secondary; of a veil clothing the stem and reaching to the edge of the pileus, but not extending beyond it; marginal.

Pat´ellate (patella, a small pan or dish, a plate), shaped like a dish.

Patell´iform (patella, a pan, dish; forma, form), having the shape of a patella or knee pan.

Patent (paten(t)s, ppr. patere, lie open), spreading, diverging widely.

Pea Green, a pale, dull green color like the color of green pea pods.

Pearl Blue, a very pale, purplish-blue color.

Pearl Gray (margaritaceus), a very pale, delicate, blue-gray color.

Pec´tinate (pectinatus, comb-like, pp. pectinare, < pecten, a comb), with narrow teeth, arranged as in a comb.

Ped´icel (pediculus, a little foot), foot stalk; any short, very small, stem-like stalk.

Ped´icellate (pedicellus, dim. of pediculus, a little foot), having a pedicel or little foot stalk.

Pel´licle (pellicula, a small skin, dim. of pellis, skin), a little or thin skin, a cuticle; same as cortical layer and cuticle.

Pellic´ulose (pelliculosus, < pellicula, dim. of pellis, skin), furnished with a pellicle or distinct skin.

Pellu´cid (pellucidus, perlucidus, transparent, < pellucere, perlucere, shine through, be transparent), admitting the passage of light, transparent, translucent.

Pel´tate (peltatus, armed with a light shield, < pelta, a light shield), formed like a shield and fixed to the stalk by the center, or by some point distinctly within the margin.

Pen´ciled (pencillum, a painter’s brush), marked with fine lines; with pencil-like hairs either on the tip or border.

Pen´dulous, hanging down.

Pen´icillate (penicillus, a pencil), pencil-shaped; having a tuft of short hairs resembling a camel’s-hair brush.

Peren´nial (perennis, lasting the year through, < per, through, + annus, year), continuing growth from year to year.

Pergame´neous (pergamena, parchment, + eous), like parchment.

Pericli´nal (Gr—sloping on all sides + al), said of wall cells or any lines when parallel with the outer surface.

Peridi´olum (dim. of peridium), a secondary or interior peridium containing a hymenium.

Perid´ium (pl. Perid´ia) (Gr—a pouch, wallet), the outer enveloping coat of the sporophore in angiocarpous fungi, as in puff-balls.

Periph´eral, of, belonging to or situated on the periphery.

Periph´ery (peripheria, the line around a circle, circumference, part of a circle), the exterior surface of any body.

Per´istome (peristomium, around a mouth), toothed or variously shaped ring around the mouth or orifice for discharge of spores in a peridium.

Perithe´cium (pl. Perithe´cia) (Gr—a lid), cup-shaped ascocarp with the margin incurved so as to form a narrow, mouthed cavity; the case or hollow shell which contains the spores.

Per´onate (peronatus, < pero, a kind of high boot), sheathed, booted; said of the stem when it has a boot-like or stocking-like covering.

Persis´tent, enduring, continuing without withering, decaying or falling off.

Per´sonate (personatus, masked, < persona, mask), masked or disguised in any way.

Per´vious (pervius, passable; < per, through; via, a way), having an open tube-like passage.

Pezi´zoid, resembling a Peziza.

Pi´leate (pileatus, capped, bonneted), having a cap or pileus.

Pile´olus (pl. Pileoli) (pileolus, dim. of pileus, a hat), secondary pileus, arising from the division of a primary pileus; a little pileus.

Pi´leus (pl. Pi´lei) (pileus, a hat), a part of the receptacle of a fungus, e. g. the cap-like heads of agarics; it may be stipitate, sessile, dimidiate, regular or irregular in form.

Pilif´erous, Pilig´erous, Pi´lose, Pi´lous (pilus, hair, + ferre, bear), covered with hair, especially with fine or soft hair.

Pi´lose (pilosus, < pilus, a hair), covered with hairs; furry.

Pink (caryophyllaceus), a dilute, rose-red color.

Pinkish-Buff (caryophyllaceo-luteus). (Yellow-ocher + light-red + white.)

Pinkish-Vinaceous (caryophyllaceo-vinaceus). (Indian-red + white.)

Pip-Shaped, the shape of an apple seed.

Pi´siform (pisum, a pea, + forma, form), pea-shaped.

Pith (pit, marrow, kernel), central stuffing in some stems.

Pits (puteus, a well, a pit), depressions in tubes or cells resembling pores; applied also to hollow depressions in the surface of the cap of the Morell.

Pit´ted, covered with pits or small depressions.

Placen´tiform (placenta, placenta, + forma, form), in the form of a thickened circular disk depressed in the middle, both above and below.

Plane, having a flat surface.

Pli´cate (plicatus, fold, bend), folded like a fan; plaited.

Plum´beous (plumbeus), a deep, bluish-gray color like tarnished lead; lead-color. (Lamp-black + intense blue + white.)

Plu´mose, Plu´mous (plumosus, full of feathers or down), feathery or feathered.

Pluri-, prefixed has the significance of “many.”

Pneumogas´tric (Gr—lung, + —stomach), pertaining to the lungs and stomach, or to the functions of respiration and digestion; in anatomy noting several nervous structures.

Poc´uliform (poculum, cup, + forma, form), cup-shaped.

Poly-, a prefix meaning “many.”

Polyg´onal, having many angles.

Polymor´phism, Pol´ymorphy, existence in or exhibition by the same species or group of different types of structure.

Polymor´phous (Gr—multiform, manifold), varying much in appearance, form or structure in the same species or group; characterized by polymorphism.

Polys´tichous (Gr—many, +—row, line), arranged in many rows.

Pore (porus, a pore), in Pyrenomycetes same as ostiole; in Hymenomycetes same as tubulus or tube, as the tubules of Polypores; also the mouth of a tubulus.

Po´riform (porus, a pore; forma, form), in the form of pores.

Po´rose, Po´rous (porosus, < porus, a pore), furnished with pores or tubules; pierced with small holes.

Porphyros´pore (Gr—purple, +—seed), a group of fungi having purple spores.

Porrect´ (porrectus, pp. of porrigere, stretch out before, reach out, extend, < por, forth, + regere, stretch, direct), extended forward; stretched forth horizontally.

Poste´rior (posterior, compar. of posterus, coming after, etc.), denotes a position or under side of the pileus adjacent to the stem; the end of a lamella next the stem is the posterior end.

Premorse´ (premorsus, pp. of premordere, bite in front or at the end), having the apex irregularly truncate as if bitten or broken off.

Primor´dial (primordium, pl. primordia, origin, beginning), first formed; existing from the beginning.

Primor´dium (L.—commonly in pl. primordia, the beginnings, < primus, first, + ordiri, begin), first beginning of any structure.

Primrose-Yellow (primulaceo-flavus), a very delicate pale-yellow, of a more creamy tint than sulphur-yellow. (Pale cadmium + white.)

Proc´ess, an outgrowth or projection from a surface.

Procum´bent (procumben(t-)s, ppr. of procumbere, fall forward or prostrate, < pro, forward, + cumbere, cubare, lie), prostrate; unable to support itself, therefore lying on the ground.

Projec´ting, the anterior end jutting out beyond the margin.

Prolif´erous (proles, offspring; fero, to bear), applied to an organ which gives rise to secondary ones of the same kind.

Pro´tean (Gr—the name of a sea-god), exceedingly variable; changeable in form.

Pro´teid, albuminoid.

Proto- (Gr—first), an element in compound words of Greek origin meaning “first” and denoting precedence in time, rank and degree.

Protobasid´ium, basidium divided by transverse septa into four cells, each giving rise to a spore from a laterally inserted sterigma, or a basidium divided longitudinally by septa intersecting each other at right angles into four cells terminating in a long, tubular sterigma.

Pro´toplasm (Gr—first, + anything formed or molded), the nitrogenous fluid of variable composition found in living cells; it is the vital substance into which all food is assimilated, and from which all parts of the plant are formed.

Prox´imal (proximus, nearest), pertaining to the base or extremity of attachment.

Pru´inate, Pru´inose (as if pruinatus, pruina, hoar-frost), covered with a bloom or powder so as to appear as if frosted.

Prun´iform (prunum, a plum; forma, form), plum-shaped.

Pseudo (Gr—false, counterfeit, etc.), prefix signifying “false” or “spurious.”

Pseudo-Paren´chyma, a fungus tissue formed of closely woven and felted hyphal threads, which on section has the appearance of the cellular structure of true parenchyma.

Pubes´cence (pubescen(t-) + ce), general term to describe hairyness; specifically covered with short, soft, downy hairs.

Pubes´cent (pubes, of mature age), covered with soft, short hairs, downy; hairy.

Pullula´tion (pullulare, pp. pullulatus, pullulate), a mode of cell multiplication in which a cell forms a protuberance on one side which enlarges to size of parent cell and is cut-off from it by a dividing wall; sprouting; budding.

Pulvera´ceous, Pulver´ulent (pulvis (pulver), dust, powder), covered as if with powder or dust.

Pul´vinate (pulvinatus, < pulvinus, a cushion), cushion-shaped.

Punc´tate (punctatus, < punctus, a point), dotted with points.

Punc´tiform (punctum, point; forma, form), like a point or dot.

Pus´tular, Pus´tulate (pustulatus, pp. of pustulare, to blister, < pustula, a blister, pimple), having low elevations shaped like blisters or pustules.

Putres´cent, soon decaying.

Pyr´iform (pyrum, a pear; forma, form), pear-shaped.

Quad-, Quadri- (quadru, four-cornered, square, fourfold, < quattuor, four), prefix signifying “four.”

Quad´rate (quadratus, square, pp. of quadrare, make four-cornered, square, < quadra, a square), square; sometimes used to mean “of four equal parts.”

Quater´nate (quaternatus, < quaterni, four each), arranged in groups of four.

Ra´diate, Ra´diating (radiatus, pp. of radiare, furnish with spokes, give out rays, shine), arranged like the spokes of a wheel.

Rad´icating (radicatus, pp. of radicare, take root), rooting; having root-like strands which penetrate the matrix.

Rad´icle (radicula, dim. of radix, a root), a rootlet.

Ra´meal, Ra´meous (rameus, a branch), growing on twigs or branches.

Ramic´ulous, growing on branches.

Ram´ification (ramificare, ramify), branching, or the manner of branching.

Ram´ify (ramus, a branch, + ficare, < facere, make), to form branches.

Ra´mose, Ra´mous (ramosus, full of branches), having many small branches.

Recep´tacle, Receptac´ulum (receptaculum, place to receive things in), a part of the mushroom extremely varied in form, consistency and size, enclosing the organs of reproduction; usually implying a hollowed-out body containing other bodies; same as Stroma; same as Sporophore; in Phalloids the stem, stem and pileus, or the clathrate body which supports the gleba.

Reflexed´, Reflec´ted (reflexus, pp. of reflectere, reflect), turned or bent back.

Remote´ (remotus, pp. removere, remove), of gills which do not reach the stem, but leave a free space between them and it.

Ren´iform (ren, the kidney; forma, form), kidney-shaped.

Repand´ (repandus, bent backward), bent or turned up or back; having a slightly undulating or sinuous margin.

Rep´licate (replicatus, pp. of replicare, fold or bend back), folded back upon itself as when the margin of a cup turns outward and downward.

Resu´pinate (resupinatus, pp. of resupinare, throw on the back), attached to the matrix by the back, the hymenium facing outward; said of fungi spread over the matrix without any stem and with the hymenium upwards.

Retic´ulate, Re´tiform (reticulatus, < reticulum, a little net), marked with crossed lines like the meshes of a net.

Rev´olute (revolutus, pp. of revolvere, revolved), rolled backwards or upwards; of the margin of a pileus e.g. the opposite of involute.

Rhi´zines, Rhi´zoids (Gr—root, +), delicate filiform hyphal branches which serve to attach the sporophore to the substratum and supply nourishment.

Ri´mose, Ri´mous (rimosus, rima, a crack), cracked, full of clefts.

Rhi´zomorphs (Gr—root, + L.—forma, form), long, branching or anastomosing, rigid, root-like cords of mycelium with a dark or black exterior, often growing between the bark and timber or about and penetrating the roots of dead and living trees, produced by Agaricus melleus and various other fungi.

Rhizomor´phoid (Gr—root, + form), root-like in form.

Rhodospo´rÆ (Gr—rose, + seed), rose or pink spores.

Rim´ulose, Rim´ulous (rimula, a little crack), covered with small cracks.

Rind, cortex; bark.

Ring, a part of the veil adhering in the form of a ring to the stem of an agaric; same as annulus.

Ri´vose (rivus, a stream, channel, groove), marked with furrows which do not run in parallel directions.

Riv´ulose (rivulosus, < rivula, a little stream), marked with lines like rivulets.

Root´ing, same as radicating.

Rosaceous (rosaceus, pallidoroseus, caryophyllaceus), a very pure purplish-pink color, like some varieties of roses.

Rose-Red (roseus, rosaceo-ruber), the purest possible purplish-red color.

Ros´trate (rostratus, having a beak, hook or crooked point, rostrum, a beak), beaked; having a process resembling the beak of a bird.

Rotund´, round or nearly so.

Rubes´cent (rubescents, ppr. of rubescere, become red, < rubere, be red), tending to a red-color.

Rubig´inous (rubiginosus, < rubigo, rust), rust-colored.

Rufes´cent (rufescere, to become reddish), tending to rufous or a dull red color.

Ruf´fled, very strongly undulate.

Ru´fous (rufus), a brownish-red color like the pigment called Venetian-red, light red, Indian-red, red chalk, etc., which represents various shades of rufous. The typical shade is light red.

Ru´gose (rugosus, < ruga, a wrinkle), wrinkled.

Ru´gulose (rugula, dim. of ruga, a wrinkle), minutely rugose.

Run´cinate (runcina, a plane), irregularly saw-toothed, the divisions or teeth hooked backward.

Russet (russatus), a bright tawny-brown color with a tinge of rusty.

Sab´uline, Sab´ulose (sabulum, sand, + ine), growing in sandy places.

Sac´cate (saccus, a bag), in the form of a sack or pouch.

Sac´charine (saccharon, sugar), of or resembling sugar, covered with shining grains like those of sugar.

Sac´cule, Sac´culus (sacculus, dim. of saccus, a bag), a small sack or pouch.

Salmon-Color (salmonaceus) (carneus), a color intermediate between flesh color and orange, like the flesh of the salmon. (Saturn red or orange chrome + white.)

Sanguin´eous (sanguineus, of blood, bloody), blood-colored; of a deep, somewhat brownish-red color; like the color of clotted blood.

Sap´id (sapidus, having taste, savory, < sapere, have a taste), agreeable to the taste.

Saprog´enous (Gr—rotten, + Gr—producing), growing in decaying or decomposing animal or vegetable matter.

Sap´rophyte (Gr—rotten, + Gr—a plant), a plant that lives on decaying vegetable or animal matter.

Saprophyt´ic, living upon and deriving its sustenance from dead organic matter.

Sca´brate, Sca´brous (scabrosus, < scaber, rough), rough on the surface; rugged.

Scalar´iform (scalaria, a flight of steps; forma, form), in the form of a ladder.

Scaph´oid (Gr—like a bowl or boat, + Gr—form), boat-shaped.

Sca´riose, Sca´rious (scariosus, from scaria, a thorny shrub), thin, dry, membranaceous; applied to a shriveled membrane.

Scis´sile (scissilis, to cleave), capable of being easily split or cleft; said of gills which can easily be split into two plates.

Sclerit´ic, Scle´roid, Scle´rose, Scle´rosed (Gr—hard, rough, harsh), having a hard texture.

Sclero´tioid (Gr—hard, + resemblance), in the form of a sclerotium; a form assumed by the mycelium of certain fungi.

Sclero´tium (pl. Sclerotia) (Gr—hard), hard, black, compact, mostly tuber-like body, which is the resting stage of certain fungi, as in Peziza tuberosa; it remains dormant for a time and then sends up shoots, which develop into sporophores at the expense of the reserve material.

Scrobic´ulate (scrobiculatus, < scrobiculus, dim. of scrobis, a trench), marked with small pits; furrowed.

Scrupose, rough with small irregular prominences.

Scu´tellate (scutellatus, < scutella, a salver, dish), shaped like a plate or platter.

Section, a cutting, cutting off, excision, amputation, etc.

Semi-, prefix meaning “half” or “partial.”

Sep´arable (separabilis, that can be separated, < separare, separate), capable of being detached.

Sep´arating, becoming detached, as lamellÆ from the stem, or resupinate fungi from the matrix.

Se´pia, a deep, dark-brown color, with a little red in its composition. The pigment called sepia is a carbonaceous matter, prepared from the natural ink of a species of cuttle-fish.

Sep´tate (septum, a fence), having partitions.

Sep´tum (pl. Septa) (septum, a fence), partition.

Se´riate (seriatus, pp. of seriare, arrange in a series), arranged in rows.

Seric´eous (sericum, silk), silky.

Ser´rate (serratus, saw-shaped), having marginal teeth shaped like saw teeth.

Ser´rulate (serrulatus, < serrula, dim. of serra, a saw), minutely serrate.

Ses´sile (sessilis, < sessus, pp. sedere, sit), attached by the base; having no stem or support.

Se´ta (pl. Se´tÆ) (seta, a bristle), a stiff-bristle-like hair.

Seta´ceous, Setig´erous, Se´tose (seta, bristle), beset with bristles.

Se´tose (setosus, abounding in bristles), bristly.

Set´ulose (setula + ose), finely setose; covered with setules.

Sig´moid (Gr—of the shape of a sigma), said of an elongated spore having the ends bent slightly in opposite directions; S-shaped.

Simple, in botany not formed by a union of similar parts or groups of parts; a simple stem or trunk is one not divided at the base.

Sin´uate, Sin´uose, Sin´uous (sinuatus, pp. sinuare, < sinus, a curve), waved; serpentine; applied to an edge the outline of which is alternately concave and convex; a sinuate lamella has a sudden wave or sinus in its edge near the stem.

Si´nus (sinus, the fold of a garment, a curve, hollow), a rounded inward curve between two projecting lobes.

Slate-Color (schistaceus), a dark gray or blackish gray color, less bluish in tint than plumbeous or lead color.

Smoke-Gray (fumidio-canus). (Black + white + raw umber.)

Smooth, glabrous; applied to a surface which is destitute of hairs; a surface may be uneven and yet smooth.

Sor´did (sordidus, dirty, filthy, mean, < sordere, be dirty), of a dingy, dirty hue.

Spadic´eous (spadiceus, < spadix, a palm branch), date-brown, duller and darker than bay-brown.

Spath´ulate, Spat´ulate (spathula, dim. of spatha, a broad, flat instrument for stirring liquids), shaped like a spathula or spoon; oblong or rounded and flattened at the top with a long, narrow, attenuate base.

Spe´cies, an individual, or collectively those individuals which differ specifically from all other members of a genus and which do not differ from each other except within narrow limits of variability, and which produce by propagation other individuals of the same kind.

Specif´ic (species, kind, + ficus, < facere, make), of, pertaining to, constituting, peculiar to, characteristic of, designating species or a species; not generic, not of wider application than to a species.

Sphag´num (Gr—a kind of moss), peat or bog moss.

Spher´ical, Sphe´roid, of the shape of a ball or globe or nearly so.

Spic´ular, Spic´ulate, Spic´ulous (spicule + ar), covered with spicules.

Spic´ule (spicula, a little sharp point), in Hymenomycetes one of the small projections on the basidia which bear the spores.

Spin´ule (spinula, dim. of spina, a thorn), a small spine or prickle.

Sporan´giophore (sporangium + Gr—bear), special mycelial branch bearing a sporangium.

Sporan´gium (pl. Sporangia) (spora, a spore, + Gr—vessels), sac producing spores endogenously.

Spore (Gr—a sowing, seed time, seed, etc.), the reproductive body of cryptogams analogous to the seed of phenogams; the terms spores, sporidia, sporules and conidia have been applied somewhat indiscriminately to all spore bodies.

Sporidif´era, a class of fungi in which the spores are enclosed in asci.

Sporidif´erous, Sporidiif´erous (sporidium, + ferre, bear), bearing sporidia; applied to a fungus of the class Sporidifera.

Sporid´ium (pl. Sporid´ia) (dim. of Gr—spore), an ascospore or endospore. See Spore.

Sporif´era, a class of fungi in which the spores are free, naked or soon exposed.

Sporif´erous (spora, spore + ferre, bear), bearing spores; applied to a fungus of the class Sporifera.

Spo´rocarp (spora, spore, + Gr—fruit), in Ascomycetes the entire fruit, composed of the ascophore and the asci.

Sporog´enous (spora, spore, + Gr—producing), producing spores.

Spo´rophore (spora, spore), branch or portion of thallus which bears spores or spore-mother-cells; said to be simple or filamentous when consisting of a single hypha or branch of a hypha; compound, when formed by the cohesion of the ramifications of separate hyphal branches (the common mushroom is a compound sporophore.)

Sport, an animal or plant, or any part of one that varies suddenly or singularly from the normal type of structure, and is usually of transient character or not perpetuated; not so much deformed as “monster.”

Spo´rule, see under Spore.

Squa´ma (pl. Squa´mÆ) (squama, a scale), a scale or scale-like appendage.

Squa´mose, Squa´mous (squamosus, < squama, a scale), covered with appressed scales; scale-like.

Squam´ula, Squam´ule (dim. of squama, a scale), a small squama.

Squam´ulose (squamulosus, < squamula, dim. of squama, a scale), covered with small scales.

Squar´rose (squarrosus, scaly), rough with scales; roughened with projecting points.

Stalk, stipe; any stem-like supporting organ.

Stel´late (stellatus, pp. of stellare, set or cover with stars, < stella, star), star-shaped.

Sterig´ma (pl. Sterigmata) (Gr— a prop, support), stalk-like branch of a basidium bearing a spore.

Ster´ile, not fertile; producing no spores.

Stipe (L.—a stock, trunk, post, etc.), stalk of a mushroom.

Stip´itate (stipitatus, < stipes, a stalk), stemmed, elevated on a stipe.

Sto´ma (pl. Sto´mata) (Gr—the mouth, opening, entrance, out-let, etc.), a mouth or aperture; little orifices in the epidermis of leaves, etc., opening into air cavities or intercellular spaces.

Straight, applied to margin of pileus when not involute.

Stramin´eous (stramineus, made of straw, < stramen, straw), straw-colored.

Stra´tose (stratum, a layer), arranged in distinct layers or strata.

Stra´tum (pl. Stra´ta) (L.—coverlet, bed, pavement, etc.), a layer.

Straw-Color, Straw-Yellow (stramineus), a very light impure yellow, like cured straw.

Stri´a (pl. Stri´Æ) (stria, a channel, furrow, hollow), parallel or radiating lines or markings.

Stri´ate (striatus, pp. of striare, < stria, a channel, flute of a column), marked with striÆ.

Stri´gose (strigosus, < striga, a swath), rough with stiff hairs.

Strobil´iform (strobilus + forma, form), resembling a pine cone.

Stro´ma (pl. Stro´mata) (stroma, a covering, coverlet), a mass in which another object is imbedded; a compact mass of mycelium in the form of a cushion, crust, club or branched expansion upon or in which perithecia or other organs of fructification are borne.

Stuffed, of a stem filled with material of a different texture from its walls.

Sub- (sub, under, before, near), prefixed signifies “somewhat,” “almost” or “under.”

Su´berized (suber, cork, + ized), transformed into suberin or cork.

Sub-erose´ (sub, under, + erosus, pp. of erodere, gnaw off or away, consume), slightly erose; appearing as if eaten or gnawed on the margin.

Su´berose (suber, cork), corky.

Subgle´ba (sub, under; gleba, a clod), basal portion of the gleba.

Subic´ulum (subiculum, an under layer), a more or less thin and dense felt of hyphÆ covering the matrix; upon its surface is spread the hymenium, or from it arise stalks supporting sporophores.

Substra´tum (substratum, neut. of substratus, spread under), sometimes used in the sense of matrix.

Subterra´nean, under ground.

Su´bulate, Su´buliform (subulatus, < subula, an awl, < suere, sew), awl-shaped.

Suc´culent (succulentus, full of juice, sappy, < succus, prop. sucus, juice), fleshy, juicy.

Sul´cate (sulcatus, pp. sulcare, < sulcus, a furrow), marked with furrows; grooved.

Sul´cus (pl. Sul´ci) (sulcus, a furrow, trench), groove or furrow.

Sulphu´reous, Sulfu´reous (sulfureus, sulphureus, of or like sulphur, < sulfur, sulphur), sulphur-colored.

Sulphur Yellow (sulphureus), a very pale pure yellow color, less orange in tint than dilute gamboge or lemon yellow.

Super-, Supra- (super, over, above, beyond), prefix meaning “above” in position or degree.

Superfic´ial (superficialis, of or pertaining to the surface, situated on or close to the surface.

Supe´rior (superus, < super, above), the upper surface; or applied to a ring when it is near the apex of the stem.

Supravenal (super, over, above; vena, vein), situated or occurring above veins.

Sym´bion, Sym´biont (Gr—live together with), an organism which lives in a state of symbiosis.

Symbio´sis (Gr—a living together), the co-existence in more or less mutual interdependence of two different organisms; mutualism; mutual parasitism; commensalism; consortism; with some authors commensalism implies an association less necessary or mutually helpful than symbiosis.

Symbiot´ic, living in that kind of consociation called symbiosis.

Syn´onym (Gr—a word having the same name with another), a discarded name for a species or genus; either of two or more names for the same species or genus.

Synon´ymous, expressing the same idea; equivalent in meaning; having the character of a synonym.

Tape´sium (tapesium, tapestry, carpet), a carpet or layer of mycelium on which the receptacle is situated.

Tawny (fulvus, fulvescens, alutaceus), the color of tanned leather. (Nearly synonymous with fulvous.) (Neutral orange + raw sienna.)

Tawny Ochraceous (fulvo-ochraceus). (Yellow ocher + burnt sienna + raw umber.)

Tawny Olive (fulvo-olivaceus). (Yellow ocher + raw umber.)

Tena´ceous (tenax (tenac-), holding fast, < tenere, hold), tough.

Te´rete (teret, round, smooth), cylindrical or nearly so, having a circular, transverse section; top-shaped.

Terres´trial (terrestris, of or belonging to the earth + al), growing on the ground.

Tes´selated (tessellatus, made of small square stones, checkered + ed), arranged in small squares; checkered or reticulated in a regular manner.

Testa´ceous (testaceus, consisting of tiles or sherds, < testa, tile, shell), same as brick-red.

Tetan´ic (tetanicus, affected with tetanus), pertaining to or characterized by tetanus; tetanic spasm; tonic spasm of the voluntary muscles as seen in tetanus, strychnic poisoning, etc.

Tetra- (quatuor, four), prefix signifying “four.”

Tet´raspore (Gr—four, + seed), four spores forming one.

Thala´mium (Gr—inner chamber, bedroom, bed), synonym for hymenium.

Thal´logen (Gr—a young shoot, + Gr—producing), same as thallophyte.

Thal´lophyte (Gr—a young shoot, + Gr—a plant), one of the so-called “lower cryptogams,” plants in which the vegetative body usually consists of a thallus.

Thal´lus (Gr—a young shoot or twig), a vegetative body which is not differentiated into a true root, stem and leaf, has no true vessels or woody fiber; in fungi it is the whole body of the plant not serving directly as an organ of reproduction, i. e.: mycelium, if any, and sporophore but not including the hymenial layer.

The´ca (Gr—a case, box, receptacle, + put, place), a sac or case, generally used in the sense of capsule.

The´caspore, the spore thus enclosed by the wall of the sac; an ascospore.

Tis´sue (texere, weave), the cellular fabric out of which plant structures are built up.

Toad´stool (toad + stool), a general name applicable to any form of visible fungus; usually applied to fleshy fungi as distinguished from the molds, smuts, etc. Mushroom is a name given to a few species of toadstools known to commerce, and wrongly to other edible species, of which there are many.

Tomen´tose, Tomentous (tomentum, wool, etc.), densely pubescent with matted wool or tomentum.

Tomen´tum (tomentum, a stuffing of wool, hair, feathers, etc.), a species of pubescence consisting of longish, soft, entangled hairs pressed close to the surface.

Torn, said of pores which are superficially rough and jagged as if torn.

To´rose, Tor´ulose (torosus, full of muscle or flesh, < torus, a bulging, protuberance), swollen at intervals.

Tor´sion (torquere, pp. tortus, twist, wring), the state of being twisted spirally.

Tor´sive (torsus, pp. torquere, twist), spirally twisted.

Tor´tuous, bending or turning in various directions.

Tox´ic (toxicum, poison), poisonous.

Tra´ma (trama, the weft or filling of a web), the substance proceeding from the hymenophore, between the plates of (central in) the gills in Agarics, and between the double membranes of which the dissepiments of the pores are composed in Polyporei; the hyphal plates forming the walls of the chambers of the gleba, in Gasteromycetes.

Translu´cent (translucen(t)s, ppr. of translucere, shine across or through, < trans, over, + lucere, shine), transmitting rays of light without being transparent.

Trans´verse (transversus, lying across), from side to side.

Trem´elloid, Trem´ellose (tremo, to tremble), of a gelatinous or jelly-like consistency; resembling Tremella.

Tri- (tri, three), prefix signifying “three.”

Tri´fid (trifidus, < tres (tri-) three, + findere, cleave), divided half way into three parts by linear sinuses with straight margins; three-cleft.

Triquet´rous (triquetrus, three-cornered, triangular), having three acute angles with concave faces; triangular; applied to the vertical radial section of some dimidiate pilei; three-edged.

Trun´cate (truncatus, pp. truncare, cut off), ending abruptly as if cut short; cut squarely off.

Tu´bÆform, Tu´biform (tuba, a tube; forma, form), trumpet-shaped, tubular.

Tube, Tu´bule (tubus, a pipe, tube), in polypores, tube lined with hymenium; same as pore.

Tu´ber (tuber, a bump, swelling, knob on plant, etc.), fleshy body, usually of a rounded or oblong form, produced on underground stems, as the potato or artichoke; a genus of underground fungi.

Tu´bercle (tuberculum, dim. of tuber, a swelling), a small, wart-like excrescence; a small swelling.

Tuber´cular, Tuber´culate, Tuber´culose (tuberculum, tubercle), having or covered with tubercles; formed like or forming a tubercle.

Tuber´culiform (tuberculum, tubercle, + forma, form), shaped like a tubercle.

Tu´berous (tuberosus, full of lumps or protuberances, < tuber, a knob, lump), rounded and swollen; resembling a tuber.

Tu´bular (tubulus, a small pipe), hollow and cylindrical.

Tu´bulus (pl. Tubuli) (tubules, tube), same as tube; pore.

Tu´mid (tumidus, swollen, swelling, < tumere, swell), swollen, slightly inflated.

Tur´binate (turbinatus, shaped like a top or cone), top-shaped; shape of an inverted cone.

Tur´gid (turgidus, swollen, < turgere, swell out), thickened as if swollen; distended with liquid.

Tur´gor (turgere, swell), the state of being turgid; a state of distension and tension of plant cells and parts by reason of their fullness of liquid.

Type, a perfect specimen or individual exemplifying the essential characters of the species to which it belongs; the original specimen from which a species was described.

Typ´ical, agreeing closely with the characters assigned to a group or species.

Ulig´inose, Ulig´inous (uliginosus, full of moisture, damp, < uligo, moisture, marshiness), growing in marshes or swamps.

Ul´timate (ultimatus, farthest, last, pp. of ultimare, come to an end, < ultimus, last, finish), farthest, last.

Um´ber, Um´brinous (umbra, shade, shadow), the color of the pigment called raw umber.

Umbil´icate (umbilicatus, < umbilicus, navel), with a central depression or rounded pit; having a navel-like depression.

Umbili´cus (umbilicus, navel), a navel-like depression.

Umbo (boss of a shield), applied to the central elevation of the cap of some mushrooms.

Um´bonate (umbonatus, < umbo, the boss of a shield), with a central boss-like elevation.

Un´cinate (uncinatus, < uncinus, a hook), hooked; forming a hook.

Un´dulate, Un´date (undatus, pp. of undare, rise in waves, < unda, a wave), having the surface near the margin alternately concave and convex; waved.

Une´qual, applied to gills when of unequal lengths; to a stem not of uniform thickness.

Une´ven, said of surfaces that are irregular, striate, sulcate, etc.

Un´gulate, Un´gulous (ungulatus, having claws or hoofs, < ungula, claw, talon, hoof), hoof-shaped.

Uni-, prefix signifying “one.”

Unicol´orous (unicolor, having one color, + ous), of a uniform color; of the same color.

Unise´riate (unus, one, + series, series), arranged in one row.

Univer´sal (universus, whole), said of the veil or volva which entirely envelopes the fungus when young.

Unsep´tate (un, not; septum, a fence), having no partitions.

Ur´ceolate (urceolus, a little pitcher, + ate), shaped like a pitcher with a contracted mouth.

U´terus (uterus, the womb, belly), same as peridium in Gastromycetes.

U´tricle (utriculus, a little leather bag or bottle, etc.), any thin bladder-like or bottle-like body.

Vac´uolate, Vac´uolated (vacuole + ate), provided with vacuoles.

Vac´uole (vacuolum, dim. of vacuum, an empty space), a cavity of greater or less size within the protoplasmic mass of active vegetable cells filled with water or cell-sap, as it is called.

Vag´inate (vagina, a sheath), furnished with or contained in a sheath; sheathed.

Vague, indefinite, indistinct.

Vandyke Brown, a rich deep brown, very similar to burnt umber, but rather less reddish.

Va´riable (variabilis, changeable, < variare, change), said of a species which embraces many individuals which depart more or less from the type of the group.

Va´riegated, marked with different colors; mottled; same as Papilionaceous.

Vari´ety, a subdivision of a species with minor characteristics uniformly varying from the type; an incipient species.

Vas´cular (vasculum, a small vessel), consisting of, relating to or furnished with vessels or ducts.

Vaul´ted, arched like the roof of the mouth.

Veil, Ve´lum (velum, a veil), a covering of various texture more or less completely enwrapping a fungus; occurring chiefly among the Agaricini; partial or marginal veil, a special envelope extending from the margin of the pileus to the stem enclosing the gills; universal veil or volva, a special envelope enclosing the entire plant in the young state, either concrete with the cuticle of the pileus as in Lepiota or discrete as in Amanita, ultimately ruptured by the expanding pileus, a membranaceous or fibrous or granulose coating stretched over the mouth of an apothecium or cup soon breaking into fragments.

Veins, swollen wrinkles on the sides of, and at the base between the gills, often connected to form cross partitions, (b) so-called, the rounded, obtuse-edged gills found upon Cantharellus, Craterellus, (c) the vein-like protuberances upon the surface of some fungi.

Vel´iform, Velamen´tous (velum, covering; forma, form), resembling or serving as a veil; of a thin veil-like covering.

Ve´lum, veil.

Velu´tine, Velu´tinous (velutum, velvet, + ine), velvety.

Ve´nate, Veined, Ve´nose, Ve´nous (vena, vein, artery), intersected by swollen wrinkles below and on the sides.

Ven´tral (ventralis, of or pertaining to the belly, stomach, < venter, belly, stomach), applied to the under side of pileus; opposite to “dorsal.”

Ven´tricose (venter, the belly), swollen in the middle; bellied.

Vermic´ular, Vermic´ulate (vermiculus, a worm), worm-shaped.

Vermilion (cinnabarinus, cinnabarino-ruber), a very fine red color, lighter and less rosy than carmine, and not so pure or rich as scarlet.

Ver´nal (vernalis, of the spring, vernal, < ver, spring), of or pertaining to the spring.

Ver´nicose (vernix, varnish), appearing as if varnished.

Verru´ca (pl. Verru´cÆ) (verruca, a wart, steep place or height), wart.

Ver´rucose (verrucosus, full of warts), covered with warts or glandular elevations.

Verru´ciform (verruca, a wart, + forma, form), warty, resembling a wart in appearance.

Verru´culose (verrucula, a little eminence, a little wart, dim. of verruca, a wart, + ose), minutely verrucose.

Ver´tex (vertex, vortex (tic-), a whirl, eddy, highest point, etc.), the upper extremity.

Verticil´late (verticillus, a whirl), whorled.

Ves´cicle (vesicula, a little blister, a vesicle, dim. of < vesica, bladder, blister), a minute bladder-like cell or cavity.

Vesic´ular, Vesi´culate, Vesic´ulose, Vesic´ulous (vesicula, vescicle), composed of or like vescicles.

Vil´lose, Vil´lous (villosus, < villus, a tuft of hair), downy with soft weak hairs.

Vina´ceous, a brownish-pink or delicate brownish-purple color like wine dregs; a soft, delicate wine-colored pink or purple.

Vina´ceous-Buff (vinaceo-luteus). (Indian-red + yellow ocher + white.)

Vina´ceous-Cinnamon (vinaceo-cinnamomeus). (Burnt umber + burnt sienna + white.)

Vina´ceous-Pink (vinaceo-caryophyllaceus). (Madder-carmine + light-red + white.)

Vina´ceous-Ru´fous (vinaceo-rufus). (Indian-red + light-red + white.)

Vi´nous (vinosus, < vinum, wine), wine-colored; vinaceous.

Violet, Viola´ceous, a purplish-blue color, like the petals of a violet. (Aniline-violet or mauve.)

Vires´cent (virescere, grow green, greenish), green or becoming green.

Vir´gate (virgatus, < virga, a twig, rod), streaked; having an erect, slender shape like a rod.

Virides´cent (viridescens, ppr. of viridescere, be green, < viridis, green), slightly green; greenish.

Vis´cid (viscum, bird-lime, anything sticky), moist and sticky, glutinous, clammy, adhesive; covered with a shiny liquid which adheres to the fingers when touched.

Vis´cose, Vis´cous (viscosus, < viscum, bird-lime), glutinous, clammy, adhesive.

Vitel´line (vitellus, yolk of egg, + ine), egg-yellow color; luteous.

Volute´ (voluta, a spiral scroll), rolled up in any direction.

Vol´va (volva, a wrapper), wrapper; same as universal veil; the name is often applied to that portion of a discrete volva which is left after rupturing, either attached in fragments to, or forming a distinct membranous sheath about, the base of the stem, the peridium in phalloids analogous to the volva in AmanitÆ.

Vol´viform (volva, wrapper, + forma, form), having the form of a volva.

Wart (verruca, wart, excrescence), a wart-like excrescence found on the pileus of some mushrooms; the remains of the volva in form of irregular or polygonal excrescences, more or less adherent, numerous and persistent.

Waved, Wa´vy. See Undulate.

Wax-Yellow (ceraceus), a deep but dull yellow, resembling the color of fresh bees' wax.

Whorled, having parts arranged in a circle around an axis; verticillate.

Wine-Purple (vinaceo-purpureus), a clear reddish-purple of a slightly brownish cast.

Wood-Brown, a light brown color like some varieties of wood. (Raw umber + burnt sienna + white.)

Yellow-Ocher, a bright yellowish-ochraceous or ocher-yellow color.

Zo´nate, Zoned (zona, a zone or girdle), marked with concentric bands of color.

Zones (zona, a zone or girdle), circular bands of color.