[Chinese ideographs have been attached to the names of all the more important political terms, as given in the following list. Proper names may be found with their correct ideographs in Who's Who in China and the Supplement thereto, cited above. Place-names have been given in the Chinese Postal transliteration; all other names and terms are given in the Wade-Giles spelling, but with the tones omitted. In a few cases, the spelling of a name has been well established by long newspaper usage, by the caprice or decision of a man in re-spelling his own name, or by common practice which has become standard English. Examples are tuchÜn, Kuomintang (instead of Kuo-min Tang or Kuo-min-tang) and T. V. Soong. Capitalization and hyphenation follow, as closely as possible, the practices established by the Quarterly Bulletin of Chinese Bibliography, Peking and Kunming.]

Chan-ti Tang-chÊng Wei-yÜan-hui ??????? the (Kuomintang) Party and (National) Government War Area Commission; the Chungking agency for the government of those parts of China technically occupied by the Japanese; under the Military Affairs Commission

chang ? a chief, or head

Ch'ang-wu Wei-yÜan ???? a Standing Committee, or administrative committee

Ch'ang-wu Tz'u-chang ???? an Administrative Vice-Minister (of a pu)

chÊn ? a unit of local government; "community"; the equivalent of a hsiang

ChÊn-chi Wei-yÜan-hui ????? the (National) Relief Commission

ChÊng-chih-pu ??? the Political Department (of the Military Affairs Commission); the important and powerful agency which coordinates civilian aid to the war from Chungking, in propaganda, civilian mobilization, etc.; competitive with the Chinese Communists

ChÊng-wu Ch'u ??? a Political Affairs Department; the political secretariat of a YÜan

ChÊng-wu Tz'u-chang ???? a Political Vice-Minister (of a pu)

Ch'i ChÜn-tzu ??? the "Seven Gentlemen"; the leaders of the National Salvation movement

chia ? a group of households; a unit in the pao-chia system of local government

Chiao-t'ung Pu ??? Ministry of Communications

Ch'iao-wu Wei-yÜan-hui ????? Commission on Overseas Chinese Affairs (under the Executive YÜan)

Chiao-yÜ Pu ??? Ministry of Education (under the Executive YÜan)

chien-ch'a ?? one of the five powers of government in the plans of Sun Yat-sen; a combination of impeachment, audit, supervisory investigation and other functions

Chien-ch'a YÜan ??? the Control (or Censoral) YÜan; one of the five major divisions of the government

Chien Kuo Ta Kang ???? the Outline of National Reconstruction, a manifesto by Sun Yat-sen which charted the subsequent formal policies of the Kuomintang

ch'ih ? self-respect; honor

Chin-ch'a-chi Pien-ch'Ü Lin-shih Hsing-chÊng Wei-yÜan-hui ???????????? "Provisional Executive Committee of the Shansi-Chahar-Hopei Border Region"; formal style of the Border Region, q.v.

Ching-chi Pu ??? Ministry of Economic Affairs (under the Executive YÜan)

Chiu Kuo ?? National Salvation; an anti-aggression movement organized outside the Kuomintang

Chu-hsi ?? chairman; refers particularly to the Kuo-min ChÊng-fu Chu-hsi (President of the National Government)

ch'Ü ? a unit of local government above the pao, chia, and hsiang, but below the hsien ("county"); a township; with reference to the Party organization of the Kuomintang, a district

ch'Ü-fÊn ?? sub-district; the lowest territorial unit in Kuomintang organization

ch'Üan ? "power," i.e., of the people, as contrasted with the nÊng (capacity) of the government; the distinction is Sun Yat-sen's, and applies to the political process

Ch'Üan-hsÜ Pu ??? the Ministry of Personnel; under the Examination YÜan

Ch'Üan-hsÜ T'ing ??? Administration of Personnel (for the military); under the Military Affairs Commission

Ch'Üan-kuo Hui-i ???? the (Chinese Communist) National Party Convention

Ch'Üan-kuo Ta-hui ???? the (Chinese Communist) National Party Congress

Ch'Üan-kuo Tai-piao Ta-hui ?????? the (Kuomintang) Party Congress

ChÜn-chÊng-pu ??? the Ministry of War; under the joint jurisdiction of the Executive YÜan and the Military Affairs Commission

ChÜn-fa Chih-hsing Tsung-chien-pu ??????? the Directorate-General of Courts Martial; under the Military Affairs Commission

ChÜn-hsÜn-pu ??? Department of Military Training; under the Military Affairs Commission

ChÜn-ling-pu ??? Department of Military Operation; office of the Chinese high command; under the Military Affairs Commission

ChÜn-shih Ts'an-i-yÜan ????? Military Advisory Council; under the Military Affairs Commission

ChÜn-shih Wei-yÜan-hui ????? the Military Affairs Commission; the chief politico-military organ of the National Government

Chung-hua Min-kuo Kuo-min ChÊng-fu ???????? literally: the Republic of China, National Government; the style of the National Government under the Kuomintang

Chung-hua Min-kuo Lin-shih ChÊng-fu ???????? the "Provisional Government of the Republic of China," Peking, 1937-1940; pro-Japanese

Chung-hua Min-kuo T'Ê-ch'Ü ???????? "Special District Government of the Chinese Republic"; the first formal style of the Chinese Soviet area in the Northwest after the intra-national armistice

Chung-hua Min-kuo Hsiu-chÊng Kuo-min ChÊng-fu ?????????? the "Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China"; the National Government of Wang Ch'ing-wei at Nanking; pro-Japanese

Chung-hua Min-kuo Wei-hsin ChÊng-fu ???????? the "Reformed Government of the Republic of China," Nanking, 1938-1940; pro-Japanese

Chung-hua Su-wei-ai Kung-ho-kuo ???????? the Chinese Soviet Republic

Chung-kuo KÊ-ming Tang ????? the Chinese Revolutionary Party; style of the Kuomintang, 1914-1920; style of the Third Party, 1929-1930

Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang KÊ-ming Hsing-chÊng Wei-yÜan-hui ???????????? the Revolutionary Action Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang; first style of the Third Party

Chung-kuo Kung-yeh Ho-tso Hsieh-hui ???????? the Chinese Industrial Cooperatives

Chung-yang ChÊng-chih HsÜeh-hsiao ?????? the Central Political Institute; under the Kuomintang

Chung-yang ChÊng-chih Wei-yÜan-hui ??????? the Central Political Council; the agency whereby the Kuomintang exercised its power over the National Government until the Supreme National Defense Council was created

Chung-yang Chien-ch'a Wei-yÜan-hui ??????? the (Kuomintang) Central Control Committee

Chung-yang Chih-hsing Wei-yÜan-hui ??????? the (Kuomintang) Central Executive Committee

Chung-yang HsÜan-ch'uan Pu ????? the (Kuomintang) Party-Ministry of Publicity [or Central Publicity Board]

Chung-yang Wei-yÜan-hui ????? the (Chinese Communist Party) Central Committee

fa pi ?? (National Government) legal tender notes

fang ? a territorial unit of municipal government; roughly, a precinct

Fu-hsing ShÊ ??? the Regeneration Club; former center of the so-called Blue Shirts

Fu-hsÜeh Wei-yÜan-hui ????? the Pensions Commission; under the Military Affairs Commission

Fu I-chang ??? Deputy Speaker (of the People's Political Council)

Fu Mi-shu-chang ???? a Deputy Secretary-General

Fu-yÜan-chang ??? the Vice-President of a YÜan (one of the five divisions of the government)

Hai-chÜn Tsung-ssu-ling-pu ?????? Office of the Naval Commander-in-Chief, successor to the Ministry of the Navy which manages the up-river remnants of the Chinese fleet; under the Military Affairs Commission

Hang-k'ung Wei-yÜan-hui ????? the (National) Aviation Commission; under the Military Affairs Commission

Hou-fang Ch'in-wu-pu ????? the [Rear-Area] Service Department under the Military Affairs Commission

hsiang ? a unit of local government, also termed chÊn; a village or community

hsiao-tsu ?? the "small-group"; the lowest fraction of Kuomintang organization

Hsieh-ho-hui ??? the Concordia Society; the propaganda agency of Manchoukuo

hsien ? district; roughly comparable to the American county

Hsien-fa Ts'ao-an ???? the Draft Permanent Constitution; the official sponsored project for the new constitution, known most widely in the version of the Double Five Draft of May 5, 1936

Hsin-min-hui ??? a political "party" organized by pro-Japanese elements in North China

Hsin Min Chu I ???? a pro-Japanese doctrine taught in occupied North China

Hsin ShÊng-huo YÜn-tung ????? the New Life Movement

Hsin-ssu-chÜn ??? New Fourth Army; a guerrilla force under Communist influence; operating in the Yangtze lowlands, it clashed with Chinese National forces early in 1941, and was formally disbanded

Hsing-chÊng Fa-yÜan ???? the Administrative Court; under the Judicial YÜan

Hsing-chÊng YÜan ??? the Executive YÜan, greatest of the five divisions of the government

HsÜn-lien T'uan ??? the Training Corps (of the Kuomintang)

HsÜn-lien Wei-yÜan-hui ????? the (Central) Training Committee (of the Kuomintang)

Huangpu ?? the name of a military academy (in Cantonese, Whampoa), now applied to the Generalissimo's protÉgÉs as a political faction

hui ? a meeting, guild, league, or society

Hui-i ?? a deliberative body; particularly, a City Council (Shih-chÊng Hui-i)

i ? propriety; ethics; justice

I-chang ?? Speaker (of the People's Political Council)

I Ho Ch'Üan ??? the "Boxers" of 1900

Kan Shih ?? the police executive in a hsiang or chÊn

K'ang-chan Chien-kuo Kang-ling ?????? the Program of Resistance and Reconstruction; the formal declaration of government policy during the invasion; adopted at Hankow in March, 1938

K'ao-hsÜan Wei-yÜan-hui ????? the Examinations Commission; under the Examination YÜan

K'ao-shih YÜan ??? the Examination YÜan; one of the five major divisions of the government

Kung-ch'an Ch'ing-nien T'uan ????? the Communist Youth Corps

Kung-ch'an Tang ??? the (Chinese) Communist Party

Kung-wu-yÜan Ch'eng-chieh Wei-yÜan-hui ???????? the Commission for the Disciplinary Punishment of Public Officers (under the Judicial YÜan), a lower agency than the Commission for the Disciplinary Punishment of Public Officials (attached to the Council of State)

Kuo-chia Chu-i P'ai ????? the "Nationalist Party"; Parti RÉpublicain Nationaliste de la Jeune Chine

Kuo-chia ShÊ-hui Tang ????? the (Chinese) National Social(ist) Party

Kuo-fang Tsui-kao Wei-yÜan-hui ??????? the Supreme National Defense Council; the quasi-governmental agency whereby the Kuomintang controls the National Government; established in 1938 as a war measure, it supersedes the Chung-yang ChÊng-chih Wei-yÜan-hui (Central Political Council)

Kuo-li Chung-yang Yen-chiu YÜan ??????? the Academia Sinica; the national scientific and scholastic body, attached to the Council of State

Kuo-min ChÊng-fu Wei-yÜan-hui ??????? "National Government Council"; commonly termed Council of State, this is the highest strictly governmental agency in China

Kuo-min ChÊng-fu Chu-hsi ?????? "chairman of the National Government"; more formally, President of the National Government of China; ex-officio chairman of the Council of State, and ceremonial chief of the government

Kuo-min Ching-shÊn Tsung-tung-yÜan ??????? the National Spiritual Mobilization

Kuo-min Hui-i ???? the National People's Convention of XX (1931), which adopted the Provisional Constitution

Kuo-min Ts'an-chÊng Hui ????? the People's Political Council; advisory legislature inaugurated in Hankow

Kuo-min Ta-hui ???? the National Congress or People's Congress; this term designates both the constituent body which shall adopt the projected Constitution, and a subsequent constitutional legislature meeting triennially

lao-pai-hsing ??? old inhabitants; common people; archaically or etymologically, the Old Hundred Names

li ? rites; ceremonies; ideological conformity

Li-fa Wei-yÜan ???? members of the quasi-cameral plenary session of the Legislative YÜan; experts in legal matters, they combine the function of legislators with that of consultants in codification

Li-ja YÜan ??? the Legislative YÜan; one of the five divisions of the government

lien ? integrity

lÜ ? a brigade

MÊng-ku Lien-ho Tzu-chih ChÊng-fu ???????? the "Federated Autonomous Government of Mongolia"; pro-Japanese

MÊng Tsang Wei-yÜan-hui ????? Commission on Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs (under the Executive YÜan)

Mi-shu-chang ??? a Secretary-General

Mi-shu Ch'u ??? a Secretariat; particularly important in the case of the Executive YÜan

min ch'Üan chu-i ???? the "principle of democracy," by Sun Yat-sen; second of the San Min Chu I

min-shÊng chu-i ???? the "principle of the people's livelihood," by Sun Yat-sen; third of the San Min Chu I

Min-ts'u Chieh-fang Hsing-chÊng Wei-yÜan-hui ????????? the Acting Commission for the National Emancipation of China; third, final, formal style of the Third Party

min ts'u chu-i ???? the "principle of nationalism," by Sun Yat-sen; first of the San Min Chu I

Nei-chÊng Pu ??? the Ministry of the Interior (or of home affairs); under the Executive YÜan

nÊng ? "capacity" (see ch'Üan)

Nung Lin Pu ??? Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (under the Executive YÜan)

Pa-lu-chÜn ??? "Eighth Route Army"; the chief Chinese Communist force, formerly the Chinese Red Army and now the Eighteenth Army Corps

pao ? a unit of local government; roughly, a neighborhood

pao-chia ?? a system of local government embodying principles of collective responsibility and mutual aid within interlocking groups of households and neighborhoods

Pien-ch'Ü ?? Frontier Area or Border Region; the former translation is used for the Communist zone in the Northwest, and the latter for the guerrilla government in North China

Pu ? a Ministry (under the YÜan), Department (under the Military Affairs Commission), or equivalent organ of government; the term is one of long standing in Chinese government

Pu Chang ?? Minister; head of a pu

San Min Chu I ???? the three principles of the people; Sun Yat-sen's political philosophy, now the official state dogma of China

San Min Chu I Ch'ing-nien T'uan ??????? the San Min Chu I Youth Corps

Shan-kan-ning Pien-ch'Ü ChÊng-fu ??????? the "Government of the Shensi-Kansu-Ninghsia Frontier Area"; second formal style of the Communist zone in the Northwest

Shan-pei Hsing-chÊng-ch'Ü ????? the "Administrative Area of North Shensi"; third formal style of the Communist zone in the Northwest (Frontier Area)

ShÊ-hui YÜn-tung Pu ????? the (Kuomintang) Party-Ministry of Social Movements

ShÊn-ch'a Wei-yÜan-hui ????? the (Chinese Communist Party) Control Committee

ShÊng ? a province

ShÊng-chang ?? Governor; the civilian head of a province; now superseded by a Provincial Chairman

ShÊng ChÊng-fu ??? a Provincial Government

Shih ? a Municipality

Shih-chang ?? a Mayor

Sui-ching Chu-jÊn ???? a Pacification Commissioner; the chief military officer of a province

Ssu-fa Hsing-chÊng-pu ????? the Ministry of Justice, literally the "executive ministry of the judiciary"; under the Judicial YÜan in the National Government, but under the executive in the Reorganized Government of Wang Ch'ing-wei

Ssu-fa YÜan ??? the Judicial YÜan, one of the five divisions of the government

ssu p'ai ?? the "four cliques" (in the People's Political Council)

ssu tang ?? the "four parties" (in the People's Political Council)

Ta-min-hui ??? a political "party" organized by pro-Japanese elements in Central China

tang chih ?? "party government"; the single-party tutelary dictatorship of the Kuomintang

Tai-piao Ta-hui ???? the (Chinese Communist) "Council of Party Delegates"

Tangpu ?? (local) Party Headquarters of the Kuomintang

Ti-san Tang ??? the Third Party; a popular name

Ts'ai-chÊng Pu ??? Ministry of Finance

Ts'an-chÊng-hui ??? a People's Political Council; preceded by a term indicating the level at which established, e.g., ShÊng Ts'an-chÊng-hui, Provincial People's Political Council

Ts'an-chÜn Ch'u ??? Office of Military Affairs; a military secretariat attached to the Council of State

Ts'an-i-hui ??? an Advisory Council, as in the Municipality

Tsui-kao Fa-yÜan ???? the Supreme Court; under the Judicial YÜan

Tsung-li ?? the [Party] Leader; the formal office held by Sun Yat-sen in the Kuomintang; his in perpetuity, the title is used as a respectful form of reference to Sun

Tsung-ts'ai ?? the [Party] Chief, or leader; title vested in Chiang K'ai-shek as formal head of the Kuomintang by the Emergency Party Congress, Hankow, March, 1938

t'uan ? a regiment

tuchÜn ?? the military chief of a province, a war-lord

Wai-chiao Pu [also written Waichiaopu] ??? the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; under the Executive YÜan

Wang Tao ?? "the kingly way," a cardinal concept of traditional Chinese political thought; now, reinterpreted, the state philosophy of Manchoukuo

Wei-shÊng Shu ??? National Health Administration (in the Ministry of the Interior)

Wei-yÜan-chang ??? chairman (of a committee, commission, etc.); this title often refers to Generalissimo Chiang in his capacity of Chairman of the Military Affairs Commission

WÊn-kuan Ch'u ??? Office of Civil Affairs; a civilian secretariat attached to the Council of State

wu-ch'Üan hsien-fa ???? the "five power constitution"; the five-fold separation of powers taught by Sun Yat-sen and applied by the National Government

YÜan ? literally "board"; one of the five divisions of the National Government of China

YÜan-chang ?? the President of a YÜan

YÜeh Fa ?? the Provisional Constitution, adopted in 1931