  Abrogation of treaties contrary to the League, in Wilson's original draft; in Treaty, Affirmative guaranty of territory and independence, plan; Wilson adopts, in Fourteen Points; Lansing's opposition; constitutional and political arguments against; Lansing's "self-denying covenant" as substitute; in Wilson's original draft and in Treaty; as continuing balance of power; Wilson adheres to; not in Cecil plan; in Lansing's resolution of principles; other substitute; as reason for rejection of Treaty by Senate; retained in reported Covenant; and dominance of Great Powers. See also Equality of nations; League; Self-denying covenant. Albania, disposition. Alliances. See French alliance. Alsace-Lorraine, to be restored to France. Amendment of League, provision for. American Bar Association, Lansing's address. American Commission, members; ignored in League negotiations; conference of January 10; ignorant of preliminary negotiations; question of resignation over Shantung settlement; shares in Shantung negotiations. See also Bliss; House; Lansing; White; Wilson. American Peace Society. American programme, lack of definite, as subject of disagreement; Fourteen Points announced; not worked out; insufficiency of Fourteen Points; Lansing's memorandum on territorial settlements; effect of President's attendance at Conference; embarrassment to delegates of lack; projet of treaty prepared for Lansing; President resents it; no system or team-work in American Commission; reason for President's attitude; no instructions during President's absence; results of lack; and Preliminary Treaty; influence of lack on Wilson's leadership; text of Fourteen Points. Annunzio, Gabriele d', at Fiume. Arabia, disposition. See also Near East. Arbitral Tribunal, in Lansing's plan. Arbitration, as form of peace promotion; in Lansing's plan; in Wilson's original draft; in Cecil plan; in Treaty. See also Diplomatic adjustment; Judicial settlement. Armenia, mandate for; protectorate. See also Near East. Armistice, American conference on. Article X. See Affirmative guaranty. Assembly (Body of Delegates), in Wilson's original draft; analogous body in Cecil plan; in Treaty. Auchincloss, Gordon, and drafting of League. Austria, Archduchy and union with Germany, outlet to sea. Austria-Hungary, dissolution; Fourteen Points on subject people. Azerbaidjan, Wilson and. Baker, Ray Stannard, and Shantung. Balance of power, Clemenceau advocates; Wilson denounces; and Cecil plan; League and. See also Affirmative guaranty; Equality of nations. Balfour, Arthur, signs French alliance. Balkans, Fourteen Points on. See also states by names. Belgium, and Anglo-Franco-American alliance, full sovereignty, Bessarabia disposition, Bliss, Tasker H. American delegate, opposes affirmative guaranty, and Covenant as reported, and proposed French alliance, and Shantung, letter to President, See also American Commission; American programme. Body of Delegates. See Assembly. Boers, and self-determination, Bohemia, disposition, Bolshevism, peace as check to spread, Bosnia, disposition, Boundaries, principles in drawing, Bowman, Isaiah, Commission of Inquiry Brest-Litovsk Treaty, to be abrogated, Bucharest Treaty, to be abrogated, Buffer state on the Rhine, Bulgaria, boundaries, Bullitt, William C., on revision of Covenant, testimony on Lansing interview, Lansing's telegram to President on testimony, no reply received, and Wilson's western speeches, Canada, Papineau Rebellion and self-determination, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Cecil, Lord Robert, plan for League, Wilson opposes it, text of plan, Central Powers, Wilson and need of defeat, hope in Wilson's attitude, peace or Bolshevism, See also Mandates, and states by name. China. See Shantung. Chinda, Viscount, and Shantung, Civil War, and self-determination, Clemenceau, Georges, Supreme War Council, advocates balance of power, Codification of international law, in Lansing's plan, Colonies, disposition of, in Lansing's plan, Fourteen Points on, See also Mandates. Commerce. See Non-intercourse; Open Door. Commission of Inquiry, work, Commission on the League of Nations, appointed, and Wilson's return to Constantinople, disposition, Constitutional objections, to affirmative guaranty, and to Cecil plan, Council of Foreign Ministers, established, nickname, Council of Four, self-constituted, secrecy, "Olympians," gives only Council of Ten, and Lansing's substitute resolution on League, during Council of the Heads of States. See Council of Four. Council (Executive Council) of the League, in Wilson's original draft, analogous body in Cecil plan, in Treaty, Covenant. See League of Nations. Croatia, disposition, Czecho-Slovakia, erection, Dalmatia, in Pact of London, Danzig, for Poland, Dardanelles, Fourteen Points on, Declaration of war, affirmative guaranty and power over, Denmark, Schleswig-Holstein, Heligoland, Diplomacy. See Secret diplomacy. Diplomatic adjustment, as basis of Covenant, exalted, Lansing on judicial settlement and, in Wilson's original draft, in Treaty, See also Judicial settlement. Disarmament, not touched in Lansing's plan; in Lansing's resolution of principles; in Wilson's original draft; in Treaty. Dobrudja, disposition. East Indians, and self-determination. Economic influence on boundary lines. Economic interdependence, importance in peace negotiations. Economic pressure. See Non-intercourse. Egypt, and self-determination; disposition. Election of 1918, as rebuke to Wilson. Entangling alliances. See Isolation. Equality of nations, sacrifice in Wilson's draft of League; in Lansing's form for League; ignored in Cecil plan; primacy of Great Powers retained in reported Covenant; violation by Treaty; and secret diplomacy at Conference. Esthonia, Wilson and; autonomy. Ethnic influence on boundary lines. See also Racial minorities; Finland, question of independence. Fiume affair, Lansing's attitude; Pact of London in light of dissolution of Austria-Hungary; resulting increase in Italian claims as basis for compromise; attitude of Italy toward Jugo-Slavia; commercial importance of Fiume to Jugo-Slavia; campaign of Italian delegates for Fiume; Italian public sentiment; character of population, self-determination question; efforts to get Wilson's approval; threat to retire from Conference; Wilson's statement against Italian claim; withdrawal of delegation; Italian resentment against Wilson; as lesson on secret diplomacy; delegation returns; and Shantung. Fourteen Points, announced; affirmative guaranty in; insufficient as France, Alsace-Lorraine; restoration. See also Clemenceau; French Freedom of the seas, in Fourteen Points. French alliance, as subject of disagreement; provisions of treaty; relation to League; and removal of certain French demands from Treaty of Peace; and French adherence to League; Lansing's opposition; drafted, signed; Lansing and signing; arguments for. Geographic influence on boundary lines. Georgia, Wilson and. Germany, buffer state on the Rhine; and Russian route to the East; Ginn Peace Foundation. Great Britain, and clause on self-determination; Egypt. See also Great Powers, and mandates. See also Balance of power; Council of Greece, territory. Gregory, Thomas W., and Wilson's modus vivendi idea. Guaranty. See Affirmative; Self-denying. Hague Conventions, and international peace. Hague Tribunal, and Lansing's plan; Wilson's contempt; recognition in Hands Off, as basis of Lansing's plan. Health, promotion in Treaty. Heligoland, dismantlement, disposition. Herzegovina, disposition. Historic influence on boundary lines. Hostilities. See Prevention of war. House, Edward M., joins Supreme War Council; conference on armistice terms; selection as peace negotiator and President as delegate, Commission of Inquiry, and drafting of League, and international court, and "self-denying covenant," and balance of power, of Commission on the League of Nations, and mandates, and data, ignorant of Wilson's programme, and Preliminary Treaty with detailed Covenant, and private consultations, See also American Commission. Hungary, separation from Austria. Immoral traffic, prevention in Treaty, Immunities of League representatives, Indemnities, and mandates, India, German routes to, International commissions, in Cecil plan, in Treaty, International court. See Judicial settlement. International enforcement. See Affirmative guaranty. International military force, in Wilson's original draft, in Treaty, International military staff, proposal, Interparliamentary Congress, in Cecil plan, Inviolability of League property, Irish, and self-determination, Isolation, policy, and affirmative guaranty, and mandates, and French alliance, Italy, and Cecil plan, territory, See also Fiume; Great Powers. Japan, and Cecil plan, in Council of Ten, See also Great Powers; Judicial settlement of international disputes, Lansing's plan, subordinated in Wilson's draft, Lansing on diplomatic adjustment and, Lansing urges as nucleus of League, in Lansing's resolution of principles, Lansing's appeal for, in Covenant, arbitrators of litigant nations, difficulties in procedure, cost, elimination from Covenant of appeal from arbitral awards, how effected, Lansing's appeal ignored, in Cecil plan, See also Arbitration; Diplomatic adjustment. Jugo-Slavia, and Anglo-Franco-American alliance, port, erected, See also Fiume. Kato, Baron, and Shantung, Kiao-Chau. See Shantung. Kiel Canal, internationalization, Koo, V.K. Wellington, argument on Shantung, Labor article, in Wilson's original draft, in Treaty, Lansing, Robert, resignation asked and given, divergence of judgment from President, reasons for retaining office, reasons for narrative, imputation of faithlessness, personal narrative, subjects of disagreement, attitude toward duty as negotiator, policy as to advice to President, President's attitude towards opinions, method of treatment of subject, conference on armistice terms, selected as a negotiator, opposition to President being a delegate, President's attitude toward this opposition, and Commission of Inquiry, arrival in Paris, and balance of power, and paramount need of speedy peace, opposition to mandates, opposition to French alliance treaty, signs it, personal relations with President, memorandum on American programme (1918), has projet of treaty prepared, Wilson resents it, on lack of organization in American Commission, and lack of programme, and American Commission during President's absence, on Wilson's modus vivendi idea, opposition to secret diplomacy, effect on Wilson, and Fiume, and Shantung, Bullitt affair, views on Treaty when presented to Germans, and ratification of Treaty See also American Commission; League; Wilson. Latvia Wilson and autonomy League of Nations principles as subject of disagreement as object of peace negotiations as reason for President's participation in Conference Wilson's belief in necessity American support of idea, earlier plans and associations divergence of opinion on form political and juridical forms of organization Wilson's belief in international force and affirmative guaranty affirmative guaranty in Fourteen Points Phillimore's report preparation of Wilson's original draft, House as author Lansing not consulted, reason Lansing's opposition to affirmative guaranty Lansing and non-intercourse peace plan draft impracticable and equality of nations Lansing's "self-denying covenant" Lansing accepts guaranty as matter of expediency diplomatic adjustment as basis of Wilson's draft guaranty in first draft, later draft, and Treaty Lansing's substitute, his communications not acknowledged, incorporation of detailed Covenant in Treaty irreconcilable differences between Wilson's and Lansing's plans Lansing on diplomatic adjustment versus judicial settlement Lansing urges international court as nucleus three doctrines of Lansing's plan Lansing's first view of Wilson's draft his opinion of its form of its principles Wilson considers affirmative guaranty essential, effect on Treaty American Commission ignored on matters concerning Cecil plan Wilson's opposition to it question of self-determination Lansing's proposed resolution of principles in Treaty and later detailing detailed Covenant or speedy peace Wilson utilizes desire for peace to force acceptance of League Lansing proposes resolution to Wilson and to Council of Ten drafted resolution of principles Commission on the League of Nations appointed, American members resolution and Wilson's return to United States Wilson's draft before Commission Wilson pigeonholes resolution revision of Wilson's draft Lansing's appeal for international court it is ignored elimination of appeal from arbitral awards, how effected report of Commission, Wilson's address character of report and work of Commission, main principles unaltered Wilson and American opposition (Feb.) American Commission and report amendments to placate American opinion reaction in Europe due to American opposition change in character and addition of functions to preserve it summary of Lansing's objections and French alliance in a preliminary treaty as a modus vivendi as subject of Wilson's private consultations secrecy in negotiations and Shantung bargain Bullitt's report of Lansing's attitude and carrying out of the Treaty as merely a name for the Quintuple Alliance text of Wilson's original draft of Cecil plan in Treaty See also Mandates. League to Enforce Peace Wilson's address Lithuania Wilson and autonomy Lloyd George, David, Supreme War Council, 14 and French alliance See also Council of Four. Log-rolling at Conference London, Pact of Makino, Baron and Shantung Mandates, in Smuts plan, Wilson adopts it Lansing's criticism retained in reported Covenant political difficulties Wilson's attitude legal difficulties usefulness questioned as means of justifying the League and indemnities altruistic, to be share of United States in Wilson's original draft in Treaty. Meeting-place of League in Wilson's original draft in Cecil plan in Membership in League in Wilson's original draft in Treaty withdrawal. Mezes, Sidney E., Commission of Inquiry and data. Miller, David Hunter and drafting of Covenant and projet of a treaty. Modus vivendi, Wilson and a preliminary treaty as Monroe Doctrine and affirmative covenant preservation in Treaty Montenegro in Jugo-Slavia Fourteen Points on Moravia, disposition Munitions regulation of manufacture and trade in Wilson's original draft in Treaty National safety, dominance of principle Near East United States and mandates Lansing's memorandum on territorial Negative guaranty. See Self-denying covenant. Non-intercourse as form of peace promotion constitutionality in Wilson's original draft in Treaty Norway, Spitzbergen Open Door in Lansing's plan in Near East in former German colonies principle in Wilson's original draft and in Treaty in Fourteen Points Outlet to the sea for each nation Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele Palestine autonomy See also Near East. Pan-America, proposed mutual guaranty treaty Papineau Rebellion, and self-determination Peace, Treaty of inclusion of detailed Covenant as subject of disagreement expected preliminary treaty speedy restoration of peace versus detailed Covenant Wilson employs desire for, to force acceptance of League, resulting delay, delay, delay on League causes definitive rather than preliminary treaty subjects for a preliminary treaty influence of lack of American programme Wilson's decision for a definitive treaty Lansing's views of finished treaty British opinion protests of experts and officials of American Commission Lansing and ratification See also League. Persia, disposition Phillimore, Lord, report on League of Nations Poland and Anglo-Franco-American alliance independence Danzig Postponement of hostilities as form of peace promotion in Wilson's original draft in Cecil plan in Treaty President as delegate as subject of disagreement Lansing's opposition origin of Wilson's intention influence of belligerency on plan influence of presence on domination of situation personal reasons for attending decision to go to Paris decision to be a delegate attitude of House League as reason for decision Prevention of war in Wilson's original draft in Cecil plan in Treaty Sec also Arbitration; League. Publication of treaties in Lansing's plan in Treaty Publicity as basis of Lansing's plan See also Secret diplomacy. Quintuple Alliance, League of Nations as name for Racial equality issue in Shantung bargain Racial minorities protection, in Wilson's original draft Ratification of Treaty Lansing's attitude Red Cross promotion in Treaty Rhenish Republic as buffer state Roumania Bucharest Treaty to be abrogated territory Fourteen Points on Russia Wilson's policy and route for Germany to the East Lansing's notes on territorial settlement Fourteen Points on Ruthenians and Ukraine Schleswig-Holstein disposition Scott, James Brown drafts French alliance treaty and projet of a treaty Secret diplomacy as subject of disagreement in negotiation of League as evil at Conference Lansing's opposition, its effect on Wilson Wilson's consultations and Wilson's "open diplomacy" in Council of Four public resentment Fiume affair as lesson on perfunctory open plenary sessions of Conference Council of Ten effect on Wilson's prestige responsibility effect on delegates of smaller nations climax, text of Treaty withheld from delegates psychological effect great opportunity for reform missed and Shantung Fourteen Points on See also Publicity Secretariat of the League in Wilson's original draft in Cecil plan in "Self-denying covenant" for guaranty of territory and independence Self-determination in Wilson's draft of Covenant why omitted from treaty in theory and in practice Wilson abandons violation in the treaties and Civil War and Fiume colonial, in Fourteen Points Wilson's statement (Feb. 1918) Senate of United States and affirmative guaranty opposition and Wilson's threat plan to check opposition by a modus vivendi Separation of powers Wilson's attitude Serbia Jugo-Slavia territory Fourteen Points on Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes See Jugoslavia Shantung Settlement as subject of disagreement and secret diplomacy bargain injustice, blackmail influence of Japanese bluff not to agree to the League German control Japanese occupation moral effect Chinese agreement to Japanese demands, resulting legal and moral status status after China's declaration of war on Germany attitude of Allied delegates attitude of American Commission, letter to Wilson argument before Council of Ten Japanese threat to American Commission before Council of Four value of Japanese promises questioned and Fiume question of resignation of American Commission over China refuses to sign Treaty Wilson permits American Commission to share in negotiations American public opinion text of Treaty articles on Silesia and Czecho-Slovakia Slavonia disposition Slovakia disposition Small nations See Equality. Smuts, General and disarmament plan for mandates Society for the Judicial Settlement of International Disputes Sonnino, Baron Sidney See Fiume Sovereignty question in system of mandates Spitzbergen disposition Strategic influence on boundary lines Straus, Oscar S. favors League as reported Supreme War Council, American members added, 14; and Cecil plan; and Syria, protectorate. See also Near East. Taft, William H., supports League as reported. Transylvania, disposition, Treaty of Peace. See Peace. Treaty-making power, President's responsibility, duties of negotiators, and affirmative guaranty, Trieste, disposition; importance, Turkey, dismemberment and mandates, See also Near East. Ukraine, Wilson and; autonomy, and Ruthenians. Unanimity, requirement in League. Violation of the League, action concerning, in Wilson's original draft, in Cecil plan; in Treaty, War. See Arbitration; League of Nations; Prevention. White, Henry, arrival in Paris; opposes affirmative guaranty; and Wickersham, George W., supports League as reported. Williams, E. T., and Shantung question, Wilson, Woodrow, responsibility for foreign relations; duties of negotiators to, and opposition, presumption of self-assurance, conference on armistice terms; disregard of precedent; and need of defeat of enemy; and Commission of Inquiry; open-mindedness; and advice on personal conduct; positiveness and indecision; and election of 1918; prejudice against legal attitude; prefers written advice, arrives in Paris, reception abroad, on equality of nations, and separation of powers, denounces balance of power, and self-determination, conference of Jan. 10, contempt for Hague Tribunal, fidelity to convictions, return to United States, return to Paris, and mandates, and French alliance, and open rupture with Lansing, and team-work, decides for a definitive treaty only, rigidity of mind, secretive nature, and Fiume, Italian resentment and Shantung, and Bullitt affair, Treaty as abandonment of his principles, Fourteen Points, principles of peace (Feb. 1918), See also American programme; Commission on the League; Council of Four; Lansing; League; Peace; President as delegate; Secret diplomacy. Withdrawal from League, provision in Treaty, through failure to approve amendments. World Peace Foundation, Zionism, and self-determination, Zone system in mutual guaranty plan, ******* This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: /1/0/4/4/10444 Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. - You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. 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