CONTENTS.

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R. G. Latham

PART I.
GENERAL ETHNOLOGICAL RELATIONS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
CHAPTER I.
GERMANIC ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.—DATE.
SECTION PAGE
1. English language not British 1
2. Real origin German 1
3. Accredited immigrations and settlements 2
4, 5. Criticism 4, 5
CHAPTER II.
GERMANIC ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.—THE GERMANIC AREA OF THE
PARTICULAR GERMANS WHO INTRODUCED IT.—EXTRACT FROM BEDA.
6, 7. Jutes, Angles, and Saxons 6
8, 9. Extract from Beda 6, 7
10—13. Criticism 8—11
14, 15. Angles 11, 12
16. Saxons of Beda 12, 13
17. Anglo-Saxon area 13
18, 19. The Frisians 13, 14
20. Anglo-Saxon area 14
CHAPTER III.
OF THE DIALECTS OF THE SAXON AREA, AND OF THE SO-CALLED OLD SAXON.
21—29. Old Saxon and Anglo-Saxon 16, 17
CHAPTER IV.
AFFINITIES OF THE ENGLISH WITH THE LANGUAGES OF GERMANY AND SCANDINAVIA.
30, 31. Gothic languages 18
32—34. Divisions of the Gothic stock 18
35. Moeso-Gothic 19
36. Old High German 19
37. Low German 19
38. Frisian and Dutch 19
39. Platt-Deutsch 20
40, 41. Comparison 21—23
CHAPTER V.
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.—GERMANIC ELEMENTS.—THE ANGLES.
42. Analysis 24
43—54. Angles—their relations 24—28
55, 56. The Frisians 29, 30
CHAPTER VI.
THE CELTIC STOCK OF LANGUAGES AND THEIR RELATIONS TO THE ENGLISH.
57. Branches of the Celtic stock 31
58—60. Structure of Celtic tongues 31—33
61—63. The Picts 33—35
CHAPTER VII.
THE ANGLO-NORMAN, AND THE LANGUAGE OF THE CLASSICAL STOCK.
64. The classical languages 36
65—67. Latin branch 36—40
68, 69. Norman French 40, 41

PART II.
HISTORY AND ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
CHAPTER I.
HISTORICAL AND LOGICAL ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
70. Celtic elements 45
71. Latin of first period 46
72. Anglo-Saxon 47
73. Danish or Norse 47
74. Roman of second period 49
75. Anglo-Norman element 49
76. Indirect Scandinavian elements 50
77. Latin of third period 51
78. Latin of fourth period 51
79. Greek 52
80—82. Tables 53—55
83—90. Miscellaneous elements 55—60
91—94. Hybridism and new words 60—62
95. Historical and logical analysis 63
CHAPTER II.
THE RELATION OF THE ENGLISH TO THE ANGLO-SAXON, AND THE
STAGES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
96. Ancient and modern tongues 64
97. Details 65—68
98. Stages of the English language 68
99. Semi-Saxon 69
100—103. Old English, &c. 70—72
104. Present tendencies 73

PART III.
SOUNDS, LETTERS, PRONUNCIATION, SPELLING.
CHAPTER I.
GENERAL NATURE AND CERTAIN PROPERTIES OF ARTICULATE SOUNDS.
105. Spelling and speaking 77
106. Sounds and syllables 79
107. Vowels 79
108. Divisions 80
109. Sharp and flat sounds 80
110. Continuous and explosive 80
111. General statements 81
112. The sound of h 81
CHAPTER II.
SYSTEM OF ARTICULATE SOUNDS.
113. Certain foreign sounds 82
114. System of mutes 82
115. Lenes and aspirates 83
116. Fourfold character of mutes 84
117. Y and w 84
118, 119. Diphthongs 84
120. Compound sounds 85
121. Ng 85
122, 123. Broad, slender; long, short; dependent, independent 85, 86
124—126. System of sounds 86, 87
CHAPTER III.
OF CERTAIN COMBINATIONS OF ARTICULATE SOUNDS.
127. Sharp and flat mutes 88
128. Unstable combinations 89
129. Effect of y 89
130, 131. Double consonants rare 89
132. True aspirates rare 90
CHAPTER IV.
EUPHONY AND THE PERMUTATION OF LETTERS.
133. Euphony 92
134. Permutation 93
CHAPTER V.
ON THE FORMATION OF SYLLABLES.
135. Syllabification 95—97
CHAPTER VI.
ON QUANTITY.
136. Long and short sounds 98
137. Quantity of vowels—of syllables 98
138. Classical and English measurements 99
CHAPTER VII.
ON ACCENT.
139. Place of accents 101
140. Distinctive accents 101
141. Emphasis 102
CHAPTER VIII.
ORTHOGRAPHY.
142. Orthoepy 103
143—146. Principle of an alphabet 103—105
147. Violations of it 105
148. Rules 107
149—151. Details of English 107—109
152. Insufficiency 109
153. Inconsistency 109
154. Erroneousness 110
155. Redundancy 110
156. Unsteadiness 110
157. Other defects 111
158. Historical propriety 113
159. Conventional spelling 113
CHAPTER IX.
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE ENGLISH ALPHABET.
160—166. Phoenician, Greek, Roman stages 116—124
166—172. Anglo-Saxon alphabet 124—126
173. Anglo-Norman alphabet 126
174. Extract from Ormulum 127
175. Order of alphabet 128

PART IV.
ETYMOLOGY.
CHAPTER I.
ON THE PROVINCE OF ETYMOLOGY.
176—179. Meaning of term 131—133
CHAPTER II.
ON GENDER.
180. Boy and girl 134
181. Man-servant and maid-servant 134
182, 183. Forms like genitrix 135
184. Forms like domina 136
185—189. Genders in English 136, 137
190—192. The sun in his glory; the moon in her wane 138
193. Miscellaneous forms 139—142
CHAPTER III.
THE NUMBERS.
194—197. Numbers in English 143, 144
198. Rule 145
199. Remarks 145
200. Addition of -es 146
Pence, alms, &c. 147
Mathematics 147
201. Children 149
202. Form in -en 150
203. Men, feet, &c. 150
204. Brethren, &c. 150
205. Houses 152
380. Darkling 278
CHAPTER XXXIV.
ON CERTAIN ADVERBS OF PLACE.
381—384. Hither, thither, &c 279
385. Hence, &c. 280
386. Yonder 280
387. Anon 281
CHAPTER XXXV.
ON WHEN, THEN, AND THAN.
388, 389. Their origin 282
CHAPTER XXXVI.
PREPOSITIONS AND CONJUNCTIONS.
390. Prepositions 283
391. Conjunctions 283
392. Yes, No 283
393. Particles 283
CHAPTER XXXVII.
ON THE GRAMMATICAL POSITION OF THE WORDS mine AND thine.
394—407. Equivalent to meus and tuus, rather than possessive cases 284—290
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
ON THE CONSTITUTION OF THE WEAK PRÆTERITE.
408. Grimm's view 291
409, 410. Remarks of Dr. Trithen 291—293

PART V.
SYNTAX.
CHAPTER I.
ON SYNTAX IN GENERAL.
411, 412. Syntax 294
413. Personification 294
414. Ellipsis 295
415. Pleonasm 295
416. Zeugma 295
417. Pros to semainomenon 296
418. Apposition 296
419. Collectiveness 297
420. Reduction 297
421. Determination of part of speech 298
422—424. Convertibility 298, 299
425. The Blacks of Africa 299
426. None of your ifs 300
427. Convertible words numerous in English 300
CHAPTER II.
SYNTAX OF SUBSTANTIVES.
428. Rundell and Bridge's 301
429. Right and left 301
CHAPTER III.
SYNTAX OF ADJECTIVES.
430. Pleonasm 302
431. Collocation 302
432. Government

AN INTRODUCTION

TO THE STUDY OF

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

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