CONTENTS

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INTRODUCTION

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NORTHERN LITERATURE IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY 1
THE SPECULUM REGALE, OR KING’S MIRROR; SOURCES 6
SCIENTIFIC LORE AND THE BELIEF IN MARVELS 11
COURTESY AND THE KING’S HOUSEHOLD 26
THE THEORY OF THE DIVINE RIGHT OF NORWEGIAN KINGSHIP 33
ETHICAL AND THEOLOGICAL IDEAS OF THE WORK 49
MODERN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE KING’S MIRROR 53
THE PROBLEM OF AUTHORSHIP 54
DATE AND PLACE OF COMPOSITION 59
EDITIONS OF THE KING’S MIRROR 65

THE KING’S MIRROR

I. INTRODUCTION: NAME AND PURPOSE OF THE WORK 72
II. “THE FEAR OF THE LORD IS THE BEGINNING OF WISDOM” 76
III. THE ACTIVITIES AND HABITS OF A MERCHANT 79
IV. THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED 81
V. THE SUN AND THE WINDS 86
VI. THE TIDES AND THE CHANGES IN THE COURSE OF THE SUN 92
VII. THE SUBJECT OF THE SUN’S COURSE CONTINUED 95
VIII. THE MARVELS OF NORWAY 99
IX. POPULAR DOUBT AS TO THE GENUINENESS OF MARVELS 102
X. THE NATURAL WONDERS OF IRELAND 105
XI. IRISH MARVELS WHICH HAVE MIRACULOUS ORIGINS 111
XII. THE MARVELS OF THE ICELANDIC SEAS: WHALES; THE KRAKEN 119
XIII. THE WONDERS OF ICELAND 126
XIV. THE VOLCANIC FIRES OF ICELAND 130
XV. OTHER ICELANDIC WONDERS: ORE AND MINERAL SPRINGS 133
XVI. THE MARVELS OF THE WATERS ABOUT GREENLAND: MONSTERS, SEALS, AND WALRUSES 135
XVII. THE ANIMAL LIFE OF GREENLAND AND THE CHARACTER OF THE LAND IN THOSE REGIONS 141
XVIII. THE PRODUCTS OF GREENLAND 144
XIX. THE CLIMATE OF GREENLAND; THE NORTHERN LIGHTS 145
XX. THE SUBJECT OF THE NORTHERN LIGHTS CONTINUED 151
XXI. THE ZONES OF HEAT AND COLD 153
XXII. THE WINDS WITH RESPECT TO NAVIGATION 156
XXIII. THE PROPER SEASON FOR NAVIGATION. END OF THE FIRST PART 161
XXIV. INTRODUCTION TO THE SECOND PART: THE KING AND HIS COURT 162
XXV. THE IMPORTANCE OF COURTESY IN THE ROYAL SERVICE 165
XXVI. THE ADVANTAGES DERIVED FROM SERVICE IN THE KING’S HOUSEHOLD 167
XXVII. THE VARIOUS CLASSES AMONG THE KINGSMEN 170
XXVIII. THE HONORED POSITION OF THE KINGSMEN 173
XXIX. THE SUPERIOR ORDER OF KINGSMEN: THE HIRD 175
XXX. HOW A MAN WHO WISHES TO APPLY FOR ADMISSION TO THE ROYAL HOUSEHOLD SERVICE SHOULD APPROACH THE KING 179
XXXI. WHY ONE SHOULD NOT WEAR A MANTLE IN THE ROYAL PRESENCE 184
XXXII. RULES OF SPEECH AND CONVERSATION IN THE KING’S HALL 186
XXXIII. THE PROPER USES OF “YOU” AND “THOU” 188
XXXIV. THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED 189
XXXV. CONCERNING FAILURE OF CROPS AND DEARTH IN MORALS AND GOVERNMENT 193
XXXVI. THE CAUSES OF SUCH PERIODS OF DEARTH AND WHAT FORMS THE DEARTH MAY TAKE 195
XXXVII. THE DUTIES, ACTIVITIES, AND AMUSEMENTS OF THE ROYAL GUARDSMEN 203
XXXVIII. WEAPONS FOR OFFENSE AND DEFENSE 217
XXXIX. MILITARY ENGINES 220
XL. THE PROPER MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF A ROYAL COURT 226
XLI. THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED 231
XLII. A DISCUSSION OF HOW GOD REWARDS RIGHTEOUSNESS, HUMILITY, AND FIDELITY, ILLUSTRATED BY EXAMPLES DRAWN FROM SACRED AND PROFANE HISTORY 234
XLIII. THE DUTIES AND THE EXALTED POSITION OF THE KING 245
XLIV. THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED 248
XLV. CONCERNING THE MODERATION WHICH A KING MUST OBSERVE IN HIS JUDICIAL SENTENCES AND PENALTIES, WITH ILLUSTRATIONS DRAWN FROM THE STORY OF GOD’S JUDGMENT IN THE CASE OF ADAM AND EVE, IN WHICH CASE TRUTH AND JUSTICE WERE ASSOCIATED WITH PEACE AND MERCY 251
XLVI. AN EXAMPLE OF RIGHTEOUS SEVERITY IN JUDGMENT DRAWN FROM THE STORY OF GOD’S CONDEMNATION OF LUCIFER 258
XLVII. A FURTHER DISCUSSION OF VERDICTS AND PENALTIES WITH ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE STORY OF LUCIFER’S REBELLION AND DOWNFALL AND OF THE SIN AND PUNISHMENT OF THE FIRST MAN AND WOMAN 260
XLVIII. A COMMENTARY ON THE STORY OF LUCIFER 272
XLIX. INSTANCES IN WHICH GOD HAS ALLOWED THE DECISION TO BE FRAMED ACCORDING TO THE STERN DEMANDS OF TRUTH AND JUSTICE 277
L. OTHER INSTANCES IN WHICH THE ARGUMENTS OF PEACE AND MERCY HAVE HAD GREATER WEIGHT 279
LI. THE REASONS FOR THIS DIVERSITY IN THE VERDICTS OF GOD 283
LII. THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED 284
LIII. INSTANCES IN WHICH GOD HAS MODIFIED HIS SENTENCES AND THE REASONS FOR SUCH MODIFICATIONS 285
LIV. THE KING’S PRAYER 290
LV. A FURTHER DISCUSSION OF THE KING’S BUSINESS ESPECIALLY HIS JUDICIAL DUTIES 297
LVI. THE SPEECH OF WISDOM 299
LVII. DIFFICULT DUTIES OF THE KING’S JUDICIAL OFFICE WITH ILLUSTRATIONS 304
LVIII. THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED 309
LIX. WHEN JUDGMENTS SHOULD BE SEVERE AND WHEN THEY SHOULD BE MERCIFUL 313
LX. THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED 316
LXI. CONCERNING CAPITAL PUNISHMENT 318
LXII. THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED 320
LXIII. THE JUDGMENTS OF GOD ILLUSTRATED BY THE STORY OF DAVID AND SAUL 321
LXIV. ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE JUDGMENTS OF SOLOMON 339
LXV. SOLOMON’S DECISION IN THE CASE OF SHIMEI 341
LXVI. SOLOMON’S JUDGMENT IN THE CASE OF ADONIJAH AND HIS FOLLOWERS 344
LXVII. WHY SOLOMON BROKE HIS PROMISE OF PEACE AND SECURITY TO JOAB 353
LXVIII. A DISCUSSION OF PROMISES: WHEN THEY MUST BE KEPT AND WHEN THEY SHOULD BE WITHDRAWN 355
LXIX. CONCERNING THE KINGSHIP AND THE CHURCH AND THE KING’S RESPONSIBILITY TO GOD 357
LXX. THE AUTHORITY OF KINGS AND BISHOPS. END OF THE SECOND PART 363
BIBLIOGRAPHY 369
INDEX 375
FOOTNOTES 403

THE KING’S MIRROR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

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