A Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

George Martin Lane

THE REFERENCES ARE TO SECTIONS.

Parts of Latin Grammar, 1.

PART FIRST: WORDS, 2-1022.

Parts of Speech, 2-15.

(A.) SOUND, 16-179.

Alphabet, 16-30.

Sources of our Pronunciation, 31.

Vowels, 32-46.

Long and Short, 33-36. Pronunciation, 37-42. Classification, 43-46.

Diphthongs, 47-50.

Nature and Kinds, 47, 48. Pronunciation, 49, 50.

Consonants, 51-81.

Pronunciation, 51-72. Classification, 73-81.

Syllabic and Unsyllabic Function, 82, 83.

Accent, 84-98.

Nature, 84. Marks of Accent, 85. The Classical Accent, 86-88. Earlier Recessive Accent, 89-91. Proclitics and Enclitics, 92-94.

Change of Sound, 95-174.

Vowel Change: Of Diphthongs, 95-101; 108. Of Simple Vowels, 102-107. Loss, 110-113. Hiatus, 114-116. Synizesis, 117. Contraction, 118. Elision, 119. Combination into Diphthongs, 120. Lengthening, 121-123. Shortening, 124-132. Transfer of Quantity, 133. Variation, 134. Quantitative Vowel Gradation, 135. Qualitative Vowel Changes, 136-143. Assimilation, 144. Qualitative Vowel Gradation, 145.

Consonant Change: Disappearance or Change of Single Consonants, 146-161. Change in Consonant Groups, 162-179. Assimilation, 163-166. Consonantal Glides, 167. Disappearance, 168-171. Development of Anaptyctical Vowel, 172. Dissimilation, 173. Changes within Compounds, 174.

Syllables, 175-179.

Defined, 175, 176. Length of Syllables, 177, 178. Loss, 179.

(B.) FORMATION, 180-396.

Definitions, 180-198.

Roots, 183-189. Present Stems as Roots, 190-194. Stems, 195-197. Primitives and Denominatives, 198.

Formation of the Noun, 199-364.

Without a Formative Suffix, 199. Formative Suffixes, 200-203. Formation of the Substantive: Primitives, 204-245. Denominatives, 246-279. Formation of the Adjective: Primitives, 280-297. Denominatives, 298-341. Comparison, 342-364.

Formation of Denominative Verbs, 365-375.

Composition, 376-396.

Of Nouns, 379-390. Of Verbs, 391-396.

(C.) INFLECTION, 397-1022.

Definition, 397.

(A.) INFLECTION OF THE NOUN, 398-712.

General Principles, 398-431.

Case Endings, 398. The Stem, 399-401. Gender, 402-413. Number, 414-418. Case, 419-431.

The Substantive, 432-607.

Stems in -a- (The First Declension), 432-445. Stems in -o- (The Second Declension), 446-466. Consonant Stems (The Third Declension), 467-512. Stems in -i- (The Third Declension), 513-569. Gender of Consonant Stems and -i- Stems, 570-584. Stems in -u- (The Fourth Declension), 585-595. Stems in -e- (The Fifth Declension), 596-607.

The Adjective, 608-643.

Stems in -o- and -a-, 613-620. Consonant Stems, 621-626. Stems in -i-, 627-636. Numeral Adjectives, 637-643.

The Pronoun, 644-695.

Personal and Reflexive, 644-651. Personal and Reflexive Possessive, 652-655. Other Pronouns, 656-659. Demonstrative, 660-670. Determinative, 671-675. Pronoun of Identity, 676-678. Intensive, 679-680. Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite, 681-694. Correlative Pronouns, 695.

The Adverb, Conjunction, and Preposition, 696-712.

Nouns as Adverbs, 696-698. Accusative, 699-702. Ablative, 703-707. Locative, 708-709. Other Endings, 710. Correlative Adverbs, 711. Sentences as Adverbs, 712.

(B.) INFLECTION OF THE VERB, 713-1022.

General Principles, 713-742.

The Stem, 714-720. The Person Ending, 721-731. Nouns of the Verb, 732. Principal Parts, 733-735. Designation of the Verb, 736-737. Theme, 738-740. Classes of Verbs, 741-742.

Primitive Verbs, 743-791.

Root Verbs, 743-744. Inflection of sum, 745-750. possum, 751-753. do, 754-757. bibo, sero, sisto, 758. inquam, 759-761. eo, 762-767. queo and nequeo, 768. edo, 769-771. volo, nolo, malo, 772-779. fero, 780-781. Verbs in -ere (The Third Conjugation), rego, 782-783. Verbs in -io, -ere, 784-791. capio, 784-785. aio, 786-787. fio, 788-790. Others in -io, -ere, 791.

Denominative Verbs, 792-797.

Verbs in -are (The First Conjugation), laudo, 792-793. Verbs in -ere (The Second Conjugation), moneo, 794-795. Verbs in -ire (The Fourth Conjugation), audio, 796-797.

Deponent Verbs, 798-801.

Periphrastic Forms, 802-804.

Defective Verbs, 805-817.

Redundant Verbs, 818-823.

Formation of Stems, 824-919.

Variable Vowel, 824-827. The Present System: Present Indicative Stem, 828-840. Present Subjunctive, 841-843. Imperative, 844-846. Imperfect Indicative, 847-848. Imperfect Subjunctive, 849-850. Future, 851-853. The Perfect System: Perfect Indicative Stem, 854-875. Perfect Subjunctive, 876-878. Perfect Imperative, 879. Pluperfect Indicative, 880. Pluperfect Subjunctive, 881. Future Perfect, 882-884. Short or Old forms of the Perfect System, 885-893. Nouns of the Verb: The Infinitive, 894-898. Gerundive and Gerund, 899. Supine, 900. Present Participle, 901-903. Future Participle, 904-905. Perfect Participle, 906-919.

List of Verbs arranged according to the Principal Parts, 920-1022.

PART SECOND: SENTENCES, 1023-2299.

Definitions, 1023-1061.

The Simple Sentence, 1023-1025. The Subject, 1026-1034. The Predicate, 1035-1036. Enlargements of the Subject, 1038-1047. Enlargements of the Predicate, 1048-1054. Combination of Sentences, 1055. The Compound Sentence, 1056-1057. The Complex Sentence, 1058-1061.

Agreement, 1062-1098.

Of the Verb, 1062-1076. Of the Substantive, 1077-1081. Of the Adjective, 1082-1098.

THE SIMPLE SENTENCE, 1099-1635.

(A.) USE OF THE NOUN, 1099-1468.

Number and Gender, 1099-1110.

Case, 1111-1437.

Nominative, 1113-1123. Nominative of Title, 1114-1116. Of Exclamation, 1117. Vocative Nominative and Vocative Proper, 1118-1123.

Accusative, 1124-1174. Of the Object, 1132-1139. Emphasizing or Defining, 1140-1146. Of the Part Concerned, 1147. Of the Thing Put On, 1148. Of Exclamation, 1149-1150. Of Space and Time, 1151-1156. Of the Aim of Motion, 1157-1166. Two Accusatives Combined, 1167-1174.

Dative, 1175-1225. I. The Complementary Dative: (1.) The Essential Complement: With Verbs, 1180-1199. With Adjectives, 1200-1204. (2.) The Optional Complement: Of the person or thing interested, 1205-1210. The Emotional Dative, 1211. The Dative of the Possessor, 1212-1216. Of Relation, 1217-1218. II. The Predicative Dative: Of Tendency or Result, 1219-1222. Of Purpose or Intention, 1223-1225.

Genitive, 1226-1295. I. With Substantives: In General, 1227-1231. Of the Subject, Cause, Origin, or Owner, 1232-1238. Of Quality, 1239-1240. Partitive, 1241-1254. Of Definition, 1255-1259. Objective, 1260-1262. II. With Adjectives, 1263-1270. III. With Verbs: Of Valuing, 1271-1275. With refert and interest, 1276-1279. With Judicial Verbs, 1280-1282. With Impersonals of Mental Distress, 1283-1286. With Verbs of Memory, 1287-1291. Of Participation and Mastery, 1292. Of Fulness and Want, 1293-1294. IV. The Genitive of Exclamation, 1295.

Ablative, 1296-1400. I. The Ablative Proper: Of Separation and Want, and of Departure, 1302-1311. Of Source, Stuff, or Material, 1312-1315. Of Cause, Influence, or Motive, 1316-1319. Of Comparison, 1320-1330. II. The Locative Ablative: The Locative Proper, 1331-1341. The Ablative used as Locative: Of Place in, on, or at which, 1342-1349. Of Time at which or within which, 1350-1355. III. The Instrumental Ablative: (1.) The Ablative of Attendance: Of Accompaniment, 1356-1357. Of Manner, 1358-1361. Ablative Absolute, 1362-1374. Ablative of Quality, 1375. Of the Route Taken, 1376. (2.) The Instrumental Proper: Of Instrument or Means, 1377-1384. Of Specification, 1385. Of Fulness, 1386-1387. Of Measure, Exchange, and Price, 1388-1392. Of the Amount of Difference, 1393-1399. Two or more Ablatives Combined, 1400.

Use of Cases with Prepositions, 1401-1437.

In General, 1401-1409. With the Accusative, 1410-1416. With the Ablative, 1417-1421. With the Accusative or the Ablative, 1422-1425. Combination of Substantives by a Preposition, 1426-1428. Repetition or Omission of a Preposition, 1429-1430. Two Prepositions with one Substantive, 1431-1432. Position of Prepositions, 1433-1437.

Use of Adverbs, 1438-1453.

Use of Degrees of Comparison, 1454-1468.

(B.) USE OF THE VERB, 1469-1635.

Voice, 1469-1492.

Active, 1469-1471. Passive, 1472-1485. Deponents, 1486-1492.

Mood, 1493-1586.

The Indicative, 1493-1533. In Declarations, 1493-1498. In Questions, 1499-1533. Yes or No Questions, 1502-1510. Positive and Negative Answers, 1511-1514. Alternative Questions, 1515-1525. Pronoun Questions, 1526-1530. Some Applications of Questions, 1531-1533.

The Infinitive of Intimation, 1534-1539.

The Subjunctive, 1540-1570. The Subjunctive in Declarations: I. Of Desire: Of Wish, 1540-1546. Of Exhortation, Direction, Statement of Propriety, 1547-1552. Of Willingness, Assumption, Concession, 1553. II. Of Action Conceivable, 1554-1562. The Subjunctive in Questions, 1563-1570.

The Imperative, 1571-1586. Of Command, 1571-1580. Of Prohibition, 1581-1586.

Tense, 1587-1635.

Of the Indicative, 1587-1633. Present, 1587-1593. Imperfect, 1594-1601. Perfect, 1602-1613. Pluperfect, 1614-1618. Future, 1619-1625. Future Perfect, 1626-1632. The Future Active Participle with sum, 1633.

Of the Subjunctive, 1634-1635.

THE COMPOUND SENTENCE, OR COORDINATION, 1636-1713.

Without a Connective, 1637-1642.

With a Connective, 1643-1692.

Conjunctions, 1643. Copulative, 1644-1666. Disjunctive, 1667-1675. Adversative, 1676-1686. Other Words as Connectives, 1687-1692.

The Intermediate Coordinate Sentence, 1693-1713.

The Subordinate Idea unindicated by the Mood, 1695-1704. The Subordinate Idea indicated by the Subjunctive, 1705-1713.

THE COMPLEX SENTENCE, OR SUBORDINATION, 1714-2299.

Definitions and Classifications, 1714-1716. Primary and Secondary Tenses, 1717. Virtual Futures, 1718.

Mood of the Subordinate Sentence, 1720-1731.

The Indicative, 1721. The Subjunctive: In Indirect Discourse, and in cases of Attraction, 1722-1729. Of Repeated Action, 1730. As in the Simple Sentence, 1731.

Tense of the Subordinate Sentence, 1732-1772.

Of the Indicative, 1732-1739. Of the Subjunctive, 1740-1772. Sequence of Tenses, 1745-1772. Tense subordinate to an Indicative, 1746-1761. Tense subordinate to a Subjunctive, 1762-1765. Tense subordinate to a Noun of the Verb, 1766-1769. Subjunctive due to another Subjunctive or to an Infinitive, 1770-1772.

The Indirect Question, 1773-1791.

In General, 1773-1774. Yes or No Questions, 1775-1777. Alternative Questions, 1778-1784. Pronoun Questions, 1785. Original Subjunctives, 1786. Indicative Questions apparently Indirect, 1787-1791.

The Relative Sentence, 1792-1837.

Agreement of the Relative, 1801-1811. Moods in the Relative Sentence, 1812-1830. Relative Sentences of Purpose, 1817. Of Characteristic or Result, 1818-1823. Of Cause or Concession, 1824-1830. Correlative Sentences, 1831. Relative Sentences Combined, 1832-1834. The Relative introducing a main Sentence, 1835-1837.

The Conjunctive Particle Sentence, 1838-2122.

Introduced by quod, 1838-1855. quia, 1856-1858. quom or cum, 1859-1881. quoniam, 1882-1884. quotiens, quotienscumque, 1885-1887. quam, 1888-1898. quamquam, 1899-1902. quamvis, 1903-1907. tamquam, 1908-1910. antequam, priusquam, 1911-1922. postquam, ubi?, ut, cum primum, simul atque, 1923-1934. ut, 1935-1970. ubi?, 1971. quo, 1972-1976. quominus, 1977-1979. quin, 1980-1990. dum, donec, quoad, quamdiu, 1991-2009. quando, 2010-2014. si, 2015-2115. etsi, tametsi, etiamsi, 2116. quasi, tamquam si, ut or velut si, 2117-2122.

Connection of Separate Sentences or Periods, 2123-2159.

Without a Connective, 2124-2127. With a Connective, 2128-2158. Affirmative Coordination, 2159.

Nouns of the Verb, 2160-2299.

The Infinitive, 2160-2236. Definitions, 2160-2163. The Infinitive of Purpose, 2164-2165. With Adjectives, 2166. The Infinitive as Object: The Complementary Infinitive, 2168-2171. The Accusative with the Infinitive, 2172-2206. The Infinitive as Subject, 2207-2215. The Infinitive of Exclamation, 2216. Tenses of the Infinitive, 2218. Present, 2219-2222. Perfect, 2223-2231. Future, 2232-2236.

The Gerundive and Gerund, 2237-2268. Definitions, 2237-2242. Nominative, 2243-2249. Accusative, 2250-2253. Dative, 2254-2257. Genitive, 2258-2264. Ablative, 2265-2268.

The Supine, 2269-2277. Definitions, 2269. Supine in -um, 2270-2273. Supine in -u, 2274-2277.

The Participle, 2278-2299. Definition, 2278. Time of the Participle, 2279-2281. The Attributive Participle, 2282-2286. The Substantive Participle, 2287-2292. The Appositive Participle, 2293-2296. The Predicative Participle, 2297-2299.

APPENDIX, 2300-2745.

Some Occasional Peculiarities of Verbs, 2300-2307.

The Conative Use, 2301-2303. The Causative Use, 2304. The Potential Use, 2305. The Obligatory Use, 2306. The Permissive Use, 2307.

Indirect Discourse, 2308-2334.

Definitions, 2308-2311. Mood, 2312-2320. Tense, 2321-2324. Pronoun, 2325. Conditional Periods in Indirect Discourse, 2326-2334.

Use of Pronouns, 2335-2403.

Personal, 2335. Reflexive, 2336-2343. Equivalents for a Reciprocal Pronoun, 2344-2345. Possessive, 2346. Demonstrative, 2347-2364. Determinative, 2365-2370. Pronoun of Identity, 2371-2373. Intensive, 2374-2384. Interrogative, 2385-2386. Relative, 2387. Indefinite, 2388-2403.

Numerals, 2404-2428.

Classification, 2404. List of Numerals, 2405. Notation, 2406-2411. Some forms of Numerals, 2412-2418. Some uses of Numerals, 2419-2422 Other Numerals, 2423. Fractions, 2424-2428.

Prosody, 2429-2739.

Rules of Quantity, 2429-2472. In Classical Latin, 2429-2457. Position, 2458. Hidden Quantity, 2459-2463. Peculiarities of Quantity in Old Latin, 2464-2469. Iambic Shortening, 2470-2472.

Figures of Prosody, 2473-2510. Hiatus, 2473-2480. Elision, 2481-2492. Ecthlipsis, 2493-2496. Semi-Hiatus or Semi-Elision, 2497. Synaloepha, 2498. Synizesis, 2499. Synaeresis, 2500. Dialysis, 2501. Diaeresis, 2502. Hardening, 2503. Softening, 2504. DiastolÉ, 2505-2506. SystolÉ, 2507. SyncopÉ, 2508. Tmesis, 2509. Synapheia, 2510.

Versification, 2511-2739. Definitions, 2511-2548. Numeri Italici, 2549. The Saturnian, 2550-2554. Dactylic Rhythms, 2555-2580. Iambic Rhythms, 2581-2627. Trochaic Rhythms, 2628-2649. Logaoedic Rhythms, 2650-2074. Dactylo-Trochaic Rhythms, 2675-2681. Anapaestic Rhythms, 2682-2690. Cretic Rhythms, 2691-2697. Bacchiac Rhythms, 2698-2706. Choriambic Rhythms, 2707. Ionic Rhythms, 2708-2717. Lyric Metres of Horace, 2718-2737. Lyric Strophes of Catullus, 2738. Index of Horatian Odes and their metres, 2739.

Abbreviations used in citing the Authors, 2740-2745.

Index of Subjects.

Index of Latin Words.

1. Latin Grammar has two parts. I. The first part treats of words: (A.) their sound; (B.) their formation; (C.) their inflection. II. The second part shows how words are joined together in sentences.

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