| A. D. | | PAGE |
| Influence of the church on modern civilization | 17 |
| Effect of celibacy in moulding its destiny | 19 |
| I.—ASCETICISM. |
| Character of early Judaism | 21 |
| Oriental and Hellenic influences | 23 |
| Growth of asceticism | 25 |
| Pauline Christianity | 26 |
| Admission that celibacy is of post-apostolic origin | 28 |
| II.—THE ANTE-NICENE CHURCH. |
| Early ascetic tendencies | 31 |
| Exaggerated in the heresies | 33 |
| Influence of Buddhism | 34 |
| Objection to second marriages | 36 |
| c. 150 | “Digami” rejected from the ministry | 37 |
| Application of the Levitical rule | 38 |
| Growth of asceticism—self-mutilation | 40 |
| Vows of virginity and their results | 41 |
| c. 280 | Influence of ManichÆism | 43 |
| Condemnation of marriage | 45 |
| 305 | First injunction of celibacy, by the Council of Elvira | 50 |
| 314 | Disregarded elsewhere | 51 |
| III.—THE COUNCIL OF NICÆA. |
| Growing centralization of the church | 52 |
| 325 | The first general council | 53 |
| It prohibits the residence of suspected women | 53 |
| The story of Paphnutius | 56 |
| 325-350 | Married priests not as yet interfered with | 58 |
| IV.—LEGISLATION. |
| 348-400 | Enforcement of voluntary vows | 59 |
| Prohibition of female ministry | 60 |
| 362 | Reaction—the Council of Gangra | 61 |
| 384 | Celibacy adopted by the Latin church | 64 |
| 385 | Decretal of Siricius | 65 |
| V.—ENFORCEMENT OF CELIBACY. |
| Resistance to enforced asceticism | 67 |
| 390 | Jovinian | 69 |
| 404 | Vigilantius | 70 |
| 390-419 | The church of Africa yields | 73 |
| 401 | Compromise of the Cis-Alpine church | 75 |
| Popular assistance in enforcing celibacy | 77 |
| Effect of enforced celibacy on clerical morals | 78 |
| General demoralization of society
td> | 216 |
| 1066 | Excommunication of Archbishop Guido—Martyrdom of Arialdo | 216 |
| 1067 | Compromise and temporary truce | 217 |
| 1069 | Guido forced to resign—War between Gotefrido and Azzo for the succession | 218 |
| 1075 | Death of Erlembaldo—Tedaldo archbishop in spite of Gregory VII. | 219 |
| Influence of celibacy on the struggle | 220 |
| 1093-1095 | Triumph of sacerdotalism | 221 |
| Similar trouble throughout Tuscany | 222 |
| XIV.—HILDEBRAND. |
| 1073 | Election of Gregory VII.—His character | 223 |
| Necessity of celibacy to his scheme of theocratic supremacy | 225 |
| 1074 | Synod of Rome—Repetition of previous canons | 227 |
| Attempts to enforce them throughout Europe—Resistance of the clergy | 228 |
| Three bishops—Otho of Constance—Altmann of Passau—Siegfrid of Mainz | 229 |
| 1074 | Gregory appeals to the laity | 232 |
| Resultant persecution of the clergy | 234 |
| 1077 | Violent resistance of the married clergy | 236 |
| Political complications | 237 |
| 1085 | Papalists and Imperialists both condemn sacerdotal marriage | 239 |
| XV.—CENTRAL EUROPE. |
| Depression of the Catholic party—Sacerdotal marriage connived at | 241 |
| 1089 | Urban II. renews the persecution | 242 |
| 1094 | Contumacy of the German priesthood | 243 |
| 1105 | Deposition of Henry IV.—Germany restored to Catholic unity | 244 |
| 1118-1175 | Sacerdotal marriage nevertheless common | 245 |
| 1092-1257 | First introduction of celibacy in Hungary | 248 |
| 1197-1279 | Introduction of celibacy in Poland | 251 |
| 1213-1248 | Disregard of the canons in Sweden | 252 |
| 1117-1266 | Their enforcement in Denmark | 253 |
| 1219-1271 | Their neglect in Friesland | 254 |
| XVI.—FRANCE. |
| 1056-1064 | Efforts to introduce sacerdotal celibacy | 255 |
| 1074-1078 | Contumacy of the clergy | 256 |
| 1080 | William the Conqueror intervenes—First allusion to licenses to sin | 257 |
| Successful resistance of the Norman and Breton clergy | 258 |
| 1076-1094 | Troubles in Flanders | 259 |
| Confusion caused by the attempted reform | 262 |
| 1095 | Council of Clermont—Its canons disregarded | 263 |
| Condition of
#8212;THE REFORMATION IN GERMANY. |
| Irreverential spirit of the sixteenth century | 410 |
| 1510 | Complaints of the Germans against the church | 411 |
| Immobility of the church | 412 |
| Popular movement—Luther and Erasmus | 413 |
| 1518 | Official opposition to the abuses of the church | 416 |
| 1517-1520 | Luther neglects the question of celibacy—his gradual progress | 417 |
| 1521 | First examples of sacerdotal marriage | 419 |
| Approved by Carlostadt—Disapproved by Luther | 419 |
| 1522 | Zwingli demands sacerdotal marriage—Luther adopts it | 421 |
| 1524 | Efforts of the church to repress the movement | 423 |
| Popular approbation—Protection in high quarters | 424 |
| 1523-1524 | Emancipation of nuns and monks | 425 |
| 1525 | Marriage of Luther | 425 |
| Causes of popular acquiescence in the change | 427 |
| Extreme immorality of the clergy | 427 |
| Admitted by the Catholics to justify heresy | 430 |
| 1522-1526 | Erasmus advocates clerical marriage | 432 |
| Assistance from ambition of temporal princes | 434 |
| 1530 | Efforts at reunion—Confession of Augsburg | 435 |
| Failure of reconciliation—League of Schmalkalden | 438 |
| The Anabaptists | 438 |
| 1532-1541 | Partial toleration—Difficulties concerning the Abbey lands | 439 |
| 1548 | The Interim—Sacerdotal marriage tolerated | 441 |
| 1552 | The Reformation established by the Transaction of Passau | 443 |
| XXVI.—THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. |
| Conservative tendencies of England | 444 |
| 1500-1523 | John Colet and Sir Thomas More | 445 |
| 1524 | Difficulties of the situation—Wolsey undertakes the destruction of monachism | 447 |
| 1528 | General suppression of the smaller houses | 448 |
| 1532 | Henry VIII.’s quarrel with Rome | 449 |
| 1535 | General visitation of monasteries, and suppression of most of them | 451 |
| Popular opinions—The Beggars’ Petition | 453 |
| 1536 | Popular discontent—The Pilgrimage of Grace | 455 |
| 1537-1546 | Final suppression of the religious houses | 456 |
| Fate of their inmates | 460 |
| 1535-1541 | Irish monastic establishments destroyed | 461 |
| Henry still insists on celibacy | 461 |
| Efforts to procure its relaxation | 463 |
| 1537
|
