The travels of Pedro de Cieza de Leon; part 2

INDEX.

NAMES OF PLACES AND TRIBES.

A, B, C, D, F, G, H, J, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, X, Y, Z

Abancay, i, 318
Acari, i, 28, 265
Acos, i, 301, 373
Aguja Point, i, 25
Alcaviquiza tribe, near Cuzco, ii, 105, 106
Ambato, i, 154;
defeat of Atoc at, ii, 232, 233, 235
Anan Cuzco. See Cuzco.
Anaquer Hill, ii, 18
Ancasmayu river, i, 122; ii, 44, 64, 213;
northern limit of the empire, 218, 221, 223
Ancocagua temple, i, 357; ii, 88, 89
Andahuaylas, i, 315, 317; ii, 83, 109, 118, 139, 145, 154
Andesuyo (Anti-suyu), i, 323, 337; ii, 51, 70;
invasion of, ii, 166, 168, 169;
war with snakes, 166
Angoyaco pass, i, 302
Antis, ii, 175, 195
Apurimac river, i, 319; ii, 8, 43, 141, 147
Apurima, ii, 178
Arcos, ii, 154
Arequipa, i, 287, 392
Arica, i, 29
Asillo, i, 369; ii, 166
Atacama, i, 267
Ausancata temple, i, 354
Ayamarca, ii, 114, 115
Ayancas, road by, ii, 43
Ayavaca, ii, 179, 207
Ayaviri, i, 358, 359; ii, 135, 165, 166
Aymaraes, ii, 119
Ayangaro, i, 369; ii, 166, 170
Bahaire, Cieza de Leon at, ii, 131
Barranca, La, i, 248 n.
Bio-bio river, i, 31
Bombon, i, 286, lake of, 294; ii, 156, 175, 178, 206
Bracamoros, i, 204, 209; ii, 70, 179, 208
Cacha, i, 356; ii, 6
Caitomarca, ii, 123, 124
Calca, conquest by Uira-ccocha Ynca, ii, 121
Callao, i, 27
Camana, i, 29, 265
CaÑaris, i, 162, 167, 169; ii, 71;
head-dress, 72;
subjugation, 180, 181, 209, 229;
massacre of, 234
CaÑaribamba, i, 204
Canas, i, 356, 358; ii, 3, 6;
head-dress, 72;
tribe of, 133, 171, 172, 233
CaÑete valley (see Huarco), i, 257 n., 259
Canches, i, 355, 358; ii, 3;
head-dress, 72;
tribe of, 133, 171, 172, 233
Cangalla, ii, 133
Caracollo, i, 381
Caraugas, ii, 195, 233
Caranqui, i, 133, 138; ii, 59, 65, 70, 181, 215, 219
Caranques, i, 133, 138
Caraques, i, 185
Carex Isle, ii, 132
Caravaya, i, 369
Carmanca Hill, at Cuzco, i, 325; ii, 142
Cartagena (see Bahaire), ii, 131
Casma, i, 26
Cassana, at Cuzco, ii, 158
Cavinas, i, 354
Caxabamba, ii, 235
Caxamarca, i, 271; ii, 8, 59, 83, 86, 178, 179, 186, 206
Caxas, ii 43, 179, 207
Chacama valley, i, 241
Chachapoyas, i, 277, 278, 207; ii, 70, 91, 157, 179
Chancas, i, 280, 315, 316; ii, 83, 199;
conquests of, 119, 139;
advance to Cuzco, ii, 140, 154, 157;
defeated, 143;
trophy of their bodies, ii, 144
Chaqui, i, 383
Charcas, i, 381;
mines, 385;
ii, 195, 200, 233
Chayanta, i, 383; ii, 212
Chicama. (See Chacama.)
Chichas, i, 383
Chilana, village in the Collao, i, 373
Chilca, i, 255
Chile, i, 30, 384; ii, 44, 51, 59, 64, 65, 70;
conquest by Tupac Ynca Yupanqui, 195;
Huayna Ccapac in, 201, 203;
name of, 202 n.
Chimu, i, 242; ii, 185, 212
Chincha-suyu, 51, 175, 176, 177;
road of, 177
Chinchas, i, 228, 260; ii, 189, 190, 191
Chinchay-cocha lake, i, 294, 296. (See Bombon.)
Chiquana, i, 356
Chiriguanas, ii, 69, 201
Choclo-cocha Lake, ii, 118
Chucuito, i, 373; ii, 4, 59, 130, 135, 152, 170, 173, 174, 194
Chumbivilicas, i, 335; ii, 168
Chunchos, ii, 69
Chungara village, near VilcaÑota, ii, 88
Chuqui-apu (La Paz), i, 380; ii, 59, 200
Cochabamba, i, 383
Cocha-casa, ii, 140, 147
Cochasqui, ii, 215
Collas, i, 359, 363, 367;
their head-dress, 72. (See Collao.)
Collao—Colla-suyu, i, 304, 359, 360, 363, 370; ii, 2, 51, 75;
invaded by Inca Uira-ccocha, 130, 167;
incursions of Chinchas into, 189;
Chanca chief sent to, 151;
invasion, 165;
rebellion, 169, 172;
subjugation, 173;
pacification, 174, 175;
Tupac Ynca Yupanqui in, 194, 195;
Huayna Ccapac in, 200
Compata, ii, 133
Conchucos, i, 286, 291
Condesuyo (Cunti-suyu), ii, 51, 106, 107, 112;
treason of chiefs, 117;
invasion of, 146, 168;
summoned to join the army of Huascar, 233
Copacopa, ii, 165
Copayapu, i, 30
Coquimbo, i, 30; ii, 4
Coropuna temple, ii, 89
Cotobambas, ii, 8
Curahuasi, ii, 147
Curampa, ii, 140, 148
Curicancha, Temple of the Sun at Cuzco, i, 328, 385; ii, 9, 22, 23, 71, 83;
description of, 84, 85, 101, 103, 158, 203
Cuzco, i, 146;
situation, i, 322;
divisions, i, 325;
description, i, 330;
full of strangers, i, 71;
foundation, i, 329; ii, 21;
first arrival of Spaniards at, ii, 9;
Anan Cuzco, ii, 97, 102, 122;
Orin (Hurin) Cuzco, ii, 127;
drainage of swamps, ii, 99, 100;
rivers of, ii, 111, 112;
in danger from the Chancas, ii, 140, 141;
fortress, 160-164;
Bishop of, i, 424. (See Curicancha.)
Desaguadero, i, 373; ii, 174
Ferrol, port of, i, 26
Gorgona Isle, i, 21, 420; ii, 220
Guamanga founded, i, 307, 308;
Indians, 310
Guanacauri, ii, 148, 154. (See Huanacauri.)
GuaÑape, i, 26, 245; ii, 213
Guarmay, i, 26, 247; ii, 213
Guayaguil, i, 197, 201, 203; ii, 209, 211
Hanan Cuzco, ii, 97, 102, 122
Hatun Colla, ii, 3, 14, 16, 17, 33, 59, 117, 130, 135, 170
Hatun-cana, i, 356
Hatun canche, ii, 158
Hayo-hayo, i, 381
Hervay, fortress of, ii, 193 n.
Horuro, i, 356
Huallabamba, i, 139
Huamachuco, i, 287, 289
Huambacho, i, 247
Huanacauri temple, ii, 17, 18, 19, 22, 89, 101, 107, 111
Huancas, i, 279, 298;
legends of, i, 299;
head-dress, ii, 72;
conquest, ii, 153, 154;
submission, ii, 155, 173
Huancabamba, i, 210, 269; ii, 59, 179, 207
Huancachupachos, ii, 206
Huancavilcas, i, 168, 181, 192
Huanuco, i, 282, 283, 285; ii, 157
Huara, i, 26, 248
Huaray, i, 293
Huarco valley, i, 257, 258;
fortress, ii, 164;
war, 191-195
Huarina, i, 9, 380
Huarochiri, ii, 43
Huaqui, i, 274
Huaura, ii, 213
Huaylos, i, 286
Hurin Cuzco, i, 67; ii, 97, 102
Juli, i, 373; ii, 130
Juliaca, i, 369
Lampa, harvest ceremony at, i, 412
La Paz, i, 380, 381. (See Chuqui-apu.)
La Plata, ii, 201
Latacunga, ii, 59
Lima, i, 248
Limatambo, i, 320
Llacta-cunga, i, 143, 150
Lobos Island, i, 25
Lucanas, ii, 148, 199
Lunahuana, i, 228, 260
Luracachi, ii, 134
Mala, i, 256
Manta, i, 182, 184
Marca, in Condesuyo, ii, 107
Marcapata, ii, 169
Marcavillca, ii, 34
Maule river, i, 31; ii, 64, 195, 221
Mohina, treasure found at, i, 353;
road from Cuzco to, ii, 44
Motupe valley, i, 239
Moxos, ii, 69
Moyobamba, i, 280
Muhina. (See Mohina.)
Mulahalo, i, 147, 148
Muli-ambato, i, 153
Nasca Point, i, 28
—— valley, i, 264; ii, 190
Nicasio village, i, 365, 369
OcoÑa valley, i, 29, 265
Ollantay-tambo. (See Tambo.)
Oma, near Cuzco, ii, 105
Omasayu, i, 369; ii, 90, 166
Orin Cuzcos. (See Hurin Cuzco.)
Otavalo, ii, 215
Pacarec-tampu, i, 335; ii, 11, 13, 87
Pacasmayu, i, 240
Pachacamac, i, 251, 252, 253, 254; ii, 90;
temple of, ii, 187, 211;
Huayna Capac at, 213
Paltas, i, 205; ii, 43, 235
Paria, i, 381; ii, 59
Pariacaca Pass, ii, QUICHUA WORDS.

A, C, H, I, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, Y, Z

Anacona. (See Yana cuna.)
Ancha, very, ii, 14, 63, 212
Apu, chief, ii, 14, 62, 97, 212
Atoc, fox, ii, 228
Ayllos, slings, i, 355; ii, 46, 54-73
Camac, creator, i, 253
Camayus, officials, ii, 27, 90
Cancha, place, ii, 83
Canqui, thou art, ii, 62
Capacocha, ceremony of offerings, ii, 88, 89, 91-93
Cay, this, ii, 212
Ccapac, rich, i, 136; ii, 12, 17, 21, 22, 105
Ccampa, thou (dative), ii, 62, 212, 218
Ccepi, burden, ii, 88
Ccocha. (See Cocha.)
Ccuri, gold, ii, 83
Chaca, bridge, i, 132
Chacara, farm, ii, 27, 30, 60
Chacu, hunt, i, 288 n.
Chaqui, foot, ii, 76
Chaquira, beads, i, 176, 405; ii, 40, 86, 90
Chumpi, belt, i, 146
ChuÑu, preserved potatoe, i, 361; ii, 54
Churi, son, ii, 14, 62
Coca, i, 352; ii, 196
Cocha, lake, ii, 8
Cuna (plural particle), ii, 205, 213, 218
Curaca, nobleman, ii, 41, 58
Curi (correctly Ccuri), gold, ii, 83
Hatun, great, ii, 14, 62, 212
Hatun cancha, ii, 158
Hatun-raymi, ii, 93, 96
Huaca, sacred, i, 77, 228; ii, 87, 88, 90, 91
Huaca-camayoc, i, 413
Huaranca, thousand, ii, 135
Huarmi, woman, ii, 76
Huasi, house, ii, 83
Huata, year, ii, 55, 76, 82
Huauque, brother, ii, 76
Huayna, youth, ii, 197, 213, 218
Huayna-cuna, youths, i, 138; ii, 213, 218
Huayras, used in the mines, i, 389
Huillac. (See Uillac.)
Huis-cacha. (See Uis cacha.)
Inca. (See Ynca.)
Inti. (See Ynti.)
Llacta, city, ii, 197
Llama, i, 393; ii, 45
Llautu, fringe: emblem of sovereignty, ii, 2, 19
Lliclla, mantle, i, 146
Lloque, left-handed, ii, 100, 102, 103
Macana, club, i, 49, 203
Mama, mother, ii, 12, 105, 114
Mama-cuna, women of the temples, i, 25, 149, 164, 369, 405; ii, 10, 46, 85, 92, 95, 138, 206
Manan, not, ii, 218
Maqui, hand, ii, 76
Micuni, to eat, ii, 212
Mitimaes, colonists, i, 149, 150, 209, 271, 328, 362; ii, 24, 36, 39, 50, 67-71, 166, 177, 179
Mizqui, sweet, ii, 212
Mucha, worship, ii, 17, 38, 96, 210
Molle trees. (See Mulli.)
Mulli, Schinus Molle, i, 299
NaÑa, sister, ii, 76
Naui, eye, ii, 76
Oca, Oxalis tuberosa, i, 361; ii, 94
Oxota. (See Usuta.)
Paccari (Pacarec), dawn, ii, 11, 13, 87
Pacha, earth, ii, 62
—— world, i, 253; ii, 82
—— hundred, ii, 205
Palla, married princess, ii, 147, 224
Pillaca, kind of fringe, ii, 19
Pucara, fortress, i, 302, 368; ii, 2, 69, 75, 121, 147, 216
Punchau, day, ii, 76
Purachuco, tuft of feathers, ii, 19
Quilla, moon, ii, 76
Quinua, Chenopodium Quinua, i, 361; ii, 54, 94
Quipus, system of record, i, 290; ii, 33, 34, 53, 57, 61, 165
Quiru, tooth, ii, 14, 76
Raymi, festival, ii, 93, 96
Rincri, ear, ii, 76
Rumi, stone, i, 132; ii, 227
Runa, man, ii, 76, 205
Runtu, egg, ii, 121
Sapa, only, ii, 62
Sasi, fast, ii, 18, 20
Senca, nose, ii, 76
Sullull, truth, ii, 62
Sulluy, of a truth, ii, 212
Supay, devil, i, 224; ii, 10
Tampu, inn, i, 161, 290; ii, 14, 16, 73, 101, 103, 131, 201, 230
Taqui, music, ii, 29, 40, 91, 92, 137
Ticiviracocha, God, i, 299; ii, 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 22, 94;
image lost, 97
Topu. (See Tupu.)
Tucuy, all, ii, 62, 197, 218
Tupu, measure, i, 146; ii, 43, 66, 88, 112
Tuta, night, ii, 76
Ucumari, bear, ii, 232
Uillac Umu, High Priest, i, 329, 414; ii, 86, 97
Uira, grease, ii, 8
Uiscacha, rabbit, i, 402; ii, 46
Uma, head, ii, 76
Uncha, fillet for the head, i, 146
Usuta, shoe, i, 146; ii, 38
Uyay, hear, ii, 62, 197
Vira, grease. (See Uira.)
Yahuar, blood, i, 133; ii, 218
Yana-cuna, servant, i, 391; ii, 55, 67 n., 88, 89, 201, 205
Yaya, father
Ylla (name given to bodies of the venerated dead), ii, 96
Yllapa, lightning, ii, 96
Ynca, sovereign, of the blood royal
Ynti, the sun, ii, 14, 62
Ynti-huasi, Temple of the Sun, ii, 83
Yscay, two, ii, 205
Ynca, i, 233
Yunca, warm valley, i, 162
Yupanqui, you may count, ii, 102 n., 158
Zazi. (See Sasi.)

NAMES OF INDIANS AND GODS.

A, C, G, H, I, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, Y, Z

Ahuapanti, a general of Huascar, ii, 233
Alaya, chief of Xauxa, i, 224, 301; ii, 206
Alcariza, a lord of Cuzco, ii, 15, 16, 17
Anco allo, chief of the Chancas, i, 280; ii, 154, 156;
his flight, 157
Aperahua Oracle, ii, 90
Arnauan, a name of Ticiviracocha, ii, 6
Atahualpa, ii, 8, 9, 10;
ransom, ii, 83, 86;
at Caxamarca, i, 271;
meaning of word, i, 231;
birth, ii, 203;
to rule at Quito, ii, 221, 222;
account of, ii, 224, 225;
rebellion, ii, 227;
cruelty to CaÑaris, i, 167; ii, 230, 235;
war with Huascar, i, 273, 275, 409, 421; ii, 235
Atoc, general of Huascar, i, 167, 273; ii, 228, 230, 231, 232, 233
Ayar Cachi (Asauca), ii, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 20
Ayar Manco, ii, 12, 21
Ayar Uchu, ii, 12, 13
Capac. (See Ccapac.)
Cari, a great lord in the Collao, i, 363; ii, 5, 130, 135;
rebellion, 170, 173
Cariapasa, chief of Chucuito, i, 373
Cayu Tupac, the Ynca who supplied Cieza de Leon with information, ii, 11, 121
Ccapac, a rebel against Ynca Uira-ccocha, ii, 127
Ccapac Yupanqui, his reign, ii, 106, 107, 108;
embassy from the Quichuas to, 109;
death, ii, 110
—— —— general in the Huanca campaign, ii, 154
—— —— governor of Cuzco, ii, 178
Chalco Mayta, governor of Quito, ii, 183
Chalicuchima, a general of Atahualpa, i, 320; ii, 9, 227, 232
Chimbo Ocllo, wife of Huayna Ccapac, ii, 199
Chirihuana, governor of Chucuito, ii, 4
Colla Tupac, guardian of Huascar, ii, 222, 237 n., 228
Cusi-chuca, chief at Xauxa, ii, 206
Cusi-hualpa, son of Huayna Ccapac, ii, 222
Guacarapora, lord of Xauxa;
use of quipus, ii, 34
Guamaraconas. (See Huayna-cuna.)
Guanacauri. (See Huanacauri.)
Guasco, chief of Andahuaylas, i, 315, 318
Hastu Huaraca, chief of the Chancas, ii, 140, 141;
interview with the Ynca, ii, 142;
defeated, ii, 143;
enters service of the Ynca, ii, 145;
sent to the Collao, ii, 151
Huaman Hualpa, a son of Huayna Ccapac, ii, 222
Huanacauri, the hero god, ii, 14, 18, 20, 22, 87, 101, 103, 107
Huanca Auqui, a son of Huayna Ccapac, general, for Huascar, ii, 233;
defeated, 235
Huaraca, chief of the Chancas, ii, 118
Huarivilca, god of the Huancas, i, 300; ii, 154
Huascar, i, 272, 421; ii, 8, 9, 99, 163, 203, 222;
his character, ii, 224, 225;
accession, 226;
war with Atahualpa, ii, 228, 229;
his alarm, 233;
army defeated, 235
Huayna Ccapac, i, 140, 169, 179, 193; ii, 11, 25, 44, 67, 99, 155, 163, 180;
birth, 181;
accession, 197;
character, 198;
march of, 199, 200;
to Chile, 201, 202;
invasion of Bracamoros, 208;
severity, 209;
at Quito, 210;
on the coast, 212;
anecdote, 212;
war north of Quito, 215;
besieged, 217;
his vengeance, 218;
hears of Spaniards, 220;
death, 221;
obsequies, 222, 223
Huayna-cuna (Guamaraconas), i, 138; ii, 213, 218
Humalla, a chief in the Collao,
rebels, ii, 170
Illa Tupac, ii, 227 n.
Lloque Yupanqui, marriage, ii, 100;
reign, 102;
death, 103
—— —— brother of Ynca Yupanqui;
governor of Cuzco, ii, 147;
commands the army in the Huanca campaign, ii, 154, 155
Macay Cuca, Queen of Ynca Rocca, ii, 111
Mama Cahua Pata, daughter of the lord of Oma, Queen of Mayta Ccapac, ii, 105
Mama Chiquia, of Ayamarca,
Queen of Ynca Yupanqui, ii, 114
Mama Cora, one of the women who came forth from Pacarec Tampu, ii, 12
Mama Huaco, one of the women who came forth from Pacarec Tampu, ii, 12
Mama Ocllo, Queen of Tupac Ynca Yupanqui, ii, 175
Mama Rahua, one of the women who came forth from Pacarec Tampu, ii, 12
Manco Ccapac, i, 136, 194, 329, 354, 409; ii, 12, 17, 22, 23, 99
Manco Ynca, i, 304, 305; ii, 11, 30, 222;
assumption of the sovereign fringe by, 17
Mayta Ccapac, fourth Ynca, ii, 103;
death, 107
Nanque Yupanqui, son of Huayna Ccapac, ii, 222
Paullu Ynca, i, 77;
funeral obsequies, ii, 104, 196 n., 222
Quizquiz, general of Atahualpa, ii, 8, 164, 227
Rahua Ocllo. (See Mama Rahua.)
Rocca Ynca, ii, 111;
reign, ii, 113;
obsequies, 115
—— —— a general of Huascar, ii, 233
Rumi-Ñaui, a general of Atahualpa, ii, 227
Runta-Ccoya, Queen of the Ynca Uira-ccocha, ii, 121
Sapana. (See Zapana.)
Sayri Tupac, ii, 11
Sinchi Rocca, ii, 23, 24;
reign, ii, 99
Tici-uira-ccocha, god, i, 299; ii, 1, 6, 7;
name, 8, 9, 22, 24;
image, 97
Titu, a son of Huayna Ccapac, ii, 222
Tuapaca, name of Tici-uira-ccocha in Collao, ii. 6
Tumbala, lord of Puna, i, 195; ii, 211
Tupac Ynca Yupanqui, i, 147, 149, 165, 169, 178, 192, 217, 261, 269, 313, 337, 357; ii, 25, 44, 64, 86, 99, 150, 163, 170;
accession, 171, 172;
subjugated the Collas, 173, 174, 175;
march to Chinchasuyu, ii, 177;
at Caxamarca, 178;
at Bracamoros, 179;
conquest of coast valleys, 185-193;
conquest of Chile, 195;
death, 196
—— —— a son of Huayna Ccapac, ii, 222
Tupac Hualpa, a son of Huayna Ccapac, ii, 222
Tupac Uasco, chief of the Chancas, ii, 118, 147, 151, 157
Tuta Palla, mother of Atahualpa, ii, 203
Uasco. (See Tupac Uasco.)
Ucumari, general of Atahualpa, ii, 232
Uillac Umu, High Priest, i, 329; ii, 86, 97
Uira-ccocha Ynca, i, 332, 338, 355, 363; ii, 64, 71;
accession, 120;
reign, 121 to 136;
abdication, 137, 140
—— (God), i, 162, 357, 367. (See Tici-uira-ccocha.)
Urco Ynca, ii, 129;
objections to his accession, 137;
accession, 138;
vicious conduct, 139, 140, 141;
deposition, 144, 146
Urco Huaranca, governor of Atahualpa, ii, 233
Viracocha. (See Uira-ccocha.)
Ynca Yupanqui, accession, ii, 116;
murder, ii, 117
—— —— ii, 129, 139;
defence of Cuzco by, 140;
defeats the Chancas, 143;
accession, 144;
march of his army, 147;
rule, 152;
meaning of name, 158;
builds fortress of Cuzco, 158-164;
proceedings, 165;
conquest of the Collao, 167;
of Condesuyos, 168;
invades Anti-suyu, 168, 169;
abdicates, 171
Yumalla, chief of the Collao, i, 373
ZaÑu, chief of, ii, 100
Zapana, lord in the Collao, i, 363, 369; ii, 2, 3, 14, 117, 130;
embassy from, 132;
death, 135, 170

NAMES OF SPANIARDS.

A, B, C, E, G, H, L, M, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, Z

Aldana, Lorenzo de, founded Pasto, i, 123;
his kind treatment of the natives, and bequest in their favour, i, 124 n.
Almagro, Diego de, i, 7, 159, 186, 256, 318, 419
Almagro, Diego de (the lad), i, 306, 312, 335; ii, 13
Alvarado, Alonzo de, i, 159, 279, 282
Alvarado, Pedro de, i, 148, 155, 156, 157, 185, 186, 248
Alvarado, Gomez de, i, 157, 281, 283
Aranda, a Spaniard. Evidence as to converse with devils, ii, 132
Bachicao, Hernando, hanged at Juli by Francisco de Carbajal, i, 373
Belalcazar, Sebastian de, i, 79, 93, 105, 110, 113, 145, 201, 423;
marches to assist Gasca, i, 151, 186
Blasco NuÑez Vela, i, 187, 139
Bobadilla, Fray Francisco de, the umpire between Pizarro and Almagro, i, 256
Bueno, Martin, one of the first soldiers who went to Cuzco, ii, 9
Carbajal, Francisco de, i, 362, 373, 422
Carrasco, Alonzo, had seen the trophy of bodies of the Chancas, ii, 145
Castro, Vaca de, i, 283, 312
Centeno, Diego de, i, 380, 384
Chaves, Francisco de, i, 292
Cieza de Leon, Pedro de (the author), dedication of his work, i, 1;
his habit of writing on the march, i, 3;
plan of his work, i, 6;
collecting information concerning the coast, i, 27;
loses his journal after the battle of Xaquixaguana, i, 32;
joins Vadillo, i, 41;
method of collecting information, i, 177;
marching to join the royal army, i, 151, 167, 241;
crosses bridge over the Apurimac, i, 319;
goes to Charcas, i, 339;
at Pucara, i, 368;
takes notes in the Collao, 364;
at Tiahuanaco, i, 376; ii, 173;
proposes to form plantations of trees, i, 401;
sees God’s hand in the conquest of the Indies, i, 418;
finishes the first part of his work, i, 427;
record of retribution, i, 423;
inquires of the natives as to their condition before the time of the Yncas, ii, 2;
visits the temple of Cacha, ii, 7;
information from citizens of Cuzco, ii, 3;
Ynca sources of information, ii, 11, 121;
plan of his second part, ii, 24;
learns the practical use of the quipus at Xauxa, ii, 34;
praises Ynca rule, ii, 47;
heard oracles speak at Bahaire, ii, 131;
visits the fortress of Cuzco, ii, 162;
conclusion of his work, ii, 236
Elemosin, Diego Rodriguez, great wealth discovered by, ii, 89
Escobar, Maria de, introduced wheat into Peru, i, 400
Gasca, Pedro de la, i, 208, 241, 318, 320, 339
Gomara, Francisco Lopez de, criticism on, ii, 67
Guevara, Juan Perez de, conquests in the eastern forests, i, 280
Gutierrez Felipe, his discoveries south of Peru, i, 383
Guzman, Hernando de, present at the siege of Cuzco;
visits the fortress of Cuzco with the author, ii, 162
Heredia, Nicolas de, discoveries south of Peru, i, 383
HiÑojosa, Ruy Sanchez de, discoveries in the direction of Rio de la Plata;
killed by Heredia, i, 384
Ladrillero, Juan, navigates Lake Titicaca, i, 370
Ledesma, Baltasar de, retribution on, i, 423
Loaysa, Geronimo de, Archbishop of Lima, i, 227, 424
Maldonado, Diego de, his estates, i, 317 n.; ii, 139 n.
Moguer, name of one of the first soldiers who went to Cuzco, ii, 9
Ondegardo, Polo de, corregidor of Charcas, i, 387
Orellana, Francisco de, i, 112, 202, 406
OrgoÑez, Rodrigo, i, 254, 304
Otaso, Marcos, a priest, who gave the author an account of the harvest ceremony at Lampa, i, 412
Pacheco, Juan, his experience of the conduct of devils in obstructing the conversion of heathens, i, 416, 417
Pancorvo, Juan de, estate at Ayaviri, i, 359;
had seen the trophy of Chanca bodies, ii, 145
Pinto, Simon, corregidor of Chucuito, i, 373
Pizarro, Francisco, i, 21, 156, 214, 244, 250, 256, 268, 272, 310, 329, 353; ii, 9, 34, 220
Pizarro, Gonzalo, i, 32, 137, 303, 311, 320, 380
Pizarro, Hernando, i, 253, 254, 335; ii, 13
Puelles, Pedro de, i, 187, 283
Rios, Pedro de los, i, 419
Saavedra, Juan de, arrived in Peru with Pedro de Alvarado, i, 157, 185;
as governor of Cuzco, assisted the author in his researches, ii, 11
Santa Maria, Fray Juan de, trouble with the devil when baptizing a chief, i, 417
Santo Tomas, Fray Domingo de, his labours in the study of Quichua, i, 163;
gives information to the author, i, 219;
his evidence respecting the wiles of the devil, i, 225;
founds a monastery in the coast valley of Chacama, i, 242, 427
Santillan, Hernando de, judge of the Audiencia, i, 425; ii, 236;
had seen the author’s work, ii, 236
Saravia, Dr. Bravo de, judge of the Audiencia, i, 205, 425;
had seen the author’s work, ii, 236
Solano, Juan de, Bishop of Cuzco, i, 424
Sosa, Hernan Rodriquez de, retribution on, for cruelty to Indians, i, 423
Terrazas, BartolomÉ de, his estate at Cacha, ii, 6 n.
Tobar, Francisco de, retribution on, for cruelty to Indians, i, 422
Uzeda, Diego de, goes with the author to Charcas, i, 365
Valverde, Vicente de, Bishop of Cuzco, i, 424
Varagas, Juan de, held the Indians of Tiahuanaco in encomienda, i, 379
Vasquez, Tomas, his estate in Ayaviri;
gives information to the author, ii, 3;
the author visits the fortress of Cuzco with, ii, 162
Vergara, Pedro de, i, 205
Villadiego, Captain, sent against the Ynca Manco, i, 305
Villacastin, Francisco de, at Ayaviri with the author, ii, 3 n.
Villaroel, discovered mines of Potosi, i, 386
Zarate, name of one of the first three soldiers who went to Cuzco, ii, 9

GENERAL INDEX.

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, O, P, Q, R, S, V

Accounts, method of keeping by means of quipus, i, 290; ii, 33;
use at Xauxa, 34, 35, 53, 57, 61, 165;
audit of, ii, 61
Administrative system of the Yncas, ii, 36, 37, 209
Adobes, sun-dried bricks, i, 129, 219, 251
Aguacate, a fruit. (See Palta.)
Aji pepper, i, 42, 232; ii, 94
Algoroba trees, i, 129, 235, 239 n.
Alpacas, i, 394; ii, 45
Amazons, a race of, ii, 3
Andenes, i, 321; ii, 160
Andes, description, i, 129;
forests, 323, 337;
animals and snakes, 338;
riches of, 406
Army: military colonies, ii, 69;
order of marching, 73, 199;
assembly of, 133, 147, 153, 165, 177, 205;
discipline of, 177, 205;
difficult march, 200, 201;
method of defending fortified
places, 217, 218;
Huascar calls for an assembly of the army, 233
Art, Peruvian works of, i, 403, 404
Assessment of tribute, ii, 51, 52
Astronomical knowledge, ii, 82
Authority for the history, ii, 11, 24, 25, 121
Balsas, used at sea, i, 265;
on the rivers, ii, 125
Barley, i, 144, 400
Baths of the Yncas, i, 271, 285 n.
Building, skill of the Yncas in, i, 405; ii, 160, 161-164
Cannibalism, absence of, ii, 79
Ceremonies of the Yncas, previous to accession, ii, 18, 19. (See Festival, Funeral, Harvest, Homage.)
Chain, golden, at Cuzco, ii, 19, 20, 91, 97, 153, 226;
lost, ii, 97
Chicha, fermented liquor, i, 152, 220; ii, 18, 85, 87, 94, 95, 200
Children, naming, i, 231;
of the Ynca, ii, 26, 27
Chirimoyas. (See Guanavanas.)
Climate of Peru, i, 130;
of Quito, i, 140;
of Peruvian coast, i, 214;
of the Collao, i, 360
Cloth-weaving, i, 405
Coast valleys, i, 129, 214-216 to 268;
fertility of, i, 233. (See Yuncas.)
Colonists, i, 149, 150, 209, 271, 328, 362;
account of system, 67-71, passim
Conquests, system of, ii, 47, 48-49
Cotton, i, 143, 393
Couriers. (See Posts.)
Crime, punishment of, ii, 81
Deserts of the coast, i, 128, 238, 240;
peopling of, ii, 70
Devil. (See Supay.)
Dogs, i, 235
Doorways, monolithic, at Tiahuanaco, i, 276
Drainage of swamp at Cuzco, ii, 99
Dyes used by Indians, i, 405
Ears, ceremony of piercing, ii, 19
Earthquakes at Arequipa, i, 268
Emigrants. (See Colonists.)
Festival of Hatun Raymi, ii, 94, 95
Fish used as manure, i, 255
Fishing on the coast, i, 267
Flowers used at sacrifices, i, 71
Fortress (see Pucara);
buildings of the fortress at Cuzco, ii, 160-164
Foxes, i, 227, 402
Fringe. (See Head-dress.)
Fruits, i, 234, 235, 283;
pepino, ii, 212
Funeral obsequies of an Ynca, ii, 104, 115
Gold, i, 57, 70, 77, 79, 86, 336;
of Caravaya, 369, 381; ii, 40. (See Treasure.)
Golden maize and animals at the temple of the Sun, 85
Guanavanas (or Chirimoyas), i, 234
Harvest festivities, i, 412; ii, 97
Head-dresses, i, 171, 172, 330; ii, 72;
of the CaÑaris, i, 167; ii, 72;
of chiefs on the coast, i, 225;
Carinas, i, 330;
of the Collao, i, 363; ii, 72;
of the Huancas, ii, 72;
of the Canas, ii, 72;
of the Yuncas, ii, 72;
of the Canchis, ii, 72;
fringe or Llautu of the sovereign, ii, 2, 19
High priest of the Sun, or Uillac Umu, i, 329, 414; ii, 86, 97
Homage, ceremony of, in the Collao, ii, 136
Honey, eaten by old Carbajal, i, 362
Hunt, royal, ii, 45
Irrigation works, i, 236, 263;
near Cuzco, i, 354
Journeys of the Yncas, ii, 62, 63
Justice, administration of, ii, 81
Knighthood, ceremony of investiture, ii, 19, 101
Labour, organisation of, ii, 58
Land, partition of, ii, 75
Language general, or Quichua, i, 163, 146, 407; ii, 76, 77
Llamas, i, 393; ii, 45
Memorials. (See Records.)
Mines in CaÑaris, i, 169;
of emeralds at Manta, i, 182;
in Tarapaca, 266, 267;
Conchucos, 293;
Potosi, 382-386, 390, 391;
Charcas, 385;
Porco, 385
Mining industry, ii, 53
Morality of the Yncas, ii, 80
Mummies of the Yncas, ii, 30, 31
Obeisance, mark of, ii, 38
Oracles, consultation of, ii, 103, 131
Palta, a fruit, i, 16, 73, 99, 234
Pepinos, i, 234; ii, 212
Posts and runners, system of, ii. 64, 65, 66
Potatoes, i, 360
Priest. (See High Priest.)
Queen of the Ynca, selection, ii, 24
Quichua. (See Language.)
Quipus. (See Accounts, Records.)
Rain, absence of on the coast, i, 214
Recitations of wise men, ii, 32
Records and memorials of the Yncas, ii, 28;
system of recording events, ii, 29
Religion (See Yncas):
of the CaÑaris, i, 162;
of the Huancavilcas, i, 181;
of the Mantos, i, 183;
of the Huamanchucos, i, 289;
of the Canas, i, 357;
of the Collas, i, 366;
of the Huanucas, i, 285;
of the Huancas, i, 299;
of the coast people, i, 221
Retribution on Spaniards for cruelty to the Indians, i, 422, 423
Riches of the Yncas, ii, 39. (See Treasure.)
Roads, Ynca, i, 153, 217, 253, 287, 290, 293, 302, 320, 326; ii, 42-44;
posts, ii, 64, 65, 66;
road of Chincha sayu, ii, 177, 204;
road from Cuzco to Quito, ii, 183
Runners, system of, ii, 64, 65
Sacrifices, human, practice much exaggerated by Spaniards;
but the author does not deny its existence, ii, 79, 80;
account of, ii, 87, 89, 103
Sarsaparilla, i, 200, 395
Silver at Potosi, i, 388;
at Charcas, i, 385
Skulls, custom of flattening, i, 96, 363
Snakes, war with, ii, 166
Statistics, Ynca system of, i, 57
Sun, temple of, at Cuzco, ii, 83-85;
figure of, lost, ii, 97, 98
Temples.
Ccuri-cancha at Cuzco, i, 328, 385; ii, 9, 22, 23, 71, 83, 85, 101, 103, 158, 203;
of Huanacauri, ii, 14, 18, 20, 22, 87, 101, 103, 107;
of Ancocagua, i, 357; ii, 88, 89;
of Coropuna, ii, 89;
of VilcaÑota, ii, 88, 134, 169;
of Pachacamac, i, 251, 253, 254; ii, 90, 187, 211, 213
Traditions, of bearded men at Titicaca, ii, 4;
of a strange man of great stature, ii, 5;
of the brethren of Paccari-tampu, ii, 12, 13
Treasure, ii, 39;
lost, ii, 42, 97, 98 (see Gold);
treasure of the Yncas, ii, 39, 40
Trees of Peru, i, 129, 142, 235, 239, 397, 401;
fruit trees, i, 234
Tribute, ii, 51-56
Vice, absence of, ii, 78
Yncas,
ceremonies, ii, 18, 19, 20;
wife, children, ii, 26, 27;
memorials of, 28, 32;
mummies of deceased, i, 226; ii, 30, 31;
forethought of, ii, 37;
mark of obeisance to, ii, 38;
riches of, ii, 39, 40;
attendance on, ii, 41;
roads of, ii, 42-44;
hunts, 45, 46;
method of conquest, ii, 47-49;
system of colonising, ii, 50, 67;
tribute, ii, 51-56;
statistics, ii, 57;
audit of accounts, ii, 61;
organisation of labour, ii, 58;
governors appointed by, ii, 59;
order of marching, ii, 73;
punishment of offences, ii, 74, 81;
partition of land, ii, 75;
journeys, ii, 76;
absence of vicious practices, ii, 78;
morality, ii, 80;
councillors, ii, 81;
astronomical knowledge, ii, 82

LONDON:
WHITING AND CO., LIMITED, SARDINIA STREET, LINCOLN’S-INN-FIELDS.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] See p. 34.

[2] Introduction, p. xviii.

[3] History, i, p. 161.

[4] The Spanish editor accounts for Mr. Prescott’s mistake by supposing that the person employed to copy the manuscript had written por (by) instead of para (for). But this is not so, as Mr. Prescott himself quotes the word para (i, p. 161). The Spanish editor refers to a life of Sarmiento in the Historia del Colejio Viejo de San BartolomÉ Mayor de la celebre Universidad de Salamanca, 2d edicion, Primera Parte, p. 336.

[5] Conquest of Peru, i, 160-62.

[6] Ibid., ii, 297-99.

[7] Cronica, ii, pp. 25, 44, 45, 51, 131, 160, 173, 180, 193, 212.

[8] Ibid., ii, p. 212, reference to chapter liii (liv in the incorrectly numbered Antwerp edition) of the First Part. See my Translation, p. 192.

[9] Page 84.

[10] Biblioteca de Escorial, cÓdice L, j, 5 from folio 1 to 130 inclusive.

[11] Biblioteca Hispano-Ultramarina. Segunda Parte de la CrÓnica del PerÚ, que trata del SeÑorio de los Incas Yupanquis y de sus grandes hechos y gobernacion, Éscrita por Pedro de Cieza de Leon. La publica MÁrcos Jimenez de la Espada. Madrid, Imprenta de Manuel Gines Hernandez, Libertad, 16 duplicado, bajo, 1880. Pp. 279, and xi of Introduction.

[12] This was the edition used by Prescott; and by me in translating the First Part for the Hakluyt Society.

[13] Don M. J. de la Espada says of the Hakluyt Society’s volume:—“Edicion muy bella. Bien anotada en la parte geogrÁfica y de historia natural, en la historica y biografica con los comentarios de Garcilasso y las decadas de Herrera.”

[14] Biblioteca Hispano-Ultramarina. Tercero libro de las Guerras Civiles del Peru, el cual se llama la Guerra de Quito, hecho por Pedro de Cieza de Leon, Coronista de las cosas de las Indias. Madrid, 1877. PrÓlogo por M. J. de la Espada, pp. cxix. La Guerra de Quito, pp. 176. Apendices, pp. 120.

[15] “The First Part, as already noticed, was alone completed. The author died without having covered any portion of the magnificent ground plan which he had confidently laid out.”—Conquest of Peru, ii. p. 298.

[16] So says Fray Buenaventura de Salinas y Cordova, in his Memorial de las Historias dal Nuevo Mundo Piru (Lima 1630), but without giving any authority.

[17] Herrera gives Llerena as the birthplace of Cieza de Leon (Dec. vi, lib. vi, cap. 4; and Dec. vii, lib. ix, cap. 19). In the latter of these two passages, in the first edition, the word is printed Erena, an error which is repeated in the editions of Antwerp and of Gonzalez Barcia. Piedrahita (lib. iv, cap. 2) repeats that Cieza de Leon was a native of Llerena. The town of Llerena is nineteen leagues east of Badajos, at the foot of the Sierra de San Miguel. It was taken from the Saracens in 1241; and in 1340 Alfonso XI assembled the Cortes at Llerena. Besides Cieza, it produced the Holguins, and Juan de Pozo, the watchmaker who placed the giralda on the tower of Seville.

[18] See my Translation, p. 335.

[19] My Translation, p. 40.

[20] Mr. Robert Blake White, who has travelled in the valley of the Cauca, read an interesting paper on the “Central Provinces of Colombia”, at the meeting of the Royal Geographical Society on February 26th, 1883. He afterwards read the First Part of the Chronicle of Cieza de Leon, and was struck by the accuracy with which the soldier-historian described that same region which Mr. Blake White travelled over more than three hundred years afterwards. The English explorer was much interested in the perusal of the work of his Spanish predecessor.

[21] Page 2.

[22] Page 7.

[23] Page 32.

[24] Vol. i, p. 194.

[25] AÑay, interjection of praise; sauca, joy, pleasure.

[26] A word referring to some kind of head-dress.

[27] Very brutish. Probably a farce.

[28] Tragic.

[29] Coleccion de obras y documentos por Don Pedro de Angelis, vol. v (Buenos Ayres, 1836-37).

[30] Padre Francisco Ituri also speaks of the “Quichua dramas transmitted to our day by an unbroken tradition.”—Carta critica sobre “La Historia de America de Juan B. MuÑoz” (Rome, 1797).

[31] Vol. i, pp. 203-204.

[32] Antiguedades Peruanas por Mariano Eduardo de Rivero y Juan Diego de Tschudi (Viena, 1851), p. 116.

[33] Ibid., pp. 116, 117.

[34] Die Kechua Sprache, von J. J. von Tschudi (Wien, 1853), pp. 71-110.

[35] He was a son of Dr. Justo Pastor Justiniani, a surgeon, by DoÑa Manuela Simancas CataÑo, a lineal descendant of Hualpa Tupac Ynca Yupanqui, one of whose daughters was the mother of Garcilasso Ynca de la Vega the historian. Dr. Justo Pastor’s father was Don Nicolo Ambrosio Justiniani, his grandfather Don Luis Justiniani, his great-grandfather also Don Luis of Seville, whose parents belonged to the Genoese family of Justiniani, descended from the Emperor Justinian. This first Don Luis Justiniani came to Peru and married DoÑa Catalina Ortiz de Orue, whose father, Don Pedro Ortiz de Orue, a Biscayan, was one of the first conquerors, and whose mother was the Princess Tupac Usca, daughter of the Ynca Manco Ccapac II.

[36] The Quichua drama of Ollantay was reviewed in a periodical published at Cuzco in 1837, called the Museo Erudito, Nos. 5 to 9. The editor, Don Manuel Palacios, says that the story was handed down by immemorial tradition, but that the drama was written by Dr. Valdez. The editor had inquired of Don Juan Hualpa, a noble Curaca of Belem in Cuzco, and of the Curacas of San Sebastian and San Blas, near Cuzco, who agreed in their account of the tradition, which was that the rebellion of Ollantay arose from the abduction of an aclla or virgin of the Sun.

[37] Ollanta, an ancient Ynca Drama, translated from the original Quichua. By Clements R. Markham, C.B. (TrÜbner, 1871.) Pp. 128, with introduction and notes. My translation, owing to my imperfect knowledge of the language, contained numerous mistakes, which have been duly pointed out by Zegarra, a native of the country, in his work published subsequently.

[38] “Ollanta o’ sea la severidad de un Padre y la clemencia de un Rey, drama dividido en tres actos, traducido del Quichua al Castellano, cos notas diversas, por JosÉ S. Barranca.” (Lima, 1868.) Pp. 16 and 71.

[39] “Los vinculos de Ollanta y Cusi Kcuyllor, Drama en Quichua. Obra compilada y espurgada con la version Castellana al frente de su testo por el Dr. JosÉ Fernandez Nodal, Abogado de los tribunales de justicia de la Republica del Peru: bajo los auspicios de La Redentora Sociedad de Filantropos para mejorar la suerte de los Aborijenes Peruanos.” (Ayacucho, en el deposito del Autor.) Dr. Nodal commenced, but never completed, an English translation.

[40] “Ollanta. Ein Altperuanisches Drama aus der Kechuasprache. Ubersetzt und commentirt von J. J. von Tschudi.” (Wien, 1875.) 4to., pp. 220.

[41] Lopez also tells us that his father was a personal friend of Dr. Valdez, and never heard that the learned Quichua scholar was the author of Ollantay. On the contrary, he believed that the drama was very ancient. Mariano Moreno, another intimate friend of Dr. Valdez, bears the same testimony. Races Aryennes, p. 325.

[42] Collection Linguistique Americaine. Tome iv. “OllantaÏ, drama en vers Quechuas du temps des Incas: traduit et commentÉ.” Par Gavino Pacheco Zegarra. Paris: Maisonneuve et Cie., 25, Quai Voltaire, 1878, pp. clxxiv and 265. At the end there is a vocabulary of all the words in the text of Ollantay.

[43] In my book, Cuzco and Lima, 1853, written when I was twenty-two, immediately after transcribing the Justiniani version, I assumed the antiquity of the drama. But in my later work, Travels in Peru and India (1862), I expressed a doubt, and inclined to the opinion that Dr. Valdez was the author (Note, p. 138). A subsequent detailed and critical study of the text obliged me to revert to my former belief that Ollantay was, in the main, a composition of Ynca origin, dating from before the conquest. All I have since read has confirmed me in this opinion.

[44] See p. 51.

[45] P. 116.

[46] Don Vicente Lopez suggests the following derivation for the name of Ollantay. The second part, Antay, signifies “of the Andes”, anything belonging to the Andes. Oll would be a corruption of Ull or Uill. The correct form would be Uill-Antay or Uilla Antay. Uilla means a legend, tradition, or history, The Legend of the Andes. Several of the manuscripts have Apu-Ollantay, Apu, meaning chief, “The Legend of the Chief of the Andes.”

Barranca proposes Ulla as a derivative of Ullu, “the power of love.” Ccahuari-Ullanta, as an expression of admiration.

Nodal thinks that Olla is really Colla, the c having suffered elision, that the n is the pronoun for the third person, and ta the accusative. He translates Ollanta as “her lover”, with reference to Cusi-coyllur.

Dr. de la Rosa says that Lopez is mistaken in his etymology, that the suggestion of Barranca is more plausible; but that he thinks he has himself hit upon a more rational derivation. He has not, however, yet given it to the world.

Zegarra rejects all these derivations.

[47] Ollantay. Estudio sobre el drama Quechua. Por BartolomÉ MitrÉ, publicada en la Nueva Revista de Buenos Ayres. (Buenos Ayres, 1881.) Pp. 44.

[48] BartolomÉ MitrÉ was born on June 26th, 1821, and in early life was several years in Peru and Chile as an officer and journalist. Returning to Buenos Ayres, he distinguished himself as an orator in the Representative Assembly, and was Minister of War in 1859. In 1860 he was appointed Governor of Buenos Ayres, and was promoted to the rank of General. On September 17th, 1860, he defeated General Urquiza in the battle of Pavon, and soon afterwards signed a treaty with him. On October 5th, 1862, he was elected President of the Argentine Republic, and held that office with credit to himself and benefit to his country for six years. He is an able and enlightened statesman, as well as an accomplished scholar. General MitrÉ is the author of a Life of General Belgrano and other works.

[49] Ticknor, ii, p. 167.

[50] The points raised by General MitrÉ may, however, be enumerated and disposed of in a foot-note:—

I. He discusses the words huaÑuy ychunantin, or “death with his scythe”. The word ychuna means an instrument for cutting ychu (grass). General MitrÉ argues that the idea of death with a scythe is exclusively European. But the word does not occur in the Rosas version, although I printed it by mistake in my book. Nodal has ychuspa, which is quite a different word.

II. The High Priest performs a miracle by squeezing water out of a flower. Ollantay exclaims it would be easier to squeeze it from a rock. General MitrÉ says that the idea must have been suggested by the miracle of Moses making a fountain flow from a rock. It is really a play upon words, involving an essentially Quichuan idea. The word in the Rosas version is not rock, but brick. Ttica is a flower, and tica a brick. The general could not have hit upon a passage which is more certainly of native origin.

III. General MitrÉ refers to the words misi (cat), asna (ass), and llama occurring, and considers their appearance as a proof of Spanish origin. But all are the errors of copyists. In the true version the word atoc (a fox), takes the place of those words in every instance.

IV. The General further maintains that the interjection ay! which occurs fifteen times in the Dominican text, is not Quichuan, but Spanish, and is an indisputable proof of Spanish origin. But another manuscript text has nay! and anay, which are good Quichuan interjections.

V. There is an allusion to an owl on the roof as a warning of death, which General MitrÉ considers to be an anachronism. This is not the case. It is alluded to as a popular superstition by the Council of Lima in 1583.

[51] The word sipi (a ring) is a later interpolation, not in the Justiniani text.

[52] I have received from Dr. Mujica a copy of a YarÁhui, written with the orthography he considers to be most accurate, and the ordinarily accepted spelling, in parallel columns.

[53] He finished his book in 1586.

[54] Pages 224 to 235.

[55] Every ayllu, or lineage, was known by its head-dress.

[56] Mercurio de Valparaiso, 14th March 1853.

[57] See Part I, p. 363.

[58] Hatun Colla (Great Colla), a village N.W. of Lake Titicaca.

[59] The Canas were a hardy mountain race on the water-parting between the Titicaca basin and the Vilcamayu. A proud, cautious, melancholy race of shepherds; constantly in revolt against the Yncas.

[60] The Canches inhabited the hills opposite the Canas, on the right bank of the Vilcamayu.

[61] Tomas Vasquez was one of the first conquerors, and had houses in Cuzco.—G. de la Vega, ii, p. 255.

[62] Francisco de Villacastin was also a householder in Cuzco. He married an Ynca princess, widow of Juan Balsa, who was killed at the battle of Chupas, fighting for young Almagro. Through her, Villacastin inherited Balsa’s house at Cuzco. He died in prison at Cuzco, having taken the side of Gonzalo Pizarro. He owned the district of Ayaviri, and was one of the first conquerors, but a good man.—See G. de la Vega, ii, p. 524.

[63] A village on the ridge between the basin of Titicaca and the Vilcamayu. The Ayaviris bordered on the Canas.

[64] See Part I, p. 363.

[65] Chucuito was a fief of the crown.

[66] Garcilasso de la Vega says: “The Spaniards gave another name for God in their histories, which is Ticiviracocha, but neither I nor they know what it means.” But he quotes Blas Valera in another place, who says that the god Ticci Huira-ccoccha was otherwise called Pachacamac. Montesinos suggests that Tici meant “bottom or foundation”. I suspect it comes from Atini, “to conquer”. Atic, “conquering”. It may be from Ticci, “beginning”.

[67] Terrazas was one of the first conquerors, and he accompanied Almagro in the expedition to Chile. Afterwards he became an active agriculturist. Garcilasso de la Vega says that he was very noble, liberal, magnificent, and possessed of all the knightly virtues. He planted vineyards, and in 1555 sent a large present of grapes to Garcilasso’s father, when he was Corregidor of Cuzco, with a request that he would send bunches to all the cavaliers in the town. These were the first grapes ever seen there. Terrazas was also the first to raise carrots in Peru.

[68] The best description of the very interesting temple of Cacha will be found in Mr. Squier’s Peru (Macmillan, 1877), pp. 402 to 409.

[69] One of the generals of Atahualpa.

[70] Another of Atahualpa’s generals.

[71] Zarate and Garcilasso de la Vega give the names of Hernando de Soto, and Pedro del Barco of Lobon, as those of the first Spaniards who were sent by Pizarro to Cuzco. Pedro Pizarro, who was at Caxamarca at the time, says that only two were sent, Martin Bueno and Pedro Martin de Moguer.

They left Caxamarca on February 15th, 1533, and remained one week at Cuzco. Xeres says that three men were sent. The truth seems to have been that three soldiers named Pedro Moguer, Francisco de Zarate, and Martin Bueno were first sent; but that they behaved with so much imprudence and insolence at Cuzco as to endanger their own lives and the success of their mission. Pizarro, therefore, ordered two officers of distinction, Hernando de Soto and Pedro del Barco, to follow the three soldiers to Cuzco.—See G. de la Vega, Part II lib. i, cap. 31; Herrera, Dec. v. lib. i, cap. 1; Zarate, II, cap. vi; Gomara, cap. cxiv; Xeres, p. 72.

[72] Matrons in charge of virgins of the Sun. The word seems to be used here, and elsewhere, for all females connected with the temples.

[73] Uira means “grease”, and Ccocha, “a lake”. The word for the sea is Mama-ccocha. Montesinos says that Uira, in the word Uiracocha, was a corruption of Pirua, meaning all things united together. Pirua literally means a “granary”. Garcilasso de la Vega pointed out that Uira-ccocha would mean a “Sea of grease”, not “Foam of the Sea”: the genitive always being placed first. Ccochap-uira would be “Foam of the sea”.

But the Ynca Garcilasso, though he points out the errors of other writers, does not explain the meaning of the word himself. He simply infers that it is a proper name, the original meaning of which is lost; and adds that Blas Valera says that it signified “the will and power of God”, not because that is the etymology of the component words, but because of the God-like qualities ascribed to Uira-ccocha.

[74] In the beginning of 1550.

[75] Balboa says that four brothers and four sisters came out of Pacarec Tampu or Tampu Toco, named Manco Capac, Ayar Cacha, Ayar Auca, and Ayar Uchi; the women being Mama Guaca, Mama Cora, Mama Ocllo, Mama Arahua. Montesinos gives the names as—Ayar Manco Tupac, Ayar Uchu Tupac, Aya Sauca Tupac, and Ayar Cachi Tupac, and the women Mama Cora, Hipa Huacum, Mama Huacum, Pilco Huacum. Garcilasso de la Vega also says that there were four brothers and four sisters, namely, Manco Capac, Ayar Cachi, Ayar Uchu, Ayar Sauca, but he only gives the name of one of the women, Mama Ocllo, wife of Manco Capac. Juan de Betanzos gives the names in pairs, in the order in which they came out of the mysterious cave, namely, Ayarcache and Mamaguaco, Ayaroche and Cora, Ayarauca and Raguaocllo, Ayarmango and Mama Ocllo.

Fray Martin de Morua, in his Historia del Origen y Genealogia de los Incas, a work written in 1590, but still inedited, gives the following names of those who came out of Tambo Toco or Pacaric Tombo. The eldest, Guanacauri; the second, Cuzco Huanca; the third, Mango Capac; and the fourth, Tupa Ayar Cache. Of the women, the first was Tupa Uaco; the second, Mama Coya: the third, Curi Ocllo; and the fourth, Ipa Huaco. Before reaching Cuzco they stopped at a place then called Apitay, and now Guanacauri. The third sister, Curi Ocllo, who was considered most intelligent by the rest, was then sent forward to seek for the best situation for a settlement. Coming to the site of Cuzco, then inhabited by Lares, Poques, and Huallas, a low and poor race, before she arrived there she met one of the Poques. She killed him with a weapon called raucana; cut out his lungs; and, with them in her mouth, all bloody, she entered the settlements. The people were frightened at the sight of her, thinking that she fed on men, and they left their houses and fled. Seeing that the place seemed good for a settlement, and that the people were tame, she returned to her brothers and sisters, and brought them all there except the eldest. He preferred to stay at Apitay, where he died, and in memory of him they call that place and hill Guanacauri. The rest were received without opposition, and they named the second brother to be the chief of the town, for which reason the place was called Cuzco, for before its name was Acamama. He died in the Curicancha, and was succeeded by the third brother, named the great Manco Capac.

[76] Ancha, the superlative; Hatun, “great”; Apu, “a chief”; Intip, genitive of Ynti, “the sun”; Churi, “a son”.

[77] Molina often mentions the worship of this hero, Huanacauri. Garcilasso de la Vega refers to Huanacauri four times (i, 65, 66; ii, 169, 230). He says that the first settlement made in the valley of Cuzco was on the hill called Huanacauri, and that a very sacred temple was built there. Molina refers to the sacrifices offered up there. The idol of Huanacauri was a great figure of a man, “their principal huaca, the brother of Manco Ccapac, whence they descend”. The ceremonies of arming youths were a good deal connected with this Huanacauri idol.

[78] Mucha, “adoration”, from Muchani, “I worship”.

[79] Sasi, “a fast”. See G. de la Vega, Part I, lib. vii, cap. 6.

[80] This word, in Quichua, is used also for a kind of cloak.

[81] Puhura is “a feather”, and chuccu, “a cap”. The distinctive head-dress of each tribe was called chuccu or umachuccu.

[82] The word Manco has no meaning in Quichua. Ccapac means “rich”, and, as applied to the sovereign, it is explained as signifying rich in power and in virtues.

[83] Ccuri, “gold”; “cancha”, “a place”.

[84] Sinchi.

[85] Colonists.

[86] Cap. xxxviii, in which he refers his reader to this second part. He observes that the Yncas were very intelligent and learned, without having letters, which had not been invented in the Indies.—See p. 136 of my Translation.

[87] Caman is a particle which, when added to a noun, denotes a task or occupation. Nocap-camay means “my task”; Campa-camayqui, “your task”. It also means fitness, as Apupac-caman, “fit to be a chief”. Camayoc is a word attached to offices and occupations. Siray-camayoc, “a tailor”; Llacta-camayoc, “a village officer”. Pucara-camayoc, “a castellan”.

[88] A farm.

[89] In August 1550.

[90] Quipu-camayoc, the officer in charge of the records.

[91] Taqui is “music”; Taquiz, “a song”. The taquis was an assembly to hear the legendary songs.

[92] It was the mummified body, as will be seen presently.

[93] Twenty years after this was written, the Licentiate Polo de Ondegardo discovered where five of these figures were concealed, which proved to be the actual mummies of the Yncas and their wives, dressed in their clothes. Ondegardo, who was corregidor of Cuzco, showed them to Garcilasso de la Vega in 1570. One mummy was that of the Ynca Uira-ccocha; the second of Tupac Ynca Yupanqui; the third of Huayna Ccapac; the fourth of Mama Runtu, queen of Uira-ccocha; the fifth of Ccoya Mama Ocllo, mother of Huayna Ccapac. They were perfect, wanting neither hair, nor eye-lashes, and were dressed in the clothes they wore when alive, with the llautu or fringe. They were seated with the arms crossed on the breast, and eyes cast down.

Acosta, who also saw them, says that the eyes were made of small pellets of gold, “so well imitated that no one would have missed the real ones”. The mummies were taken to Lima by order of the Viceroy Marquis of CaÑete, and eventually interred there, at the hospital of San Andres.

[94] See Prescott’s Conquest of Mexico (i, p. 83), where the Aztec system of notation and arithmetic is explained.

[95] The canvas shoes with rope soles, used in the Basque Provinces.

[96] Colonists. See chapter xxii.

[97] Usutas.

[98] Muchani means “I kiss”, “adore”, “worship”. Hence Mucha, the act of adoration or worship.

[99] Small beads. It should be chaquira. The word occurs several times in the First Part.

[100] Recital of songs.

[101] Curaca, a great lord.

[102] Tupu is the general name for a measure. The measure of land which the Ynca apportioned to each vassal, sixty paces long by fifty wide, was called tupu or topu. See also the First Part, p. 146 of my Translation, and of G. de la Vega, I, v, cap. 3. A large pin for securing a mantle is also called topu.

[103] Chapter xcii.

[104] Chapter cxi.

[105] Male.

[106] Ayllu, means the “bolas”, or stones sewn round with leather and attached to lines, which were thrown to bring down animals, by twining round their hind legs. See the Life of Don Alonzo de Guzman, p. 101. Also Balboa and G. de la Vega. The word Ayllu also means “lineage”, or “family”.

[107] Called charqui, whence “jerked” beef.

[108] A large rodent, in the loftier parts of the Andes. Lagidium Peruvianum.

[109] Colonists.

[110] That is to say, that colonists were sent from the cold and lofty plateau of the Collao to the warm and deep valleys of the Andes, where maize and coca can be cultivated. There was thus an exchange of products between the cold and the more genial regions. For another account of the mitimaes or colonists, see G. de la Vega, part I, lib. iii, cap. 19.

The people of the Collao were also sent to settle in the coast valleys, and thus Arequipa, Tacna, and Moquegua were colonised. To this day, it is remembered in the villages of the coast from what particular districts in the Collao their ancestors came as mitimaes. Those who colonised Arequipa came from Cavanilla near Lake Titicaca; the colonists of Moquegua were from Acora and Ilave, villages on the lake; of Tacna, from Juli and Pisacoma.

[111] In chapter xcii of the First Part.

[112] The four great divisions comprised in Ttahuantin Suyu (the four provinces) were Chincha Suyu, Cunti Suyu, Colla Suyu, Anti Suyu.

[113] Potatoes frozen and dried in the sun.—See G. de la Vega, i, lib. V, cap. 5.

[114] Chenopodium Quinoa.

[115] Yanacuna. Yana means “a servant”. Also “black”. Literally, Yanacuna seems to be merely the plural form of Yana. But the word was applied to Indians bound to service. Balboa says that six thousand Indians, accused of rebellion against Tupac Ynca Yupanqui, were assembled in the village of Yanayacu. They were pardoned, but they and their descendants were ordered henceforth to be employed solely in the service of the Yncas and of the temples. They were called Yanayacu-cuna, or men of Yanayacu, corrupted to Yanaconas. Hence, domestic servants were called Yanaconas by the Spanish settlers.—Balboa, p. 120.

In the time of the Viceroy Toledo (1570), the Yanaconas numbered about forty-six thousand souls. The Viceroy Marquis of Montes Claros, in 1601, described them as Indians domiciled in the houses or on the estates of Spaniards, like servants. Their masters found them in food and clothes, and gave them a patch of land, also paying their tribute for them. Lest the system should degenerate into slavery, the King of Spain declared that the Yanaconas were free, and desired that this should be made known to them.—Memorias de los Vireyes, i, p. 27.

[116] Huata, “a year”. A sun circle for astronomical observations was called Ynti-huatana. Huatana means “a halter”, from huatani, “I seize”. “The place where the sun is tied up or encircled.” Hence, huata means “a year”.

[117] Vilcas is between Cuzco and Ayacucho, on the left of the road, and near the left bank of the river Pampas. The buildings of the Yncas are described by our author in his First Part (chap. lxxxix, p. 312 of my Translation). The only modern traveller who has visited and described the ruins is M. Wiener. They are called Vilcas Huaman.—See PÉrou et Bolivie, RÉcit. de Voyage par Charles Wiener, Paris, 1880, pp. 264-271.

[118] The principal place in the valley of the same name, in the sierra east of Lima. The valley of Xauxa was inhabited by the tribe of Huancas.

[119] On the heights above the river Pampas, on the road from Ayacucho to Cuzco.

[120] The city in the north of Peru, where Atahualpa was seized and put to death by Pizarro.

[121] North of Caxamarca.

[122] In the kingdom of Quito.

[123] In Quito.

[124] In the northern part of Quito.

[125] See p. 3.

[126] See p. 4.

[127] On the site of the modern city of La Paz, in Bolivia.

[128] On the western shore of lake Titicaca.

[129] In the province of Charcas.

[130] The governors or viceroys were called Tucuyricoc.—See Balboa, p. 115; Montesinos, p. 55; G. de la Vega, Part I, lib. II, cap. 14, says that the Tucuyricoc was a commissioner who secretly visited the provinces and reported the shortcomings of officials.

[131] Ancha is a superlative form. Hatun, “great”. Apu, “chief” or “lord”. Yntip is the genitive of Ynti, “the sun”. Churi, “a son”. Canqui, second person singular, present indicative of Cani, “I am”. Sapa, “only”; lla, a particle expressive of love. Apu, “lord”. Tucuy, “entire”. Pacha, “the earth”. Ccampa, genitive of Cam, “thou”. Uyay, from Uyani, “I obey”. Sullull, “truth”. “Most high Lord, Child of the Sun Thou art the sole and beloved lord. The whole earth truly obeys thee.”

[132] The extreme southern limit of the empire, in Chile.

[133] The northern limit of the empire, to the north of Quito.

[134] These post-runners were called Chasqui.

[135] Francisco Lopez de Gomara was the author in question. In the chapter referred to, entitled “The Rule made by Gasca respecting the Tribute”, he confuses the mitimaes with the yanaconas. The latter were not exactly slaves, but hereditary domestic servants. The words of Gomara are—“Also he left many whom they call mitimaes, and who are in the position of slaves in the manner they were held to service by Guainacapa, and he ordered the others to return to their homes. But many of them wished for nothing but to remain with their masters, saying that they were well with them, and could learn Christianity by hearing mass and sermons, and could earn money by selling, buying, and by service.” Clearly he is referring to the yanaconas, not to the mitimaes.

This criticism of our author proves that this Second Part was written after 1552, in which year the first edition of the work of Gomara was published.

[136] Alharaquientos; those who make a great noise, from alharaca, confused noise.

[137] It was called Samca-huasi, or samca-cancha.

[138] See chapter xix of my translation of the First Book, p. 71.

[139] Garcilasso de la Vega (i, p. 177) gives a fuller account of these solstitial towers; and Cieza de Leon himself refers to them in his first part (chap. xcii, p. 225). Acosta also describes them (ii, p. 395).

[140] According to Cieza de Leon, these three men were Martin Bueno, Zarate, and Pedro de Moguer. Pedro Pizarro, an eye-witness, says there were only two, Martin Bueno and Pedro de Moguer. But see the note at page 9.

[141] In 1552.

[142] The Hospital of San Juan Bautista. It was commenced on December 9th, 1541, and up to 1624 the first Mass had not yet been said in its chapel. The activity in forwarding the work ceased on the death of the founder, Archbishop Tavara, in 1545.

[143] Burden or load.

[144] Guinea pigs.

[145] In January 1550.

[146] Chenopodium Quinua.

[147] Oxalis tuberosa.

[148] The statue of the Sun was found by the Spaniards in 1572, in possession of Tupac Amaru, at the time when this Ynca and his camp were captured by the expedition under the command of Garcia de Loyola.

[149] Sinchi means strong, valiant. Rocca has no meaning in the Quichua language.

[150] Garcilasso de la Vega says that the legitimate wife of Lloque Yupanqui was named Mama Cava.

[151] See p. 17.

[152] See p. 14.

[153] Garcilasso de la Vega also says that Sinchi Rocca waged no wars; but that the Canches submitted to him, and that by peaceful means he extended his dominions as far as Chuncara, about twenty leagues beyond his father’s frontier.

[154] Lloque means left-handed, and Yupanqui is the second person singular of the indicative future of a verb meaning “to count”. “You will count”, and it is understood that he will count as great, virtuous, and excellent.

[155] Chapter xcii.

[156] According to Garcilasso de la Vega, this Ynca Lloque Yupanqui not only conquered the Canas and Ayaviri, but the whole Collao submitted to him, as far as Hatun-colla and Chucuito.

[157] Paullu Tupac Yupanqui was a son of the Ynca Huayna Ccapac. He lived at Cuzco, in the house which belonged to his brother Huascar; much beloved and respected both by Spaniards and Indians. The Governor Vaca de Castro induced him to be baptised with the name of ChristÓbal. He died in May 1549.

[158] Mayta has no special meaning in Cuzco. Ccapac means rich, not in gold, but in the qualities of mind.

[159] According to Garcilasso de la Vega, the Ynca Mayta Ccapac married his sister Mama Cuca.

[160] Allcay-villcas, as written by Balboa; and Alcaviya, according to Betanzos. In the report on the first Lords of Cuzco by the Viceroy Don Francisco de Toledo, written in 1572, it is Alca-uizas.

[161] Garcilasso de la Vega gives a very different account of the reign of Mayta Ccapac, whom he makes out to have been a great conqueror. He says that Mayta Ccapac marched to the river Desaguadero, crossed it, and conquered the great province called Hatun-pacasa, on the other side. His captains crossed the Cordilleras to Moquegua, where the Ynca established a colony. Mayta Ccapac then conquered the provinces on the eastern side of lake Titicaca, including Caravaya, and eventually overran the whole of Charcas as far south as the lake of Paria. Not satisfied with this great acquisition to the south, Garcilasso also attributes to this Ynca the annexation of the provinces of Chumpivilicas, Parinacochas, and Pumatampu to the west of Cuzco; and the colonisation of Arequipa.—See my Translation, i, pp. 210-234.

[162] The language was first called Quichua by Friar Domingo de Santo Tomas, in his grammar printed at Valladolid in 1560. Quehani is “I twist”, and the participle quehuasca means twisted. Ychu is “straw”—together, Quehuasca-ychu, “twisted straw”, corrupted and abbreviated into Quichua. A Quichua is properly an Indian who inhabits the temperate slopes, so called from the abundance of straw in that region. According to Garcilasso de la Vega the name of Quechua was applied to the basin of the river Abancay (i, p. 243).

[163] Garcilasso refers to the enmity between the Quichuas and Chancas (i, p. 345).

[164] Garcilasso attributes the conquest of the provinces of Cotabambas and Aymaraes to Ccapac Yupanqui; as well as the sea-coast from Acari to Quilca. He also attributes the settlement of the feud between Cari and Sapana, two great chiefs of the Collao, to Ccapac Yupanqui. It will be seen further on that Cieza de Leon places that event in the reign of the Ynca Huira-ccocha. Ccapac Yupanqui is also made, by Garcilasso, to extend his conquests to Cochabamba, Chayanta, and the extreme south of Charcas; while his son Rocca, during his life-time, overran Lucanas and advanced the limits of the empire to the valley of Nasca on the coast.

[165] There are two rivulets which flow through Cuzco, the Huatanay and Tulumayu or Rodadero, coming from either side of the Sacsahuaman hill on which the Ynca fortress was built. The two streams unite beyond the convent of San Domingo, at Pumap-chupan or the “lion’s tail”. Both these streams are confined by walls of cut stone, with stairways descending to the water, and stone bridges, consisting of long slabs at frequent intervals. The houses on the western side of the great square are built over the Huatanay river; but these are modern, and did not exist in the time of the Yncas. Garcilasso de la Vega says that the Huatanay was lined and paved with masonry, the floor being of large flags, and that this masonry work extended for a quarter of a league beyond the city. Although there is very little water in ordinary times, the stream is subject to violent freshes, when the rush of water sometimes injures the masonry. The name is composed of two words, Huata (a year), and Ananay an ejaculation of weariness, indicating the fatigue caused by the yearly necessity for renewing the river banks.

Garcilasso de la Vega mentions other springs which conveyed water to the temple and gardens of the sun, under the Huatanay. He says that, in 1558, a flood tore up the flag-stones in the bed of the river, just over the place where the pipe leading water to the temple was laid down, and broke the pipe itself. The silt then covered the place, concealing the position of the pipe, so that no sign was left of it (i, p. 281).

[166] According to Garcilasso it was Mayta Ccapac who conquered the province of Puma-tampu (corruptly Pomatambo).

[167] Garcilasso says that Inca Rocca made the bridge over the Apurimac, and conquered Curampa, and the tribe of Chancas in Andahuaylas. He is also said to have annexed Vilca, and two provinces called Sullu and Utunsullu, while his son subdued Paucartambo and part of the forest region to the eastward. Inca Rocca is also said, by Garcilasso, to have founded schools at Cuzco, and to have built his own palace near them. He left a son, named Yahuar-huaccac, by his legitimate wife Mama Micay.

Blas Valera relates that Inca Rocca reigned for more than fifty years; and this writer preserved some of his laws, regulations for his schools, and wise sayings, which are given in Garcilasso (i, p. 336).

[168] “Y se hizo en el Cuzco la piedra que llaman de la guerra, grande, y las engastonadas en oro y piedras.” So in the Escurial copy, but the meaning is not clear.

[169] This Ynca Yupanqui of Cieza de Leon, son of Ynca Rocca, is the Yahuar-huaccac of Garcilasso and other writers. When he was a child he is said to have wept blood, and hence the name. Yahuar (blood), and Huaccac (weeping). Others declared that he was born weeping blood. During his reign, according to the account of Garcilasso, all the coast region from Arequipa to the desert of Atacama was annexed to the empire by the Ynca’s general and brother named Apu Mayta. The Ynca was much troubled by the headstrong disposition of his son, whom he banished to a lofty plateau called Chita, to the eastward of Cuzco, to live with shepherds who tended the flocks of the Sun. Three years afterwards, the son returned to Cuzco and told the Ynca his father that an apparition, calling itself Uira-ccocha Ynca, had appeared to him while he slept under a rock. It ordered him to repair to Cuzco and report that there was a great rebellion in the western province, threatening the existence of the empire. Yahuar-huaccac did not believe the story, and ordered his son to return to his banishment in the pastures of Chita. But soon the news came of the great rebellion of the Chancas, Yahuar-huaccac fled to Muyna, five leagues south of Cuzco, while his son put himself at the head of the army, and defeated the rebels. He took the name of the apparition, calling himself Ynca Uira-ccocha, and dethroned his father.

There is little resemblance between the stories told by Cieza de Leon of Ynca Yupanqui, and by Garcilasso of Yahuar-huaccac, except that they were both unfortunate. It will be seen further on that Cieza de Leon places the great rebellion of the Chancas after the reign of Uira-ccocha, and tells quite a different story about it.

[170] He contradicts himself, for, at the end of the last chapter, he said that Ynca Yupanqui had no son.

[171] Garcilasso describes the apparition which, according to his story, appeared to the prince who was afterwards Ynca Uira-ccocha, as having had a beard.

[172] Garcilasso gives the same name to the wife of Ynca Uira-ccocha (ii, p. 88). Runtu means an egg.

[173] In the valley of the Vilcamayu, near Cuzco.

[174] The river Vilcamayu.

[175] Or Vilcamayu.

[176] Only Cieza de Leon could have said this. Bahaire is the town in the bay of Cartagena where he was with Heredia in 1533.

[177] In the bay of Cartagena.

[178] Garcilasso de la Vega places this feud between the two great chiefs of the Collao, Cari and Sapana (or Chipana), in the reign of Ccapac Yupanqui, two generations earlier. He says that the names were those of dynasties, each sovereign becoming Cari or Sapana when he succeeded; adding that, “Cieza de Leon places these events long after the time when they really occurred.” His version is that both the chiefs declared that they would abide by the arbitration of the Ynca. They came to the Ynca’s camp at Paria, near Oruro, by different roads. The Ynca’s decision was that boundary marks should be set up, that peace should be maintained, and that his laws should be observed by both chiefs. Cari and Sapana were, from that time, faithful vassals. Their territories comprised Cochabamba.

It will be seen that the version of Garcilasso is very different from that in the text. See my translation of Garcilasso de la Vega, i, pp. 247 to 252.

[179] The territory of the Canches was in the upper part of the Vilcamayu valley.

[180] The Canas inhabited one side of the valley of Vilcamayu, and the Canches the other—the river dividing them.

[181] This word is almost illegible in the Escurial manuscript. SeÑor Jimenez de la Espada, the Spanish editor, has suvica. The learned Peruvian, Dr. de la Rosa, has sinica. The words for intoxicating liquors in Quichua are acca, azÚa, huiÑapu, sora. The Spaniards also use the word chicha. But it is not like any of these, unless it be sora.

[182] Thousands.

[183] This Ynca is not mentioned by Garcilasso de la Vega.

[184] This is a curious blunder of Cieza de Leon, for the Spanish form of Andaguaylas is much more nearly correct than Andabailes. The Quichua word is Anta-huaylla.

[185] Diego Maldonado, a native of Salamanca, was one of the first conquerors of Peru, and one of the richest. He had a house in the great square of Cuzco. When the hospital was founded there, he, as senior Regidor, placed a plaque of silver with his arms engraved on it, under the first stone. He was put in prison by Almagro, with many others; and fought on the side of Vaca de Castro, at the battle of Chupas, when Almagro the lad was defeated; and he fled from the army of Gonzalo Pizarro, to keep himself and his riches on the loyal side. But he found it safer to feign submission and follow Gonzalo’s camp. Then news came that his life was forfeited, so he fled from his tent near Lima in the dead of night; though over sixty-eight years of age, ran all night on foot, and hid himself in a cane brake. Next day an Indian took pity on him, made up a bundle of reeds and pushed out to sea, the two sitting across the bundle as on a horse. They were just able to reach one of the ships of Lorenzo de Aldana in Callao bay, which were on the loyal side. He eventually returned to Cuzco and once more became a leading citizen there, taking a part in making the peace between the authorities and Francisco Hernandez Giron. He was with Alonzo de Alvarado in his campaign against Giron, and strongly dissuaded him from giving battle at Chuquinga, where he was defeated. Maldonado was wounded at Pucara, in the last fight with Giron, but survived for twelve years afterwards, living at Cuzco and on his Andahuaylas estates.

[186] On a lofty plateau between Andahulayas and Abancay. The fortress consists of three wide terraces, with a sloping ramp from the ground to the highest one. Near it are the ruins of a town. The nearest modern town is Huancarama, about a league to the east.

[187] According to Garcilasso de la Vega, the Chancas encamped on the plain of Sacsahuana (Xaquixaguana), on the spot where the battle was afterwards fought between Gonzalo Pizarro and the President Gasca. The plain is described by Cieza de Leon in his first Part (p. 320 of my Translation). It is now called the plain of Surite. Here Garcilasso says that the great battle was fought between the Ynca Huira-ccocha and the Chancas (ii, p. 34). The fight raged with desperate fury from dawn until noon; when five thousand Quichuas, who until then had been in ambush, attacked the Chancas on their right flank. More reinforcements arrived, until the Chancas began to think that the very stones were turning into men. At length they broke and fled. It was called the battle of Yahuar-pampa (plain of blood).

[188] I do not find any other mention of Alonzo Carrasco. His name does not appear in the list of conquerors who received shares of the spoils at Caxamarca, nor in Garcilasso de la Vega.

[189] Juan de Pancorvo was a citizen of Cuzco, and had a house on the western side of the great square, which he shared with Alonso de Marchana; for Juan de Pancorvo did not wish him to live in another house, because of the warm and long-continued friendship they always felt for each other. So says Garcilasso de la Vega. Pancorvo had, in his grant, one of the great halls in which the Yncas held their festivals. This he bestowed upon the Franciscan convent. He seems to have been a peaceable man.

[190] Hanco-huallu is the name which Garcilasso de la Vega gives to the warlike chief of the Chancas. He could not endure dependence, even under the mild rule of the Ynca, and, ten years after his defeat, he emigrated with many followers to the forests of Moyobamba. In the First Part, Cieza de Leon says the same thing, calling him Ancoallu (p. 280). Also see further on, at page 157.

[191] The Soras and Rucanas were tribes of hardy mountaineers, inhabiting the wild region of the maritime cordillera, to the south-west of the Chancas. The Rucanas (the modern province of Lucanas) were described as a handsome and well-disposed people, who were expert bearers of burdens, and had the privilege of carrying the Ynca’s litter. The Soras, closely allied to the Rucanas, lived on the left bank of the River Pampas, near its source.

[192] The great River Pampas.

[193] The Spanish editor suggests that this should be Tupac Yupanqui the Inca’s son. He would be going on his first campaign, to acquire experience. But Garcilasso has Ccapac Yupanqui, a brother of the Inca, as the General in this campaign. (See ii, p. 127.)

[194] This is wrongly written in the manuscript. Garcilasso de la Vega has Asancaru (ii, p. 76).

[195] Garcilasso de la Vega (ii, p. 129) says that the country of the Huancas was divided into three provinces, called Sausa, Marcavilca, and Llacsapalanca.

[196] The lake called Pumpu (Bombon) or Chinchay-cocha.

[197] Garcillasso de la Vega calls him Hanco-Huallu, chief of the Chancas (see Book v, cap. xxvi, ii, p. 82), and describes his flight.

[198] See back, note at page 102.

[199] By my measurement the length is 400 yards.

[200] These three names, according to Garcillasso de la Vega, are not connected with the fortress, but belong to different parts of the city (ii, p. 246).

[201] See chapter xcii.

[202] Fibre of Agava tuberosa.

[203] Four hundred yards according to the Editor’s measurement.

[204] The largest stones are, by my measurements:—First, 10 feet high, by 6 broad; second, 16½ feet high, by 6 broad; third, 14 feet high, by 8 broad; fourth, 14 feet high, by 12 broad.

[205] Tomas Vasquez, one of the first conquerors, had a house in Cuzco, and an estate in Ayaviri. (See chapter iv.) He distinguished himself in the battle of Las Salinas, fighting against Almagro. He joined Giron in his insurrection, and commanded the rebel cavalry. At Pucara he deserted Giron, went over to the royal camp, and obtained a pardon. He retired to his estates, but was afterwards put to death by order of the Viceroy Marquis of CaÑete in 1557.

[206] The siege of Cuzco by Manco Ynca, in 1526.

[207] This name is not clear in the manuscript. It may be La Rea. The Peruvian editor has Juan de la Plaza.

[208] There are several versions of the native tradition relating to this monolith, which is called piedra cansada, or the “tired stone”, in Quichua, saycusca rumi. The Spanish editor gives the least known and most curious of these versions, which he found in the manuscript history of the Yncas by Padre MorÚa. He says that an Ynca of the blood royal, named Urco or Urcon, a great engineer and architect, was the official who directed the moving of the tired stone from the quarry, and that on reaching this spot where it stopped, the Indians who were dragging it, killed him. This Urcon designed and traced out the fortress of Cuzco. He also conceived and carried out the idea of transporting from Quito the best soil for potatoes, with the object of raising them in it for the sovereign’s table. With this soil he made the hill called Allpa Suntu, to the east of the fortress.

[209] The Spanish editor here has the following note. He says that the fault did not lie with the Spaniards, but in the very natural want of archÆological knowledge in Cieza himself, and in his extreme credulity, believing all the stories of the Orejones and descendants of the Yncas, for whom everything that was worthy of notice in the country was the exclusive work of those sovereigns. It is now a generally received opinion that the very ancient cyclopean work at Cuzco was due to a people who lived long before Ynca Yupanqui, and even before Manco Ccapac, if it be true that the latter appeared in the beginning of the eleventh century. Moreover, the Yncas themselves destroyed some, and left others, without completing what had been begun by their predecessors. Not all the ruins in Peru were due to Spanish vandalism. On the contrary, the Viceroy Don Francisco de Toledo and others, far from contributing to the destruction of the fortress of Cuzco, took measures to preserve it, and, on more than one occasion, prevented the stones from being used for modern buildings. This was especially the case in the year 1577, when the Jesuits of Cuzco applied for leave to take stones from the fortress for their monastery and church, and were refused.

[210] The Viceroy Don Andres Hurtado de Mendoza, Marquis of CaÑete, ordered the fortress at Huarcu (valley of CaÑete on the coast) to be repaired and garrisoned, a few years after this was written by Cieza de Leon. It is called the fortress of Hervay, and there are still considerable remains of it at the mouth of the CaÑete river, overlooking the Pacific.

[211] See chapter xlviii of the First Part.

[212] Worship.

[213] The reign of this Ynca Yupanqui appears to include two reigns according to Garcilasso de la Vega. Cieza de Leon makes one generation where Garcilasso makes two, namely Pachacutec and Ynca Yupanqui. Pachacutec means “he who changes the world”, and Garcilasso says that the name should have been given to Viracocha, the father, who changed the course of events by his victory over the Chancas, but that it was given to his son. Cieza de Leon attributes the victory over the Chancas to this very son, whom he calls Yupanqui, and to whom the surname Pachacutec rightly belongs. It seems likely, therefore, that Cieza’s version of the genealogy is the more correct of the two.

Garcilasso, however, makes two long reigns where Cieza has only one. To Pachacutec he attributes the conquest of the Huancas, Caxamarca, and the coast valleys, and he records several of his laws and wise sayings (ii, p. 208). To Yupanqui he assigns the expedition into the eastern forests, and the conquest of Chile.

[214] See chapter cii of the First Part.

[215] The ruins are 18 leagues west of the present town of Huanuco, in the province of Huamalies, 12,156 feet above the sea. They are of great extent, covering more than half a mile in length. They show work of the same character as the palaces at Cuzco. The work includes a reservoir 250 feet long by 130, a bath of cut stone, and a stone aqueduct. A doorway of cut stone, with a long rectangular room on each side, opens to another at a distance of 240 feet, and further on there is another doorway. Squier says,—“The perspective through this series of portals is the finest to be found in the ancient works of Peru.” Above the second portal are rudely-cut animal figures. There are many other ruined buildings, and what is called the castle, 180 feet long by 80, with a fine cut-stone wall 13 feet high. An inclined plane leads up to the terre-plein, which is entered by two portals.

[216] Chapter xliv.

[217] Puerto Viejo was a seaport in 1° 2´ S. latitude. It was founded by Francisco Pacheco on March 12th, 1535, by order of Almagro.

[218] Garcilasso de la Vega gives a fuller account of the war with Chimu. (ii, pp. 193 to 201.)

[219] Parmunca. In his First Part (p. 247) Cieza de Leon calls these ruins Pormonga. They are near the coast, south of Guarmay. The outer walls are 300 yards long by 200. The interior is divided into small houses, separated by lanes. The walls are partly covered with a kind of plaster, on which were painted representations of birds and beasts. The ruined fortress stands at the extremity of a plain, close to the foot of some rugged mountains, about a league from the sea.

[220] The original Yunca temple, called by the Yncas Pachacamac, was on a terraced height overlooking the sea, and about 500 feet above its level. The Temple of the Sun was about a mile and a half distant, the ruin now being called Mamaconas. This latter ruin is certainly of Ynca origin.

[221] The pass of Pariacaca is in the province of Huarochiri. The terraces or “stairs” mentioned in the text are near the summit. Acosta describes his great sufferings while crossing this formidable pass (i, p. 130). Father Avila has recorded the strange traditions of the natives touching Pariacaca. (See my Translation.)

[222] See also Garcilasso de la Vega on the alleged ancient conquests of the Yuncas (ii, p. 153). He declares that the assertions of the coast people as to their former incursions into the Collao are false.

[223] On the other hand, Garcilasso attributes the conquest of the Chinchas to this Ccapac Yupanqui, in the time of the Inca Pachacutec.

[224] This road leads to the valley of Pisco. The subsequent narrative seems to show that the author here makes a mistake, and that the Inca descended to the coast at Nasca, much further south.

[225] Garcilasso de la Vega says that the Chinchas carried on a long war before they were subdued (ii, p. 150).

[226] Now called CaÑete.

[227] Chapter lxxiii. This is the fortress called Hervay, at the mouth of the river of CaÑete, the well-preserved ruins of which may still be seen. I examined them carefully in 1853. See an account of them in a note to my translation of the First Part of Cieza de Leon, p. 259.

[228] Paullu was a son of Huayna Ccapac, and a younger brother of Huascar and of the Ynca Manco. He accompanied Almagro in his expedition to Chile, and was with Almagro the lad at the battle of Chupas. In 1543 he was baptised under the name of Don Cristobal, and he lived at Cuzco, respected by the Spaniards and beloved by the native population. He died in May 1549. His son Carlos Ynca was a schoolfellow of Garcilasso de la Vega, and had a son Melchor Carlos Ynca, a knight of Santiago, who went to Spain in 1602, and died at Alcala de Henares in 1610.

[229] Huayna, youth; ccapac, rich; inca, king; zapalla, sole; tucui, ruler; llacta, city; uya, hear.

[230] The modern La Paz.

[231] Chuquisaca. Now called Sucre, the capital of the republic of Bolivia.

[232] Domestic servants.

[233] The name Chile did not belong to the whole country included in the present Republic of Chile, nor even to any large part of it. The north part of modern Chile was known to the Yncas as Copayapu (Copiapo); further south was the province of Coquimpu (Coquimbo); and the central part of modern Chile was called Canconicagua, and also Chilli, the latter name being probably that of a chief. Valdivia adopted the name of Canconicagua, while Almagro called it the valley of Chilli. The followers of Almagro and assassins of Pizarro were always known as “los de Chile”. The name of Chile was long applied only to the valley of Aconcagua, including Quillota; and that was no doubt the sense in which it was used by the natives and by their Ynca conquerors. Afterwards, the Spaniards gave the name of Chile to the whole country on the Pacific coast, from Copiapo to Valdivia. The native form of the word was Chilli, which the Spaniards softened into Chile. In the north of Peru, in the provinces of Chachapoyas and Pataz, there are three villages called Chilia; and the word occurs in several names of places in southern Peru, such as Pacon-chile, Chilihua, and the river Chile at Arequipa. The word Chiri means cold in Quichua. But VicuÑa Mackenna maintains (Relaciones Historicas: art. “Origen del Nombre de Chile”, p. 92) that the name is indigenous to the country, and was used before the Ynca conquest; that originally it was local, and was applied only to the valley of Aconcagua, but that it had no special meaning.

[234] “Y formas de hombres crecidos.” The meaning is not clear. The Spanish editor suggests “Y fuera mas de hombres creida.”

[235] See p. 91.

[236] Cieza de Leon also gives an account of the roads of the Yncas in his First Part (chapter xlii), p. 153, which is quoted in extenso by Garcilasso de la Vega (I, lib. ix, cap. 13). See also Zarate (Historia del Peru, lib. i, cap. 10), and, for a modern account, Velasco (Historia de Quito, i, p. 59).

[237] Yscay, “two”; pacha, “hundred”; huaranca, “thousand”; runa, “men”; cuna, the plural particle.

[238] The island in the bay of Guayaquil.

[239] This is chapter liv of the edition of 1554. See my Translation, p. 192. In this chapter Cieza de Leon gives a full account of the treacherous murder of the Orejones by the people of PunÁ. Garcilasso de la Vega, in his version of the affair, copies largely from Cieza de Leon (I, lib. ix, caps. 1, 2, 3).

[240] Where now stands the city of Guayaquil. In the 17th century the place still retained the name of the “Pass of Huayna Capac”.

[241] Pepino is a cucurbitaceous plant, and grown in great abundance on the coast of Peru. The plant is only a foot and a half high, and creeps along the ground. The fruit is from four to five inches long, cylindrical, and somewhat pointed at both ends. The husk is of a yellowish-green colour, with long rose-coloured stripes. The edible part is solid, juicy, and well flavoured, but very indigestible.

[242] Ancha, “very”; hatun, “great”; Apu, “Lord”; micu, “eat”; campa, “thou”.

[243] Campa, “you” (dative); manan, “not”; pucula must be a clerical error, it may be pucuna (correctly poccuna), from poccuni, “to ripen, to become mature”; tucuy, “all”; huambracuna is a mistake, it should be huayna-cuna, “boys”. Cieza de Leon translates erroneously. It should be, “You are not grown up,” “You are all boys.”

[244] Garcilasso de la Vega also tells the story of this war of the Caranques and of their punishment (II, p. 447). This country is on the northern frontier of the empire of the Yncas, and of the province of Quito. Garcilasso gives a violently prejudiced account of the war, and endeavours to blacken the character of the Caranques, by way of excusing the Ynca’s cruelty. Cieza de Leon alludes to the affair in the First Part (p. 133 of my Translation). Versions of it are also given by Balboa (p. 149), Montesinos (p. 221), and Velasco in his History of Quito (I, p. 18). Balboa describes the Caranque war as having continued through three bloody campaigns, and says that a number of Collas, with their chiefs, whom he names, were serving in the Ynca army.

[245] 1526.

[246] The names of the thirteen companions of Pizarro, as enumerated in the Capitulation for the conquest of Peru, made by Francisco Pizarro with Queen Juana on July 26th, 1529, were:—

BartolomÉ Ruiz (Pilot).
CristÓbal de Peralta.
Pedro de Candia.
Domingo de Soraluce.
NicolÁs de Ribera.
Francisco de Cuellar.
Alonzo de Molina.
Pedro Alcon.
Garcia de Jaren.
Anton de Carrion.
Alonso BriceÑo.
Martin de Paz.
Juan de la Torre.

Xeres, Pizarro’s secretary, says that the number was 16. See the whole subject discussed in a note at page 8 of my translation of the narrative of Francisco Xeres (Hakluyt Society, 1872).

[247] In the Third Part, still inedited.

[248] Ciui Chimpu Runtu, the second legitimate wife of Huayna Ccapac. According to most authors, the name of the mother of Huascar was Rahua Ocllo.

[249] He was quite right. In 1571 the Viceroy, Don Francisco de Toledo, received information that Huayna Ccapac was buried in Cuzco, where Polo de Ondegardo afterwards found his mummy, with others. (See G. de la Vega, I, p. 273; and II, p. 91.)

[250] The author alludes to Lopez de Gomara in his chapter entitled “Linaje de Atabaliba”. Velasco, who follows Gomara, says that the name of the Queen of Quito was Scyri Paccha.

[251] Before he is called Colla Tupac.

[252] Rumi, “a stone”; Ñaui, “eye”. “Stone-eyed.”

[253] This is the reading of the Peruvian editor. The Spanish editor has Sepocopagua.

[254] Atoc means “a fox” in Quichua.

[255] Ucumari means “a bear” in Quichua.

[256] Ylaquita, according to the Peruvian editor.

[257] Abante in the manuscript, for which the Spanish editor suggests Ahuapanti.

[258] The fullest account of the war between the two brothers is to be found in the narrative of Balboa. It is made interesting by a romantic love story, which is developed as the military record unfolds itself. There is another detailed account of the war given by Santa Cruz Pachacuti (see my Translation, pp. 111-119). The chapters devoted to it by Garcilasso de la Vega give less detail and are very prejudiced. On his own showing, he exaggerates the extent of the massacres at Cuzco (I, lib. ix, chapters 32 to 39).

[259] Melchor Bravo de Saravia was one of the judges who came out with the President Gasca. He was afterwards President of the Audience of Chile. After the departure of Gasca, he was, as President of the Audience, practically Governor of Peru from 1552, when the Viceroy Mendoza died, until 1556, when his successor, the Marquis of CaÑete, arrived.

[260] Hernando de Santillan was a colleague of Bravo de Saravia. He wrote an account of the origin, lineage, and government of the Yncas, which was first printed at Madrid in 1879, edited by Don Marcos XimÉnes de Espada.

Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:
How Cari returned to Chucnito=> How Cari returned to Chucuito {pg x}
How the Chancas arrived at the city of Cnzco=> How the Chancas arrived at the city of Cuzco {pg x}
SeÑor de le Espada=> SeÑor de la Espada {pg xxiii}
constautly in revolt=> constantly in revolt {pg 3}
Meanwhile the prests made their diabolical exorcisms=> Meanwhile the priests made their diabolical exorcisms {pg 92}
the eight Inca that reigned=> the eighth Inca that reigned {pg 120}
and on the the other I found=> and on the other I found {pg 162}
made other arangements=> made other arrangements {pg 207}
Cassana, at Cuzce, ii, 158=> Cassana, at Cuzco, ii, 158 {pg 237}

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