INDEX.

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Donald M. Levy
ss="pginternal">202, 215.
  • Balakala, Cal., 75.
  • Baltic Mine, 14.
  • Baltimore Company’s Smelter, 194.
  • Barilla, 45.
  • Barnett, M., 229, 235, 243.
  • Barrel-shaped converters, 193–197.
  • Barring of blast furnaces, 124, 127, 130, 158, 185.
  • Bases in slags, 148–150, 176, 180, 181.
  • Basic converter practice, 51, 181, 193–202, 212–215.
  • " linings, 193–197, 200, 202, 204, 207, 212–216.
  • " silicate slags, 148, 149, 176, 179, 180, 183.
  • Bauer, 50.
  • Bedding systems, 156.
  • Beds of refining furnaces, 219.
  • " reverberatory furnaces (see Hearths).
  • Bending tests for copper, 20.
  • Bengough, G. D., 28.
  • Bessemer, 170, 192, 195.
  • Bessemerising of copper mattes, 42, 51, 191, 193–217.
  • " of low-grade matte, 51, 193.
  • " in pyritic smelting, 172–182.
  • Best select copper, 40, 42, 44, 214, 215.
  • " selecting process, 9, 40, 214, 215.
  • Bi-silicate slags, 148, 149.
  • Bismuth in copper, 23, 30–33, 44, 207, 217, 230.
  • " bessemerisin utenberg@html@files@59328@59328-h@59328-h-26.htm.html#Page_224" class="pginternal">224–227, 240.
  • " reverberatories, 88–92, 99, 102, 106.
  • " roaster furnaces, 70–72, 76–79.
  • Cape Copper Company, 68, 73.
  • Carbon and copper, 28, 42.
  • " " silicates, 39.
  • " dioxide and copper, 23.
  • " " and acid manufacture, 181, 189, 190.
  • " " in blast-furnace gases, 181, 189, 190.
  • " monoxide in copper, 25.
  • Carbonaceous fuel in blast furnaces, 115, 119, 121 (see also Coke).
  • Carbonate ores, 47.
  • Cars for charging, 141, 153–155, 186.
  • Cast copper, 32, 35.
  • Casting furnaces, 219, 220, 224, 225.
  • " machines, 224, 226, 242.
  • " of copper anodes, 217, 219, 224.
  • " of merchant copper, 217, 237–242.
  • Cathode copper, 39, 43, 44, 230, 233, 238, 239.
  • " plates, 227–231, 237.
  • " sheets, 227, 230–232, 235, 237.
  • Caypless, 37, 50.
  • Cement copper, 43, 44, 236.
  • Cerro de Pasco, 75.
  • Chalcocite, 46.
  • Chalcopyrite, 45–47.
  • " in pyritic smelting, 171.
  • " roasting of, 65.
  • Chambers’ briquette machine, 204, 207, 211, 212, 215–217.
  • " -practice, 192, 199, 203–216.
  • " -process, 35, 41.
  • " " Losses in, 116.
  • Converter-slags, 192, 203–205, 211, 212.
  • Converters, 192–216.
  • Converting, 54, 170, 192–216.
  • Cooling of hearth in reverberatories, 83–87, 91, 96.
  • Copper as electrical conductor, 14, 34, 242.
  • " for stays, 19, 41.
  • " for steam pipes, 19.
  • " glance, 46.
  • " High-conductivity, 18, 39.
  • " in blast-furnace charges, 150–152.
  • " in converter slags, 211, 213.
  • " in matte, 147.
  • " in refinery slags, 241.
  • " industry, Present position of, 13.
  • " losses in slags, 115–117, 131, 132, 145, 149, 179–181, 186, 188.
  • " matte, 36, 37 (see Matte, also Grade of Matte).
  • " oxide in copper, 26–29.
  • " oxide in furnace refining, 221, 239–242.
  • " oxides, 35, 43 (see Oxides).
  • " Properties of, 22–34.
  • " pyrites (see Chalcopyrite).
  • " sand, 45.
  • " silicates, 35, 39.
  • " sulphate in electrolyte, 231, 236.
  • " sulphides, 35, 36.
  • " " Roasting of, 64.
  • " Uses of, 18–22.
  • " Varieties of, 24.
  • Copperhill Smelter, Tennessee, 140, 35.
  • Doctoring of furnaces, 178.
  • Doors, 141.
  • “Dope,” 210.
  • “Doping” in converting, 210.
  • “Doubling” in converting, 212.
  • Douglas, James, 215.
  • Draft in reverberatory work, 83–87, 93, 94.
  • Draft-pressures, 85, 87, 92–94, 101, 102.
  • Dry copper, 24, 28, 42, 222, 239, 241, 242.
  • " Characteristics of, 24, 41, 42.
  • Ducktown Smelter, Tennessee, 154, 170, 177, 184, 186, 188, 190.
  • Ductility of copper, 20, 22, 31, 33.
  • Dust, 159, 167, 168, 169, 186, 221.
  • " chambers for blast furnaces, 140, 159, 167, 168, 190.
  • " " roasters, 72, 78.
  • " losses (see Flue-dust).
  • Dwight-Lloyd sintering machine, 59, 60, 109, 169.
  • E
  • Earth-oxides in slags, 149, 176, 177.
  • Economic factors in acid-making, 189, 190.
  • Economy of pyritic process, 177, 181.
  • Effects of impurities in copper, 18, 22, 23, 34.
  • " mechanical treatment, 22.
  • Efficiency of blast furnaces, 114, 129.
  • " in electro-refining, 175–194, 200, 203, 204, 211.
  • " Control of, 82, 175–186, 200, 203, 204.
  • Granby smelter, 154, 191.
  • Granulation of slags, 165.
  • Grate-area in reverberatories, 83–85, 88, 89.
  • Grating in reverberatory smelting, 83, 85, 86, 92, 101.
  • Great Falls Smelter, 108, 191, 195.
  • Greenawalt, W. E., 243.
  • Green-ore matte, 179, 181, 187, 188.
  • " smelting, 179, 181, 187, 188.
  • Guess, G. A., 171.
  • H
  • Haas converter, 215, 216.
  • Hallowell, 50.
  • Hammering and mechanical properties, 31.
  • Hampe, E., 26, 34.
  • Hand calciner, 69.
  • Hand-charging of blast furnaces, 153.
  • Hand-ladling, 224.
  • Handling of electrodes, 230.
  • Hardening of copper by hammering, 1, 31.
  • "" impurities, 21.
  • Hardness of copper, 32.
  • Harrington, 37, 50.
  • Harvard, F. T., 191.
  • Hayden, 50.
  • Heap-roasting, 67.
  • Hearth-area of blast furnaces, 127, 129, 130, 135.
  • Hearth of blast furnaces, 123, 127, 129, 134, 159.
  • " of refining furnace, 239.
  • " of reverberatory furnace, 86, 89, 71, 193, 202, 215, 217, 243.
  • Keswick Smelter, Cal., 119, 120.
  • Kiddie blast heater, 144.
  • Kilns, Roasting in, 67, 68.
  • Kletko (and Evans) roaster, 74–79.
  • Knudsen process, 194, 215.
  • L
  • Labour for blast furnaces, 130.
  • " refining furnaces, 224.
  • " reverberatories, 100.
  • " roasters, 69, 70, 72, 75, 78, 79, 177.
  • Ladles, 166.
  • " for refining furnace, 224–226, 242.
  • Ladling of copper, 224.
  • Lake copper, 40, 42, 44, 45.
  • " Superior ores, 43.
  • Lamb, S., 24, 34.
  • Lambert, 7.
  • Large reverberatories, 81, 87, 88.
  • Launders for matte, 116.
  • " for slag, 164, 165.
  • " -castings, 166.
  • Law, E. F., 34.
  • Lawrie, 34.
  • Lay-out of blast-furnace plant, 156.
  • Leaching processes, 67.
  • Lead anodes, 236.
  • " in copper, 20, 23, 30, 32, 44, 217.
  • " " -matte, 37, 215–217.
  • " in blast-furnace fume, 168.
  • " sulphide, Roasting of, 66.
  • Leakage of air in blast-furnace blowers, 141, 174.
  • " of air in reverberatory furnaces, 83, 85, 86.
  • " in electro-refining, 228.
  • " in water-jackets, 43.
  • " ores, 43, 45–47.
  • " " Preliminary treatment of, 51.
  • Oxidised constituents of the blast-furnace charge, 113–115, 118, 119.
  • Oxland roaster, 72, 73.
  • Oxygen and copper, 33, 40, 41.
  • " in copper, 20, 23, 26–33, 42, 44, 218, 239–242.
  • " in furnace gases, 171, 172, 182, 189, 190.
  • " in furnace refining, 221, 222, 239–243.
  • " in gases for acid manufacture, 189–190.
  • " in pyritic smelting, 172–175, 182, 183.
  • " ratio, 147, 150.
  • P
  • Panels of water-jackets, 129, 137, 185.
  • Parallel system, 227–229.
  • Parkes’ roaster, 73.
  • Parrott Smelter, Butte, 125, 193.
  • Partial pyritic smelting, 121, 143, 147, 149, 158, 169, 177, 184.
  • Peacock ore, 46.
  • Pearse, R., 88, 92.
  • " roasting furnace, 71.
  • Percy, John, 2, 17, 34.
  • Perth Amboy Refinery, N.J., 194, 234.
  • Peru copper output, 15.
  • " smelting practice, 75.
  • Peters, E. D., 65, 80, 110, 112, 143, 145, 170–172,
  • Rate of deposition, 232.
  • Reactions in the blast furnace, 113, 117–119.
  • " converting, 194, 205, 207, 210.
  • " furnace refining 239–243.
  • " pyritic smelting, 171, 172, 178, 180, 182, 183.
  • " reverberatory smelting, 81, 114, 119, 215.
  • " roasting, 36, 63, 64, 65, 109–112.
  • " sintering, 57, 110–111.
  • " smelting, 61, 62.
  • Re-concentration in pyritic smelting, 179, 181, 186–188.
  • Recovery of copper from slags and residues, 116, 119, 211.
  • Rectangular blast furnaces, 123.
  • Reducing gases in annealing, 28.
  • Reduction in the blast furnace, 113, 115–117.
  • " of oxides in furnace refining, 223–240.
  • " smelting, 113, 116, 117, 120, 122.
  • Redruthite, 46.
  • References, Lists of, 17, 34, 50, 80, 112, 191, 215, 243.
  • Refinery slags, 221, 222.
  • Refining of copper, 25, 26, 50, 54, 211, 214, 217–242.
  • Refining, Electrolytic, 8, 43, 50, 215–218, 227–242.
  • " of electrolytic copper, 230.
  • Sources of copper, 43.
  • South Wales, 4, 5, 71, 73.
  • Span of reverberatory arch, 89.
  • Spanish copper mining, 7, 15.
  • " " ores, 46.
  • " production, 15.
  • Special bronzes, 21.
  • Specific gravity of copper, 24.
  • " " mattes, 39, 179.
  • " electrolyte, 231.
  • " slags, 147–149.
  • Specifications for copper, 19, 20.
  • " " for fire-box plates, 20.
  • " " for Post Office work, 19.
  • Speculation in copper markets, 11, 12.
  • “Spewing” of copper, 222.
  • Spindles of MacDougal roasters, 74, 79.
  • Spouts, 128, 158–166.
  • Sprouting of copper, 222.
  • Stacks of blast furnaces, 140, 169.
  • " reverberatories, 89.
  • Staffordshire, Copper smelting in, 4.
  • Stages in converting, 205, 209, 210, 213, 216.
  • " refining, 223.
  • Stahl, 50.
  • Stamping of briquettes, 57.
  • Stamp-milling of native copper ores, 51.
  • Statistics of copper, 15.
  • Staying of reverberatories, 96, 99, 221.
  • Stays, Copper for, 19, 41.
  • Steam-pipes, Copper for, 19.
  • Steptoe Smelter, Nevada, 75.
  • Stevens, H. J., 17.
  • Sticht, R., 171, 172, 182, 183, 191.
  • Storing of matte in blast furnaces, 134.
  • " " reverberatories, 94.
  • " " settlers, 135.
  • Stoves for heating blast, 145.
  • Straightening of anodes, 228.
  • Strength of cathode copper, 166.
  • " -breast of blast furnaces, 136, 159, 160.
  • " -piece of settlers, 165, 166.
  • " -plate of reverberatories, 103.
  • " " settlers, 165, 166.
  • " -slot of refining furnaces, 224, 225.
  • Telegraph, Use of copper for, 19.
  • Telephone, Use of copper for, 19.
  • Tellurium in copper, 23, 26, 30–32, 207, 217.
  • " electro-refining, 232.
  • Temperature, Effects of, on strength, 20, 22, 32.
  • " for annealing, 31.
  • " for roasting, 69, 70, 77, 78.
  • " for reverberatory smelting, 83, 84, 87, 89, 91, 94, 96, 99–105.
  • " for settling, 117, 123, 130, 133.
  • " in blast-furnace smelting, 123, 129, 133, 136, 143, 188.
  • " in converting, 194, 199, 203, 205, 207, 210–214.
  • " in electro-refining, 231–233, 235, 237.
  • " in furnace refining, 224, 225, 242.
  • " in pyritic smelting, 172–176, 179, 180, 183, 188.
  • Tenacity of copper, 20, 32, 33, 241.
  • Tennessee, acid-making, 189–191.
  • " blast furnaces, BELL AND BAIN, LTD., PRINTERS, GLASGOW.

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    Footnotes:

    [1] This figure indicates thousandths of an inch.

    [2] The term “impurity” might in several instances be replaced by the word “constituent,” since many so-called impurities are purposely added for conferring desired properties on the metal. It is here taken as implying elements other than copper.

    [3] The temperatures given in Heyn’s diagram require revision in the light of later knowledge, and have been omitted here.

    [4] The treatment of flue-dust is considered later.

    [5] Though these actions represent with fair accuracy what occurs on smelting, there will be indicated later, in the proper place, some modification, due to interactions of certain oxides and sulphides, in the furnace.

    [6] It might also be possible to assist the concentration in the matte by the addition of any available oxidised ores or residues.

    [7] The chloridising roasting of copper ores is also sometimes employed in connection with wet processes.

    [8] When copper combines with sulphur.

    2Cu:Cu2S :: 2 × 63·5 : 2 × 63·5 + 32
    :: 127 : 159
    :: 4 : 5 approximately.

    When sulphur combines with iron.

    S:FeS :: 32 : 56 + 32
    :: 32 : 88
    :: 4 : 11.

    [9] Some flue-dust is also melted down.

    [10] The East Butte Copper Mining Company has recently reported the successful sintering of its flue-dust by Dwight-Lloyd machines. (See Mining Journal, Jan. 6, 1912, p. 21).

    [11] Later work on this subject has been published by W. Wanjukoff:—“Investigations on the Conditions governing the Entry of Copper into the Slags on Matte-Smelting, on the Chemical Form in which such Copper exists, and on the Lessening of the Copper Losses in Slags.” Metallurgie, 1912, Vol. x., Nos. 1 and 2, pp. 1–27, Jan. 8 and 22, 1912.

    [12] This point will be dealt with in due course.

    [13] The iron sulphide of a copper matte is probably the eutectic of the iron-sulphide : iron series containing about 85 per cent. of sulphide.

    [14] Ducktown Sulphur, Copper, and Iron Company.

    [15] These views have recently been controverted in an interesting paper by G. A. Guess. (“Notes on Pyritic Smelting,” Engineering and Mining Journal, 1912, Jan. 13th, p. 113). He defines Pyritic Smelting as the production of a Ferrous Silicate Slag from Iron Sulphide Ore.

    [16] With nickeliferous mattes, the green colour in the flame is reported by Heywood to persist throughout the whole process.

    [17] The case of nickel may be here treated as exceptional. It is eliminated with difficulty, the nickel and copper tending to oxidise together on bessemerising.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

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