  (p. 11) [ and become Cripples all ther Life-time; ] changed to: [ and become Cripples all their Life-time; ] (p. 13) [ to satisfy the Apppetite of the Rich alone. ] changed to: [ to satisfy the Appetite of the Rich alone. ] (p. 14) [ so we got that Night to Mons. Gallian's the elder, ] changed to: [ so we got that Night to Mons. Galliar's the elder, ] As the difference between "n" and "r" is significant, other evidence (William Dobein James) suggests the real name was Gaillard, and "Mons. Galliar's, jun'," is mentioned on the next page. (In giving the background of Marion, in his "Life of Gen. Francis Marion", Judge William Dobein James quotes from "A New Voyage to Carolina", and in his footnotes gives some additional commentary on the area in relation to Lawson's description. This text is online.) (p. 19) [ which was s Parrade of all Nations, ] changed to: [ which was a Parrade of all Nations, ] and: [ most Natious of the known World. ] changed to: [ most Nations of the known World. ] (p. 21) [ about it is hung Gourds Feathers, and other such like Trophies, ] changed to: [ about it is hung Gourds, Feathers, and other such like Trophies, ] (p.28) [ for tho' this most bears a Seed in a Sort of a small Cod, ] changed to: [ for tho' this Moss bears a Seed in a Sort of a small Cod, ] (p. 44) [ the Sinnagers, or Troquois. ] changed to: [ the Sinnagers, or Iroquois. ] (p. 47-48) [ At that, time these Toteros Saponas, and the Keyauwees, ] changed to: [ At that time these Toteros, Saponas, and the Keyauwees, ] (p. 73) [ on the 6th of February, 166(3/4) came to an Anchor ] changed to: [ on the 6th of February, 1664, came to an Anchor ] (p. 75) [ to more Certainty, and greater Anvantage; whereby they might arrive ] changed to: [ to more Certainty, and greater Advantage; whereby they might arrive ] (p. 80) [ to leave the more Northerly Platations, and sit down under ] changed to: [ to leave the more Northerly Plantations, and sit down under ] (p. 87) [ In the Year 1707. we had the severest Winter ] changed to: [ In the Year 1707, we had the severest Winter ] (p. 91) [ and dry it in the Sun. to keep for Use. ] changed to: [ and dry it in the Sun to keep for Use. ] (p. 111) [ Plum. ] inserted before: [Damson, Damazeen, and a large round black Plum are all I have met withal ] (This follows the paragraph on Apricots ["Apricock"], and the absence of this or similar side-note seems to be accidental.) (p. 118) [ This Beast is the greatast Enemy to the Planter, ] changed to: [ This Beast is the greatest Enemy to the Planter, ] (p. 120) [ There Fore-Feet are open, like a Dog's; ] changed to: [ Their Fore-Feet are open, like a Dog's; ] (p. 120) [ great Gust in September. 1700. brought ] changed to: [ great Gust in September, 1700. brought ] (p. 134) [ and make Euquiries therein, when, at least, ] changed to: [ and make Enquiries therein, when, at least, ] (the ol' upside-down "n" error.) (p. 136) (from the list of Water Fowl) [ Whifflers. ] changed to: [ Whistlers. ] (in accordance with the text about them that follows.) (p. 137) (from the list of Water Fowl) [ Men. ] changed to: [ Mew. ] (in accordance with the text about them that follows.) (p. 151) [ Swaddle-Bills. ] inserted before: [ Swaddle-Bills are a sort of an ash-colour'd Duck, ] (This follows the paragraph on Tutcocks, precedes that on Mew, and the absence of this or similar side-note seems to be accidental.) (p. 165) [ although their be Water enough for as large Ships ] changed to: [ although there be Water enough for as large Ships ] (p. 189) [ Their Remedies area great Cause of this Easiness ] changed to: [ Their Remedies are a great Cause of this Easiness ] (p. 194) [ and so strung, as Beds are, and a Cubit ] changed to: [ and so strung, as Beads are, and a Cubit ] (p. 203) [ that is common amongst them, If they are caught in theft ] changed to: [ that is common amongst them. If they are caught in theft ] In "An Account of the Indians of North-Carolina", the side-notes do not always perfectly match the text in the original. In this edition, an attempt has been made to match them to the relevent text. The most notable changes are: p. 204, side note Get Fire. has been omitted, as at the end of p. 203 there is the note Get Fire how. which refers to the same text, which is only broken by the turn of a page. The second note appears to serve no other purpose than continuity, which is no longer needed. p. 207, the side note Moss Match. actually refers to text that begins at the end of p. 206, and in this edition the side note has been inserted at the beginning of the relevant text. (p. 208) [ others (where they find a Vein of white Clay, fit for their purpose, ] changed to: [ others (where they find a Vein of white Clay, fit for their purpose) ] (Closing parenthesis was missing.) (pp. 212-213) Throughout the book, a curious device is used — at the end of each page, on a separate line, and right-justified, appears the first word of the next page. This does not generally need comment, but at the junction of pages 212 and 213, an error occurs, in that at the bottom of page 212 the next-word-to-come is given as "being", but the first word on page 213 is "because". The latter is retained, and the former omitted, as seeming best to fit the context. It is a possibility that both should have been retained, i.e., "being because". (p. 214) [ is a great Man or hath good Frieds, the Doctor is sent for. ] changed to: [ is a great Man or hath good Friends, the Doctor is sent for. ] also: [ keeps sucking. till he has got a great Quaatity of very ] changed to: [ keeps sucking, till he has got a great Quantity of very ] (p. 220) [ girded him as hard for a great while) as if he had ] changed to: [ girded him as hard for a great while, as if he had ] (No opening parenthesis.) (p. 226) [ Mif-kis-'su ] changed to: [ Mis-kis-'su ] as Lawson notes the Indian languages have no "f" sound, and the old `s' and `f' are very similar in shape. (p. 227) (In the Dictionary of Indian terms, the translations for "Minx" [Mink]) [ Min ] changed to: [ Minx ] (in accordance with context and the preferred spelling in the text) (p. 231) [ settled America so easily, at they have done, ] changed to: [ settled America so easily, as they have done, ] (p. 246) [ into any other Countries, either of our Dominins or foreign, ] changed to: [ into any other Countries, either of our Dominions or foreign, ] (p. 248) [ such Ports only, as shall be erected and constitued by the said ] changed to: [ such Ports only, as shall be erected and constituted by the said ] (p. 253) [ To Give and Grant unto such Person any Persons, Inhabiting, ] changed to: [ To Give and Grant unto such Person and Persons, Inhabiting, ] (p. 257) [ to the Westward of of the Messiasippi River, ] changed to: [ to the Westward of the Messiasippi River, ] I am unable to match all of Lawson's spellings with modern versions, especially when it comes to the names of people, places, and tribes. However, quite likely: Tuscarora: Tuskeruro, and probably Turkeiruro also. Roanoke: Ronoack. Neuse River: Neus-River. Falls-of-Neuse (north of Raleigh): Falls of Neus-Creek. Deep River: Sapona-River (possible — given as the West Branch of Cape Fair). Cape Fear: Cape Fair. Haw River: Hau River. Congaree: Congeree Wateree: Waterree Catawba: Kadapau (possible — the location seems correct) Waxhaw: Waxsaw Seneca: Sinnager "Rocky-River" is probably still "Rocky River", but there are two by that name in North Carolina, and the one in question is doubtless the larger one, situated between Haw River and Deep River. Other non-standard spellings follow, but first some notes on how nonstandard items were handled in the text: 1. It seems as if "off" is occasionally spelled "of", but almost always in conjunction with "far" or the like: i.e., "not far of", "when farthest of". On p. 128, "when cut of" may also be an example. In all these examples, though, "of" *could* be the correct word, if used in the sense of "from". If is difficult to ascertain if the difference is spelling or usage. 2. Where modern English would always use "than", Lawson sometimes uses "that". This instance is repeated, so it is not conclusively an error. One example is on p. 119, "larger that a Panther". 3. Abbreviated words often end with an apostrophe, rather than a period, which is now the standard. "Through" is usually abbreviated as "thro'". 4. Italics have been kept throughout, with these notable exceptions: in the original, every case of "&c." was italicized; the side-notes were entirely italicized, except those words generally italicized in the text, which were rendered in normal type — this has been reversed. (Where "&c." appeared in an italicized section, it was presented in normal type. This too was ignored.) 5. Printing was not as exact an art in 1709 as it is now, and this should be kept in mind throughout the text. As spelling was also not as standardized as it is now, it is difficult to tell sometimes whether a word has an old spelling, has a typographical error, or refers to something entirely different from what the first impression would suggest. In addition to this, there is a problem of battered type, which seems especially common in italic text — which, unfortunately, is commonly used here for words in Indian languages, which makes reading the text extremely difficult at times. And even without broken type, as in Lawson's dictionary entry for "A Rundlet" (perhaps a Roundlet, a small round object?) he gives `Ynpyupseunne' as the Woccon term, which remains unclear on several accounts, as `u' and `n' were not infrequently accidentally inverted in old texts — i.e., it might be `Yupyupseunne', but where can we check it? No exact answers can be given here, but all these factors should be kept in mind when attempting to read this text. Also in Lawson's Dictionary, occur the Indian words Pulawa and Mif-kis-'su — the latter has been rendered Mis-kis-'su, as the old `s' and `f' were nearly identical, and were probably inadvertently switched — which according to his own notes on p. 231, cannot happen, there being no `l' or `f' sounds in the languages. (In this old type, `s' has an f-like appearance in most cases, but a modern `s' was used if it was the last letter in a word, which follows a similar usage with the `s' sound in the Greek alphabet.) It is much harder to guess what Pulawa ought to have been. Modern Spelling is listed first: alternate spelling(s) follow: (More or less in the order they appear in the text.) 1. When multiple spellings in text include the modern spelling, it is not noted. 2. Any word ending in -ed, such as "viewed", may end in -'d, as "view'd". This gets a little complicated in such cases as "accompany'd" (accompanied), "try'd" (tried), "supply'd" (supplied), "carry'd" (carried), "hurry'd" (hurried), and the like. Also cases where the root word originally ended with an "e", such as "us'd" and "continu'd". These cases are not always noted. them: 'em Mississippi: Missisipi, Messiasippi (older concept — seems to refer to a vast area, probably everything drained by that river.) New York: New-York spacious: spatious public: publick style: stile fur: furr situate: soituate price: prize privilege: priviledge show: shew frontier: fronteer enterprise: enterprize scalp: sculp flay: flea allege: alledge (applies also to alleging, alleged, etc.) mountainous: mountanous gulf: gulph lemon: limon trial: tryal palmetto: palmeto mosquitoes: musketoes, musquetos troublesome: troblesome (p. 8) tried: try'd vegetable: vegitable buckets or boquets?: bokeets Pennsylvania: Pensilvania, Pensylvania isthmus: istmus Glasgow: Glasco corpses: corps o'clock: a Clock cattle: cattel deer (plural): deers beach: beech clam: clann (probable — may be a textual error) curlew: curleu pelican: pellican Cyprus: Ciprus alarm: allarm turkey: turkie, turky morbific: morbifick complement: compliment (warning: compliment is also spelled this way) specific: specifick most impatient (impatientest): impatients (textual error?) Mons. Huger: Mons. Eugee (according to `Life of Gen. Francis Marion', by Judge William Dobein James, "Huger, who lived in the fork between South Santee and Wambaw Creek.") splendid: splended continued: continu'd courses: coarses crowded: crouded Ashley River: Ashley-River, Ashly-River clothe or cloth: cloath tribe: trible (textual error?) rejoice: rejoyce Mons. Gendron: Mons. L'Jandro ???: Mons. L'Grand Mons. Gaillard: Mons. Galliar affirmed: affir'm'd knoll: knowl (possible) paddling: padling fabrics (fabrication, a structure): fabricks loam: loom hut: hutt used: us'd oil: oyl chinquapin, chinkapin, chincapin: chinkapin, thinkapin (error?) quiddany (a confection of quinces made with sugar): quiddony barbecued: barbacu'd loaves: loves creoles: criolo's courtesan: curtesan monsieur: mounsieur Leaguer-Ladies (soldier's wives — Scottish term): Leager Ladies parade: parrade physic (medicine): physick surgery: chirurgery expense: expence retaliation: retalliation villainy: villany balsamic: balsamick belly-ache: belly-ach crutches (i.e., props): crotches smoke: smoak straight: strait (probable), streight complete: compleat scraped: scrapt fatigue: fatiegue (textual error?) maize: maiz over-flowed: over-flown Stroud-water-Blue?: Stroud-water-Blew [From the American Encyclopaedic Dictionary, 1896 (AED): stroud: (Etym. doubtful: perhaps from Stroud, in Gloucester, England, where flannel and cloth are manufactured in large quantities.) A kind of coarse blanket or garment of strouding (a coarse kind of cloth employed in trade with North American Indians) worn by the Indians of North America. medley: medly ragout: ragoo burden: burthen (archaic) availing (useful): eviling [possible, but questionable] [Note also that the "e" in the print is badly formed, and there is a slim chance it might be an "a" or another letter. chalybeate: chalybid most dismal (dismallest): dismall'st surprisal: surprizal threatening: threatning music: musick tiger: tyger (note that in 1709 "tyger" and "panther" were generic terms) drizzly: drisly acorns: acrons (textual error?) polecat (skunk): polcat arithmetic: arithmetick straggling: stragling hickory: hiccory, hickery, hickerie broth: broath loblolly [AED: 1. water-gruel or spoon-meat. 2. a sweet. brunette: brounetto (probable) [Probably in the older sense of a woman of brownish complexion; i.e., skin, eyes, and hair. squaw: squah swaddling-cloths: swadling-clouts rive: reave (possible — not a common word) pigged: pig'd [AED: To be huddled together with several others in a single room by night as well as by day; to live like pigs. tetter (generic term, skin disease): tettar colic: cholick gourd: goard saddled: sadl'd Brussels, Bruxelles: Bruxels (probable) fuller's-earth: fullers-earth stopped: stopt portion: potion (possible — or textual error?) wondering: wondring mechanics: mechanicks domestic: domestick passed: past cornuted [horned. These references to horns reflect the time this book was written, when a man whose wife was unfaithful was said to have horns. stews [archaic: a brothel. barbecues: barbakues fusil: fusee, fuzee (probable) [a fusee can be one of several things, but the context here suggests that it was a fusil, which was a type of small, firelock musket. festination [haste, hurry, expedition. human: humane fuel: fewel ankle: ancle wondered: wondred cully [several senses, including a dupe or fool, especially one imposed upon by a prostitute. caddis: cadis Winchester-wedding [The AED had no entry for this, but notes that "Winchester-goose" is "a cant term for a venereal sore, said to have originated from the public stews (brothels) in Southwark, England, being under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Winchester." It is probable that a Winchester-wedding would be of the type (or non-type) performed in these same institutions. bachelor: batchelor widower: widdower shoes: shooes moccasins: moggisons, moggizons merchandise: merchandize valleys: vallies chestnut: chesnut perch: pearch soup: soop, soupe Appalachian: Appallatche desert: desart Cape Fear: Cape-Fair, Caip-Fair befall: befal beaver: bever buffalo: buffelo palisades: palisadoes necromantic: necromantick Cologne, Koeln: Cologn (possible) cliff or cleft?: clift mustaches: mustachoes alligator: allegator (despite Lawson's claim, NOT a crocodile) turnip: turnep biscuit: bisket (probable) wholesome: wholsome basin: bason percoarson = perkoson, but I can not find any external references to either certify: certifie threatened: threatned hindrance: hinderance Atlantic: Atlantick honeysuckle: honysuckle, hony-suckle molasses: molosses Roanoke: Ronoack, Ronoak shore: shoar moored: mor'd parakeet: parrakeeto (doubtless the Carolina Parakeet, now extinct.) inferior: inferiour tie: tye ashore: ashoar peas: pease garlic: garlick chives: cives salad: sallad lettuce: lettice spinach: spinage cauliflower: colly-flower watermelon: water-melon basil: bazil assuaging: asswaging chamomile, camomile: camomil houseleek: housleek conveniences: conveniencies rounceval: rouncival (in the text, a type of pea, now called a marrowfat) rosin: rozin subterranean, subterraneous: subteraneous gigantic: gigantick linen: linnen housewife/housewives: houswife/houswives housewifery: houswifry woolens: woollens choleric: cholerick watery: watry emetic: emetick weirs: wares (probable — pp. 86, 127. Can also be "wares", however.) whaling: whale-fishing porket: a young pig or hog. thrived: throve fit: fitt Maryland: Mariland supplied: supplyed wig: wigg cutlery: cuttlery jasmine, jessamine: jessamin browse/browsing: browze/browzing evergreen: ever-green household: houshold virtue: vertue vermin: vermine Appamattox: Apamaticks, Appamaticks (probable) cloud: clowd aspen: aspin ache: ach burr, bur. (Both are still used, but "burr" is now more common, where John Lawson tends towards "bur".) cathartic: cathartick cachexia (plural): cachexies ("cachexy" is an English form of the word, now rarely, if ever, used.) calico: callico hazelnut: hazle-nut conic/conical: conick exotic: exotick serviceberry/Juneberry/shadblow: service (given as the name of a fruit), the plant it grows on is called the shadbush. (probable) relished?: relisht apricot: apricock gooseberry: goosberry vinedresser/vine dresser/vine-dresser: vigneroon (French "vigneron") Madeira: Madera rabbit: rabbet jackal: jackall havoc: havock holler: hollow (Not all cases. Of the Panther, "He hollows like a Man" should be "He hollers like a Man".) sourwood tree: sowr-wood-tree, sowr wood, sorrel surprise: surprize raspberry: rasberry mink: minx mussel: muscle (in cases such as "muscle-shell") rheum/rheumatism: rhume/rhumatism rheumatic: rhumatick tortoise: tortois burrow: borough chipmunk: ground squirrel (probable) chase: chace insect: reptile reptile: insect ("Insect" is used strangely, to include reptiles and amphibians. Conversely, Lawson uses "Reptile" to refer to insects.) thoroughly: throughly (possible, p. 127) entering: entring frightened: frightned connection: connexion (spelling in common use through the 19th century) excrementitious (spelling still technically correct, but rare enough that "excrescent" is suggested as an alternative, yet even that has the wrong connotation in modern usage.) terrapin: terebin tadpole: tad-pool easy: easie wandering: wandring leech: loach Screech Owl: Scritch Owl (probable) Trumpeter Swan: Swans, called Trompeters (probable) fish hawk: fishawk smallness: smalness grasshopper: grashopper set: sett shot (past tense of shoot): shotten (see case on p. 151) livor: liver waiving: waving (??? — p. 163) rye: rie indigo: indico (??? — p. 164) plasterers: plaisterers governor: governour joists: joices (probably this or a related word) hazel: hazle dye: die (p. 172) gait: gate (p. 172) inventor: inventer (both spellings acceptable, but "inventer" non-standard) pare: pair (p. 173) warrior: warriour Trap-Ball (from Sense 8 of "Trap" in the AED) A game and also one of the instruments used in playing the game, the others being a small bat and a ball. The trap is of wood, made like a slipper, with a hollow at the heel end, and a kind of wooden spoon working on a pivot, in which the ball is placed. By striking the handle or end of the spoon the ball is projected up into the air, and the striker endeavors to hit it as far as possible with the bat before it falls to the ground. The opponents endeavor to catch the ball, or to bowl it so as to hit the trap. Also called Trap-bat and Trap-bat and ball. baton, bat: batoon (a variant spelling of baton, with a meaning closer to that of bat. See Trap-Ball) worse: worser wrangling: rangling sepulchre: sepulcre hominy (grits): Rockahomine Meal (conjecture: Lawson gives Roocauwa as the Woccon word for homine [hominy].), homine nowadays: now adays flag (p. 189) is another word for rushes or reeds. artificially (p. 189) has changed meaning over the years. Means "artfully". plaid: plad (in the sense of the garment, not the pattern) porcelain: porcelan (used in a very old sense, referring to a cowry shell) antic: antick hero: heroe disappointment: disapointment relic: relick tomahawk: tamahauk unmanned: unman'd frolic: frolick prefixed: prefixt (obsolete sense) enough: enow (correct but obsolete) hieroglyphic: hieroglyphick republic: republick pestle: pestil, pestel lightninged: lightned (the strict conversion to modern spelling would be "lightened", but "lightninged" adheres to modern usage) lie: lye dripping: dropping (probable) barricaded: barricadoed stolen: stoln frightened: frightned lingering: lingring mere: meer (at least in one case — "meer Motion" may mean something else.) foul: fowl (p. 222 — same spelling used elsewhere for "fowl".) phthisis, phthisic: phthisick (may be the old sense of the term, designating any waste, decay, or emaciation; including tuberculosis, which it now designates.) torrefy: To dry, roast, scorch, or parch by a fire. AED. This dictionary also notes that "torrefy" is a formation from the French, whereas "torrify" (meaning the same thing) is an English formation, from "torrid". Waccon & Woccon used interchangeably baked: bak't Mongolian Hordes: Tartarian Hurds (`Tartar' or `Tatar' is still in use, but in this context, `Mongolian Hordes' is now used almost exclusively. What is curious is why Lawson has this sidenote in the first place — apparently he is comparing the Indians to the Tatars, though on what grounds is unclear.) jailor: jaylor ghastly: gastly stuffed: stufft stalking: stauking choose: chuse mutinying: mutining sylvan: sylvian forewarn: forwarn recall: recal lies, lieth: lyeth chapel: chappel manor: mannor (possible) ore: oar dignified: dignifyed enjoin: enjoyn increase: encrease liege: leige (may be an error in one case) cheerful: chearful let: lett (p. 246) (not sure if this is the same type of `let') twig: twigg brier: bryar wherever: whereever (p.141 — may be an error resulting from being broken at the end of a line — i.e., where-ever.) red clay?: "A marl as red as blood" (p. 40) aperitive?: apersive (a laxative — it fits the context. p. 83) |
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