  ABC alliance, 162, 165. Aberdeen, Lord, opposes annexation of Texas by United States, 108. Adams, Charles Francis, 114. Adams, Henry, letter from Hay to, 90. Adams, John Quincy, opposes joint action with England, 31; accepts invitation to send delegates to Panama Congress, 154. "Alabama Claims," 66, 113, 114. Alaskan Boundary Dispute, 122, 124. Algeciras Conference, 74; American participation in, 76, 77. Alliance, of 1778 with France, 5-8; proposed alliance with England, 13, 26; Holy Alliance, 22, 24; Anglo-Japanese alliance, 92, 120. See "Entangling Alliances." Alverstone, Lord, member of Alaskan boundary commission, 123. American Colonisation Society, 59. American delegation to Peace Conference, 225. American Institute of International Law, 157. American Republics, Bureau of, 156. American Revolution, significance of, 99. Anglo-American ideals, 126, 127. Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 92, 120, 265, 279, 288. Arbitration, international, 64. See Hague Court, Olney-Pauncefote Armistice, negotiations preceding, 213-217. Arms and ammunition. See Munitions of war. "Aroostook War," 106. Austria-Hungary, protests against trade in munitions, 182. Balfour, Arthur James, 274, 288, 289. Beer, George L., quoted, 99. Belgium, German invasion of, 79; restoration of, demanded, 207. Beresford, Lord Charles, advocates open door in China, 86. Berlin Conference of 1884, 6l. "Big Four," at Peace Conference, 230. Bingham, Hiram, on Monroe Doctrine, 131. Bismarck, Prince, on Monroe Doctrine, 45; on English control of North Blaine, James G., efforts to modify Clayton-Bulwer treaty, 115; issues invitation to International Conference of American States, 155, 156. Bliss, Gen. Tasker H., 225. Board of Reference, in China, 286. Bolivar, Simon, 153. Bolsheviki, 203. Bonaparte, Napoleon, acquires Louisiana, 12; fails to establish control over Spain's Colonies, 25. Bowen, Herbert, 51. Boxer uprising in China, 88 Brest-Litovsk, peace negotiations at, 203, 210, 212. Brussels Conference on African slave trade, 62. Bryan, William Jennings, negotiates treaty with Nicaragua, 135; with Colombia, 144; refuses to modify neutrality laws at demand of Germany, 182. Bryce, Lord, quoted, 125, 126. BÜlow, Prince von, 75, 91. California, danger of English occupation of, 109. Canada, insurrection of 1837, 103. Canning, George, British foreign secretary, proposes Anglo-American alliance, 26; delays recognition of South American republics, 33, 34; interview with Prince Polignac, 35; boasts of calling new world into existence, 39; opposes Pan-American movement, 155. Caribbean Sea, American supremacy in, 121; advance of United States in, 132; new American policies in, 132, 137, 144. Caroline, the, 103. Carranza, Venustiano, 162, 163. Castlereagh, Viscount, 20. China, treaties relating to tariff and open door, 282-285. See Choate, Joseph H., at Second Hague Conference, 68, 69. Civil War, foreign policy of United States during, 65; disputes with Clay, Henry, opposes joint action with England, 31; instructions to delegates to Panama Congress, 154. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 44, 111. Cleveland, Grover, intervenes in Venezuelan boundary dispute, 48; withholds Kongo treaty from Senate, 61; Venezuelan policy justified by events, 115; favours general arbitration treaty with England, 116. Cobden, Richard, essay on America, 102. Colby, Bainbridge, secretary of state, 259, 260. Colombia, aggrieved at seizure of Canal Zone, 142; attempts of United Consuls, status of, in European leases in China, 87, 88. Continuous voyage, doctrine of, 72, 124, 176, 177. Cowdray, Lord, seeks concession from Colombia, 142. Cox, James M., candidate for President, 255. Crampton, British Minister to United States, dismissal of, 111. Declaration of London, 71-73, 175, 177. Declaration of Paris, 64, 65. Declaration of Rights and Duties of Nations, adopted by American Democracy against autocracy, 198. Dewey, Admiral George, on withdrawal of Germany from Venezuela, 51; demands apology from German admiral in Manila Bay, 119. Dickens, Charles, "American Notes," 102. Diederichs, German Admiral, 119. Diplomacy, secret, 76, 77. Dunning, William A., "British Empire and the United States," quoted, 102, 111. Durfee, Amos, 103. Egypt, financial administration of, by Great Britain, 134. England. See Great Britain. "Entangling Alliances," warning of Jefferson against, 12; Wilson's views on, 187. Entente treaty of 1904 between England and France, 74. European balance of power, interest of United States in preserving, 76; disturbed by Japan, 171. Fenian movement, encouraged in United States, 112, 113. Ferdinand VII, king of Spain, 20, 25. Fish, Hamilton, secretary of state, renews negotiations for settlement of "Alabama Claims," 113, 114. Fiume, and Treaty of London, 195. Foch, Ferdinand, 217-219, 236. Fonseca Bay, United States acquires naval base on, 135, 136. Forsyth, John, secretary of state, 104. Fortifications in the Pacific, limitation of, 272. Foster, John W., letter from Hay, to, 89. Four-power Treaty, 278-280, 287-289. Fourteen Points, 205-210, 220, 221. France, treaty of alliance with, 5-8; refuses to accept plan for limitation of navies, 270, 271; isolation of, 289. Gases, use of poisonous, prohibited, 274, 275. GÊnet, Edmond C., minister of the French Republic, 6. George, David Lloyd, defines British war aims, 204-205; pre-election pledges of, 227; opposes French demand for Left Bank of Rhine, 234. Germany, intervenes in Venezuela, 50; excluded from South America by aid of England, 53; designs of, on Philippine Islands, 85; adopts naval policy, 120; influence of, in America, 126; submarine policy of, 178, 179; attempts of, to justify, 181; protests against munitions trade, 181; organizes propaganda and conspiracy in United States, 184. Great Britain, withdraws from European alliance, 22; intervenes in Mexico, 46; not unfavorable to Monroe Doctrine, 52, 53; forms alliance with Japan, 92; points of contact with United States, 100; unfriendly attitude, 101; change of attitude in Spanish War, 118; naval policy of, 120; interference with shipments to Germany resented in United States, 124; size of navy, 127; so-called blockade of Germany, 174-178. See Anglo-American ideals. Great Lakes, disarmament on, 103. Guarantee treaties, offered to France, 235. GummerÉ, S. R., delegate to Algeciras Conference, 75. Hague Conference, of 1899, 67; of 1907, 68. Hague Conventions, status of, 71. Hague Court of Arbitration, 68. Haiti, Republic of, United States acquires financial supervision over, 136, 137. Hamilton, Alexander, opinion on French treaty of 1778, 6. Harding, Warren G., elected president, 255; ignores League of Nations, 262; calls Washington Conference, 266; differs with Hughes as to meaning of Four-Power Treaty, 279; attitude toward Europe, 290. Harris, Townsend, 95. Hay, John, secretary of state, protests against persecution of Jews in Rumania, 78; formulates open-door policy for China, 85; defines status of consuls in European leases in China, 88; insists on "territorial and administrative entity" of China, 89; private correspondence on Chinese situation, 89-91. Hay-Pauncefote treaty, 120, 121. Henry, of Prussia, Prince, visit of, to United States, 118. Hitchcock, Senator G. H., 252. Holy Alliance, 22, 24. House, Edward M., 225, 233. Huerta, Victoriano, 160, 162, 193. Hughes, Charles E., suggests changes in Covenant of League, 232; asserts rights of the United States in mandated areas, 261; proposes reduction of navies, 267; details of plan, 268, 269; offends the French delegates, 270; takes personal charge of Far Eastern question, 281; success of Washington Conference, due to, 290. International Conference of American States, 156. International Court of Arbitral Justice, plan for, 70; Permanent Court of International Justice, 263. International Law, attitude of United States toward, 64; attempts to codify, 68, 72. International Law, American Institute of, 157. International Prize Court, plan for, adopted by Second Hague Isolation, policy of, distinct from Monroe Doctrine, 3, 5; policy no longer possible, 170. Jameson Raid, in the Transvaal, 50. Japan, beginning of American intercourse with, 83, 84; forms alliance with Great Britain, 92; goes to war with Russia, 94; disturbing factor in world politics, 171; advocates principle of racial equality, 233, 238; demands German leases in Shantung, 239; secures consent of Allies, 240; reluctantly accepts invitation to Washington Conference, 266; objects to 5-5-3 ratio, 269; expansion of, 276. Jefferson, Thomas, opinion on French treaty of 1778, 7; warns against "entangling alliances," 12; plans alliance with England against France, 12-14; favors joint action with England against Holy Alliance, 28-30; author of doctrine of recognition, 161. Jews, diplomatic protests against harsh treatment of, 78, 79. Johnson, Senator Hiram, 246. Johnson-Clarendon convention, 113. Knox, Philander C., proposes neutralisation of railways of Manchuria, 95; negotiates treaties with Honduras and Nicaragua, 134, 135; proposes settlement with Colombia, 143; opposes League of Nations, 228, 231. Kongo Free State, treaty establishing, signed by American delegates but withheld from Senate by President Cleveland, 6l, 62. Kruger, Paul, 50. Lansing, Robert, secretary of state, replies to Austro-Hungarian note on munitions trade, 182, 183; dismisses Austrian Ambassador and German military and naval attachÉs, 185; delegate to Peace Conference, 225, 233. Lansing-Ishii agreement, 95. League of Nations, 188, 196, 205, 209, 211, 230, 244-254. League to Enforce Peace, 197, 232. Left Bank of Rhine, French demand for, 234. Liberia, Republic of, 59 Limitation of Armament, commission of League on, 265; Conference on, 266-290. Liverpool, Lord, 20. Livingston, Robert R., minister to France, 12. Lodge, Senator Henry Cabot, on Oregon dispute, 110, 111; denies existence of secret treaty with England, 120; stands for unconditional surrender of Germany, 217; issues round robin, 231; presents reservations to Treaty of Versailles, 248; presents Four-Power Treaty, 278, inconsistency of, 287. London Naval Conference, 71. Lusitania, sinking of, 179. Madero, Francisco, 160. Madison, James, favors joint action with England against Holy Alliance, 30. Mahan, Alfred T., 99. Maine, boundary dispute with New Brunswick, 106. Manchuria, Russian encroachments on, 91-93, 95. Marcy, William L., secretary of state, views on Declaration of Paris, 65. Maximilian, Prince, placed by Louis Napoleon on throne of Mexico, 46. Merchant vessels, proposal to arm, 185. Mexico, French intervention in, 46; Huerta revolution in, 160; American policy toward, 160-164. Monroe, James, sent to Paris to aid Livingston in negotiations for purchase of New Orleans and West Florida, 13; consults Jefferson and Madison on subject of British proposals for joint action against Holy Alliance, 26-28; message of December 2, 1823, 36-39; emphasizes separation of European and American politics, 43. Monroe Doctrine, compared with policy of isolation, 3; justification of, 4; formulation of, 19; text of, 36-39; reception of, in Europe, 39; basis of, 43; sanction of, 45; relation of, to European balance of power, 46, 52; attitude of England toward, 52; negative side of, 57; adverse criticism of, 131; not a self-denying declaration, 147; reservation of, 232, 249. Moore, John Bassett, 263. Moroccan question. See Algeciras Conference. Motley, John L., 113. Munitions of war, sale of to belligerents, 181-184. McKinley, William, reasons for retaining Philippine Islands, 84, 85. McLeod, Alexander, arrest of, 104; acquittal of, 105. Napoleon, Louis, intervenes in Mexico, 46; decides to withdraw, 47, 48. Neutral prizes, destruction of, 72, 180. Neutrality, Washington's proclamation of 1793, 8; failure of, in Napoleonic wars, 14, 15; Wilson's proclamation of, 172; nature of, 172, 173; so-called ethical neutrality, 174; abandonment of, 186. New Brunswick, boundary dispute with Maine, 106. Niagara conference on Mexican question, 162. Olney, Richard, on Monroe Doctrine, 43; conducts correspondence on Olney-Pauncefote treaty, 116, 117. Open-door policy in China, Hay's note of September 6, 1890, 85; Oregon, joint occupation of, 107. O'Shaughnessy, Nelson, 162. Pacific and Far Eastern Questions, Conference on, 266-290. Panama Canal, effect of, on naval policy, 132. Panama Canal Zone, seizure of, 142. Panama Congress of 1826, 153, 154. Panama Tolls Act, 121. Pan-American Financial Congress, 157. Pan-American Scientific Congress, 157. Pan-American Union, 156. Pan-Americanism, 153-157. Pauncefote, Sir Julian, signs general arbitration treaty with United Platt Amendment, provisions of, 144, 145. Peace Conference of Paris, 225-242. See Hague Conference. Perry, Commodore Matthew C. commands expedition to Japan, 83, 84, 95. Philippine Islands, McKinley's reasons for retaining, 84, 85. Polignac, Prince, interview with Canning on subject of the Spanish colonies, 35. Polk, James K., settles Oregon dispute, 110. Portsmouth, treaty of, 94. Prize Court. See International Prize Court. Prizes, destruction of, 179, 180. Recognition, doctrine of, discussed with reference to Mexican question, 161. Reparations, 236, 237. Reservations to Treaty of Versailles, 248-251, 254. Roosevelt, Theodore, forces Germany to withdraw from Venezuela, 51; sends delegates to Algeciras Conference, 75; exerts influence to preserve European balance of power, 76; protests against persecution of Jews in Rumania and Russia, 78, 79; invites Russia and Japan to peace conference, 94; incurs ill will of Japan, 95; submits Alaskan boundary dispute to limited arbitration, 123; establishes financial supervision over Dominican Republic, 133, 138; Big-Stick policy, 139; extension of Monroe Doctrine, 140; seizure of Canal Zone, 142. Root, Elihu, proposes international court of justice, 69; author of Rush, Richard, conferences with Canning on South American situation, 26, 33, 34. Russia, occupies Manchuria, 91, 92; opposes opening of Manchurian ports to American commerce, 93; goes to war with Japan, 94; revolution, of March, 1917, 198; of November, 1917, 203. Russo-Japanese war, 94. Sackville-West, Lord, dismissal of, 115. Salisbury, Lord, backs down in Venezuelan dispute, 50; warns President San Remo agreement, 259, 260. Santo Domingo, financial supervision over, 133, 134. Secret Treaties, 193. Self-determination, 198, 203, 205. Senate of the United States, debates Treaty of Versailles, 244-254. Seward, William H., protests against French occupation of Mexico, 47. Shantung question, at Peace Conference of Paris, 239-242; at Washington Siberia, Japanese troops in, 276; promise of Japan to evacuate, 286. Slave trade, provision for suppression of, in Webster-Ashburton treaty, 59, 60; Brussels conference on, 62. Slavery, and isolation, 58. South America, neglected by United States as field for commercial development, 52; open door in, 53. Spanish colonies, revolt of, 25. Spanish revolution of 1820, 20. Spanish War, turning point in relations of United States and England, 118. Submarines, question of, discussed at Washington Conference, 271, 272; use of, limited by treaty, 274, 275. Sumner, Charles, 113. Taft, William H., proposes to bring Nicaragua and Honduras under financial supervision of United States, 134, 135; tries to reËstablish friendly relations with Colombia, 143; suggests changes in Covenant of League, 232. Tardieu, AndrÉ, report of Algeciras Conference, 76; quoted on Armistice negotiations, 217, 218. Temperley, H. W. V., "History of the Peace Conference of Paris," 191. "Ten Points," 278. Texas, annexation of, opposed by Great Britain, 107, 108. Thayer, William R., gives version of Roosevelt-Holleben interview, 51. Tocqueville, Alexis de, "Democracy in America," 102. Treaty of London, 195. Treaty of Peace with Austria, 263. Treaty of Peace with Germany, 263. Treaty of Versailles, signed, 242; laid before Senate, 243; debate on, 244-254; votes on, 252-254. Twenty-One Demands, 276. Vera Cruz, American occupation of, 162; evacuation of, 163. Verona, Congress of, 19, 21, secret treaty of, 22-24. Vienna, Congress of, 19. Villa, Francisco, 162, 163. War aims, of Allies, 196; British, 204. War of 1812, 15. Washington, George, requests opinions of cabinet on French treaty, 6; issues proclamation of neutrality, 8; Farewell Address, 9-11. Washington Conference, 266-290. Washington, treaty of, 66, 114. Webster, Daniel, secretary of state, 104, 105. Webster-Ashburton treaty, 59, 60, 107. Wellington, Duke of, at Congress of Verona, 21; protest and withdrawal, 22. West Indies, American supremacy in, 120. White, Henry, delegate to Algeciras Conference, 75; to Peace William II, German Kaiser, telegram to President Kruger, 50; forced to withdraw from Venezuela, 51; visits Morocco, 74; demands retirement of DelcassÉ, 75; insists on general conference on Morocco, 75; thwarted in efforts to humiliate France, 77; abdicates and flees to Holland, 219. Williams, Talcott, on McKinley's reasons for retaining Philippines, 85. Wilson, Henry Lane, 160. Wilson, Woodrow, secures modification of Panama Tolls Act, 121; extends financial supervision over Nicaragua and Haiti, 136, 137; warns Latin-American states against granting concessions to European syndicates, 140, 141; attitude of, on questions of international law and diplomacy, 151, 152; general Latin-American policy, 152, 165; New Pan-Americanism, 153; Mexican policy, 160-164; asks for declaration of war on Germany, 185; views on extension of Monroe Doctrine, 187; political philosophy of, 192; refusal to recognize Huerta, 193; reasons for neutrality, 194; calls on all belligerents to state war aims, 195; first discussion of war aims, 196; war address, 199; draws distinction between German people and German Government, 200-202; reply to Pope, 201; announces Fourteen Points, 205-210; decides to go to Paris, 225; suffers political defeat, 226, 227; greeted with enthusiasm in Europe, 228; proposes League of Nations, 230; returns temporarily to the United States, 231; makes concessions to French and British, 238; returns to the United States and lays treaty before Senate, 242; tours the country on behalf of League of Nations, 246; illness of, 247; letter read at Jackson day dinner proposing referendum on Treaty of Versailles, 252, 253; awarded Nobel Peace Prize, 255; withdraws from participation in European affairs, 259. 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