| CHAPTER | | | PAGE |
| I. | INTRODUCTION | 1 |
| Survey of Field | 1 |
| Economic applications of the several branches of geology and of other sciences | 3 |
| | Stratigraphy and paleontology | 4 |
| | Structural geology | 5 |
| | Physiography | 6 |
| | Rock alterations or metamorphism | 10 |
| | Application of other sciences | 10 |
| Treatment of the subject in this volume | 11 |
| II. | THE COMMON ELEMENTS, MINERALS, AND ROCKS OF THE EARTH AND THEIR ORIGINS | 13 |
| Relative abundance of the principal elements of the lithosphere | 13 |
| Relative abundance of the principal minerals of the lithosphere | 14 |
| Relative abundance of the principal rocks of the lithosphere | 16 |
| Water (hydrosphere) | 18 |
| Soils and clays | 18 |
| Comparison of lists of most abundant rocks and minerals with commercial rocks and minerals | 18 |
| The origin of common rocks and minerals | 19 |
| | Igneous processes | 19 |
| | Igneous after-effects | 19 |
| | Weathering of igneous rocks and veins | 20 |
| | Sedimentary processes | 22 |
| | Weathering of sedimentary rocks | 23 |
| | Consolidation, cementation, and other sub-surface alterations of rocks | 24 |
| | Cementation | 24 |
| | Dynamic and contact metamorphism | 25 |
| | | |
| The metamorphic cycle as an aid in studying mineral deposits | 27 |
| III. | SOME SALIENT FEATURES OF THE GEOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF MINERAL DEPOSITS | 29 |
| Various methods of classification | 29 |
| Names | 31 |
| Mineral deposits as magmatic segregations in igneous rocks | 34 |
| Mineral deposits within and adjacent to igneous rocks, which were formed immediately after the cooling and crystallization of the magmas through the agency of hot magmatic solutions | 36 |
| Evidence of igneous source | 37 |
| Possible influence of meteoric waters in deposition of ores of this class158 |
| Technical and commercial factors determining use of iron ore materials | 158 |
| Geographic distribution of iron ore production | 160 |
| World reserves and future production of iron ore | 162 |
| Geologic features | 166 |
| Sedimentary iron ores | 166 |
| Iron ores associated with igneous rocks | 171 |
| Iron ores due to weathering of igneous rocks | 171 |
| Iron ores due to weathering of sulphide ores | 173 |
| Manganese ores | 173 |
| Economic features | 173 |
| Geologic features | 176 |
| Chrome (or chromite) ores | 178 |
| Economic features | 178 |
| Geologic features | 179 |
| Nickel ores | 180 |
| Economic features | 180 |
| Geologic features | 180 |
| Tungsten (wolfram) ores | 182 |
| Economic features | 182 |
| Geologic features | 184 |
| Molybdenum ores | 185 |
| Economic features | 185 |
| Geologic features | 186 |
| Vanadium ores | 187 |
| Economic features | 187 |
| Geologic features | 188 |
| Zirconium ores | 189 |
| Economic features | 189 |
| Geologic features | 189 |
| Titanium ores | 190 |
| Economic features | 190 |
| Geologic features | 190 |
| Magnesite | 191 |
| Economic features | 191 |
| Geologic features | 192 |
| Fluorspar | 193 |
| Economic features | 193 |
| Geologic features | 301 |
| Partly explored versus virgin territories | 303 |
| The use of all available information | 304 |
| CoÖperation in exploration | 305 |
| Economic factors in exploration | 306 |
| Geologic factors in exploration | 307 |
| Mineral provinces and epochs | 308 |
| Classification of mineral lands | 309 |
| Outcrops of mineral deposits | 311 |
| Some illustrative cases | 312 |
| Topography and climate as aids in searching for mineral outcrops | 314 |
| Size and depth of ore bodies as determined from outcrops | 315 |
| The use of placers in tracing mineral outcrops | 316 |
| The use of magneetic surveys in tracing mineral ledges | 317 |
| The use of electrical conductivity and other qualities of rocks in exploration | 319 |
| The use of structure and metamorphism in exploration | 310 |
| Drilling in exploration | 320 |
| Quantitative aspects of geologic exploration | 321 |
| Origin of mineral deposits as a factor in exploration | 322 |
| Lake superior iron ore exploration as an illustration | 323 |
| Development and exploitation of mineral deposits | 326 |
| XV. | VALUATION AND TAXATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES | 328 |
| Popular conception of mineral valuation | 328 |
| Valuation and taxation of mines | 329 |
| Intrinsic and extrinsic factors in valuation | 329 |
| Values of mineral deposits not often established by market transfers | 331 |
| The ad valorem method of valuation | 331 |
| Other methods of mineral valuation and taxation | 335 |
| General comments on taxation of mineral resources | 338 |
| XVI. | LAWS RELATING TO MINERAL RESOURCES | 342 |
| I. | Laws relating to ownership and control of mineral resources | 342 |
| On alienated lands | 343 |
| On the public domain | 344 |
| Nationalization of mineral resources | 345 |
| Effect of ownership laws on
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