H. F. B. Lynch

Abagha Plain, ii. 401

Abaran (Kasagh) river, i. 136, 242, 316

Abas, king of the Bagratid dynasty, i. 352, 390, 407

Abastuman, Russian watering place, i. 48, 53–55, 432

Abazbek, posting station, i. 84

Abbas, Shah of Persia, transports a colony of Armenians to Ispahan and carries off slabs from Edgmiatsin, i. 262, 264 note 5.
Comes into possession of Van, ii. 78.
Reputed to have taken Kars, i. 396

Abdul Miseh, grave of a supposed king of this name, ii. 133

Abdurrahman Gazi, valley and pass into Tekman from Erzerum, ii. 202

Abgar, king of Edessa, who is said to have corresponded with Christ, i. 278,
is claimed by the Armenians as one of their own royal line, ibid.
Receives St. Thaddeus and with his people embraces the Christian faith, ibid. and 277 note 2.
Under his successors his people lapse into polytheism, 278.
The authenticity of the story of Abgar is examined by Professor CarriÈre, who shows that Moses of Khorene used an Armenian version of this legend which began to form about A.D. 250, ibid. note 2

Abich, Hermann, i. 78, 79, 166, 177, 182, 187, 188, 191, 192, 193, 195, 199, 388, 394, 437, 445. ii. 376, 383, 386; i. 93, 174, 340, 374, 375, 381, 383, 385, 386, 416, 434, 435, 442, ii. 43, 46, 47, 76, 229, 363, 385, 401, notes

Abkhasia, i. 42;
its Bagratid king, i. 356

Abul, Mt., i. 92–95, 104, 105, 119, 441

Abul, village of, i. 92, 93

Abul-Samsar volcanic system, i. 95, 441

Abulsevar (Chawir, Aplesphares), chief of the Beni-Cheddad family, q.v.; styled by Byzantine annalists and Armenian writers prince of Dvin, i. 365; 362, 363, 365 note 1

Abulsevar, prince of Ani, i. 365

Abu-Said, Mongol king of Persia, his edict at Ani, i. 377

Achote, Monseigneur, Superior of the Monastery of Mugni, i. 141

Adamanli, a division of the Hasananli Kurds, ii. 21, 26

Adeljivas (Lake Van), town of, ii. 326–330, 403.
Mileage to Akhlat, ii. 325 note.
Earthquake there, 47 note 1; 341.
Rise in the level of Lake Van there, 52.
Cuneiform inscriptions there, 75

Adrianople treaty of, i. 36, 125; 397. ii. 204.
Exodus of Armenian population from Erzerum province as a result of, ii. 206

Afrikean, M. Karapet, improvement in wine accomplished by, i. 226

Afshin, Arab Governor of Azerbaijan, i. 341–343, 352

Agathangelus Treatise, our earliest authority for the reign of Tiridates and the events connected with the conversion of the Armenians as a nation to Christianity, i. 291 note.
Von Gutschmid has succeeded in discriminating between the various sources from which the treatise has been built up, ibid., 295 note 1

Aghdznik, ancient Armenian province, ii. 429; i. 309 note 1

Aghri Dagh, name given by the Mussulman peoples to Ararat as well as to the Ararat system, i. 148, 197, 409, 414 (Fig. 101), 415, 419 (Fig. 106), 420 (Fig. 107), 423, 435, 436. ii. 10 (Fig. 112), 384 seq.
Frontier between the Russian and Turkish empires, i. 435. ii. 384.
And see Shatin Dagh

Aghzi Achik, pass over the heights south of Erzerum, ii. 202

Agriculture finds in Armenia extremely favourable conditions, due to the climate and the nature of the soil—a mixture of lavas and lacustrine deposits, i. 87, 105, 442. ii. 255, 345, 404, 405–406.
Character of and seasons in various districts, i. 56, 57, 73, 75, 94, 105, 106;
among the Dukhobortsy, 107; 118, 121, 123;
on the plain of Alexandropol, 131; 133;
in the valley of the Araxes, 142, 202, 203, 229, 316, 318, 444; 321, 326, 410, 411; 443;
in Alashkert and basin of Upper Murad, ii. 3, 15, 19, 277;
in basin of Lake Van, 82, 315;
in plain of Mush, 167, 172, 318;
in plain of Khinis, 188, 256, 258;
in Bulanik, 344–345;
among the Circassians, 331, 353; 359;
in plain of Kharput, 391.
Backwardness in Russian Armenia, i. 56, 139,
and causes, i. 225, 461;
in Turkish Armenia, ii. 21, 164, 218, 219, 259,
and causes, ch. xxiv. passim.
Estimate of the levels at which cereals will flourish in Armenia, i. 107 note

Agrikar Dagh, peak of the Gori Mokri in Northern Armenia, i. 87, 434

Ahmed, Arab Emir, cherishes pretensions to the district of Taron (Mush), i. 343,
and defeats Sembat I., ibid.

Aiana, Greek Monastery of, ii. 238

Aiger GÖl, on the southern slopes of Sipan, ii. 339

Ainalu Dagh, Kars district, i. 394

Ainsworth, Mr. W. F., ii. 162, 176 note

Aintab, Mesopotamia, massacre there, ii. 427

Ajara, Mts. and district of, i. 41, 42, 62, 437, 442

Ajars, The, i. 42, 432

Akantz, town on N.E. coast of Lake Van, ii. 26.
Pop., ibid.
Mileage from Karakilisa, 12

Akhalkalaki, town in Northern Armenia (Govt. of Tiflis), visited and described, i. 86 seq., 66 note, 72, 85, 438, 455.
Pop., 86.
Brave defence of by the Turks against the Russians in 1828, 89;
schools in, see under Education

Akhalkalaki, plain of, i. 87 and note.
Character of the soil, 442

Akhalkalaki (Toporovan) river, i. 76, 78, 87, 88, 92

Akhaltsykh, town in Northern Armenia, visited and described, i. 58–61 and 64–71.
History, i. 66–67;
was captured and partly razed by the Russians in 1828, 67;
the Mussulman pop. emigrated into Turkey and the town received large bodies of Armenian immigrants, ibid.;
reasons given by inhabitants for the decline in prosperity, 68;
pop. in 1833, 67;
in 1886 and 1891, 65 and note 2;
description of the modern town, 68;
of the old town, 69;
of the Jewish quarter, 70;
schools in, see under Education.
Mileage to Akhalkalaki, 72

Akhaltsykh river, i. 57, 73

Akhaltsykh-Imeritian Mts., i. 430, 431, 433, 434, 438, 441

Akhashen, valley of, i. 74

Akhashen, village of, i. 75

Akhavank (Iskele), residence on the mainland of the Katholikos of Akhtamar, ii. 126

Akhbaba Dagh, peak of the northern border heights of Erzerum, ii. 203, 227

Akhbaba Dagh, Lake Chaldir, i. 438

Akh Bulakh Dagh, peak of Aghri Dagh, i. 420

Akh Dagh (Tekman Dagh, Kozli Dagh), name applied to the northern border heights of the plain of Khinis, ii. 189.
View of from the south, 186 (Fig. 159);
from the PalandÖken Pass, 249;
from village of Demian, 277;
from summit of Khamur, 351;
from BingÖl Dagh, 372.
Appearance of from Tekman, 249,
from the plain of Khinis, 256–258,
from the Kartevin Dagh, 269.
Structure and composition of, 389, 402

Akh Dagh, Akhmangan region, i. 445

Akh Deve (White Camel Hill), Kars-Kagyzman district, i. 412

Akher GÖl Su (plain of Khinis), source of the, ii. 257

Akhja Kala, Tartar village on southern slopes of AlagÖz, i. 320

Akhlat, is the name of a district on the north-western shore of Lake Van, which includes:
1st, the ancient city of Akhlat, now known as Kharaba or Takht-i-Suleyman, situated in a ravine some distance from the shore; 2nd, the Ottoman fortress of Akhlat (Kala) on the shore; 3rd, the modern township in the quarter of Erkizan, ii. 284.
Pop. of entire district, ibid.
Characteristics of the site, ibid.
Erkizan described, 285;
the Kala described, 287–289;
the ancient city described, 291–292.
The mausolea or kumbets described and their dates ascertained, 285–293.
The ancient cemetery, 290.
History of Akhlat, 294–297; i. 355, 360, 366.
Mileage to Adeljivas, ii. 325 note.
Plan, ii. 296

Akhtamar, Lake Van, island and monastery of, described, ii. 129–135;
architecture of the church, 132, and date, 131

Akhtamar, Katholikos of, his jurisdiction and status, ii. 135, and cp. i. 276;
visited at Akhavank, ii. 127–129, 135–136

Akhurean river, see Arpa Chai

Akhury (Arguri, Acorhi, Akuri, Agguri, Arkuri), ancient Armenian settlement on Ararat, destroyed by the catastrophe of 1840, i. 183 seq.;
is said by the Armenians to have been built on the site of Noah’s vineyard, 183;
their attempt to connect it with the Armenian for “he has planted the vine” has probably led to a corruption of the name, ibid. note 4.
May it not be the Adduri of the Assyrian inscription of Shalmaneser II.? ibid.
A willow tree there was said to have sprung from a plank of the Ark, 183,
and the church to have been built on the site of Noah’s altar, erected on his departure from the Ark, ibid.
The date of the church, 184.
Pop. according to Dubois and Wagner, 183, 184 note 1.
There was also at A. a square fortress built of clay, 184;
and a summer palace for the Persian Sirdars of Erivan, ibid.
Account of the catastrophe of 1840, 185–187;
investigations undertaken by the Russian Govt., 187.
Divergent conclusions of Wagner and Abich as to character of convulsion, 188.
What remains of the ancient settlement at the present time, 192, 193.
The old cemetery with the graves of seven brothers said to have been killed by a single snake, 193

Akhury, chasm of, Ararat. Entrance to the chasm, i. 184;
Kurdish village at the mouth of the chasm, 192;
excursion up the ravine, 193;
the peculiar formation of a side valley, ibid.;
which probably owes its distinctive features to the action of ice, 194;
arrival at St. Jacob’s Well and the sacred rose bush, ibid.,
elevation of the site, 195.
The boulders covering the bottom of the ravine are worn by the action of ice and water, 195.
According to Abich the long ridges which appear in his illustration were composed of dirty glacier ice, covered with stone and dÉbris, 195;
but we did not see any ice in the trough of the chasm, 196,
though we admired a lake of glacier water, ibid.

Akhury, New, settlement of Tartars on Ararat, i. 193;
pop., ibid.

Akhviran Pass into the Khinis Plain, ii. 249, 252, 373

Akhviran, village of, ii. 278

Ak KÖpri, crag of near Van, ii. 111, 112 note 1

Ak KÖpri, river, ii. 112

Ak-kul (Gubudgokh) Mt., west of Akhtamar, ii. 137

Akrag, Armenian village on the Murad near Shakhberat, ii. 351

Akstafa river, tributary to the Kur, ii. 39, 40, 437

Akstafa station, i. 39, 226

Ala Dagh Mts. (Nepat, Niphates), ii. 10, 12, 22, 401.
Seen from Lake Van, 31, 121;
from Kartevin Dagh, 269.
Strabo says that the Tigris rises in these mountains, ii. 41.
Viewed from Tutakh, 265.
A seat of the Thonraki (Thonraketzi), i. 285

Ala Dagh, Chaldiran district, i. 413 note

Ala GÖl, i. 434

AlagÖz, extinct volcano and natural barrier between Northern Armenia and the valley of the Araxes about Erivan, i. 119, 124, 147, 438, 444; 135, 148, 149, 152, 205, 228, 325, 326, 330, 331, 367, 419, 442.
Seen from summit of Abul, i. 95;
from plain of Alexandropol, 122 (Fig. 23), 127, 134;
from the east, 136 (Fig. 28);
from Erivan, 208 (Fig. 41);
from Ararat, 138;
from the plains on the west, 327 (Fig. 68).
Journey along the southern slopes, i. 316 seq.

AlagÖz, hamlet of near Gumgum, ii. 358

Alaja (Tsaghkotz) river at Ani, i. 368, 369

Alaja Dagh, i. 330, 368, 399

Ala-Kilisa, village of Armenian-speaking Greeks, i. 122

Alander, Col., Governor of Akhaltsykh, i. 60, 61, 64, 65, 66

Alarodians, name by which the inhabitants of Urardhu were known to Herodotus, ii. 67 and note 4;
were joined with the Matienians, etc., in 18th satrapy of the Persian empire, 68

Alashkert, plain of, i. 148, ii. 2 seq. and Fig. 108, 384, 389, 400, 401, 404.
Elevation of, ii. 3

Alexander I., Emperor of Russia, extends great privileges to the Protestant emigrants from WÜrtemberg on their arrival in Georgia, i. 97.
Encourages Protestant missionary enterprise, 99.
His humane and liberal policy towards the Dukhobortsy, 103

Alexander Severus, Roman Emperor, i. 287

Alexandropol (GÜmri), Russian fortress town on the Arpa Chai visited and described, i. 124–132, 330, 443, 445, 453, 455, 462, 467. ii. 46 note.
Visited by Emperor Nicholas I. in 1836, i. 125.
History and description of city, 124–125, 127–129;
pop., 124 and note 1;
is almost exclusively inhabited by Armenians, 124;
who have inherited the love of building of their forefathers, 127;
but their churches and other buildings are pretentious and commonplace, 128.
Greek chapel of St. George with Byzantine picture of St. George and the Dragon, 129.
Schools in, see under Education

Alexandropol, plain of, i. 122, 131, 133, 134, 442. ii. 404

Ali Bey, chief of Karapapakhs at Karakilisa (Alashkert), ii. 6, 255

Ali Bey, chief of Sipkanli Kurds, ii. 267, 268

Ali Gedik, village near Charbahur on the Murad, ii. 352

Ali-Kuchak, village on AlagÖz, i. 137

Ali Mur, hamlet of Kizilbash Kurds, district of Shushar, ii. 252

Alkhes, village of the district of Elmali Dere, ii. 262, 263, 399

Allah Akbar Dagh, Soghanlu range, i. 441

Allen, Mr., American missionary at Van, ii. 92

Allen, T. G., and Sachtleben, W. L. Their ascent of Ararat, i. 199

Alp Arslan, Seljuk sultan, captures Tiflis, i. 337,
and Ani, 353, 363,
and Melazkert, ii. 275

Altai Mts., their connection with the structural system of Asia, i. 424, 425

Altun, plain of, Upper Araxes, ii. 379, 398

Alur, village, Van district, ii. 122

Amasia, Turkish settlement on the Arpa Chai, i. 122

Amat, Armenian village, district of Alashkert, ii. 2

American Missions, see Missions

Amisus, ruins of (near Samsun), i. 4

Anak, Parthian of the blood royal, murderer of the Parthian King of Armenia, Chosroes, and father of St. Gregory, i. 288.
View of Von Gutschmid, ibid. note 2

Anania of Shirak, i. 312, note 1

Anastasius, Roman Emperor, ii. 222

Anguil Su (Enghil Su) or Khoshab, river flowing into Lake Van, ii. 122

Anguil, village, ii. 123

Ani, Armenian mediÆval town and fortress on the Arpa Chai (Akhurean), now in ruins and uninhabited, visited and described, i. 329, 334, 354–392, 268, 269;
history of, 354–366; 345, 350.
Description of the various buildings and fortifications, 369–390;
distinctive features of the architecture of the Ani buildings, 390;
appeal to the Russian Government for their preservation, 391;
date of the Cathedral, 354, 355.
Mr. Marr’s excavations at Ani, 377–378.
Plan, 309

Ani, the modern Kemakh, ancient Armenian fortress on the W. Euphrates, i. 294;
fane of Aramazd at this place destroyed by St. Gregory and King Tiridates, ibid.

Anti-Taurus Mts., their connection with the structural system of Asia, i. 424;
probable representatives of the A-T. elevation in Armenia, ii. 386

Aplesphares, see Abulsevar

Aplgharib, Pahlavuni family at Ani, i. 382, 383

Apughamir, Pahlavuni family, son of Vahram, i. 382, 383 note 3, 385

Arabion Castellum on the Gt. Zab, i. 277 note 2, 279

Arabkir, massacre at, ii. 412

Arakelotz Vank, plain of Mush, ii. 166

Arakh Su, Mush plain, ii. 166

Aralykh, Russian military post at the foot of Ararat, i. 154–155;
climate of, 202

Aramzalu, village of, district of Erivan, i. 154

Ararat, Mt. (Masis of the Armenians, Aghri Dagh of the Tartars), first view of from the southern slopes of AlagÖz, i. 137.
It does not appear that there was an independent local tradition of the Flood, 197;
but the identification of Ararat with the mountain upon which the Ark rested may have been made by Jewish prisoners of war, ibid.
The Ararat of Scripture is the Assyrian Urardhu, ibid. and ii. 57—a geographical designation which appears to have travelled north during the course of time; the historical Urardhu or Ararat is the province around Mt. Ararat, well known as Ararat to Agathangelus and other early Armenian writers, i. 197.
Supposed vestiges of the Flood, 157.
The district has been covered within comparatively recent geological times by a lake, 317, ii. 404
The fabric of Ararat is built up by Great and Little Ararat, i. 197;
though due to eruptive volcanic action, no eruption is known to have occurred during historical period, 197, 188.
View of from the plains about Erivan, 149, 198.
Orography, 148–153, 156, 197.
Vegetation abundant on parts of the mountain, 160;
also partridges, ibid.;
but the fabric is entirely devoid of trees, the only wood being a covert of low birch, 161.
Ascent of, 167–178;
start made from the encampment at Sardar Bulakh, 167.
Three structural divisions to be distinguished in that part of the mountain between Aralykh and the summit, 170.
The great snowfield has a minimum depth of 2000 feet, 171.
The south-eastern summit attained, 176.
Temperature of the air a few feet below the summit, 177 note.
Descent to encampment of Sardar Bulakh, 179.
Best season and starting point for the ascent, 37, 199.
List of successful ascents, ibid.
View of Ararat from the summit of Sipan, ii. 336, 337

Ararat, Chasm of Akhury, see under Akhury

Ararat, Monastery of St. Jacob, i. 184

Ararat, Little, i. 149, 150, 160–168 and Fig. 33, 197, 199, 436

Araxes river (Aras, Egri Chai), sources of on the BingÖl Dagh, ii. 374 and Fig. 194;
its course through Armenia, ii. 379, 251, 190, 192 seq., i. 138, 146, 154, 201, 317 seq., 416, 436, 444, ii. 406, and see BingÖl Su

Araxes, plain of the (district of Ararat), i. 130, 137, 138, 146, 154, 201, 206, 317 seq. 444.
Elevation, 146.
Tradition that it was the seat of Paradise, 318

Archelaus, Bishop of Karkhar, author of a disputation with Mani, was probably bishop of a see not far from Van, i. 279 and note 3.
Adoptionist theory, 281

Ardabil, town in Persia, i. 366, 387, 435 note

Ardahan, town and district in Northern Armenia, i. 443; 66 note 1, 430, 431, 432, 437, 438, 439

Ardahan river, see Kur

Ardasa, town of, ii. 243

Ardashir, first Sasanian King of Persia, i. 286;
the supporter of the fire-worshippers, 287;
is harassed by Chosroes, Arsakid King of Armenia, 288,
whose death he encompasses, ibid.

Ardavan, Arsakid King of Persia, i. 286

Ardos, Mt., Lake Van, ii. 123, 126, 135, 137, 279

Arenjik, Kurdish village on the slope of Kolibaba, ii. 348

Arghana, town in Mesopotamia, ii. 388, 396

Argistis I., Vannic King, ii. 61, 73

Argistis II., Vannic King, ii. 75.
Inscription of, at Hargin, ii. 29

Arjish, ruins of (Lake Van) some miles south-west of Akantz, ii. 26 seq.
The site to be distinguished from an earlier Arjish, 27 seq. and 71.
Deserted by its inhabitants owing to rise in level of the lake, 30.
Was known to Marco Polo as one of the greatest cities of Armenia, 29

Armavir, ruins of, i. 318, 319, ii. 61, 71, 73–74, 76

Armenak, son or grandson of Hayk, progenitor of the Armenians, i. 318

Armenia, natural boundaries of, i. 428–35, ii. 231 note 1, 235–236, 244, 386–390, 394.
Its connection with the system of the great Asiatic tablelands, i. 421–428.
Geology of, i. 428, ii. 402–404, and passim in the narrative of the journeys.
Characteristics of, i. 52, 86, 428, 429, 436–439, 449, ii. 235–236, 244, 382, 400, 405–407.
It is naturally divided into two parts by the Ararat system—a north-easterly and a south-westerly, i. 409, 435–436, ii. 384.
Limits and characteristics of north-easterly or Russian Armenia, i. 436–445;
area, 445;
Pop. 451.
Do. of south-westerly or Turkish or Tauric Armenia, ii. 386–394, 397–406;
area, 407;
pop., 412–414.
Communications with Armenia, i. 7, 39, 431, 432, 433 note, 437, ii. 89, 148, 203, 205, 225, 239, 240 note, 382, 388, 390, 396.
Routes and communications in Armenia passim in the narrative of the journeys and i. 146, ii. 393

Armenia, history of, seems to fall naturally into four periods,
(I.) the pre-Armenian period, with an obscure interval preceding the rise of the Arsakid dynasty, i. 285–286, ii. 70 and 53–76;
(II.) the Arsakid period, with an interval preceding the evolution of the petty Armenian dynasties of the Middle Ages, i. 286–312;
(III.) the Armenian Kingdom of the Middle Ages, i. 335–364, 391, and
(IV.) a long sleep, dating from the overthrow of that kingdom by hordes of Seljuk Turks towards the close of the 11th century to the advent of the modern epoch, i. 364–367.
Impressive part played in the history of these countries by the Roman Empire of the East, i. 34.
Scanty knowledge of Armenia displayed by Greek and Roman writers, ii. 40
Local Mussulman dynasties have flourished in most of the great Armenian centres, notably Akhlat, q.v. and i. 366.
Mussulman art is well represented by the ruins of the Ulu Jami at Van, ii. 106, and by the mausolea at Akhlat, q.v.
Modern history of, i. 446, 458; 66, 67, 89, 96 seq., 124, 125, 210, 232 seq., 393, 396–399; ii. 78, 148, 149, 204, 205, 223, and see Armenian Movement

Armenian alphabet, i. 312 note

Armenian Church, history of, i. 276–314, and cp. 264.
Ripsimian legend, 256–261.
Differences with the Greek and with the Roman Churches, 313–314 and note 1, 352, 363.
Contemporary importance of the A.C., 231
Hierarchy and Government of the Church:
The katholikos at Edgmiatsin the supreme head, i. 231, 276 (and see 298–300).
Elective character of his office, 231, 233 note 2.
The synod at Edgmiatsin, its antiquity and functions, 234, 235, 218, 220;
revived by the Russian Govt. and provided with a Russian procurator, 234.
The Tsar appoints its members, 235.
Fetters placed upon the katholikos by the Russian Govt., 235.
The Regulating Statute or Polojenye, 233–236.
The twelve bishops at Edgmiatsin, 253.
The bishops, monks (vardapets) and parish priests, 274, 275, and 233 note 2.
The A.C. represents a compromise between opposite principles in the organisation of Christianity, 276 and 307.
Power of the laity, 276; ii. 213.
The patriarch of Constantinople, ii. Appendix I.;
his relations to the katholikos, i. 276.
Regulation of the Armenian Church in Turkey, ii. Appendix I.
Need of reforms in the A.C., i. 469, ii. 93.
Reforming spirit of the present rÉgime at Edgmiatsin, i. 274

Armenian architecture, i. 63, 131, 262–272, 323, 369–390, 407, ii. 34, 101–102 (the log churches of Van), 106, 107, 114, 115, 131–133, 155, 179, 188, 233, 271.
Love of building among the Armenians at all periods, i. 127, 265, 344.
Their architecture exhibits capacities of the first order, i. 391.
Characteristics of the style, i. 390.
The conical dome, i. 63.
Function of the niche, i. 269.
Possible traces of Assyrian influences, ii. 65, 132.
Their churches exhibit the coupled pier, wand-like pillar and pointed arch at least as early as the commencement of the 11th century, i. 372.
Influence upon them of Mussulman art, i. 391;
their influence upon Mussulman art, ii. 294.
Instance of conveying stone from a great distance, ii. 131 note 2

Armenian language, its harshness to the ear, i. 450, ii. 33, 236

Armenian music, i. 250, 254, 255

Armenian Movement, i. 239–242; ii. 83–87, 157–159, 408, 420–423, 428–429, 432.
The talk about a modern Armenian Kingdom examined, i. 468, ii. 435

Armenian Constitution (in Turkey), ii. 436, and Appendix I.

Armenian law, i. 367

Armenians, The, their capacities and character, i. 255, 314, 391, 465–468.
Fidelity of Armenian women under trying circumstances, ii. 92.
The assistance the A.’s have rendered to the Russian advance, i. 233.
Their disillusionment, ibid.
Will they ultimately enter the Russian Orthodox Church? i. 463.
Their position in Turkey, see under Armenian Movement references to vol. ii.
Ethnology of the Armenians, ii. 67, 390.
They have probably received at various epochs an admixture of Semitic blood, ii. 70, i. 237, 299, 305, ii. 77, 99

Armutli, village near the Araxes, i. 440, 443

Aron-Magistros, General of the Empress Zoe, i. 373

Arpa Chai (Akhurean), i. 119, 121, 442; 122, 131, 327, 328, 363, 367, 368, 376, 377, 381, 386, 389, 453;
confluence with the Araxes, 319

Arpa GÖl, i. 439

Arshak, King of the Arsakid dynasty, i. 304, 305, 307, 309

Arshakavan, a city of refuge founded by Arshak, i. 308

Arsissa, Areesa, name by which Lake Van was known to Ptolemy, ii. 27, 42.
See also Van, Lake

Artaxata, ancient Armenian city in the district of Ararat, i. 201; 258, 259, 271, 287 note 3, 288, 293, 294, 304, 305

Artemid (Atramit, Artamit), a village on Lake Van, ii. 119–121; 36, 42, 135.
Researches at made by Schulz, ii. 120 note 1

Arter, Islet of, Lake Van, ii. 135

Artsruni, The, ancient Armenian family of princely rank claiming descent from a king of Assyria, i. 336, ii. 429.
Their vast possessions in Vaspurakan (Van) during the decline of the caliphate, i. 336.
Their territory overrun and their prince captured by the Arab armies, 338.
Their attitude towards the Bagratuni family, raised to royal rank under Ashot, i. 342, 343, 345, 346.
Their prince, Gagik, obtains a royal crown from the Arab governor of Azerbaijan, 345, and allies himself with the Mussulmans against the Bagratids, 346.
But the alliance is broken, 348, and better relations with the Bagratids ensue, 349.
Gagik is crowned by order of the caliph, ibid.
Divergence of policy towards him on the part of the governor of Azerbaijan and of the caliph, 349.
His territories overrun by the former, 350.
Visited by John Katholikos, ibid.
The Artsruni furnish one of the three kinglets of Armenia under Ashot III., 354.
Their country experiences the first shocks of the Seljuk invasions, 356, 357, 359, and their king, Senekerim, bargains away his kingdom to the Byzantine emperor, Basil II., in return for a retreat in the Greek Empire, 357.
Extent of the ceded dominions, ibid.
Significance of the event, 359, ii. 77–78

Artsruni, Thomas, historian, i. 340 note 1; ii. 131 note 2

Artsruni, ——, his ascent of Little Ararat, i. 199

Artvin, town and valley of, i. 430, 443

Artze (Artsn, Arzen, Erzen), unfortified town in the vicinity of Erzerum, ii. 223;
may have been called Artze of Rum to distinguish it from an Artze in Southern Kurdistan, ibid. note 6.
Sacked by the Seljuks in 1049, i. 358

Arzanene (Arrhene), a country comprised in the present vilayet of Diarbekr, ii. 41

Arzasku, site unknown, capital of Arame, king of Urardhu, ii. 59

Arzen, see Artze

Arzian Dagh, Northern Armenia, i. 441

Asbeleff, M., i. 54

Ashakh Dagh, Ararat system, ii. 384

Ashkala, Mohammedan village on the banks of the Euphrates, ii. 226, 228

Ashkala Plain, special features of, ii. 228–229

Ashkhen, queen of Armenia, i. 261

Ashot I., king of the Bagratid dynasty, i. 339 seq.

Ashot II., king of the Bagratid dynasty, i. 347 seq.

Ashot III., king of the Bagratid dynasty, i. 353 seq.;
his tomb at Khosha Vank, 389, 390

Ashot IV., king of the Bagratid dynasty, i. 355 seq.

Ashtarak, a township near Erivan, i. 139, 140, 141, 142

Asia, structural features of, i. ch. xxi. and map

Asoghik, Armenian historian, i. 382, 390

Aspinja, Mohammedan village on the Upper Kur, i. 74, 75;
discontent of the inhabitants, ibid.; 66 note 1

Astishat (District of Mush), place famous for its temples in pagan times, i. 295.
The temples destroyed by St. Gregory, ibid., who erects the first Christian church in Armenia upon the site, 296.
Site of Astishat identified with that of the present cloister of Surb Karapet, 296 note 2

Astrakhan, diocese of the Armenian Church, i. 233 note 2;
emigration of Armenians to, 367

Astvatsadur, katholikos, i. 262, 264 note 5, 268

Atabegs, governors of Upper Georgia, i. 62;
they became independent kings of Georgia, and were suppressed at a late date by the Ottoman Turks, ibid.

Atanon village, near Lake Van, ii. 123

Aternerseh, Bagratid prince of Georgia, i. 341, 343, 344, 345

Athenogenes, Christian Saint, whose bones were obtained as holy relics by St. Gregory, i. 295 and note 3

Athenogenes, son of Yusik and father of Nerses the Great, i. 303, 306

Aurelian, Roman Emperor, i. 281, 289 note 2

Avdi, village between Karakilisa and Tutakh, ii. 13

Avrin Dagh, Persian frontier, ii. 386

Ayubids, dynasty of Kurdish extraction in Mesopotamia, descendants of Saladin, ii. 211, 295

Azat, village in district of Kars, i. 409

Azerbaijan, frontier province of Persia on the side of Armenia.
Nature of the frontier, i. 428, 440.
Geology of, ii. 389.
Governed by semi-independent Arab governors during the decline of the caliphate, whose relations with the kinglets of Armenia occupy a prominent place in Armenian mediÆval history, i. 341 seq.
See Afshin, Yusuf.
Exodus of the Armenian inhabitants upon its evacuation by the Russian armies in 1828, ii. 206.
Its Armenian pop. at the present day, ii. 428.
A diocese of the Armenian Church, i. 233 note 2

Baba, Cape, Black Sea, i. 2

Bafra, port on the Black Sea, i. 4

Bagaran, in the province of Ararat, i. 296, 324;
the capital of Ashot I., 340, 350

Bagdad, village, Kutais district, i. 48, 49

Baghdasareantz, Sembat, member of the Society of Evangelical preachers in Shusha, i. 98, 102, 104

Baghmesheh, Bay of, Lake Van, ii. 138

Bagrat-Magistros, governor-general of the eastern provinces, i. 373

Bagratuni or Bagratids, ancient Armenian family of princely rank giving kings to Armenia as well as to Georgia during the Middle Ages, i. 337.
See Armenia, History of, III.
Their Jewish origin, 337.
Their hereditary seats, ibid.

Baiburt, town in the valley of the Chorokh, i. 432, ii. 233, 244, 382

Baiburt, plain of, ii. 402

BaÏndir, Karapapakh settlement on the Murad near Tutakh, ii. 267

Baker, G. P., his ascent of Ararat, i. 199

Baku, on the Caspian, i. 226, 449;
Govt. of, i. 447, 449

Balakhor Valley, ii. 234

Baliki or Beleke, tribe in Kurdistan, ii. 430

BalÜk, Lake, district of Ararat, ii. 7, 384, 385, 386

Baralet, village, district of Shubaret, i. 86

Bartholomew, Saint, i. 277, 279

Bash Abaran, Armenian village, AlagÖz district, i. 137

Bashit Dagh, Taurus range, ii. 388

Basil II., Byzantine emperor, intervenes in Armenian affairs, i. 360 and makes an armed peregrination of the country, ibid.
Again marches into the territories of the Armenian kinglets, ibid. and 361.
Inherits the principality of Akhaltsykh, 360, and is named heir to the dominions of the king of Armenia, 361.
Takes over the dominions of the Artsruni family, 357.
His forward policy in Armenia, 361.
Dies before its completion, ibid.

Basil, Saint, of CÆsarea, i. 307, 310; 275

Bashkala, Jews at, ii. 80 note

Bashkent, village of, ii. 185

Bashkent, plain of, ii. 185 and note

Baskan, village, BingÖl district, ii. 182, 360

Basle, Evangelical Mission, see Missions

Bastok, Kurdish village, BingÖl district, ii. 379

Batum, i. 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 226, 236, 430, 432, 455

Bayaz Tuzla, village, BingÖl district, ii. 260

Bayazid, town near Ararat, i. 37, 160, 321, 435;
Kurds and Karapapakhs in the district, ii. 11, 14 note, 416.
Pop. of the sanjak, 413

Bayindar Bey, tomb at Akhlat, ii. 293, 294;
probably a chieftain of the Turkoman horde of the White Sheep, 296

Behagel, von, companion of Parrot, i. 184, 185, 321, notes

Bejano (Kestano), village on plain of Akhalkalaki, i. 87 note 1

Bejeshkean, Father Minas, i. 32 note 1, 33, 367 note 1

Beka, atabeg, i. 63

Bekant, village of, i. 437

Belck, Dr., i. 197–272, ii. 28, 44, 51, 56 seq.; i. 183, ii. 47, 121, 122, notes

Bendimahi Chai, Lake Van, ii. 38, 44, 50

Beni-Cheddad, Mussulman family belonging to the Kurdish clan of Rewadi, establish a dynasty in Karabagh during the decline of the caliphate, i. 362, 364, 365 note 1, 382.
Become possessed of the Armenian capital, Ani, in A.D. 1072, i. 365.
Lords of Ani until towards the close of the 12th century, ibid., and 366, 371 note 1.
See Abulsevar, Fathlun, Manuchar

Berkri, town near Lake Van, i. 358, ii. 29 note 4

Berlin, Congress and Treaty of, i. 238, 241, ii. 205, 409 note, 410–411

Besh Parmak Mts., Lake Van, ii. 23

Bessarabia, a diocese of the Armenian Church, i. 233 note 2

Bessarion, Cardinal, his account of Trebizond, i. 19

Beth Lapat, Synod of, at which the old Christian church of Persia adopted the Nestorian confession, i. 313

Biaina, territory of which Dhuspas (Van) was the capital, ii. 57

Bilejan Dagh, ii. 257, 258, 269, 309, 311, 333, 343, 347, 351, 372, 397, 401

BingÖl Dagh (mountain of the thousand tarns) or BingÖl Koch (caldron of the thousand tarns), parent mountain of the Araxes and of the principal tributaries of the Euphrates, ii. 182;
seen from the highlands above the village of Kulli, 190;
from the PalandÖken Pass, 247;
from Tekman, 247, 251, 252, 253;
from Khinis, 254, 255, 257;
from Kartevin Dagh, 269;
from Sipan, 333, 337;
from Nimrud, 311;
from Khamur, 351.
Description of the mountain, 363–377, 389.
Ascent of, 363;
altitude, 364, 366, 367;
names given to the three principal elevations, 364, 365, that of Demir-Kala being slightly the highest, 182.
View from the summit, 372–374.
Traces of ice action on the BingÖl Dagh, 369, 370.
Flora, 361, 362, 369.
Our discovery of a cuneiform inscription, 373.
Inspiring surroundings, 361.
Plans, 366, 378

BingÖl Plateau, ii. 122, 182 185, 188, 189, 374, 398, 399.
The stupendous cliffs by which it breaks away on the south, ii. 182, 358, 359, 360 (Fig. 192), 361, 371

BingÖl Su, name given to several rivers in Central Armenia, notably
1. the Upper Araxes, ii. 190, 191,
2. a considerable tributary of the Murad or Eastern Euphrates flowing through the plain of Khinis and effecting the confluence in Bulanik, ii. 253, 257;
the confluence visited, 346; 373, and
3. a second tributary to the Murad, coming in near Charbahur, ii. 182, 183, 354, 358, 360, 362

Birmalek, Tartar settlement, AlagÖz district, i. 325, 326

Bitanu or Bitani in the Assyrian inscriptions may be Biaina, ii. 57, and ibid. note 4

Bitlis, town on the borders of Armenia and Kurdistan, visited and described, ii. 145–157; 51.
Elevation above sea level, 147.
Solidity of the buildings, ibid.
Importance of the situation, 148.
History, 148–151.
Greek coins found in the vicinity, 150.
Pop., 151, 413.
Industries, 151.
The tunnel of Semiramis in the neighbourhood, 156 and Fig. 148.
Political unrest at Bitlis, 85, 157–159, 318, 431.
Plan, 147.
View of, 145

Black Sea (Pontus Euxinus, Euxine) and southern seaboard, i. 1–36, 37, 38, 41–43, 432, ii. 225, 236, 237–240, 382.
Closed to European commerce by the Ottoman Turks in the 15th century, i. 36.
Its free navigation secured by the Treaty of Adrianople in 1829, ibid.
Commencement of steam navigation in 1836, ibid.

Blagodarnoe, Molokan village, district of Kars, i. 403.

Bogdanovka, a Russian settlement on the plain of Akhalkalaki, i. 105; ii 86, 115, 118

Bohtan Su, tributary of the Tigris, ii. 395; 57 note 4

Bor, Armenian village near Bitlis, ii. 143

Bor, Pass of, ii. 143

Borchala, Valley of the, i. 40 note

Borchali, Ouezde, i. 430, 453

BorÉ, EugÈne, i. 348, ii. 153; i. 281, 367 notes

Borjom, Gorge of, i. 39, 430, 443

Boyajean, Armenian revolutionary, ii. 431

Boyajean, Consul, ii. 413

Boz Tepe (Mt. Mithros), i. 9, 12, 13, 32, ii. 238

Brant, Consul James, ii. 44, 79, 151, 173, 182, 206, 440; i. 406, ii. 121, 165, 187, 190, 195, 197, 283, 287, 313, 339, notes

Brosset, M. F., i. 63, 64, 65, 71, 370–380, 382–385, 387–390, 407; 75, 78, 79, 80, 81, 84, 132, 183, 266, 270, 271, 272, 338, 354, 366, notes

Bryce, Rt. Hon. J., his ascent of Mt. Ararat, i. 166, 197, 199.
His description of the valley of the Araxes, 146

Buga Tepe (Kars district), i. 394

Bugutu, Crag of, AlagÖz, i. 321, 325

Bulama, Lake, see Gop, Lake

Bulanik, district of, ii. 344, 394, 404, 345, 351, 401, 424, 425

Burnu Bulakh, Kurdish village near KÖshk, ii. 18

Butyka, Dr., ii. 49

Buwayhids, Turkish dynasty, i. 353

Buyuk Chai (Erishat), Lake Van, ii. 24

Caffa, port on the Black Sea, i. 36

Canning, Stratford, British ambassador, his correspondence with Consul Brant, ii. 440

Canterbury, Archbishop of, i. 102;
his Mission to the Assyrian Christians, ibid.

CarriÈre, Prof., i. 278 note

Caucasus Mts., connection of the range with the structural system of Asia, i. 425.
Joined by the Meschic Mts. to the Armenian border chain, 425, 433; 40, 70.
Viewed from the Zikar Pass, 52;
from the summit of Abul, 95;
from Ararat, 198.
Height of the snow-line on, 198 note 2

Chabakchur, plain of, ii. 387, 392

Chaghelik, Kurdish hamlet, BingÖl district, ii. 360

Chakhar Dagh, i. 436

Chalcedon, Council of, i. 312, 313, 348

ChaldÆans, name under which the Chaldians, or remnant of the subjects of the old Vannic kings inhabiting the northern peripheral mountains of Armenia, are sometimes alluded to by classical authors, ii. 68, 69

ChaldÆans, name sometimes given to the Assyrian Christians inhabiting the recesses of Kurdistan, ii. 69, 70.
Their supposed origin, ibid.
Relations of the English Church with them, i. 102.
Their incidence in Armenia, 451. ii. 80 note

Chaldees, ii. 70 and note 1

Chaldia, see Khaldians

Chaldians, see Khaldians

Chaldir Mts. (Northern Armenia), i. 105, 119, 121, 123, 438, 441

Chaldir, Lake of, i. 439, 443.
How formed, ii. 404

Chaldiran, district in central Armenia, i. 435, ii. 421

Chamar Dagh, i. 431

Chambers, Rev. W. N. and Mrs., American missionaries in Erzerum, ii. 217, 256

Chamchean, Father M. (Chamich), i. 339 note

Changalli, name sometimes given to the cloister of Surb Karapet (Mush district), q.v.

Changly, village, i. 416 note

Chantre, M. and Mme., i. 167, 195 note 1, 199, 434 note

Charbahur, Circassian village near the slopes of the Khamur heights, ii. 353

Charbahur Tepe, Circassian village, ii. 354

Chardaklu Dagh, Tauric Armenia, ii. 386

Chardin, J., i. 209, 211, 256 note, 262, 267

Charshembeh, town in the delta of the Iris, i. 4

Chat, Kurdish village, Alashkert district, ii. 1

Chaurma village, Tekman district, ii. 249

Chavarchan (Ardaz), ancient canton, i. 277 note 2

Chawir, see Abulsevar

Chembek Dagh, Taurus Range, ii. 389

Cheremetieff, General, his reclamations in the valley of the Araxes, i. 226

Chermaly, Armenian village and posting station (Kars-Kagyzman), i. 412

Chernomorsk, Govt. of, i. 447

Chesney, F. R., expeditions of, ii. 440

Chevelik, village, ii. 392

Chevermeh, Armenian village, Khinis district, ii. 256

Chibukh-Naryn-Bashi Dagh, i. 441

Chonchal, lake, i. 105, 106

Chonchal, river, i. 105

Chorzene, name by which district of Kars was known to Strabo, i. 395

Chorokh river, i. 41, 62, 337, 358, 430, 431, 436, 437, 442, 453, ii. 68 note 3, 203, 232, 386–387, 402, 406

Chorsa, see Kars

Chosroes, Arsakid king of Armenia, i. 286–288

Chosroes the Little, Arsakid king of Armenia, i. 301 note, 302

Chunak, pseudo-katholikos, i. 309, 310

Cilicia, mountainous district of Asia Minor. After the Seljuk conquest of Armenia some Armenian emigrants founded a kingdom in these mountains, i. 367,
which endured for almost 300 years, ibid.
These colonists resisted the spiritual guidance of the Roman popes, ibid.;
but as friends of the Crusaders they were at length overwhelmed by the Turks, ibid.
Their descendants still maintain themselves in the district, ibid., and ii. 427.
Status of the katholikos of Sis, i. 276

Circassians, immigrants into Turkish Armenia, ii. 340, 341.
List of their villages, 340.
Characteristics, ii. 331, 332, 353, 354, 356, 357, 359

Clayton, Major, British Consul at Van, ii. 62, 313, 388

Cole, Mr. R. M., American missionary at Bitlis, ii. 154

Comneni, distinguished Greek family, perhaps of Italian origin, i. 35;
called to the throne of the Byzantine Empire, ibid.;
their tragic overthrow, ibid.;
furnish a line of emperors of the Black Sea coasts, ibid.
See Grand-Comneni

Constantine the Great, Byzantine Emperor, i. 293 note 1, 300

Constantine V., Byzantine Emperor, ii. 222

Constantine VII., Porphyrogenitus, Byzantine Emperor, i. 336 note, 352, ii. 223

Constantine X., Monomachus, Byzantine Emperor, i. 353, 362, 363

Constantine XI., Dukas, Byzantine Emperor, i. 373

Constantinople, Council of, i. 312 note

Constantinople, Armenian Patriarchate of, ii. 450 seq.

Conybeare, Mr. F. C., i. 280, 281, 283, 407; 277, 279, 284, 285, 301, 312 notes

Cossacks, i. 158 seq., 401–403

Crimea, emigration of Armenians to, i. 367

Cuinet, Vital, ii. 25; 26, 79, 139, 152, notes

Cuneiform inscriptions, their widespread occurrence in Armenia, ii. 53, 56, 61.
Difficulties attending their decipherment, 54–56.
The ancient civilisation which they disclose, 56–76.
The inscriptions on the rock of Van, 108–110.
Inscription of Choban or Meher Kapusi near Van, 112 and Fig. 134.
Inscription at Akhtamar, 133;
do. at Melazkert, 275 note 2;
on the BingÖl Dagh, 373, 73;
at Palu, 392

Cyprus Convention, ii. 409

Dadian Dagh, ii. 386

Daghestan, i. 447

Dalmatian, Armenian equivalent for Latin, i. 300 note 2

Daly Dagh, peak of the Gori Mokri, i. 434

Damadean, notorious Armenian revolutionary, ii. 157–159; 172; 431

Daniel, Syrian philosopher, i. 312 note 1

Daniel the Syrian, katholikos, i. 299 note 1

Daniel, monk of Tigranocerta, i. 388

Daniel Vardapet, of Varag, ii. 113

Darachichak, summer resort near Erivan, i. 139, 143, 445

David II., king of Georgia, i. 365

David, Prince of Akhaltsykh country, i. 355, 360

David, Prince of Van, i. 356

Dedeveren, Kurd village, Khinis plain, ii. 256

Deir, town in valley of the Great Zab, i. 277 note 2

DeÏrmen Dere, valley of the ancient Pyxitis river in the Pontic region near Trebizond, ii. 238; i. 8, 9, 22

Delijan, posting station, Northern Armenia, i. 40

Demian, Pass of, ii. 277

Demian, village of Hasananli Kurds above the plain of Melazkert, ii. 277, 342.
Mileage to Melazkert and Akhlat, 277 note

Demir Kala, see BingÖl Dagh

Dersim, The, country and administrative division belonging to western Armenia, ii. 388, 389, 390, 393.
Pop., 413, 416.
Its Kizilbash inhabitants, 418

Deveh Boyun, Camel’s Neck, volcanic ridge dividing the plains of Pasin and Erzerum, ii. 194, 196, 227.
Strategical importance to Erzerum, 201, 245;
fortifications on the ridge, ibid.

Dhuspas, ancient name for city of Van, q.v.

Diadin, town on the Upper Murad, i. 272, 297 note. ii. 406

Diarbekr, city on the lowlands of Mesopotamia, i. 359 et passim;
device of double-headed eagle there, ii. 211 note 3;
communications with Kharput and Erzerum, 388, 396;
with Bitlis, 148

Dignuk, village on the Murad near Melazkert, ii. 276, 265

Dimitri, king of Georgia and lord of Ani, i. 365

Diocletian, Roman Emperor, i. 256, 293, 295 note 3, 300

Dittrich, Protestant missionary, i. 98, 99

Diyadin, Armenian village, BingÖl district, ii. 182

Dochus Punar, radial volcanic mountain system in Northern Armenia, i. 73, 94, 438, 440, 441, 443

Dodan, Armenian village, BingÖl district, ii. 182, 358, 360; 180 note 2

Dodan Chai, see BingÖl Su

Dombat, village of Kizilbash Kurds on Upper Murad, ii. 10, 12

Dosp, see Van

Dubois de MontpÉreux, i. 62, 64, 71, 75–84, 183, 185, 203, 216–218, 264, 267, 269, 318, 319, 327; 66, 67, 201, 230, 261, notes

Dukhobortsy or Dukhoborians, Russian sectaries settled in Armenia, i. 96, 102–104.
Their settlements visited, i. 105–111.
Character of their religion, 103, 111–112.
Feud arises among their communities, 112–113.
A considerable party resolve to defy the Government, 113, 114.
Govt. retaliates with savage cruelty, 114–116.
Large numbers emigrate to British territory, first to Cyprus and then to Canada, 116.
Reflections, 116, 117, 120.
See also 456, 457

DÜmlÜ Dagh, source of the Western Euphrates, i. 431, ii. 209 and note 2, 406

Duzyurt, Kurdish village, Tekman district, ii. 249, 381

Dvin (Tovin), ancient Armenian city in Ararat district, i. 201 note 1;
the seat of the katholikos transferred to, i. 264 note 5, 265;
its importance in the Middle Ages, 338, 342, 346, 364, 365, 382

Dvin, Council of, i. 284, 301 note 1

“Eagle of Vaspurakan,” newspaper founded by the Katholikos Mekertich Khrimean, i. 240

Ebeling, Herr, his ascent of Little Ararat, i. 199

Edessa (Urfa), town in Mesopotamia, i. 277 note 2, 279, 306

Edgmiatsin (Vagharshapat, q.v.), Armenian monastery and town in the district of Ararat, visited and described, i. 228–276, 453.
Sometimes called by Armenian writers Nor-Kaghak; origin of this name, 287 note 3.
Known as Uch Kilisa in Mussulman times, 256.
Tradition that the cathedrals and chapels occupy a site of great sanctity in pagan times, ibid. note 2.
Ripsimian legend attributes the origin of the cathedral to a direct mandate of Jesus Christ, 256–261.
The legend examined, 311.
Academy, see under Education.
Plan, 244.

Education, (I.) Russian provinces. The Russian State schools and the Armenian Church schools: their status and regulation, i. 218–220, 273, ii. 97.
The two systems contrasted, i. 220–222.
The Armenian system culminates in the Academy at Edgmiatsin, 272–274.
Several Russian State schools visited and described: at Akhaltsykh, i. 68;
at Akhalkalaki, i. 90;
at Alexandropol, i. 129;
at Erivan, i. 221–224;
at Kars, i. 408;
in villages, i. 203, 316, 332.
The Russian solution of the religious difficulty, 223–224. Armenian schools: at Akhaltsykh, i. 68;
at Akhalkalaki, i. 90;
at Alexandropol, i. 129;
at Erivan, 221;
at Kars, i. 408;
in villages, i. 140, 203, 325.
The teachers are as a rule laymen.

(II.) Turkish provinces. The Turkish State schools and the Armenian Church schools: their status and regulation, ii. 96, 97, 99, 100, 215.
Much greater latitude allowed in Turkey to the Armenian schools, 97;
but Russian methods are creeping in, ibid. and 100.
The two systems contrasted, 101.
The Armenian teachers are laymen and belong as a rule to a high class in society, 97. Turkish State schools visited and described: at Van, ii. 100–101;
at Bitlis, ii. 152 and note 1;
at Mush the school is in abeyance, ii. 170;
at Khinis, ii. 186;
at Erzerum, ii. 217. Armenian schools: at Van, ii. 96–99,
and private schools, ibid.;
at Bitlis, ii. 152;
at Mush the schools are closed;
at Erzerum, 216–217,
and Sanasarean School, 213–216, 97.
In villages they are for the most part closed, cp. ii. 165.
Rigorous Turkish censorship over foreign literature, ii. 95, 180. American Mission schools, culminate in Armenia College at Kharput, ii. 391.
Visited in various centres ii. 94–95, 154, 217, 256. Armenian Catholic schools, ii. 153, 217

Efremovka, Russian settlement and posting-station in northern Armenia, i. 118, 119

Egin, town on W. Euphrates, i. 449, ii. 386, 390

Eleazar, katholikos, i. 262, 263, 270

Elizabetpol (Gandzak), i. 364, 365

Elizabetpol, Govt. of, i. 447, 449; 97, 103 note, 113, 114, 115, 447, 449, 455

Elliot, Capt., British Consul at Van, ii. 304, 314

Elmali Dere or Vale of Apple Trees, district between Khinis and Tutakh, ii. 263, 399

Elmali Dere, Lake Van, ii. 142

Emlekli Dagh, Gori Mokri, i. 434

Enghil Su, Lake Van, see Anguil Su

Enzakh, Armenian hamlet, Lake Van, ii. 137

Ephesus, Council of, i. 312 note, 314 note

Ephraim, katholikos, i. 264 note 5

Erazgavors, town in Shirak, residence of Sembat I., i. 341, 345

Erimenas, Vannic king, known only from an inscription on a shield found at Toprak Kala, ii. 66, 75

Erishat River (Irshat), Lake Van, ii. 24, 44

Erivan, the town of gardens, visited and described, i. 142, 143–146, 153, 206–227, 229, 427, ii. 404.
Derivation of the name and history, i. 209–210, 446.
Industries, 226.
Material prosperity of the Armenian inhabitants, 225, 467;
yet there does not exist a single bookseller’s shop, 225.
Pop. of the town, 209;
of the province, 447, 451.
Schools, see under Education.
View of from the north, Fig. 42, p. 208

Erkizan, quarter of Akhlat, ii. 45, 284

Erovant, Armenian Arsakid king, 1st cent., i. 209

Ertev, village, Pasin district, ii. 193

Ervandakert, ancient Armenian fortress on the Arpa Chai, i. 319, 324

Ervandashat, ancient Armenian city on the Arpa Chai, i. 319, 324

Erzen, see Artze

Erzerum (Karin, Karnoy Kaghak, Theodosiopolis), fortress and capital in Turkish Armenia, visited and described, ii. 198–224, 244, 245.
Derivation of the name, 223.
History, 221–224, 204–205.
Climate, 208 and cp. i. 107 note, 427.
Trade, ii. 205–207, i. 32;
pop. of the town, ii. 206–207, and cp. i. 67, 128;
of the province, ii. 413.
Schools, see under Education.
View of from the south, Fig. 164, p. 207,
from the north, Fig. 165, p. 208.
Mileage to Khinis, 174 note;
to Trebizond, 225, 240.
Route to Rizeh, 382, i. 431,
and to Olti, ibid.
Suggestions for railway communication, ii. 206, 382

Erzerum, plain of, area and elevation, ii. 209.
Connection with other Armenian plains, i. 146, ii. 401

Erzinjan, ancient Armenian town and Turkish military station on the Western Euphrates, i. 348 note, 431, 432, ii. 204, 227, 228, 234, 386, 390, 404, 413, 418.
Statue of the goddess Anahid at E. destroyed by St. Gregory, i. 294

Eugenius, Saint, of Trebizond, i. 36

Euphrates, Western (Kara Su, Frat), its sources in the DÜmlÜ Dagh, i. 431, ii. 209, 401;
fed by the Central Tableland, ii. 398;
its course through Armenia, i. 146, ii. 201, 203, 222, 227, 228 and note, 230, 404, 406;
its valley apportioned to the Roman Empire, i. 306

Euphrates, Eastern (Murad), its sources and principal affluents, ii. 406; 373, 398;
course through Armenia, i. 420, ii. 2, 9, 10, 12–15, 264–273, 277, 342, 343, 346–355; 183, 175, 177;
the ancient Arsanias, ii. 41.
Tiridates and his people baptized on the banks of, i. 296

Eusebius, Bishop of Nicomedia, i. 300

Eyerli Dagh, Erzerum, ii. 202, 245, 381, 398

Eyub Pasha, Kurd Hamidiyeh, ii. 5

Eznik, i. 301 note 1

Ezra, katholikos, i. 270

FadÉeff, General, Governor of Kars, i. 399, 400, 403, 417

Fallmerayer, J. P., historian of Trebizond, i. 33, 34, 19

Fars (Shiraz, Persepolis), i. 286, 287, 340 note 5

Fath Ali, Shah of Persia, i. 217

Fathlun I., Beni-Cheddad, i. 365

Fathlun II., i. 365

Faustus of Byzantium, i. 291 note 1, 303, 311

Feodoroff, companion of Parrot, i. 198 note 1

Fergusson, J., History of Architecture, i. 263, 368, 372 note

Fethulla Bey, chieftain of Hasananli Kurds, ii. 276

Finlay, G., History of Trebizond, i. 33, 34

Flora and fauna. The flora in Armenia is as a rule composed of the species familiar to the traveller in Europe, ii. 246, 248; 208, 253, 256, 265, 268, 269, 303.
It is perhaps most remarkable on the sandy slopes of Ararat, i. 190, 191,
as also on the higher seams, i. 181.
The great mountain masses appear to have their distinctive flowers, ii. 362, and see BingÖl, Nimrud, Sipan.
Wealth and variety of the flora in the regions bordering Armenia on the side of the Black Sea, i. 18, 51, 432, ii. 236, 239, 241, 242, 382

Of big game there is little, ii. 302, 304, 339;
but partridges are found in abundance on the mountains, i. 161, 181;
and the plain of Alashkert is a nursery of wild fowl, ii. 3, 9.
Wild geese are frequent on the rivers, ii. 346,
and pelicans on some of the lakes, 323, 344.
The Nimrud crater is a nursery for all kinds of butterflies, ii. 303.
Remarkable about Lake Van are the rollers (coracias garrulus), ii. 280.
Lizards dart among the rocks, i. 74

Forests, scarcity of in Armenia and causes, ii. 405

Fraser, Miss, member of the American Mission in Van, ii. 92

Frat river, see Euphrates, Western

Frese, General, Governor of Erivan, i. 143, 226, 246, 248, 253

Freshfield, Mr. D. W., i. 198 note

Gagik, Kinglet of Van (Artsruni) and rival of King Sembat I., Bagratid dynasty, i. 345, 346, 348, 349, 350.
Builds the church at Akhtamar, ii. 131 note 2

Gagik I., Shahanshah, King of the Bagratid dynasty, i. 354–355, 360, 373, 382, 383

Gagik II., King of the Bagratid dynasty, i. 362

Galerius, Roman Emperor, i. 300

Galicia, emigration of Armenians to, i. 367

Gandzak, see Elizabetpol

Ganibuk, village, Khamur district, ii. 348

Garchigan, district and caza, Lake Van, ii. 138, 139

Gargalik, village of Sipkanli Kurds on the Murad, ii. 267

Garni, ruined town, village and river, district of Ararat, i. 201, 264

Garni Chai, Mush, ii. 166, 170, 175

Garuts, see Kars

Garzik village, Lake Van, ii. 141

Garzoni, Maurizio, Roman Catholic missionary in Kurdistan in the 18th century, ii. 149

Gegham, Lake, see Sevan Lake

Gelarash Dagh, spur of the Ala Dagh, ii. 16

Gelat, Monastery of, district of Kutais, i. 45, 46, 47

Gelzer, Prof. H., i. 277, 292, 295, 299, 300, 309, 310, notes

Genj, District of, ii. 392

George I. of Georgia, i. 360

George III. of Georgia, i. 365, 366

George IV., katholikos, i. 236, 254, 263, 267, 273

Georgia, i. 429, 432, 433; 37, 39–51; 448.
Glance at the Georgian kingdom during the Middle Ages, i. 337 seq. passim.
It abdicates in favour of the Tsars, 446

Georgians, overlap into Armenia, i. 55–85, 86, 443.
Numbers in Armenia, 451, 455
(often classed as Turks, ibid. and ii. 417).
Their Church accepts the Council of Chalcedon, i. 313.
Unites with the Russian Orthodox Church, 463.
Their curious method of catching fish, i. 76.
Their language, ii. 68 note 3

German colonists, their origin in Transcaucasia, i. 96–99;
met with in Armenia, 410

Gez, village near Erzerum, ii. 227

Ghubanoff, Michael Vasilievich (Dukhobortsy), brother of Lukeria Vasilievna, i. 108

Giaour Dagh, northern border of Armenia, i. 430, ii. 243

Ginal Dagh, i. 434

Girdim Dagh, Turkish Armenia, ii. 386, 392

Glak Vank (Changalli), ii. 180 note 1

Gobet, Mussulman village, Akhaltsykh district, i. 74

Godorebi, Mt. of the Abul-Samsar volcanic system, i. 95

GÖkcheh Lake, see Sevan Lake

GÖl Bashi, hamlet on Mush plain, ii. 319

GÖl Bashi, Pool of, a source of the Kara Su, ii. 319

GÖleh, district in northern Armenia, i. 430, 431, 437, 439, 443

Golgat, Armenian village, AlagÖz district, i. 133

GÖli, Armenian hamlet, Lake Van, ii. 138

GÖljik, Lake, ii. 387;
indications of a rise in the level, 53 note

Gop, Lake (Bulama, Lake of Shailu), near Bilejan Dagh, ii. 337, 343, 344.
Analysis of its water, Appendix II.

Gop, large Armenian village, district of Bulanik, ii. 344, 345.
Mileage to Charbahur, 353 note

Gopal, Armenian village, Akh Dagh district, ii. 258, 259

Gopal Su, tributary of the BingÖl Su (Khinis), ii. 260

Gorelovka, see Dukhobortsy

Gori Mokri Mts., Northern Armenia, i. 87, 433

Goschen, Rt. Hon. G. J., ambassador to Turkey, ii, 410

Goshkar Baba (shoemaker to the Prophet), grave near BingÖl Dagh, ii. 372

Gotimeria Dagh, Northern Armenia, i. 430, 431

Gotni, Kurdish village, Mush plain, ii. 163

Gotok, village of settled Kurds, vilayet of Bitlis, ii. 142

Gozme Gedik Pass, Mush plain, ii. 396

Grand-Comneni, line of Greek emperors at Trebizond, i. 35–36

Graves, Mr. R. W., British Consul at Erzerum, ii. 8, 199, 413 note 2

Greeks in Armenia, i. 122, 129, 331, 332, 451, 455;
in the northern peripheral region, i. 432, 456, ii. 236, 237–244

Greene, Mr. F. D., American missionary at Van, ii. 92, 95

Gregory, Saint (Lusavorich or The Illuminator), i. 259–261; 288–301; 200, 201, 204, 254, 262, 264 note 5, 265, 269, 271, 283, 284, 306, 311, 348, ii. 178 and note 2

Gregory Magistros, persecutes the Thonraki, i. 285

Grigor, grandson of St. Gregory, i. 267

Grigor (Pahlavid), father of Vahram, i. 381, 382, 383 note 3

Grigor, son of Vahram, i. 385

Gudubgokh (Surb Yakob), Chapel near Lake Van, ii. 137

Gugoghlan, Kurdish village, Shushar district, ii. 375

Gujaretis, Valley of the, i. 433

Gumbet Dagh, i. 430, 431

Gumgum, village and capital of the caza of Varto, ii. 183, 356, 371

Gumgum Su, affluent of the BingÖl Su (Charbahur), ii. 358, 367, 368

GÜmri, see Alexandropol

GÜmÜshkhaneh, town in vilayet of Trebizond and capital of Greek diocese of Chaldia, ii. 69, 240, 243, 382;
famous for its silver mines, 243.
Communications, i. 432

Gundemir, ancient Armenian village, BingÖl district, ii. 182, 358, 359

Gunduz, Armenian hamlet, plain of Khinis, ii. 257

Gunek Su, affluent of Eastern Euphrates, ii. 389, 392, 406

GÜnther, Mr. R. T., ii. 43 note, 48 and Appendix II.

Gurgi Boghaz (Georgian Gates), Erzerum-Olti, ii. 203, 227, 245

Gurgur, name given to the passage of the Murad out of Mush plain, ii. 177.
Ruins of a fortress there, ibid.

Guria, Province of, i. 42, 43

Gutschmid, Alfred von, i. 278, 287, 288, 289, 291, 292, 295, 300, 301, notes

Guyard, M. Stanislas, ii. 56

GÜzel Dere, Beauteous Valley, Bitlis district, ii. 45, 143, 402

GÜzul Dere, village on AlagÖz, i. 135

Gypsies, in Garchigan, ii. 139 note.
At Gopal, 260.
Are they the remnant of a Hindu colony? 178

Hadrian, Roman Emperor, i. 12, ii. 40

Haidar Bey, village near Lake Van, ii. 28

Haini, town of, ii. 388, 396

Haji Khalil, village, AlagÖz district, i. 135

Hakkiari, district of, ii. 88, 421 note, 424

Halys River, i. 4;
its delta is celebrated for tobacco, ibid.

Hamdun, Arab emir, i. 353

Hamidiyeh, irregular cavalry recruited by the Turkish Govt. among the Kurds and Karapapakhs, ii. 5, 6, 13, 14, 17, 26, 88, 172, 184, 187, 195, 219, 255, 260, 266, 276, 283, 314, 344, 356, 357, 421, 422, 423

Hamilton W. J., i. 33; 32, 367 notes

Hamsi Keui, Upper and Lower, villages, Machka Dere, ii. 241, 236 note

Hargin, village on Lake Van, ii. 27, 29

Hasan Kala, ancient town in Pasin, ii. 61, 174, 193, 219

Hasan Keif, primeval village on the Tigris, ii. 395

Hasuna, village of Hasananli Kurds at the foot of Kartevin Dagh, ii. 268, 275

Haxthausen, A. von, i. 235; 66, 90, 234, 273, notes

Hayk, city of, result of excavations at, ii. 71

Hayk, son of Togarmah, grandson of Japhet, reputed progenitor of the Armenians, i. 318, ii. 70, 78, 274

Haykaberd, ruins of an Armenian fortress near the passage of the Murad from Mush Plain, ii. 177

Hayotz-dzor, district of, Lake Van, ii. 71, 394

Hazo, town of, ii. 429, 431

Heraclius, Roman emperor, i. 314, ii. 222

Heraklea, Black Sea, i. 2

Hieron Oros, see Ieros

Hincks, Dr., ii. 56 note 1

Hindu refugees, their temples at Surb Karapet destroyed by St. Gregory, ii. 178;
the gypsies in Armenia are said to be their descendants, ibid.,
and their language is known as Sanskrit among the Armenians, ibid.

Hindu Kush Mts., i. 423, 424, 425, 435

Hipsinek, Armenian village, Akantz district, ii. 23

Hittites, The, ii. 61

Hiznavuz (Kiznaus), Armenian village near Edgmiatsin, i. 316

Honentz, family of, i. 375

Hoseyn Ali Khan, Sirdar of Erivan, i. 214, 217

Hoseyn Pasha, chief of the Haideranli and ruler of territory of Patnotz, ii. 17, 20, 21

Hrazdan or Zanga River, see Zanga

Huns, The, i. 287, 303

Iberians, The, i. 395, ii. 68 note 3

Ibn-Alathir, Arab historian, ii. 29 and note 2

Ibrahim Pasha, adjutant of Kurd Hamidiyeh, ii 344

Ibrahim Sheikh, unknown ruler at Vostan, Lake Van, ii. 125–126

Ieros (Hieron Oros), cape near Trebizond, i. 8, 13, 33

Igmal, village on Lake Van, ii. 27

Iki Kube, quarter of Akhlat, ii. 284–287

Ilantash or Karatash, plateau of, near Akantz, ii. 28

Ildigiz, Atabeg governor of Azerbaijan, i. 366

Ilija, village in Erzerum district, ii. 227

Imeritia, i. 42, 45, 47, 430

Ineboli, ancient town on the Black Sea, i. 3, 4, 6, 35

Innaknean Vank (Changalli), ii. 180 note 1

Inuspuas, Vannic king, ii. 72, 110 note

Iris, river flowing into Black Sea, i. 4;
its delta is celebrated for its Indian corn, ibid.

Isa, Arab governor, i. 340

Isaac the Great, katholikos, i. 312

Iskandar Pasha, ii. 289

Iskele, harbour of Van city and name of a gate, ii. 36, 49, 108 note

Ismail I., Shah, i. 210, ii. 78

Ispahan, i. 264 note 5, 440

Ispir, town on the Chorokh, i. 431, ii. 68 and note 3

Ispuinis, Vannic king, ii. 60 and note 3, 72.
Inscription of, 110 note, 112

Issaverdens, i. 277 note 2, ii. 222

Jacob, Saint, Bishop of Nisibis, his attempt to ascend Ararat, i. 184, 185; 269

Jacob (James IV.), katholikos, i. 262, 268 note

Jagluya Mts., near Kagyzman, famous for their rich pastures, i. 419

Jaila, Armenian hamlet, Alexandropol district, i. 119

Jala, Armenian village, Shuragel district, i. 330

Javresh Dagh, Kighi district, ii. 389

Jejen Dagh, ii. 203, 227, 230, 245, 382, 400, 403

Jejen Dagh, Pass of (Khoshabpunar), ii. 382 and 240 note

Jelal-ud-Din, Sultan of Kharizme, ii. 295, 296

Jellap, Armenian village and posting station, Alexandropol district, i. 122

Jelu Dagh, Kurdistan, ii. 388, 395

Jenghiz Khan, Ani sacked by, i. 366, 377

Jerusalem, Armenian patriarchate of, ii. 453

Jesuits, see Missions

Jevizlik, town of DeÏrmen Dere, ii. 238;
mileage to Trebizond and Baiburt, 225 note, 240 note

Jezireh, town in Kurdistan, ii. 433

Jezirok, village on Lake Nazik, ii. 323

Jil GÖl, Lake of Rushes, Sipan district, ii. 331;
outlet of the waters, 341;
increase in the level, ibid., and 47 note 1

John Katholikos, Armenian historian, i. 335, 341, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 350, 352

John the Baptist, Saint (Surb Karapet), cult of in Armenia, i. 283–284, 295

John the Philosopher, katholikos, i. 284

John Sembat, Bagratid dynasty, i. 355 seq., 373, 390

John Zimiskes, Byzantine emperor of Armenian descent, i. 353, 354

Jude, Saint, the apostle, i. 277 note 2

Julfa, village on the Araxes, i. 434, 435, 444

Julfa, New, i. 233 note 2, 264 note 5

Justinian, Roman Emperor, i. 27, ii. 222

Kabak-Tepe or Kizilkaya, Kars district, i. 394

Kagdarich, village on the Western Euphrates, ii. 228

Kagyzman, town near the Araxes, i. 148, 413–417, 419, 459.
Pop. of, 417;
account of town and castle by Evliya, 416 note

Kala-i-Zerin, see Zernak

Kalaji, Kurdish village, Shushar district, ii. 251

Kalajik, village of, Lake Van. ii. 38, 112

Kalajik, castled crag of, near the Vavuk Pass, ii. 243

Kala Su, Pasin district, ii. 193

Kamarlu, village of Armenians and Tartars, Ararat district, i. 154, 201, 203

Kanjean, village in the Elmali Dere, ii. 399

Kanlija, near Alexandropol, cuneiform inscriptions found at, ii. 61, 73

Kanly Dagh, Northern Armenia, i. 437

Kara Ali, Circassian village, plain of Melazkert, ii. 277

Karabagh, country forming an Armenia in miniature on the side of the Caspian, i. 434; 254, 423, 445, 449, 453, 454.
Kurds in, 455 and cp. 364

Karachanta, Mussulman village, Alexandropol district, i. 122

Karachoban, Armenian village on BingÖl Su, ii. 257

Karadagh, northern Azerbaijan, i. 434, 435

Karaghun, Kurdish hamlet, Sipan district, ii. 342

Kara Hasan Su, affluent to the Western Euphrates, ii. 228

Karaja Dagh, Mesopotamia, ii. 388

Karakach Dagh (Gori Mokri, Northern Armenia), i. 87, 434, 438, 441

Karakala, ruins on the Araxes, i. 318, 319, 321

Karahisar, town of (Shabin Karahisar), i. 431, ii. 204

Kara Kala, see BingÖl Dagh

Karakaya Dagh, Tauric Armenia, ii. 386

Karakilisa, Alashkert, ii. 2–10, 266.
Kaimakam of, 7–8, 255

Karakilisa, village near Lake Van, ii. 23

Kara Mehemet, Armenian village on plain of Alexandropol, i. 122

Karaogli, village on Murad, ii. 346, 347

Karapapakhs or Black Caps, ii. 6, 14, 266; i. 455, 456; ii. 5, 267

Karass, Scotch mission at i. 99

Kara Su, Ararat, i. 156, 183, 187, 201

Kara Su, Mush plain, ii. 162 note, 176, 317, 319

Kara Su, Western Euphrates, ii. 209, 228, 406

Karatash, see Ilantash

Kara Vank, Armenian village on Aghri Dagh, i. 418

Karchkhal Mts., Pontic region, i. 430

Karembe, Cape (Black Sea), i. 3

Kargabazar Heights (Pasin), ii. 193, 203, 227.
See also i. 431, 432

Karin, see Erzerum

Karkar Dagh (Lake Van), ii. 388

Karke, Mt. (in Taron), site of heathen temples, i. 295, 296.
Site identified, 296 note 2

Karlik Tepe, Trebizond, i. 34

Karmuch, Armenian village near Akhlat, ii. 45, 299

Karniarch, mountain and landmark near AlagÖz, i. 138, 140, 317

Karnirash, hamlet of Kurds, foot of Nimrud, ii. 319

Karri Chai, tributary to the Kur, i. 443

Kars (Karutz), ancient fortified city and modern fortress in Northern Armenia, visited and described, i. 393–408; 39, 61, 330, 331, 332, 333, 442, 459.
History, 395–399, 352, 353, 354, 356, 358, 360, 364.
Elevation, 439.
Pop. of the town, 405, 406.
Do. of the province, 451.
View of, 406.
Plan, 395.
Railway from Tiflis recently completed, 40 note

Kars, river of, curiosities attending its course, i. 442, 394, 413

Kartevin Dagh, ii. 16, 263, 265, 268, 277, 333, 337, 397, 401

Kasagh River (Abaran Su), i. 242, 245, 316

Kastamuni, town in Asia Minor, i. 3, 6, 35

Katranideh, Queen of Armenia, wife of Gagik, i. 373

Kazikly Dagh, northern border, ii. 240, 382

Keban-Maden, Euphrates, ii. 390

Kegham, Lake, see Sevan Lake

Kekeli, Armenian village, Bilejan district, ii. 343

Kelkid-Chiftlik, town on the Lycus, ii. 234

Kelkid Su (Lycus), i. 431, ii. 406

Kemakh (Ani), the burial-place of Armenian Arsakid kings, ii. 390.
Fane of Aramazd destroyed by St. Gregory, i. 294

Kemurly, Upper and Lower, Kagyzman district, i. 413, 414, 416

Kerasun, Black Sea, i. 6, 18, 431

Keremitlu Dagh, fortified hill near Erzerum, ii. 203

Kerim, notorious brigand in the Caucasus, i. 153

KerkÜr Dagh, volcanic pile on the flank of Nimrud, ii. 50, 160–161, 312, 316, 317

Ker Porter, Sir R., i. 201 note, 319, 323, 324, 367, 405

Kersik or Kersuk Su, Elmali Dere district, ii. 263;
confluence with the Murad, 265

Kerwanserai, Kurdish settlement, slopes of AlagÖz, i. 135

Keser Su, tributary of the Tigris, ii. 148

Keshish GÖl, on the slopes of Mt. Varag, ii. 64;
stele near with inscription of Rusas I., ibid.

Kestano (Bejano), Plain of Akhalkalaki, i. 87 note

Ketivan, Mohammedan village near Hasan Kala, ii. 193

Kety Dagh, Karabagh border, i. 434

Keupek Dagh, Terjan district, ii. 386

Khach Dagh, Terjan district, ii. 386, 393

Khachkar Mts., i. 430

Khadrak station, valley of Balakhor, ii. 234

Khaldians, subjects of the old Vannic kings, their history, language and art, ii. 56–65.
Character of their civilisation, 53, 65, 71, 76, 111, 116.
Was there any racial or cultural link between them and the Chaldees? 70.
Approximate date of their overthrow, 65, 66.
The remnant known to Greek writers as Chaldians and the mountainous country to which they were driven as Chaldia—a name which survives to the present day, 68, 69

Khaldis, supreme god of the old Vannic kings and their people, ii. 57

Khalias Dagh or Mergemir, ii. 263, 269, 337, 389

Khama Dagh, ii. 384

Khamur Dagh, seen from KÖshk, ii. 13,
from Tutakh, 14;
from Bashkent Ova, 185;
from the PalandÖken Pass, 247;
from Khinis plain, 257;
from the village of Demian, 277.
Ascent of the principal ridge, 348–351.
Geological composition of, 257, 349, 371.
Monument on the summit, 350;
view of the surrounding country, 351.
Connection with BingÖl, 350, 371.
Photograph, 252, Fig. 177

Khancharli, village of, Northern Armenia, i. 119

Khanik, Circassian village, Sipan district, ii. 278

Khanikoff, N. V., his ascent of Ararat, i. 199

Khan Mahmud, Kurdish chieftain, ii. 78

Kharaba, ruins of village on the site of Ali Mur, district of Khinis, ii. 252

Kharaba, quarter of Akhlat q.v., ii. 284

Kharput, ancient Armenian town on a hill near the banks of the Murad, ii. 390;
pop. 391;
do. of the province, 413, 425.
Large number of villages in the vicinity, 391;
products of the neighbourhood, ibid.
The Americans have a flourishing Mission and a well-equipped College, ibid.; 388, 396.
Plain of, 390

Kharshut River, ii. 234, 236, 242

Khashkeui, Armenian village on Plain of Mush, ii. 165

Khashlu, village, Bilejan district, ii. 345

Khedonun, village of Jibranli Kurds, ii. 250

Kherbesor, village, Shushar district, ii. 252, 373

Kherbesor cliffs, BingÖl plateau, ii. 373, 398

Khertvis, town at the junction of Kur and river of Akhalkalaki, i. 76;
66 note, 74, 85.

Khindris Plain, ii. 389, 392

Khinis, town of, visited and described, ii. 186–188, 253, 254–255.
Pop. 187.
Emigration of Armenians from the district, 219.
Mileage to Mush and Erzerum, 174 note.
Do. to Tutakh, 255 note

Khinis, plain of, ii. 186, 188, 256–258, 351, 401.
A seat of the Thonraki, i. 285

Khinis, river of, a component of the BingÖl Su, ii. 186, 188, 253

Khizan, region south of Lake Van, ii. 397

Khodzko, J., his ascent of Ararat, i. 199

Khojabek, Armenian village, Akhalkalaki district, i. 105

Khorasan, village at the narrows of the Araxes, i. 146, ii. 194

Khorasan, Province and Mts. of northern Persia, i. 423, 426

Khoren Stephaneh, monk at Edgmiatsin, i. 248

Khor Virap, Monastery near the Araxes, visited, i. 200, 203, 204.
Erected on the site of St. Gregory’s dungeon, ibid.

Khoshab River (Enghil Su) Lake Van, ii. 44, 50, 122, 394.
The waters of the Khoshab basin are taken to the suburbs of Van by the Shamiram Su, 60

Khosha Vank (Kizil Kilisa), Armenian village on the Arpa Chai, i. 328

Khosha Vank, Monastery of (Horomos), visited and described, i. 387–390; 328

Khoshkhosh, Queen, her tomb at Varag, ii. 115

Khosrov Pasha, donor of a pulpit to the mosque at Vostan, ii. 125

Khosrovidukht, sister of King Tiridates, i. 259, 261, 264

Khozapin, Lake, Northern Armenia, i. 87 note

Khram, Valley of the, i. 89

Khram Mts., i. 433

Khrimean, Katholikos Mekertich, i. 236, 242, 246–248, 249, 250, 251–256, ii. 86, 96, 103, 115, 408

Khvandzeh, wife of Shahanshah, i. 375

Kiaya, the head man of a Christian village, ii. 176 note 2

Kiepert, Prof. H., ii. 383 note, 408

Kighi Su or Peri Su, ii. 389, 392, 406

Kighi Kasaba, town of, ii. 390, 393

Kighi, district of, view of the from the hill of Gugoghlan, ii. 376.
Eastern limits, 380.
Characteristics, 393, 405

Kilich Gedik Mts., ii. 2, 12, 13, 262, 263, 264, 266, 337

Kilisa Deresi, Armenian Church on the Plain of Khinis, ii. 188, 253

Kimball, Dr. Grace, of the American Mission at Van, ii. 92

Kindirantz, capital of the caza of Garchigan, ii. 138–140

Kindirantz, plain of, natural phenomenon which is repeated every year, ii. 139

Kinneir, Macdonald, ii. 151, 231 note

Kip GÖl, crater lake on Ararat, i. 199

Kirakos, katholikos, i. 264 note 5

Kirk Bulakh River (Forty Springs), Erivan, i. 209

Kirk DeÏrmen, pass near Erzerum, ii. 202

Kirklar, a quarter of Akhlat, ii. 284

Kirklar GÖl, pool on summit of Sipan, ii. 334

Kisir Dagh, Chaldir, i. 394, 438, 441

Kitowa Dagh Pass, ii. 240, 242, 382

Kizilbash, people usually classed as Kurds but professing a distinctive form of religion, ii. 418, 419;
numbers in Armenia, 414, 416 note; 12, 185, 187, 252, 390

Kizil-Goch River, tributary to the Arpa Chai, i. 119

Kizilkaya, see Kabak Tepe

Kizilkilisa, village on the Arpa Chai, i. 328

Kiziltash, cuneiform slab near Artemid, ii. 120, 121

Kizvag, village on Lake Van, ii. 315;
menaced by increase in level of water, 52

Klupffell, M. de, i. 38

Knapp, Messrs. G. C. and George, American missionaries, ii. 154

Koblian Chai, tributary of the Kur, i. 57

Kobulety, station, i. 42

Koch, K., i. 107, 436, 437, 443, ii. 176, 210, 211

Kohanam Dagh (Sepuh), i. 348 note

Kolchis, i. 7, 18, 42, 432, ii. 239;
glances at the history of, i. 62, 343, 344, 345, 349

Kolibaba Mt., Khamur, ii. 333, 348, 350, 372

Komitas, katholikos, i. 263, 264 note 5, 265, 270, 291 note

Koms, quarter of Bitlis, ii. 154

Kop Dagh, ii. 203, 227, 230, 245, 386, 403

Kop Dagh Pass, elevation, ii. 230

Korakhbur, village near Efremovka, i. 118

Kordikran, village in Garchigan, ii. 139

Korduk (Kurdistan), i. 309 note 1, ii. 429

Koriun, i. 291 note, 301 note 1

KÖr Ogly Dagh, Abul Samsar, volcanic group, i. 95

KÖr Su, tributary of the Murad, district of Bulanik, ii. 346

KÖr Su, tributary of Murad, Karakilisa, ii. 9

KÖshk, Kurdish village, district of Tutakh, ii. 13–17

KÖshmÜr Dagh, Kighi district, ii. 389

Kotur River, Azerbaijan, ii. 386

Kovaleffsky, his ascent of Little Ararat, i. 199

Kozli, Armenian village on slopes of Akh Dagh, ii. 256

Krasnovodsk Mts., Caspian seaboard, their connection with the structural system of Asia, i. 425

Krimizi Tuzla, village, Khamur district, ii. 260

Ktutz, island and monastery in Lake Van, ii. 32, 33

Kuarkuareh, atabeg, i. 64

KÜchik Keui, village near Kars, i. 397

Kuenlun Mts., their connection with the structural system of Asia, i. 424, 425

Kukurt Dagh, Artvin, i. 430

Kulaxis, quarter of Akhlat, ii. 284

Kulli, Kurdish village, Tekman district, ii. 190;
Brant’s account of in 1838, ibid. note 1; 398

Kulp, district of, ii. 396

Kulpi, salt mines of, Ararat district, i. 319, ii. 385

KÜp Keran, Armenian village, near Karakilisa, ii. 9

Kur River or river of Ardahan, i. 73 seq.; 56, 63, 94, 118, 394.
Sources and course through Armenia, 443

Kurdistan or Kurd-land, situation, ii. 395; 145, i. 424, 429.
Characteristics, ii. 145, 148, 394.
Divided into five considerable principalities during the 18th century, 149.
Condition of the Armenian inhabitants, ii. 429–431.
Suggestions for the proper government of, ii. 433, 434

Kurds, their antiquity, ii. 69.
Their picturesqueness, ii. 396 and cp. 250.
Portraits of, ii. 5, 16, 17, 163.
Characteristics, i. 427, ii. 419.
In Armenia the tribal Kurds are quite out of place, the conditions of their life there being unnatural, ii. 1 and passim in the narrative of the journeys; 420–424.
How they came to their present seats there, 421.
Their numbers in Armenia, i. 451, ii. 414.
Various Kurdish tribes in Armenia visited: Zilanli, ii. 6;
Hasananli, 21, 191, 259, 260, 267, 268, 276, 322–323;
Haideranli (Patnotz, etc.), 16, 20, 26, 422, 187;
Adamanli, 21, 26;
Sipkanli, 16, 267, 268;
Jibranli, 184, 187, 250, 357, 371, 372;
Zirkanli, 187, 190;
Zireki, 250, 380.
See also Kizilbash

Kuseh Dagh, Ararat system, i. 436; ii. 10 and Fig. 112, 193, 267, 277, 312, 336;
altitude, 384

Kuseh Dagh, northern border of Armenia, i. 430

Kutais, capital of Imeritia, visited and described, i. 45–48;
vineyards there, 55.
Govt. of, 447, 449

Kutlerusky, General, takes Akhalkalaki, i. 89

Kzia, River and Plain of, i. 433

Lakes in Armenia, notices of Strabo, Pliny and Ptolemy, ii. 40–43.
The great lakes described (Van, Urmi, GÖkcheh), 39, 43–46;
analyses of their waters, 468–470.
Fluctuations in their level, 46–53.
See also 402–404

Lanchkuty, village of, Black Sea coast, i. 43

Layard, Sir A. H., ii. 55, 133; 69, 79, 115, 233, 283, 296, 324, 344, notes

Lazar Pharpetzi, i. 291 note 1, 302 note 1

Lazis or inhabitants of Lazistan, i. 42, 427, 432

Lehmann, Prof. C. F., ii. 56 seq. and see Bibliography, 492

Lemberg, Armenian colony at, i. 367

Leo VI., Byzantine emperor, i. 341, 346, ii. 223, 295

Leontius, archbishop of CÆsarea, i. 295 note 1

Leter, village of, district of Bulanik, ii. 342

Lichig, village of, Kighi district, ii. 392

Liz, town of, Bulanik district, ii. 345, 351

Loftus, W. K., ii. 30, 47, 50, 51; 30, 47, 385 notes

Longworth, Mr., British Consul at Trebizond, i. 11

Lori, town in Georgia, i. 353, 356, 465

Lukas, katholikos, i. 264 note 5

Lukeria Vasilievna, see Dukhobortsy

Lurs, The, i. 427, ii. 419

Lutipris, Vannic dynasty, ii. 71 note 3

Lycus River, see Kelkid

Lynch, Commodore H. B., ii. 440

Macdonald, Sir John, British ambassador to Persia, tomb at Edgmiatsin, i. 266.

Madatapa, Lake, district of Akhalkalaki, i. 87, 118

Madatapa ridge, i. 430

Madavantz, Armenian semi-troglodyte village near Akhlat, ii. 293;
the Church is said to have been built by St. Thaddeus, ibid.

Maden Khan, settlement near Baiburt, ii. 232, 225 note, 240 note

Maden, hamlet near the Zigana Pass, ii. 242

Madrak, Kurdish village, Tekman district, ii. 248, 249; 373, 375, 380, 381

Magaspert, Arpa Chai, i. 442

Mahmud Bey, Kurdish chieftain, BingÖl district, ii. 365

Mahmudia, territory of, ii. 122

Makar, katholikos, i. 220, 236, 264 note 5

Malatia, town in Asia Minor, sacked by the Seljuk Turks, i. 358

Malek Shah, his relations with Ani, i. 365

Mamakanlu, Kurdish tribe said to be descended from the Mamikonean family, ii. 421 note

Mamakhatun, town in the district of Terjan, ii. 231

Mamlun, Arab governor of Azerbaijan, i. 355

Mangasar, village of, Alashkert, ii. 7

Manna, collected by the peasants, Bitlis district, ii. 151

Manuchar, atabeg, i. 64

Manuchar, Beni-Cheddad family, i. 365, 370, 377

Manzara, village, plain of Akalkalaki, i. 105

Marco Polo, ii. 29

Margistan, village of, near Vardzia, i. 79

Markoff, Dr. E., his ascent of Ararat, i. 176, 199

Marmashen, ruins of the monastery of near Alexandropol, visited and described, i. 131, 132; 355

Marmed Chai, Lake Van, ii. 44

Marr, Mr. N., his excavations at Ani, i. 377, 381

Mastikan Dagh, Taurus system, ii. 389

Matthew of Edessa, i. 352–366 passim

Maunsell, Major F. R., ii. 45

Maximin II., Roman emperor, his relations with Armenia, i. 300

Maximoff, M., Russian Consul at Erzerum, ii. 199

Mechinkert, Upper and Lower villages on the Enghil Su, Lake Van, ii. 122

Meiriman, Valley of, Pontic region, ii. 239–240, 382

Mekhitarists, Order of the, i. 291 note 1, 314 note

Mejitli, Kurdish hamlet on the Upper Araxes, ii. 191

Melazkert (Manazkert), ancient town and fortress on the Murad, visited and described, ii. 268–274, 275 note 2; and cp. i. 378.
History, ii. 274–275, 58, 71; i. 34, 355, 358, 360, 364.
Communications, ii. 11, 89, 264, 266, 277.
Hamidiyeh there, ii. 191, 276, 422.
Its central position, ii. 434.
Its plain, ii. 268, 276, 277, 337, 401;
elevation, 265 note.
Plan, 271

Melikoff, Loris, Russian general of Armenian origin, i. 126, 233, 399, 465

Menaskut, district of, Tauric Armenia, ii. 392

Menuas, Vannic king, ii. 60, 72–73, 392; 110, 112, 120, 274, 275, notes

Mergemir Dagh, see Khalias

Merghuk Su, head waters of the Kighi Su, ii. 375, 393

Merjan-Muzur Dagh, Tauric Armenia, ii. 386–388, 390, 392, 402

Merujan, an Armenian bishop of 3rd century, i. 279

Merwanids, Kurdish dynasty, their rule at Akhlat, ii. 295

Meschic or Moschic Mts., i. 40, 41, 47, 425, 433

Mesgeldek, village, Lake Van, ii. 123

Mesrop, inventor of the Armenian alphabet, i. 312

Messalianism, Armenian heresy, i. 284

Mezik, village of, near Lake Nazik, ii. 321

Michael IV., Paphlago, Byzantine emperor, his claims on Ani, i. 361, 362

Midyat, hill ranges of, Mesopotamia, ii. 395

Migry, village, valley of Araxes, i. 434

Milan, Kurdish village, Tutakh district, ii. 15

Mingrelia, Georgian province, i. 42

Minni, The, ii. 61, 72, 74

Mirabet, village of, Lake Van, ii. 136

Missions. (1) The earliest missionary enterprise in Armenia appears to have been that of the Dominicans, ii. 485.
(2) Jesuit Missions were established in the 17th century, ii. 153, 472,
and the Roman Catholic Church is still active in Turkish Armenia, 153, 170, 217,
though it does not make as much progress among the Armenians of the tableland as among their countrymen elsewhere, ii. 425.
(3) Protestant Missions:—the Basle Mission, i. 98–102.
The American Mission (Congregational Church of America) has been established in Asiatic Turkey from an early date in the 19th century, ii. 93;
its activities in Armenia are practically confined to the Armenians (Gregorian Christians), ibid.;
schools, hospitals and orphanages have been opened, 94, 95,
and the standard of living has been raised both in the material and the moral spheres, ibid.
The Mission at Van, ii. 93–95;
at Bitlis, 153, 154;
at Erzerum, 217;
at Kharput, 391.
Activity of the missionaries in the plain of Khinis, 256.
They are viewed with suspicion by the Russian Govt. and experience difficulty in crossing Russian Armenia, i. 102

Mithros, Mount of (Boz Tepe), i. 9, 10, 17

Mohammed II., Ottoman sultan, takes Trebizond and closes the Black Sea to Europe and commerce, i. 22, 36;
takes Erzerum, ii. 223

Mokri Gori (Wet Mountains), Northern Armenia, i. 87

Moldavia, emigration of Armenians to, i. 367

Molokans, Russian sectaries settled in Northern Armenia, their villages visited, i. 410–412; 456, 457.
Molokans at Erivan, 209

Monahan, Mr., British Consul at Bitlis, ii. 304

Monteith, W., i. 66 note, 90, 232

Morier, J., i. 218, 232, 269; 210, 216, notes

Morkh, village of and stream, ii. 162

Moses of Khorene, national historian of the Armenians, i. 278, 302, ii. 54, 222; i. 291 note

Moses, katholikos, i. 212, 264 note 5

Mosul, town on the Tigris, ii. 148, 396, 433

Mugni, monastery of near Ashtarak, i. 140, 141

Mukus, district of, ii. 135, 397

MÜller, Prof. D. H., ii. 56 note

MÜller-Simonis, Mr. P., ii. 80; 28, 110, 121, 293, notes

Murad, river, see Euphrates, Eastern

Murad, Mr. Serapion, i. 247

Murad Khan, station near Tekke, ii. 243

Muravieff, Russian general, i. 397

Murian, village on the banks of the Gopal Su, ii. 260

Mushegh, Bagratid king of Kars, i. 353, 395

Mush, town of, visited and described, ii. 166–173.
Pop. of the town, 172–173,
of the sanjak, 413.
Hamidiyeh there, 173.
Communications, 12, 160, 174, 396

Mush, plain of, ii. 161–167, 175–177, 181, 317–319, 355;
length of the plain, 181 note;
the Armenian inhabitants are in a large majority, 173, 424; 50, 195 note 2, 200, 308, 311, 393, 394, 401, 404

Muzur Su, affluent of Eastern Euphrates, ii. 390, 406

Nadir Shah, i. 211, 214, 267, 396

Nahapet, katholikos, i. 271

Nairi, ii. 58, 60

Nakhichevan, town on the Araxes, i. 342, 345, 346, 357

Nakhichevan, New, town of, i. 233 note 2

Nazik, village of, ii. 321–323

Nazik, Lake, visited and described, ii. 321–324; 45, 46, 284, 309, 333, 337;
elevation, 323;
analysis of waters, 470

Nepat, Mt., identified with the modern Ala Dagh (Niphates), ii. 41.
Tiridates and the Armenian people receive baptism in its vicinity, i. 296

Nepiszkaro Dagh, i. 430

Nerses I., katholikos, surnamed The Great, i. 307–309; 264 note 5, 275, 295 note 1, 299, 305, 311

Nerses III., katholikos, surnamed The Builder, i. 264 note 5, 265, 266 note 1, 272, 284

Nerses IV., katholikos, i. 268

Nerses V., katholikos, i. 235, 245, 266, 273

Nerses of Lambron, i. 314 note

Nerses, patriarch of Constantinople, i. 241, ii. 410 note

Nestorianism, adopted by the Christian Church of Persia, i. 313

Nestorians, name sometimes given to the Christians inhabiting the recesses of Kurdistan. See ChaldÆans

Nice, Council of, i. 281, 282, 301, 312

Nicholas I. Emperor of Russia, i. 103; 125, 233

Nikephorus Phokas, Byzantine emperor, i. 353

Nikephorus, Byzantine governor of Vaspurakan, i. 360 note

Nimrud, gigantic extinct volcanic crater at the south-westerly extremities of Lake Van, visited and described, ii. 298–313;
views of, Fig. 145, p. 142, and Figs. 185, 186, pp. 298, 302.
Plans, 305, 312; 32, 45, 50, 51, 118, 122, 141, 181, 269, 337, 362, 388, 397, 401

Norashen, Armenian village on the slopes of AlagÖz, i. 134

Norkeui, village on Lake Van, ii. 136

Norshen, Kurdish village on the plain of Mush, ii. 162, 318

Norshen, Pool of, ii. 45, 162, 163, 317, 318

Norshunjik, village on the slopes of Sipan, ii. 330

Novo-Bayazet, town of, i. 453

Novo-Michaelovka, Molokan village, i. 411

Nurduz district, ii. 397

Of, village of, Lazistan district, i. 11

Okhan, village of, near Tutakh, ii. 13

Okhtchapert, grottoes of, Erivan district, i. 201 note

Olti, town of, i. 431, 432, 437, 453. ii. 203

Ordubad, town on the Araxes, i. 434, 453

Orlovka, Russian village and small lake, district of Akhalkalaki, i. 106, 115

Ortukids, Turkish dynasty which adopted the double-headed eagle as their emblem, ii. 211 and note 3

Oswald, Herr A., his ascent of Ararat, i. 199 note

Ovajik, upland district north of Erzerum plain, ii. 406

Ozurgeti, capital of Guria, i. 43

Pahlavuni, family of, i. 381, 385

Pakharij, ancient township, province of Terjan, i. 294

PalandÖken (Saddle Shifter), peak of volcanic origin, north of Erzerum, ii. 202;
ascent of, and elevation ascertained, 381;
a landmark, 337, 351, 372, 373, 398

PalandÖken Pass, ii. 202–203, 244–247

PalandÖken-Eyerli Dagh volcanic system, ii. 381–382;
connection of the line of heights upon which it is built up with the structural system of Asia, 386;
the underlying limestones, 403

Palgrave, W. G., ii. 370

Palu, town on the Murad, ii. 391.
Rock chambers and cuneiform inscription there, 392.
Pop., 391;
of the caza, 413, 416, 425

Palu Dagh, ii. 387

Pambak Mts., Northern Armenia, i. 434

Pambukh Dagh, Ararat system, ii. 385

Pap, Arsakid king of Armenia, i. 306–310

Pap, son of Yusik and great-grandson of St. Gregory, i. 303, 299 note 1, 306

Papken, katholikos, i. 301, note 1

Paris, Treaty of, ii. 204

Parkhal Mts., i. 430

Paropamisus Mts., their connection with the structural system of Asia, i. 423, 425

Parrot, F., his ascent of Ararat, i. 199; 149, 157, 183 note, 184, 185, 198, 318 note

Pasin, Plain of, ii. 193–196; i. 146, 148, 414. ii. 11, 200, 201, 387, 394, 398, 400, 401, 404.
Connection with some historical events, i. 358, 360, ii. 223

Paskevich, Marshal, i. 66, 89, 90, 100, 125, 129, 210, 233, 323, 332, 395, 396, 397, 405, ii. 204, 250, 426

Patnotz, village and plain of, Sipan district, ii. 18, 20, 268, 269, 337, 422

Paul, Bishop of Samosata, i. 281, 282, 285

Paulicians, i. 282, 284. ii. 222

Pazu, hamlet near Surb Karapet, ii. 180

Peri Su, Tauric Armenia, ii. 389

Perli Dagh, Ararat System, ii. 384, 385

Petander, General, vice-Governor of Kars, i. 400

Petros II., katholikos, i. 268

Petrovka, German settlement, Kars district, i. 410

Pharen, pseudo-katholikos, i. 299 note 1

Phasis, river, see Rion

Philippos, katholikos, i. 262, 264 note 5, 269

Piran, village near Lake Gop, ii. 345

Pirnakapan, village near Ashkala, ii. 229

Pir Reshid Dagh, Lake Van, ii. 401

Platana, town on the Black Sea coast, i. 8

Poghos, Bishop of Lim, ii. 87

Poland, emigration of Armenians to, i. 367

Pontic Range, i. 423, 430, 431, 433

Poskhov Chai, tributary of the Kur, i. 57

Postukhoff, M., his ascent of Ararat, i. 175, 199

Pribil, M. i. 248, 249, 253, 255

PÜlÜmer, township of, Tauric Armenia, ii. 393

Pyxitis, river, see DeÏrmen Dere

Radde, Dr. G., i. 110; 56, 87, 89, 107, 135, 434, notes

Randuli, village of, BingÖl district, ii. 182

Raouf Pasha, Vali of Erzerum, ii. 220

Raphalovich, his ascent of Ararat, i. 199

Rassam, Mr. Hormuzd, ii. 62, 63

Rava plateau, Nimrud district, ii. 316 note 2

Rawlinson, Sir H. C., ii. 437; 67, 68, 70, notes

Reshid Pasha, Turkish general, ii. 149

Rewadi, see Beni-Cheddad

Reynolds, Dr., American missionary at Van, ii. 92

RhÉtorÉ, PÈre, of Van, ii. 153

Rion, river (Phasis), i. 2, 40–47, 433

Rion, Plain of the, i. 44, 48, 52, 448

Ritter, K., i. 33, 190, 264, 324, ii. 78; i. 187, 188, 318, 340. ii. 130, 149, 173, 178, 193, 231, 283, notes

Riza Bey, Kurdish chief at Melazkert, ii. 276, 278

Rizeh, port on the Black Sea, ii. 225, 382

Romanus, Byzantine emperor, i. 34, 361, 364

Romkla, in Cilicia, Council of, i. 314 note

Ross, Prof. E. Denison, ii. 286

Rowanduz, town in Kurdistan, ii. 58

Rupenian dynasty (Cilicia), i. 367; 268

Rusas I., Vannic king, ii. 60, 74

Rustav, posting station, i. 74

Rzewuski, Col., i. 400

Sach, village in the GÜzel Dere near Bitlis, ii. 143;
spring near, 45

Sachtleben, W. L., see Allen, T. G.

Safar, monastery of, Akhaltsykh district, visited and described, i. 61–64, 73

Saffarids, The, petty Mussulman dynasty in Fars and Seistan, i. 340

Safi, Shah, of Persia, takes Erivan, i. 211

Sahak the Great, see Isaac the Great

St. Jacob’s Well, Mt. Ararat, i. 194, 195

St. Jacob’s monastery, i. 184

Saint Martin, J. A., ii. 54, 55

Sajids, Mussulman family ruling in Azerbaijan during the decline of the Caliphate, i. 352, see Afshin, Yusuf

Sakulaperdi Dagh, Northern Armenia, i. 431, 432, 438, 441

Salt deposits, in Armenia, Persia and Turkey, i. 428

Salvarty Dagh, Karabagh border, i. 434

Samsar Dagh, Northern Armenia, i. 95, 434, see Abul-Samsar

Samsar River, tributary of Toporovan River, i. 87

Samsun, town and bay of, i. 3, 4

Samuel of Ani, Armenian historian, i. 352–366, 370 note, 373, 382, 407 note

Sanatruk, son of Abgar, kine of Edessa, i. 277 note 2, 278

Sanasar, son of Sennacherib, ii. 429, 430 note 1

Sanasarean, Mr., ii. 96, 214

Sanislo Mts., Northern Armenia, i. 433, 438, 443

San Stefano, Treaty of, ii. 205

Sapor Su, stream, Lake Van, ii. 45 note, 142

Sapunji, Kurdish hamlet, AlagÖz district, i. 326

Sardarabad, town in the valley of the Araxes, i. 444

Sardar Bulakh, well and valley, Mt. Ararat, i. 160–167, 180–182; 158, 199

Sarduris I., Vannic king, ii. 59–60, 71 note 3, 72, 108

Sarduris II., Vannic king, ii. 61, 71 note 3, 73–74, 110 note

Sarduris III., Vannic king, ii. 28, 76

Sargis, Armenian noble who supported the Emperor Michael’s claim to the Armenian kingdom of Ani, i. 361, 362

Sarichichek Dagh, Asia Minor, ii. 386

Sarik, Kurdish hamlet, Lake Van, ii. 137

Sarikamish, Russian frontier station, Kars-Erzerum, i. 401, 411, ii. 73, 199

Sasanian dynasty, their rise, i. 286–288;
intervention in Armenian affairs, 289, 293, 303–306; 302 note 2, 311, ii. 77

Sasun, district of, south of Mush, ii. 157, 158, 429–432;
massacre in, 157, 237, 431;
a seat of the Thonraki, i. 285

Sayce, Prof. A. H., i. 197, ii. 56 note 4

Schulz, F. E. ii. 55; 28, 108, 120 note

Sebeos, Armenian historian, i. 264 note 5

Seda, inscriptions at Ani, i. 382

Seghurt or Teghurt, village on Nimrud, ii. 299

Seidlitz, M. de, i. 448

Seif-ed-Daula, Hamdanid, i. 353

Selim I., Ottoman Sultan, his policy towards the Kurds, ii. 421

Selim II., Ottoman Sultan, restorations at Akhlat, ii. 288

Seljuk Turks, their early incursions and subsequent supremacy in Armenia, i. 356–365; 34, 395, 454, ii. 77, 223, 275, 295; 285

Sembat, Bagratid family, sparapet, i. 338, 339

Sembat I., Bagratid dynasty, i. 341–347

Sembat II., Bagratid dynasty, i. 354, 364, 370, 373; 323 note

Sembat, John, Bagratid dynasty. See John Sembat

Sembat, reputed founder of the Thonraki sect, i. 285

Sembat, Mamikonean, ii. 179

Semenoff, ——, his ascent of Ararat, i. 199

Semo-Karthli, Georgian province of, i. 62–64

Senekerim, King of Van, i. 257, 359, ii. 77–78; i. 356 note 4.
His tomb in the monastery of Yedi Kilisa (Van) desecrated, ii. 115, i. 237.
See also Artsruni, The

Sepuh Mt. (Kohanam Dagh), i. 348 note

Serchemeh Chai, constituent of W. Euphrates, i. 431;
confluence with the Kara Su, ii. 228

Serdica in Illyria, i. 300

Sert, town of, ii. 148, 396

Sevan, Lake (Lake of Gegham or Geghark; Lychnitis; GÖkcheh Deniz), ii. 43–44; 42; i. 445; 40, 147, 148, 152, 163, 181, 174, 196, 203, 205, 208, 248, 350, 449, 453, 462.
Fluctuations in level, ii. 48–51.
Cuneiform inscriptions, 73, 74

Sevan, Island and monastery of, ii. 49, i. 350

Seymour, H. D., his ascent of Ararat, i. 199

Shabin Karahisar, see Karahisar

Shagriar, village of, valley of the Araxes, i. 321

Shahapivan, Council of, i. 284

Shahanshah, title, i. 336 note;
and proper name, 375, 376

Shahbagh, village, near Van, ii. 112

Shah Dagh, Lake Sevan, i. 433, 434

Shaitan Dagh, Kighi, ii. 389, 392

Shakhberat, village on the Murad, ii. 346, 348;
mileage to Charbahur, 353 note

Shamiram Su or river of Semiramis (Van), ii. 60 and note 4. 73, 120 note, 122 and note 2

Shamyl, leader of the resistance to Russia on the part of the mountaineers of Caucasus, ii. 6

Shapur I., Sasanian king of Persia, i. 289

Shapur II., i. 302 note 2, 305, 309, ii. 77

Sharian Su, tributary to the Murad, ii. 12

Shatakh, district of, ii. 61, 135, 397

Shatin Dagh, name given to the more westerly portion of the Ararat system. See Aghri Dagh

Shebu, village of, Sipan district, ii. 342

Sheikh Alan, village of, Mush plain, ii. 175

Sheikhjik Dagh, Shushar-Kighi district, ii. 251, 374, 375

Sheikhjik Dagh, northern border heights, of Erzerum, ii. 203, 227, 245

Sheikh Ora, broken-down crater on the southern shore of Lake Van, ii. 48, 52, 301

Sheikh Yakub, village near Gop, ii. 343, 344

Shekan, hamlet on the Aras, ii. 379

Shemakha, town of, i. 449

Shemzinar, district of, ii. 89

Sherefeddin Su, affluent to the BingÖl Su (Charbahur), ii. 360

Sherif Bey, last native ruling prince at Bitlis, ii. 149;
taken prisoner by Reshid Pasha, ibid.

Shiel, J., ii. 121, 151, 404, notes

Shirak, district of, i. 124 note 2, 337, 341, 343, 345, 356, 360, 361, 442 note 1, 459

Shirvan, district of, i. 233 note 2

Shishmanean, Mgr., Bishop of Erzerum, ii. 213

Shishtapa, elevation of, i. 430, 434

Shishtapas, The, Turkish and Armenian villages on the Arpa Chai, i. 118–122, 439

Shuragel, i. 124 and note 2

Shusha, capital of Karabagh, i. 449.
The Basle Mission there, 98–101

Shushan, mother of Vahram Pahlavuni, i. 382

Shushantz, village and monastery, Lake Van, ii. 113

Shushar, district of, ii. 252, 380, 398

Sieger, Dr. R., ii. 47 note, 48

Sikava, village on the plain of Mush, ii. 183, 353

Simon, Saint, the apostle, i. 277

Sipan Dagh, extinct volcano on the northern shore of Lake Van; ascent of, ii. 330–339;
elevation ascertained, 336, 339.
View of the mountain from the plain on the north, ii. 18, 19 (Fig. 116);
from the neighbourhood of Van, 53 (Fig. 123);
from Artemid, ii., Frontispiece.
A landmark, i. 420, ii. 13, 15, 31, 181, 252, 269, 300, 321, 351, 372.
Limited extension of lava flows, 278, 403; 38.
Possible connection with the other great volcanoes, 388.
Plan of summit region, 336

Sipikor Dagh, ii. 386

Sir-er-syrchaly Dagh, i. 434

Sis, capital of Cilicia, i. 264 note 5; 240, 276

Siunik, ancient province of, i. 279, 373 note 2; 342

Sivoloboff, ——, his ascent of Ararat, i. 199

Smith, Eli, i. 70, 98, 101, 434, ii. 206, notes

Soghanlu Dagh, volcanic system, i. 394, 431, 432, 438, 441, 442.
Forest there, i. 125, ii. 405

Somkethian Mts., i. 95, 433

Spasky-Avtonomoff, K., his ascent of Ararat, i. 199

Strzygowski, J., i. 33, 250, 254, 266, notes

Stuart, R., his ascent of Ararat, i. 199

Subotan, village of, near Kars, i. 331

Suflis, town on the Akhaltsykh Chai, i. 57

Suleyman I., Ottoman Sultan, ii. 78;
founder of the kala of Akhlat, 288, 296

Suleyman Pasha, ii. 353, 356, 357

SÜlÜk Lake, Vardzia district, i. 79

Sumelas, Greek monastery near Jevizlik, ii. 239; i. 30;
mileage and intermediate stages to Baiburt, ii. 240 and note

Suram, Pass of, i. 40, 42

Surb, village and bay, on Lake Van, ii. 141, 279, 301

Surb Astvatsatsin, monastery near Bitlis, ii. 154

Surb Daniel, monastery near Lake Bulama, ii. 345

Surb Geghard, monastery, Erivan district, i. 201, 388

Surb Karapet (Glak Vank, Innaknean Vank, Changalli), monastery above Mush plain, visited and described, ii. 176–180; i. 241, 358, ii. 12.
Distances from Mush and Erzerum, ii. 174.
Communications with Palu, 392

Surb Karapet, monastery on the Upper Murad near Diadin, i. 296 note 2; 272

Surb Khach, monastery near Van, ii. 113

Surb Lusavorich, monastery, Erzinjan district, i. 348 note

Surb Yakob (Gubudgokh), monastery above Lake Van, ii. 137

Surmeneh, village, Lazistan district, i. 11.

Tabizkhuro, Lake, i. 87 note, 95

Tabriz, capital of Azerbaijan, a diocese of the Armenian Church, i. 233 note 2, 231.
Tabriz-Trebizond trade route, i. 32, ii. 8, 205, 440.
Marble of Tabriz, i. 262.
Elevation, i. 440

Tadvan, village of, Lake Van, ii. 314–316; 142, 160, 402

Taginaura Dagh, Northern Armenia, i. 430

Tahirids, The, petty dynasty in Khorasan, i. 340

Takht-i-Suleyman (Solomon’s throne), quarter of Akhlat, q.v., ii. 284

Takjaltu Dagh, Ararat system, i. 317, 319, 327, 415, ii. 385

Takjaltu, hill forming part of the Ararat fabric, i. 151, 158, 159, 161

Talin, village on the slopes of AlagÖz, i. 322–325.
Ruins in the vicinity, 324.
Site of Bagaran? ibid.

Talori or Talvorik, village in Sasun, ii. 158

Talysh, Armenian village, AlagÖz district, i. 320, 324

Tana, river, tributary of the Kur, i. 269

Tandurek Dagh, see Tendurek Dagh

Tapa Dolak, village in plain of Alexandropol, i. 133

Tarasoff, Col., Governor of Akhalkalaki, i. 90, 96, 106

Tarnaieff, leader of a storming party before Erzerum (1877), i. 465

Taron, ancient Armenian province in Tauric Armenia embracing the territory of the modern Mush, i. 295, 306, 338, 343, 348, ii. 173; i. 241

Tartars, The, i. 448, 454, 455;
their numbers in Armenia, 451.
Visited, i. 57, 193, 202, 203, 316, 319, 325, 326;
at Erivan, 209, 211, 213, 214, 222–225.
Sack of Ani by the Tartars under Jenghiz Khan, i. 366

Taurus Mts., their connection with the structural system of Asia, i. 423, 424, ii. 419, 387–407

Tashkesen, village of, Tekman, ii. 249

Tavernier, J. B., i. 211, 256, 262, 367, ii. 149, notes

Tawkoteli Dagh, Abul-Samsar system, i. 433, 438, 441

Taylor, Consul J. G., i. 459, ii. 14, 79; i. 406, ii. 390, 416, 421, notes

Tazaken, village of, Northern Armenia, i. 119

Teghtap Su, tributary of BingÖl Su (Khinis), ii. 256

Teghurt or Seghurt, village on Nimrud, ii. 299

Tekke, village near GÜmÜshkhaneh, ii. 243

Tekman, district of, ii. 247–251; 190–193, 200, 202, 398

Tekman Dagh, see Akh Dagh

Telfer, Commander J. B., i. 107, 201, 264, 268, 388, notes

Temran, village of, ii. 392

Tendurek Dagh, solfatara, Bayazid district, ii. 401; 385, 388

Tergukasoff, General, i. 465 and note

Terjan, district of, ii. 376, 386, 416; i. 294, 348

Ter-Mikelean, Dr. A., i. 256, 271, 273; 277, 291, 301, 313, 314, notes

Ter-Mosesean, Dr. Mesrop, librarian at Edgmiatsin, i. 249, 250

Texier, C., i. 23, 33, ii. 210; i. 368, 390, ii. 212, notes

Thaddeus, Saint, said to have been sent by Christ to King Abgar of Edessa, and intimately associated with the earliest Christianity in Armenia, i. 277–299; 239, ii. 293.
His relics preserved at Edgmiatsin, i. 269

Thamar, queen of Georgia, i. 338, 366; 55, 80, 83

Thekla, Saint, i. 264

Theodosius I., Roman emperor, i. 293

Theodosius II., Roman emperor, ii. 221

Thonraki (Thonraketzi), Armenian heretics, i. 285

Tian-shan Mts., Central Asia, their connection with the structural system of Asia, i. 424, 426

Tiflis, capital of Georgia, Armenian convent there, i. 253.
Pop., 449.
Glances at the history of, 337, 343, 365.
Communications with Armenia, 39–40, 73 (Borjom gorge), 89, 133, 226, 433, 437

Tiflis, Govt. of, its pop., i. 447, 449, 451.
German colonies there, 97 and cp. 410

Tigranes, Arsakid king of Armenia introduces Jews into Armenia, i. 299 note 3, 305, ii. 77

Tigranocerta, disputed site of, 319 note 2

Tigris River, accounts of by Strabo and Pliny, ii. 40–42.
Course between Diarbekr and Jezireh-ibn-Omar, 395, 396

Tikma, Little, village of German colonists, Kars district, i. 400, 410

Til, statue of Nanea at, destroyed by St. Gregory, i. 294

Timur, or Tamerlan, reputed to have captured Kars, i. 396,
and Van, ii. 76, 78.
His wassail on the BingÖl Dagh, ii. 365.
His method of warfare against the Georgians, i. 81

Tiran, Arsakid king of Armenia, i. 303–304

Tirdat, Armenian architect, restores S. Sophia at Constantinople, i. 373 note 4

Tiridates, Arsakid king of Armenia, restored by the Romans, founder of Christianity in Armenia as a State religion, i. 289–301; 264

Tirkavank, village of, Mush plain, ii. 166

Titgir, village of, Erzerum district, ii. 209 note 1

Toghrul, Seljuk sultan, i. 357, 358, 363

Toghrul Ben Kilijarslan, ii. 223

Top Dagh, fortified hill near Erzerum, ii. 201

Toporovan, Lake, Northern Armenia, i. 87, 95

Toporovan River. See Akhalkalaki River

Toprak Kala, low limestone hills north of Van, ii. 62;
excavations there in 1879 and 1880, and again in 1898, 63.
Site of the City of Rusas or New Van, 64.
The site visited, 113; 80

Tortan, Erzinjan district, temple at destroyed by St. Gregory, i. 294; 348 note

Tortum, Lake and district of, i. 456, ii. 417, 433

Tournefort, P. de, i. 33, 182, 185; 183, 256, 318, ii. 205, notes

Tozer, Rev. H. F., i. 33; ii. 283, 327, 392, notes

Trebizond (Trapezus), ancient Greek city and flourishing town on the Black Sea, visited and described, i. 7–36.
Glance at the history of the Grand-Comneni or emperors of Trebizond, 34–36.
Pop., 32 note.
Trade, 32, and cp. under Tabriz.
Tabriz-Trebizond trade route, 361, 378, 431, ii. 236, 272–273.
Armenian inhabitants, 427.
Plans, 13, 30

Trialethian Mts., i. 87, 89, 433, 434, 438, 442, 443

Tripoli, town on Black Sea coast, i. 18

Troitskoy, Russian village on Lake Madatapa, i. 118

Tsaghkotz (Alaja Chai), Ani, i. 368, 377, 379 note

Tsaghkotzadzor, Valley of the Flower-garden, Ani, i. 368, 381, 382; 355

Tsinis, village of, near Akhaltsykh, i. 73

Tuman, Lake, i. 87

Tunus, quarter of Akhlat, ii. 284

Turkomanchai, Treaty of, i. 125.
Exodus of Armenian population from the frontier districts of Persia as a result of, i. 454, ii. 206; i. 233

Tutakh, town on the Murad, ii. 14, 266.
Mileage to Melazkert, 264 note.
Do. to Karakilisa and Akantz, 12

Uch Kilisa, see Edgmiatsin and Surb Karapet (Diadin)

Uran Gazi, Circassian settlement on the slopes of Sipan, ii. 330–331, 340–341.
Mileage to Gop, 341 note

Urardhu or Urarthu, name by which the country of the Vannic kings was known to their Assyrian contemporaries, ii. 57.
Tendency of the term to travel north, i. 197.
The Ararat of Scripture, ibid.
Urardhians = Alarodians of Herodotus, ii. 67

Uravel River, tributary to the Kur, i. 73

Urmi Lake, Azerbaijan, ii. 40, 42–43;
fluctuations in level, 48, 49, 52;
analysis of water, 469.
How known in the Assyrian inscriptions, 58.
Elevation and area, 43

Urut, village of, Northern Armenia, i. 443

Ussher, J., i. 405, ii. 121, 134, notes

Vagharshapat, afterwards Edgmiatsin, royal residence during Arsakid period, i. 257–262; 286–314.
Sacked by Shapur, 305, 264 note 5, 266, 272, 382.
Site near the present monastery, 242

Vagharshapat River, see Kasagh River

Vagharshapat, Synod of, i. 313 and note

Vahan Mamikonean, i. 264 note 5, 265

Vahan Kamsarakan, tomb at Surb Karapet, ii. 179

Vahan the Wolf, tomb at Surb Karapet, ii. 179

Vahram, Pahlavuni, i. 361, 362, 382.
Builds monastery of Marmashen, 132, 355.
Builds at Ani, 382

Van (Dhuspas, Turuspa, Buana, Iban), fortress and town of gardens on the eastern shore of Lake Van, visited and described, ii. 36, 37, 38, 39, 53, 76–113.
Pop., 79;
of the Govt. excluding Hakkiari, 412, 424.
History, 54–76, 77, 78, 116, 117, and see Vaspurakan.
Communications, 11, 89, 397 note 1.
Education, see under Education.
Plan, 81,
view of, 53

Van, Lake (Thospitis, Arsene, Arethusa, Areesa or Arsissa), ii. 39–53.
Fluctuations in level, 47–53.
Analyses of water, 468.
How known in the Assyrian inscriptions, 58.
Elevation, 43, 394.
Area, 39.
Character of the scenery about its shores, 31–36, 116, 279, 281, 282, 300, 325, 327, 338

Vanand, Province (Kars), i. 396

Vanik Cape, Lake Van, ii. 141

Varag, Mt., ii. 36, 38, 39, 64, 111, 113 (Fig. 135), 282, 401.
Cloister on, see Yedi Kilisa

Vardzia, troglodyte city of remote antiquity, i. 80,
believed to have been the favourite residence of Queen Thamar of Georgia, visited and described, i. 80–84

Varzahan, ancient Armenian village in the plain of the Chorokh, ii. 233,
with ruins of three fine buildings, ibid.

Vaspurakan, ancient Armenian province of which Van was the capital. The seat of the Artsruni dynasty during the Middle Ages, i. 337–364, ii. 117 note 1

Vavuk Mt. and Pass, i. 430, ii. 234, 235, 240, 243, 402

Verthanes, katholikos, eldest son of St. Gregory, i. 303

Vladikars, colony of Russian sectaries, Molokans, near Kars, i. 410

Vostan, district of gardens about the spurs of Mt. Ardos, Lake Van, ii. 123–126; i. 357

Wagner, Dr. M., i. 184, 187, 188, 193; ii. 44, 121, 203, 209, notes

Wilbraham, R., i. 210, 235, 367, 406, notes

Williams General F., of Kars, i. 393, 397–399

WÜnsch, Prof., ii. 53 note

Xenophon, opposed by a body of ChaldÆan (=Khaldian) mercenaries at the passage of the Bohtan branch of the Tigris, ii. 69.
His interesting account in the CyropÆdeia of the contemporary relations of the Armenians with the remnant of the Khaldians, 68–70.
Site of his camp near Trebizond, i. 31.
Extent of his feat, 285

Xerxes, trilingual tablet of at Van, ii. 66, 106; 55

Yaralmish, Circassian village near Melazkert, ii. 277

Yedi Kilisa (Varag), monastery on the slopes of Mt. Varag, ii. 113–115; i. 237, 240, 359

Yeni Keui, village of, plain of Khinis, ii. 256

Yezdegerd II. of Persia, persecutes the Armenians, i. 312

Yezidis, so-called devil-worshippers, ii. 187, 430

Yungali, village of, Bulanik, ii. 346

Yusik, grandson of St. Gregory and katholikos in the reign of Tiran, i. 303, 304

Yusuf, governor of Azerbaijan, i. 343–352

Yusuf Bey, chief of the Sipkanli at KÖshk, ii. 16, 17

Yusuf Pasha, chief of all Sipkanli Kurds, ii. 268

Zab the Great (Stranga), i. 277 note 2, 279 note 3, ii. 69, 148, 388, 395, 397

Zado, hamlet near Tutakh, ii. 12

Zagros Range, i. 423, ii. 385, 397 note 2, 419

Zakare or Zakarea, name of certain Georgian rulers of Ani, i. 370 note 3, 375, 376, 377, 388

Zalka Plateau, Northern Armenia, i. 433

Zanga River (Hrazdan), tributary to the Araxes, i. 208, 211, 212, 215, 216, 229, 357, ii. 44, 49

Zaremba, missionary from Basle, i. 98–100

Zaza, language of the Kizilbashes, ii. 393

Zeda Tmogvi, ruined fortress near Vardzia, i. 80

Zeidikan, Alashkert, village and pass of, ii. 266

Zeitun, mountainous district in Asia Minor inhabited by Armenians, ii. 427

Zemzem Dagh, hills near Van, ii. 111

Zenobius of Glak, Armenian writer, ii. 178

Zernak (Kala-i-Zerin, Zernishan), Ruins of an ancient city near Akantz, ii. 25 and note 2

Ziaret, village of, Mush plain, ii. 176

Zigag, village and Promontory, Lake Van, ii. 279, 284

Zigana Dagh, ii. 241

Zigana Pass, ii. 236, 242

Zigana, villages, ii. 242

Zikar Pass (Zikarski Perival), i. 51, 55, 430, 437

Zirket, village of, Mush plain, ii. 164

Zirnek Dagh, Khamur heights, ii. 258, 347, 403

Zoe, Byzantine empress, i. 373

Zokh, town in Kurdistan, ii. 396, 430 note 1

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