CONTENTS

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I—PARENTAGE AND BIRTH

Distribution of the name of Shakespeare

1

The poet’s ancestry

2

The poet’s father

4

His settlement at Stratford

5

The poet’s mother

6

1564, April

The poet’s birth and baptism

8

Alleged birthplace

8

II—CHILDHOOD, EDUCATION, AND MARRIAGE

The father in municipal office

10

Brothers and sisters

11

The father’s financial difficulties

12

1571-7

Shakespeare’s education

13

His classical equipment

15

Shakespeare’s knowledge of the Bible

16

1575

Queen Elizabeth at Kenilworth

17

1577

Withdrawal from school

18

1582, Dec.

The poet’s marriage

18

Richard Hathaway of Shottery

19

Anne Hathaway

19

Anne Hathaway’s cottage

19

The bond against impediments

20

1583, May

Birth of the poet’s daughter Susanna

22

Formal betrothal probably dispensed with

23

III—THE FAREWELL TO STRATFORD

Early married life

25

Poaching at Charlecote

27

Unwarranted doubts of the tradition

28

Justice Shallow

29

1585

The flight from Stratford

29

IV—ON THE LONDON STAGE

1586

The journey to London

31

Richard Field, Shakespeare townsman

32

Theatrical employment

32

A playhouse servitor

32

The acting companies

34

The Lord Chamberlain’s company

35

Shakespeare, a member of the Lord Chamberlain’s company

36

The London theatres

36

Place of residence in London

38

Actors’ provincial tours

39

Shakespeare’s alleged travels

40

In Scotland

41

In Italy

42

Shakespeare’s rÔles

43

His alleged scorn of an actor’s calling

45

V—EARLY DRAMATIC WORK

The period of his dramatic work, 1591-1611

46

His borrowed plots

47

The revision of plays

47

Chronology of the plays

48

Metrical tests

49

1591

Love’s Labour’s Lost

50

1591

Two Gentlemen of Verona

52

1592

Comedy of Errors

53

1592

Romeo and Juliet

55

1592, March

Henry VI

56

1592, Sept.

Greene’s attack on Shakespeare

57

Chettle’s apology

58

Divided authorship of Henry VI

59

Shakespeare’s coadjutors

60

Shakespeare’s assimilative power

61

Lyly’s influence in comedy

61

Marlowe’s influence in tragedy

63

1593

Richard III

63

1593

Richard II

64

Shakespeare’s acknowledgments to Marlowe

64

1593

Titus Andronicus

65

1594, August

The Merchant of Venice

66

Shylock and Roderigo Lopez

68

1594

King John

69

1594, Dec.

Comedy of Errors in Gray’s Inn Hall

70

Early plays doubtfully assigned to Shakespeare

71

Arden of Feversham (1592)

71

Edward III

72

Mucedorus

72

Faire Em (1592)

73

VI—THE FIRST APPEAL TO THE READING PUBLIC

1593, April

Publication of Venus and Adonis

74

1594, May

Publication of Lucrece

76

Enthusiastic reception of the poems

78

Shakespeare and Spenser

79

Patrons at Court

81

VII—THE SONNETS AND THEIR LITERARY HISTORY

The vogue of the Elizabethan sonnet

83

Shakespeare’s first experiments

84

1594

Majority of his Shakespeare’s composed

85

Their literary value

87

Circulation in manuscript

88

Their piratical publication in 1609

89

A Lover’s Complaint

91

Thomas Thorpe and ‘Mr. W. H.’

91

The form of Shakespeare’s sonnets

95

Their want of continuity

96

The two ‘groups’

96

Main topics of the first ‘group’

98

Main topics of the second ‘group’

99

The order of the sonnets in the edition of 1640

100

Lack of genuine sentiment in Elizabethan sonnets

100

Their dependence on French and Italian models

101

Sonnetteers’ admissions of insincerity

105

Contemporary censure of sonnetteers’ false sentiment

106

Shakespeare’s scornful allusions to sonnets in his plays

108

VIII—THE BORROWED CONCEITS OF THE SONNETS

Slender autobiographical element in Shakespeare’s sonnets

109

The imitative element

109

Shakespeare’s claims of immortality for his sonnets a borrowed conceit

113

Conceits in sonnets addressed to a woman

117

The praise of ‘blackness’

118

The sonnets of vituperation

120

Gabriel Harvey’s Amorous Odious sonnet

121

Jodelle’s Contr’ Amours

122

IX—THE PATRONAGE OF THE EARL OF SOUTHAMPTON

Biographic fact in the ‘dedicatory’ sonnets

125

The Earl of Southampton the poet’s sole patron

126

Rivals in Southampton’s favour

130

Shakespeare’s fear of another poet

132

Barnabe Barnes probably the chief rival

133

Other theories as to the chief rival’s identity

134

Sonnets of friendship

136

Extravagances of literary compliment

138

Patrons habitually addressed in affectionate terms

139

Direct references to Southampton in the sonnets of friendship

142

His youthfulness

143

The evidence of portraits

144

Sonnet cvii. the last of the series

147

Allusions to Queen Elizabeth’s death

147

Allusions to Southampton’s release from prison

149

X—THE SUPPOSED STORY OF INTRIGUE IN THE SONNETS

Sonnets of melancholy and self-reproach

151

The youth’s relations with the poet’s mistress

153

Willobie his Avisa (1594)

155

Summary of conclusions respecting the sonnets

158

XI—THE DEVELOPMENT OF DRAMATIC POWER

1594-95

Midsummer Night’s Dream

161

1595

All’s Well that Ends Well

162

1595

The Taming of The Shrew

163

Stratford allusions in the Induction

164

Wincot

165

1597

Henry IV

167

Falstaff

199

1597

The Merry Wives of Windsor

171

1598

Henry V

173

Essex and the rebellion of 1601

174

Shakespeare’s popularity and influence

176

Shakespeare’s friendship with Ben Jonson

176

The Mermaid meetings

177

1598

Meres’s eulogy

178

Value of his name to publishers

179

1599

The Passionate Pilgrim

182

1601

The Phoenix and the Turtle

183

XII—THE PRACTICAL AFFAIRS OF LIFE

Shakespeare’s practical temperament

185

His father’s difficulties

186

His wife’s debt

187

1596-9

The coat of arms

188

1597, May 4.

The purchase of New Place

193

1598

Fellow-townsmen appear to Shakespeare for aid

195

Shakespeare’s financial position before 1599

196

Shakespeare’s financial position after 1599

200

His later income

202

Incomes of fellow actors

203

1601-1610

Shakespeare’s formation of his estate at Stratford

204

1605

The Stratford tithes

205

1600-1609

Recovery of small debts

206

XIII—MATURITY OF GENIUS

Literary work in 1599

207

1599

Much Ado about Nothing

208

1599

As You Like It

209

1600

Twelfth Night

209

1601

Julius CÆsar

211

The strife between adult actors and boy actors

213

Shakespeare’s references to the struggle

216

1601

Ben Jonson’s Poetaster

217

Shakespeare’s alleged partisanship in the theatrical warfare

219

1602

Hamlet

221

The problem of its publication

222

The First Quarto, 1603

222

The Second Quarto, 1604

223

The Folio version, 1623

223

Popularity of Hamlet

224

1603

Troilus and Cressida

225

Treatment of the theme

227

1603, March 26

Queen Elizabeth’s death

229

James I’s patronage

230

XIV—THE HIGHEST THEMES OF TRAGEDY

1604, Nov.

Othello

235

1604, Dec.

Measure for Measure

237

1606

Macbeth

239

1607

King Lear

241

1608

Timon of Athens

242

1608

Pericles

243

1608

Antony and Cleopatra

245

1609

Coriolanus

247

XV—THE LATEST PLAYS

The placid temper of the latest plays

248

1610

Cymbeline

249

1611

A Winter’s Tale

251

1611

The Tempest

252

Fanciful interpretations of The Tempest

256

Unfinished plays

258

The lost play of Cardenio

258

The Two Noble Kinsmen

259

Henry VIII

261

The burning of the Globe Theatre

262

XVI—THE CLOSE OF LIFE

Plays at Court in 1613

264

Actor-friends

264

1611

Final settlement at Stratford

266

Domestic affairs

266

1613, March

Purchase of a house in Blackfriars

267

1614, Oct.

Attempt to enclose the Stratford common fields

269

1616, April 23rd.

Shakespeare’s death

272

1616, April 25th.

Shakespeare’s burial

272

The will

273

Shakespeare’s bequest to his wife

273

Shakespeare’s heiress

275

Legacies to friends

276

The tomb in Stratford Church

276

Shakespeare’s personal character

277

XVII—SURVIVORS AND DESCENDANTS

Mrs. Judith Quiney, (1585-1662)

280

Mrs. Susanna Hall (1583-1649)

281

The last descendant

282

Shakespeare’s brothers, Edmund, Richard, and Gilbert

283

XVIII—AUTOGRAPHS, PORTRAITS, AND MEMORIALS

Spelling of the poet’s name

284

Autograph signatures

284

Shakespeare’s portraits

286

The Stratford bust

286

The ‘Stratford portrait’

287

Droeshout’s engraving

287

The ‘Droeshout’ painting

288

Later portraits

291

The Chandos portrait

292

The ‘Jansen’ portrait

294

The ‘Felton’ portrait

294

The ‘Soest’ portrait

294

Miniatures

295

The Garrick Club bust

295

Alleged death-mask

296

Memorials in sculpture

297

Memorials at Stratford

297

XIX—BIBLIOGRAPHY

Quartos of the poems in the poet’s lifetime

299

Posthumous quartos of the poems

300

The ‘Poems’ of 1640

300

Quartos of the plays in the poet’s lifetime

300

Posthumous quartos of the plays

300

1623

The First Folio

303

The publishing syndicate

303

The prefatory matter

306

The value of the text

307

The order of the plays

307

The typography

308

Unique copies

308

The Sheldon copy

309

Estimated number of extant copies

310

Reprints of the First Folio

311

1632

The Second Folio

312

1663-4

The Third Folio

312

1685

The Fourth Folio

313

Eighteenth-century editions

313

Nicholas Rowe (1674-1718)

314

Alexander Pope (1688-1744)

315

Lewis Theobald (1688-1744)

317

Sir Thomas Hanmer (1677-1746)

317

Bishop Warburton (1698-1779)

318

Dr. Johnson (1709-1783)

319

Edward Capell (1713-1781)

319

George Steevens (1736-1800)

320

Edmund Malone (1741-1812)

322

Variorum editions

322

Nineteenth-century editors

323

Alexander Dyce (1798-1869)

323

Howard Staunton (1810-1874)

324

Nikolaus Delius (1813-1888)

324

The Cambridge edition (1863-6)

324

Other nineteenth-century editions

324

XX—POSTHUMOUS REPUTATION

Views of Shakespeare’s contemporaries

326

Ben Jonson tribute

327

English opinion between 1660 and 1702

329

Dryden’s view

330

Restoration adaptations

331

English opinion from 1702 onwards

332

Stratford festivals

334

Shakespeare on the English stage

334

The first appearance of actresses in Shakespearean parts

334

David Garrick (1717-1779)

336

John Philip Kemble (1757-1823)

337

Mrs. Sarah Siddons (1755-1831)

337

Edmund Kean (1787-1833)

338

William Charles Macready (1793-1873)

339

Recent revivals

339

Shakespeare in English music and art

340

Boydell’s Shakespeare Gallery

341

Shakespeare in America

341

Translations

342

Shakespeare in Germany

342

German translations

343

Modern German critics

345

Shakespeare on the German stage

345

Shakespeare in France

347

Voltaire’s strictures

348

French critics’ gradual emancipation from Voltairean influence

349

Shakespeare on the French stage

350

Shakespeare in Italy

352

In Holland

354

In Russia

353

In Poland

353

In Hungary

353

In other countries

354

XXI—GENERAL ESTIMATES

General estimate

355

Shakespeare’s defects

355

Character of Shakespeare’s achievement

356

Its universal recognition

357

APPENDIX

I—THE SOURCES OF BIOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE

Contemporary records abundant

361

First efforts in biography

361

Biographers of the nineteenth century

362

Stratford topography

363

Specialised studies in biography

363

Epitomes

364

Aids to study of plots and text

364

Concordances

364

Bibliographies

365

Critical studies

365

Shakespearean forgeries

365

John Jordan (1746-1809)

366

The Ireland forgeries (1796)

366

List of forgeries promulgated by Collier and others (1835-1849)

367

II—THE BACON-SHAKESPEARE CONTROVERSY

Its source

370

Toby Matthew’s letter of 1621

371

Chief exponents of the theory

371

Its vogue in America

372

Extent of the literature

372

Absurdity of the theory

373

III—THE YOUTHFUL CAREER OF THE EARL OF SOUTHAMPTON

Shakespeare and Southampton

374

Southampton’s parentage

374

1573, Oct. 6

Southampton’s birth

375

His education

375

Recognition of Southampton’s beauty in youth

377

His reluctance to marry

378

Intrigue with Elizabeth Vernon

379

1598

Southampton’s marriage

379

1601-3

Southampton’s imprisonment

380

Later career

380

1624, Nov. 10

His death

381

IV—THE EARL OF SOUTHAMPTON AS A LITERARY PATRON

Southampton’s collection of books

382

References in his letters to poems and plays

382

His love of the theatre

383

Poetic adulation

384

1593

Barnabe Barnes’s sonnet

384

Tom Nash’s addresses

385

1595

Gervase Markham’s sonnet

387

1598

Florio’s address

387

The congratulations of the poets in 1603

387

Elegies on Southampton

389

V—THE TRUE HISTORY OF THOMAS THORPE AND ‘MR. W. H.’

The publication of the ‘Sonnets’ in 1609

390

The text of the dedication

391

Publishers’ dedications

392

Thorpe’s early life

393

His ownership of the manuscript of Marlowe’s Lucan

393

His dedicatory address to Edward Blount in 1600

394

Character of his business

395

Shakespeare’s sufferings at publishers hands

396

The use of initials in dedications of Elizabethan and Jacobean books

397

Frequency of wishes for ‘happiness’ and ‘eternity’ in dedicatory greetings

398

Five dedications by Thorpe

399

‘W. H.’ signs dedication of Southwell’s ‘Poems’

400

‘W. H.’ and Mr. William Hall

402

The ‘onlie begetter’ means ‘only procurer’

403

VI—‘MR. WILLIAM HERBERT’

Origin of the notion that ‘Mr. W. H.’ stands for William Herbert

406

The Earl of Pembroke known only as Lord Herbert in youth

407

Thorpe’s mode of addressing the Earl of Pembroke

408

VII—SHAKESPEARE AND THE EARL OF PEMBROKE

Shakespeare with the acting company at Wilton in 1603

411

The dedication of the First Folio in 1623

412

No suggestion in the sonnets of the youth’s identity with Pembroke

413

Aubrey’s ignorance of any relation between Shakespeare and Pembroke

414

VIII—THE ‘WILL’ SONNETS

Elizabethan meanings of ‘will’

416

Shakespeare’s uses of the word

417

Shakespeare’s puns on the word

418

Arbitrary and irregular use of italics by Elizabethan and Jacobean printers

419

The conceits of Sonnets cxxxv.-vi. interpreted

420

Sonnet cxxxv

421

Sonnet cxxxvi

422

Sonnet cxxxiv

425

Sonnet cxliii

426

IX—THE VOGUE OF THE ELIZABETHAN SONNET, 1591-1597

1557

Wyatt’s and Surrey’s Sonnets published

427

1582

Watson’s Centurie of Love

428

1591

Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella

428

I.

Collected sonnets of feigned love

429

1592

Daniel’s Delia

430

Fame of Daniel’s sonnets

431

1592

Constable’s Diana

431

1593

Barnabe Barne’s sonnets

432

1593

Watson’s Tears of Fancie

433

1593

Giles Fletcher’s Licia

433

1593

Lodge’s Phillis

433

1594

Drayton’s Idea

434

1594

Percy’s Coelia

435

1594

Zepheria

435

1595

Barnfield’s sonnets to Ganymede

435

1595

Spenser’s Amoretti

435

1595

Emaricdulfe

436

1595

Sir John Davies’s Gullinge Sonnets

436

1596

Linche’s Diella

437

1596

Griffin Fidessa

437

1596

Thomas Campion’s sonnets

437

1596

William Smith’s Chloris

437

1597

Robert Tofte’s Laura

438

Sir William Alexander’s Aurora

438

Sir Fulke Greville’s Coelica

438

Estimate of number of love-sonnets issued between 1591 and 1597

439

II.

Sonnets to patrons, 1591-1597

440

III.

Sonnets on philosophy and religion

440

X—BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE ON THE SONNET IN FRANCE, 1550-1600

Ronsard (1524-1585) and ‘La PlÉiade’

442

The Italian sonnetteers of the sixteenth century

442n.

Philippe Desportes (1546-1606)

443

Chief collections of French sonnets published between 1550 and 1584

444

Minor collections of French sonnets published between 1553 and 1605

444

INDEX

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

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