German Science Reader / An Introduction to Scientific German, for Students of Physics, Chemistry and Engineering

NOTES.

Der Posten: item, term.

[1]

Observe that this sentence begins with a verb, but is not a question, nor a command; also that the next clause begins with so. Under these circumstances supply it at the beginning.

[2]

Wievielmal ... sovielmal: as many times ... so many times.

[3]

Before translating um, see if the phrase ends with zu and an infinitive; if so um = in order.

[4]

oder aber: or else.

[5]

seinem Werte nach: according to its value = as regards its value.

[6]

Jede Art der Einheiten: each kind of units.

[7]

schriftlich: in writing.

[8]

indem man ... rÜckt and dadurch, dass man ... rÜckt are two German ways of saying by moving. Verbs following indem man or dadurch, dass man should be turned into the English present participle with by.

[9]

die ... Stelle: the place. This is the compound adjective construction which is so common in scientific German. Observe how the phrase is built up:

die werdende Stelle	the becoming place
die leer werdende Stelle	the empty-becoming place
die dadurch leer werdende Stelle	the thereby empty becoming place

The article (die) or some other determining word is separated from its noun (Stelle) by a number of words; but in all cases the word next before the noun is an adjective or participle (werdende), which in turn is preceded by a word qualifying it (leer) and so on. In English the corresponding words follow the noun in the reverse order. This note will be frequently referred to.

[10]

2.

Die Quersumme: sum across = sum of the digits.
[1]
also: therefore; never translate it by also.
[2]
geradstellig, ungeradstellig: even, odd.
[3]
ein Mehrfaches: a multiple.
[4]
der Nenner, der ZÄhler: denominator, numerator.
[5]
see 1 Note 9.
[6]
Grundfaktoren: prime factors.
[7]
d.h. (das heisst): that is to say (i.e.)
[8]
an und fÜr sich: by itself, per se.
[9]
beziehungsweise: or as the case may be.
[10]
darin, dass man ... dividiert: in dividing (lit.: in this, namely that we divide). Darin anticipates and represents the following clause.
[11]
der beiden betreffenden Zahlen: of the two numbers in question.
[12]
das Glied, Vorderglied, Hinterglied: term, antecedent, consequent.
[13]

3.

soll erhoben werden: is to be raised. Very frequently soll with an infinitive means is to.
[1]
das Quadrat: square; das Biquadrat: fourth power.
[2]
vereinfachen: to simplify.
[3]
es sei x: let x be.
[4]
betrÄgt (betragen): amounts to.
[5]
die Rechnung stimmt: the calculation is correct.
[6]
belaufen sich: amount to.
[7]
die Beschaffenheit: nature.
[8]
der Rest verhÄlt sich zur Summe wie eins zu zwei: the remainder is to the sum as one is to two. Das VerhÄltnis: ratio, relation.
[9]
See 1 Note 2; zieht ... ab (abziehen): subtracts.
[10]

4.

Soll; see 3 Note 1.
[1]
und zwar: and moreover.
[2]
gerade so viel: just as much.
[3]
Überdies: in addition, to boot.
[4]
sieben Meilen zurÜckgelegt: makes 7 miles. The German mile varied in different sections from 4.7 to 5.6 U. S. miles.
[5]
zu Stande bringen: do, accomplish, finish.
[6]
in eben der Zeit: in the same time.
[7]
genÖtigt: obliged.
[8]
herabzusetzen: to reduce.
[9]
Angaben: data, statements.
[10]
die Mandel: lot or set of 15.
[11]
um 306: by 306. Um often means to the amount of, to the extent of.
[12]
das Merkmal: characteristic.
[13]
nach dem Berichte: according to the report.
[14]
das erste Feld: the first square.
[15]
wenn ... auch: even if.
[16]

5.

z.B. (zum Beispiel): for example.
[1]
die ... Linien; see 1 Note 10.
[2]
einerlei Seite: one and the same side.
[3]
kongruent: equal in every respect.
[4]
betragen; see 3 Note 5.
[5]
Es is merely introductory; the subject is Seiten.
[6]
man stecke ... ab: lay off; lit. let one lay off.
[7]
also; see 2 Note 2.
[8]
alsdann = dann: then.
[9]
daran stossenden (Seite): side adjacent to it.
[10]

6.

eine ... Figur; see 1 Note 10.
[1]
die ... senkrechte; see 1 Note 10.
[2]
die Sehne: chord.
[3]
dazu gehÖrigen: belonging to it.
[4]
ganz beliebig ... gegebene Punkte: points given entirely at pleasure = any given points whatever.
[5]
der Centriwinkel: angle at the centre.
[6]
der Peripheriewinkel: angle at the cirumference.
[7]
inhaltsgleich equal in area; der Inhalt: contents.
[8]
die Kathete: leg of a right-angled triangle.
[9]
Sei CAB ein ... Dreieck: let CAB be a triangle.
[10]
der ... Quadrate; see 1 Note 10.
[11]
es lÄsst sich zeigen: it allowes itself to be shown = it may be shown. A common use of lassen.
[12]
HÜlfslinien: auxiliary lines, construction lines.
[13]
see 1 Note 9.
[14]
d.i. (das ist): that is to say (i.e.)
[15]

7.

nach keiner Seite hin: in no direction.
[1]
wie weit ... auch: however far.
[2]
gleichlaufend: German equivalent for parallel. In many cases German uses a foreign word and also a native word for the same term.
[3]
die ... Seiten; see 1 Note 10.
[4]
verhalten sich: are to each other.
[6]
Die ... Senkrechte; see 1 Note 10.
[7]
anliegend: adjacent.
[8]
es kommt nur darauf an: it is only required.
[9]

8.

Um um: the first um means in order and belongs to the infinitive zu beschreiben; the second um means around.
[1]
halbiere: bisect.
[2]
herumzutragen: to lay off.
[3]
eines Vielecks; see 1 Note 10.
[4]
die FlÄche: surface, area.
[5]
kÖrperliche: solid.
[6]
bis ins Unendliche: to infinity.
[7]
der KÖrper: body; (in Geometry) solid.
[8]
zwei ... Ebenen; see 1 Note 10.
[9]
entsteht: is formed.
[10]
die GrundflÄche: base (surface).
[11]
und zwar: and moreover.
[12]

9.

inhaltsgleich: of equal (cubic) contents = of equal volume.
[1]
die MantelflÄche: curved surface.
[2]
dergestalt: in such a manner.
[3]
Ein ... Abschnitt; see 1 Note 10.
[4]
Wie verhalten sich: in what ratio are ... to each other.
[5]
einem ... Denkmale; see 1 Note 10.
[6]

10.

im Wesentlichen: essentially.
[1]
allseitig: on all sides.
[2]
die Einheit: unit.
[3]
das ... Normalmeter; see 1 Note 10.
[4]
Allgemeine Eigenschaften: universal properties.
[5]
starr: rigid, solid.
[6]
gelÄufig: familiar.
[7]
selbstverstÄndlich: of course.
[8]

11.

das BeharrungsvermÖgen: capacity for persisting = inertia.
[1]
sich gerade befindet: just finds itself = just happens to be.
[2]
das Kausalgesetz: law of causation.
[3]
ein ... KÖrper; see 1 Note 10.
[4]
die Festigkeit: firmness = strength.
[5]
reicht ... hin (hinreichen): suffices.
[6]
der Annahme widersetzt: opposes the assumption.
[7]
infolgedessen (in Folge dessen): in consequence of that.
[8]
wegschnellen: to fillip.
[9]
Beispiele is the object of bieten, and fÜr governs Drehungsbewegungen.
[10]
entsprechend: corresponding, appropriate.
[11]

12.

Äussert sich: manifests itself.
[1]
see 1 Note 10.
[2]
die Unterlage: support.
[3]
Übt ... aus (ausÜben): exerts.
[4]
also; see 2 Note 2.
[5]
das Lot (Loth): plumb-line.
[6]
Vielfache: multiples.
[7]
giebt ... an (angeben): states.
[8]
Pyknometer: specific gravity flask.
[9]
Es sei nun P₁ das Gewicht: now let P₁ be the weight.
[10]
alsdann = dann: then.
[11]
einer ... Marke; see 1 Note 10.
[12]

13.

Orte und Lagen: places and positions.
[1]
see 1 Note 2.
[2]
gelegen: situated.
[3]
fortschreitende Bewegung: motion of translation.
[4]
die ... Wege: the paths; see 1 Note 10.
[5]
von einem ... begriffenen KÖrper: of a body engaged; see 1 Note 10.
[6]
see 1 Note 2.
[7]
der ... Weg: the path; see 1 Note 10
[8]
infolge (in Folge): in consequence.
[9]
einer beliebig: of any desired, of any whatever.
[10]
kommt ... zu stande: comes about, is brought about.
[11]
bei: in the case of (not by.) Bei is of very common occurence with this meaning, which will generally suggest the proper preposition (at, with, in etc.) to use in English.
[12]

14.

die Gewichtseinheit: unit of weight.
[1]
heisst: means.
[2]
die Breite: latitude.
[3]
am Meeresspiegel: at the level of the sea.
[4]
am bequemsten: most conveniently.
[5]
darstellen: to represent.
[6]
t stands for Tonne = 1000 kg.
[7]
see 1 Note 2.
[8]
Observe that the comma is used as a decimal point and the period as a sign of multiplication.
[9]
also; see 2 Note 2.
[10]
nimmt ... zu (zunehmen): increases.
[11]
see 1 Note 2.
[12]
um: to the distance of.
[13]
die Gesammtarbeit: total work.
[14]
einzel (einzeln): separate.
[15]

15.

See 1 Note 2.
[1]
aufgespeichert: stored up.
[2]
bei Verminderung: on diminishing; see 13 Note 12.
[3]
um: to the distance of.
[4]
musste: had to. Do not translate by must; it is in the past tense.
[5]
geleistet: (leisten): performed. Die Leistung: performance.
[6]
streng genommen: taken strictly = strictly speaking.
[7]
eine Feder spannen: compress a spring.
[8]
die Spannkraft: tension, potential.
[9]
bei Beurtheilung: in judging; see 13 Note 12.
[10]
ist massgebend: is decisive, is a criterion.
[11]
hinsichtlich: as regards.
[12]
u.s.f. (und so fort): and so forth.
[13]

16.

Nebenformen: secondary forms.
[1]
noch so komplizierten: never so complicated, no matter how complicated.
[2]
rollen: the hyphen indicates that hinab belongs also to rollen: to roll down.
[3]
stellt ... dar (darstellen): represents.
[4]
einen ... Druck; see 1 Note 10.
[5]
aufheben: to neutralize, balance.
[6]
der Fall: case.
[7]
aufzufassen: to conceive.
[8]
entstanden (entstehen): originated, formed.
[9]
flachgÄngig: square-threaded.
[10]
bez. (beziehungsweise): or as the case may be.
[11]
scharfgÄngig: v-threaded.
[12]
der Schraubengang: turn of the screw.
[13]
das Gewinde: thread.
[14]
die BolzenstÄrke: thickness of the cylinder. StÄrke, usually strength, also means thickness.
[15]
die KernstÄrke: thickness, of the core.
[16]
See 1 Note 2., arbeitet ... aus: works out, hollows out.
[17]
der Betrag, um den: the amount to the extent of which....
[18]
die Steigung oder GanghÖhe: pitch.
[19]
See 2 Note 2.
[20]
Stellschrauben: set screws; stellen, to adjust.
[21]

17.

verhalten sich umgekehrt: they are to each other inversely.
[1]
Bekannt: well known.
[2]
hierbei: in this case (not hereby), Compare 13 Note 12.
[3]
findet ... statt (stattfinden): takes place.
[4]
bei KlingelzÜgen: in bell-pulls.
[5]
wobei: in which; compare 13 Note 12.
[6]
in der Regel: as a rule.
[7]
der Flaschenzug: block and tackle.
[8]
das Rad an der Welle: wheel and axle.
[9]
einem ... Seile; see 1 Note 10.
[10]
Riemen- und Seilscheiben: pulleys for belts and ropes.
[11]

18.

die Fortpflanzung: propagation, transmission.
[1]
einer ... FlÜssigkeit: of a liquid; see 1 Note 10.
[2]
infolgedessen (in Folge dessen): in consequence of which.
[3]
pflanzt sich ... fort (sich fortpflanzen): propagates itself.
[4]
Ein ... KÖrper: a body; see 1 Note 10.
[5]
sogen. (sogenannte): so-called.
[6]
Ist ... taucht; see 1 Note 2
[7]
dabei: in that case; compare 13 Note 12.
[8]
gilt (gelten): holds true.
[9]
eines ... GefÄsses: of a vessel; see 1 Note 10.
[10]
die DruckhÖhe: head, column.
[11]

19.

der Heber: siphon.
[1]
selbsttÄtig: automatically.
[2]
das Niveau: level.
[3]
zweischenkelig: two-legged, two-armed; der Schenkel, thigh.
[4]
dabei: at the same time (not thereby).
[5]
die Festigkeit: strength (of materials).
[6]
das Mass: measure (do not confound with die Masse, mass).
[7]
die Zugfestigkeit: tensile strength.
[8]
der Querschnitt: cross-section.
[9]
die GrÖsse: magnitude, quantity.
[10]
die rÜckwirkende Festigkeit: compressive strength.
[11]
die relative Festigkeit: transverse strength.
[12]
GrÖssen- und FormÄnderungen: changes of size and form. The hyphen indicates that Änderungen belongs to GrÖssen also.
[13]
sprÖde: brittle.
[14]
zÄhe: tough.
[15]
dehnbar: ductile.
[16]
geschmeidig: plastic, pliable.
[17]

20.

die GehÖrempfindung: sensation of hearing.
[1]
die Wellenbewegung: wave motion.
[2]
die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit: velocity of propagation.
[3]
das Fadentelephon: string telephone (toy).
[4]
Zwei ... StÜcke; see 1 Note 10.
[5]
das Mittel: medium.
[6]
der Nachhall: reverberation.
[7]
vorwiegend: preponderating; translate: mostly.
[8]
Sind; see 1 Note 2.
[9]
Sinusschwingungen: sine oscillations.
[10]
hÄngt ... ab (abhÄngen): depends.
[11]
stehend: vertical.
[12]
bei; see 13 Note 12.
[13]
der Grundton: fundamental note.
[14]
das GeprÄge: coinage = character.
[15]
die Klangfarbe: tone color = timbre.
[16]

selbstleuchtend: self-luminous.

[1]

lassen sich ungezwungen erklÄren: may be explained in a natural (lit. unforced) way.

[2]

das Mittel: medium.

[3]

der LichtÄther: luminiferous ether.

[4]

daran ... dass: by the fact that; lit. by this, namely that ..., Daran represents the following clause and anticipates it.

[5]

Besitzen; see 1 Note 2.

[6]

der Kernschatten: umbra; der Kern, kernel.

[7]

der Halbschatten: penumbra.

[8]

unmittelbar: directly.

[9]

auf ... angewiesen: confined to.

[10]

der Einfallswinkel: angle of incidence.

[11]

der Schirm: screen.

[12]

22.

der ebene Spiegel: plane mirror.
[1]
das Spiegelbild: reflected image.
[2]
der Senkrechte: the vertical, perpendicular; see 1 Note 10.
[3]
einem ... Kreis: a circle.
[4]
der Durchschnitt: section.
[5]
Perlen: beads.
[6]
beim Hineinblicken: on looking in.
[7]
ein ... Mittel: a medium.
[8]
zwei ... Ebenen: two planes. This sentence is an example of one compound adjective construction within another.
[9]
brechend: refracting.
[10]
einen ... Spalt: a slit.
[11]
bandfÖrmig auseinandergezogen: drawn out in the form of a ribbon.
[12]
brechbar: refrangible.
[13]
einzelne: single, separate, individual.
[14]
derartig: that kind, such.
[15]
indem man; see 1 Note 9.
[16]
das KnallgeblÄse: oxy-hydrogen blowpipe.
[17]
die betreffenden Metalle: the metals in question.
[18]
geschlossen werden kann: conclusions may be drawn.
[19]

23.

vermittelt: transmitted.
[1]
schrieb ... zu (zuschreiben): ascribed, attributed.
[2]
und zwar: and moreover.
[3]
nimmt ... zu ... ab (zunehmen, abnehmen); increases, decreases.
[4]
see 1 Note 9.
[5]
die LagenÄnderung: change of position.
[6]
bei; see 13 Note 12.
[7]
der Abstand: distance apart.
[8]

24.

um: to the extent of, by.
[1]
bezw. (beziehungsweise); see 2 Note 10.
[2]
der TrÄger: beam, girder.
[3]
das Mauerwerk: masonry.
[4]
der Radreifen: tire of a wheel.
[5]
gilt (gelten): holds true.
[6]
der Schrumpfring: hoop shrunk on a gun.
[7]
bei; see 13 Note 12.
[8]
Übt ... aus (ausÜben): exerts.
[9]
die Dampfspannung, die Spannkraft: tension.
[10]
es bilden sich: there are formed.
[11]
Verdampfen: vaporization.
[12]
Verdunsten: evaporation (without artifical heat.)
[13]

25.

bei; see 13 Note 12.
[1]
die Vakuumpfanne: vacuum pan.
[2]
die Zuckersiederei: sugar refinery; sieden, to boil.
[3]
umgekehrt: conversely.
[4]
der Papinsche Topf: Papin's digestor.
[5]
das Sicherheitsventil: safety-valve.
[6]
die Spannkraft: the tension.
[7]
See 1 Note 9.
[8]
absperren: to bar off = to confine.
[9]
noch so gross: never so great, no matter how great.
[10]
tropfbar: capable of forming drops.
[11]
See 18 Note 6.
[12]
der Grenzwert: limit of value; limit.
[13]

26.

einen beliebig grossen Zwischenraum: a distance as great as may be desired = any distance.
[1]
die Strahlung: radiation.
[2]
die Leitung: conduction.
[3]
gleicht sich ... aus (sich ausgleichen): equalizes itself.
[4]
wir haben uns ... vorzustellen: we must conceive.
[5]
hierbei: in this case.
[6]
Übermittelt: transferred, communicated.
[7]
See 13 Note 12.
[8]
die WÄrmeeinheit: heat unit.
[9]
um; see 24 Note 1.
[10]
die Heizungstechnik: heating industry.
[11]

27.

um; see 24 Note 1.
[1]
die Menge: quantity.
[2]
wobei: in which case; see 13 Note 12.
[3]
See 13 Note 12.
[4]
AggregatzustandsverÄnderungen: changes in the state of aggregation (i.e. from liquid to solid etc.).
[5]
also; see 2 Note 2.
[6]
umgekehrt: conversely.
[7]
ermitteln: to ascertain.
[8]
vermag = kann.
[9]
niederschlagen: to precipitate.
[10]

28.

entsteht: arises, is formed, comes into existence.
[1]
die ArbeitsgrÖsse: amount (lit. magnitude) of work.
[2]
im Mittel: on an average.
[3]
wobei: in which case.
[4]
eine angesaugte und ... verdichtete Luftmenge: a sucked up and ... condensed quantity of air.
[5]
die Pleuelstange: connecting rod.
[6]
die Kurbel: crank.
[7]
die Welle: axle.
[8]
das Schwungrad: flywheel.
[9]
dabei: in that case.
[10]
See 13 Note 12.
[11]
der Uebergang: transition.
[12]
dabei: at the same time.
[13]
der Kolbenhub: stroke of the piston.
[14]
setzen ... um (umsetzen): convert.
[15]

29.

der Zylinder: cylinder. Some writers change c's of Latin Swords to z or k according to the sound.
[1]
sperren: to bar, to cut off.
[2]
die Steuervorrichtung: lit. appliance for steering = slide-valve.
[3]
wobei, hierbei, dabei; see 28 Notes, 4, 10, 13 and 26 Note 6.
[4]
niedrigerer: lower, note the comparative expressed by the first er.
[5]
geht verloren: is lost.
[6]
ausfallen kann: may turn out.
[7]
indem man ... verwendete und ... antrieb; see 1 Note 9.
[8]
der Wirkungsgrad: degree of effect = efficiency.
[9]
Dampfstrahlen: jets of steam.
[10]
das Schaufelrad: paddle wheel, blade wheel.
[11]

30.

Energiearten: kinds of energy.
[1]
beliebig: any ... whatever.
[2]
zutragen: take place.
[3]
der Kreisprozess: cycle.
[4]
am allgemeinsten: in the most general way.
[5]
das Niveau: level.
[6]
so fasst man ... auf: we conceive.
[7]
begriffen: engaged (in).
[8]
WÄrme is the object of enthalten.
[9]
zieht ... an (anziehen): attracts.
[10]
dagegen: on the other hand.
[11]
stossen ... ab (abstossen): repel.
[12]

31.

dadurch, dass man; see 1 Note 9.
[1]
Es stellte sich dabei heraus: it turned out in this case.
[2]
in gleicher Hinsicht: with the same purpose.
[3]
darstellen: represent, constitute.
[4]
lagern: arrange.
[5]
sich aufheben: neutralize each other.
[6]
herzustellen: to produce, make.
[7]
das BeharrungsvermÖgen: capacity for persistence = inertia.
[8]
sich einstellen: take its place.
[9]
vorzustellen: to place before (the mind) = to imagine.
[10]

32.

der Richtung nach: as regards direction.
[1]
der Leiter: conductor.
[2]
und zwar: and moreover.
[3]
woraus zu schliessen ist: from which it is to be concluded.
[4]
also; see 2 Note 2.
[5]
BerÜhrungsstellen: points of contact.
[6]
dem 300. Teil: to the 300th part. The period after 300 indicates the ending sten.
[7]
der Schliessungsbogen: closing arc = conductor which closes the circuit.
[8]

33.

die Zeiteinheit: unit of time.
[1]
der Querschnitt: cross section.
[2]
die ... ElektrizitÄtsmenge: the quantity of electricity.
[3]
die Stromabgabe: current delivery = amount of current delivered.
[4]
mit Bezug auf: with regard to.
[5]
wirksam: active.
[6]
die Schaltung: connection.
[7]
soll ... herbeigefÜhrt werden: is to be brought about.
[8]
indem sie ... bedingt wird: as it is governed by.
[9]
der Akkumulator: storage battery.
[10]
etwa: possibly; transl. any.
[11]
Bleisuperoxyd: peroxide of lead, PbO₂.
[12]
sowohl ... wie: as well ... as = both ... and.
[13]
das schwefelsaure Blei: sulphate of lead.
[14]
die E.M.K. (elektromotorische Kraft): electromotive force.
[15]
bezw. (beziehungsweise); see 2 Note 10.
[16]
Mennigeschichten: layers of red oxide of lead (minium).
[17]
das Gitter: lattice work, bars.
[18]

34.

unterscheiden sich: are distinguished.
[1]
der Gleichstrom: direct current.
[2]
der Wechselstrom: alternating current.
[3]
die Erregung, Influenz, Induktion: induction (three synonyms).
[4]
der Dauermagnet: permanent magnet.
[5]
der Anker: armature.
[6]
der Schenkel: limb, branch.
[7]
der Polwechsel: change of pole.
[8]
die Anbringung: attachment, addition.
[9]
der Stromwender: commutator.
[10]
die Vorrichtung: appliance, contrivance.
[11]
u. dergl. (und dergleichen): and the like.
[12]
der Kupferblechstreifen: strip of sheet copper.
[13]
die Klemme: clamp, binding post.
[14]
der Eisenkern: iron core.
[15]
die Nut: groove, rabbet.
[16]
eingefrÄsst: cut out.
[17]
indem die ... StrÖme: (in that =) as the currents.
[18]

35.

der Anker: armature.
[1]
einem Eisenring: an iron ring. This sentence contains one compound adjective clause within another.
[2]
die Welle: shaft, axle.
[3]
wobei: while at the same time.
[4]
der: to the.
[5]
in der Tat (That): indeed.
[6]
wohl: probably.
[7]
nÄmlich: translate by beginning the sentence with For.
[8]
indem ... entsteht: as there is formed.
[9]
allerdings: to the sure.
[10]
die Reihenbewickelung: series winding.
[11]
die Nebenschlussbewickelung: shunt winding.
[12]
die Leistung: performance, efficiency.
[13]
das Eisengestell: iron frame.
[14]

36.

eigentlich: properly so called, real.
[1]
der Stromkreis: circuit.
[2]
abgeben: deliver.
[3]
bedÜrfen: require (followed by the genitive).
[4]
der Abnutzung unterliegt: is subject to wear and tear.
[5]
BetriebsstÖrungen: disturbances = irregularities in running.
[6]
die Klemme: clamp, binding post.
[7]
indem man ... verwandelt; see 1 Note 9.
[8]
die Drehstrommaschine: three phase motor.
[9]
Nebenapparate: secondary apparatus.
[10]
ErgÄnzungsmittel: means of completion = supplements.
[11]
der Wirbelstrom: eddy current.
[12]
Kern- und Manteltransformationen: core and shell transformers.
[13]
untergebracht: placed.
[14]

37.

die Anlage: plant.
[1]
Starkstromleitungen: conductors for powerful currents.
[2]
Licht- und Kraftbetrieb: production of light and power.
[3]
in der Regel: as a rule.
[4]
verseilt: covered with rope.
[5]
stark: heavy, thick (the usual meaning is strong).
[6]
in ihrer Gesamtheit: in their totality = all taken together.
[7]
das Isolirband: insulating tape.
[8]
StrassenumwÜhlungen: digging up the streets.
[9]
die Armierung: strengthening.
[10]
Muffen: sleeves.
[11]
Anschlussstellen: places for the connections.
[12]
Anschlussgruben: man holes (Grube: pit).
[13]
die Schmelzsicherung: safety-fuse.
[14]
Karton: pasteboard.
[15]
der Wandverputz: plastering.
[16]
Aus- und Einschalten: connecting and disconnecting.
[17]
der Schalter: switch.
[18]
der Umschalter: four point switch.
[19]

38.

der Gleichstrommotor: direct current motor.
[1]
der Wirkungsgrad: degree of efficiency.
[2]
der Stromwender: commutator.
[3]
der is the subject of the three verbs ist, geben kann and verbietet.
[4]
das FunkensprÜhen: sparking.
[5]
Anlass geben: to give rise.
[6]
die Steinkohlengrube: coal mine.
[7]
schlagende Wetter: fire-damp.
[8]
die Spannung: tension.
[9]
starke Querschnitte: large cross sections.
[10]
unbequem: inconvenient.
[11]
angehen: to start.
[12]
eine ... Geschwindigkeit: a velocity.
[13]
Überhaupt: at all events.
[14]
den ... Stromwechseln: the alternations of the current.
[15]
Übereinstimmen: correspond, synchronize.
[16]
des ... Magnetfeldes: of the magnetic field.
[17]
unterliegt: is subject.
[18]
derartig: such.
[19]
asynchron: asynchronous (not synchronous).
[20]

39.

die Eigenschaft: property.
[1]
die Umwandlung: conversion.
[2]
der Stoff: substance.
[3]
der Grundstoff: fundamental substance, element.
[4]
ohne dass ... gesagt werden kann: without (our) being able to say.
[5]
das Merkmal: characteristic.
[6]
das Verhalten: behavior.
[7]
Druck- und TemperaturverhÄltnisse: conditions of pressure and temperature.
[8]
nimmt ... ein (einnehmen): occupies.
[9]
See 1 Note 2.
[10]
Sauerstoff- und Stickstoffgas: oxygen and nitrogen gas.
[11]
See 13 Note 12.
[12]
See 24 Note 1.
[13]

40.

lassen sich ... ÜberfÜhren: may be converted.
[1]
leichter ... schwieriger: more easily, more difficulty.
[2]
bestimmt: certain, definite.
[3]
dabei; see 28 Note 13.
[4]
hÄngt davon ab: depends upon the condition.
[5]
entwickelnd: developing, disengaging.
[6]
die Spannung: tension.
[7]
also: that is to say.
[8]
dementsprechend: corresponding to that = accordingly.
[9]
beziehen: to refer.
[10]
das Merkmal: characteristic.
[11]
die Erkennung: recognition, identification.
[12]
die Reindarstellung: preparing in the pure state.
[13]
die KohlensÄure: carbonic acid.
[14]
der Schwefelwasserstoff: sulphuretted hydrogen.
[15]
der Chlorwasserstoff: hydrochloric acid.
[16]
nimmt ab (abnehmen): diminishes.
[17]

sich verflÜchtigen: to be volatilized.

[1]

die Verdampfung: vaporization (with the aid of heat).

[2]

die Verdunstung: evaporation (at ordinary temperatures).

[3]

ungenÜgend; recognize the adverb by the absence of adjective endings and translate: insufficiently.

[4]

vor sich geht: goes on, takes place.

[5]

gebracht: when brought.

[6]

das Jod: iodine.

[7]

luftverdÜnnt: rarefied.

[8]

lÖsen, lÖslich, die LÖsung: to dissolve, soluble, the solution.

[9]

der Weinstein: tartar.

[10]

das Chlorcalcium: calcium chloride.

[11]

infolgedessen (in Folge dessen): in consequence of that.

[12]

zerfliesslich: deliquescent.

[13]

nimmt ... zu (zunehmen): increases.

[14]

scheidet sich ... aus: separates.

[15]

und zwar: and moreover.

[16]

Platinmohr: platinum block, platinum sponge.

[17]

42.

die Einheit: unit.
[1]
wobei; see 28 Note 4.
[2]
stimmen ... Überein (Übereinstimmen): agree.
[3]
bezÜglich: relating.
[4]
mittler: average, mean.
[5]
die Zusammensetzung: composition.
[6]

43.

die Entstehung: origin, formation.
[1]
die Umwandlung: conversion.
[2]
die Zersetzung: decomposition.
[3]
die Verbindung: composition, compound.
[4]
noch so verschiedenartig: no matter how differently.
[5]
entstanden (entstehen): formed.
[6]
gelangen: to get.
[7]
dabei: in the process.
[8]
gleichgÜltig (gleichgiltig): indifferent, all the same, no matter.
[9]
der Chlorwasserstoff: hydrochloric acid.
[10]
der Wasserstoff: hydrogen.
[11]
das Chlor: chlorine.
[12]
beliebig: any desired, any whatever.
[13]
das VerhÄltnis: ratio.
[14]
der Gewichtsteil: part by weight.
[15]
derart (in der Art): in such a way.
[16]
der Stickstoff: nitrogen.
[17]
also: that is to say.
[18]

44.

Infolge (in Folge): in consequence.
[1]
die Beschaffenheit: nature.
[2]
fÜr sich: in themselves.
[3]
was: which.
[4]
die Auffassung: conception.
[5]
diesen: these, the latter (i.e. trees).
[6]
erfolgen: to ensue, follow, take place.
[7]
VerhÄltnissen, proportions, belongs also to Gewichts- as indicated by the hyphen.
[8]
der Schluss: conclusion.
[9]
nimmt man ... an (annehmen): if we assume.
[10]
beispielsweise: by way of example.
[11]
dementsprechend: corresponding to that = accordingly.
[12]
Es is merely introductory; the real subject is 1000 MolekÜle.
[13]
dass diese 500 MolekÜle je 1000 Atomen entsprechen: that each 500 of these molecules correspond to 1000 atoms.
[14]

45.

die Annahme: assumption.
[1]
zunÄchst: first.
[2]
eingeleitet: introduced.
[3]
pflanzt sich ... fort (sich fortpflanzen): propagates itself.
[4]
veranlassen: to occasion, induce.
[5]
die BestÄndigkeit: stability.
[6]
auf Umwegen: in round about ways.
[7]
die Verwandtschaft: affinity.
[8]
die FÄhigkeit: capacity.
[9]
see 18 Note 6.
[10]
dementsprechend: see 44 Note 12.
[11]
einwertig etc.: univalent etc.
[12]
bewahren: preserve, maintain.
[13]
der Kohlenstoff: carbon.
[14]

46.

bei Gegenwart: in the presence of.
[1]
sich zu Salzen umsetzen: are converted into salts.
[2]
das Lackmuspapier: litmus paper.
[3]
die Wertigkeit: valency.
[4]
die SÄttigungskapazitÄt: capacity for saturation.
[5]
der Aetzkali: caustic potassa.
[6]
ersetzbar: replaceable.
[7]
see 18 Note 6.
[8]
namentlich: especially.
[9]
laugenartig: having the nature of lye (Lauge); alcaline.
[10]
indem: while.
[11]
wieder herstellen: restore.
[12]
vertretbar: replaceable.
[13]
die Wechselwirkung: mutual action, reaction.
[14]

47.

das Verfahren: process, method.
[1]
die Darstellung: preparation, making.
[2]
das ... Einflussrohr: the supply tube.
[3]
das Aufbrausen: effervescence.
[4]
das Gasentwicklungsrohr: gas tube, discharge tube.
[5]
mit Übergerissene SÄureanteile: portions of acid carried over (with the gas).
[6]
beruht darauf, dass: is based (lit.: rests) upon the fact that.
[7]
gebunden: combined.
[8]
wobei sich Zinksulfat bildet: zinc sulphate being formed at the same time.
[9]
setzen sich um (umsetzen): are converted.
[10]
zu diesem Behufe: for this purpose.
[11]
ausmÜnden: terminate.
[12]
stÜlpen: to turn upside down and put over something.
[13]

48.

verbreitetste: most widely distributed.
[1]
in kleinerem Massstabe: on a smaller scale.
[2]
das Stativ: retort stand.
[3]
die GasentwickelungsrÖhre: discharge pipe.
[4]
die Wanne: trough, tub.
[5]
fÜr sich: by itself.
[6]
je nach: according to.
[7]
Oxydul: suboxide.
[8]
Superoxyd: peroxide.
[9]
der Stickstoff: nitrogen.
[10]

49.

salpetersauer: nitrate.
[1]
indem man; see 1 Note 9.
[2]
Übergeht: passes over (in vapor).
[3]
to translate nÄmlich, begin the clause with for.
[4]
die UntersalpetersÄure: hyponitric acid.
[5]
see 18 Note 6.
[6]
der SÄuregehalt: percentage of acid.
[7]
Ätzend: caustic.
[8]
unbestÄndig: unstable.
[9]
die gebildeten Oxide: the oxides formed.
[10]
ÜberschÜssige SÄure: excess of acid.
[11]
No similar term is used in English chemistry. Scheiden: to separate. Say: aqua fortis.
[12]
das KÖnigswasser: aqua regia.
[13]

50.

der Zusammentritt: stepping together = combination.
[1]
die Entstehungsart: mode of formation.
[2]
der Herd: hearth, furnace.
[3]
schweflige SÄure: sulphurous acid.
[4]
es is introductory; Metallsulfide is the subject.
[5]
wobei man dafÜr sorgt: during which care is taken.
[6]
bei Vorhandensein (= bei Gegenwart): in the presence.
[7]
UntersalpetersÄure; see 49 Note 5.
[8]
zerfÄllt: falls to pieces = splits up into.
[9]
Übergeht: passes over into = is converted.
[10]
ÜberzufÜhren: to convert.
[11]
innerlich genossen: when taken internally.
[12]

51.

die Einwirkung: action, reaction.
[1]
der Kalk: lime.
[2]
das Bittersalz: Epsom salts.
[3]
massenhaft: in masses = on a large scale.
[4]
in der chemischen Technik: in the chemical industry (arts).
[5]
das Aetznatron: caustic soda.
[6]
im kleinen: on a small scale.
[7]
indem man ... hinzufÜgt und ... kocht: by adding ... and boiling.
[8]
der Kalkbrei: paste of lime.
[9]
beim Versetzen: on mixing.
[10]
dampft ... ein (eindampfen): evaporates down.
[11]
die Schale: capsule.
[12]
im grossen: on a large scale.
[13]
mit Begierde: with avidity.
[14]
die Einleitung: initiation, starting.
[15]
sÄmtlich: all.
[16]
zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass: are distinguished by the fact that.
[17]

52.

im grossartigsten Massstabe: on the grandest scale.
[1]
alles ... Chlorwasserstoffgas: all hydrochloric acid gas.
[2]
behufs: for the purpose of.
[3]
sich umsetzt: converts itself.
[4]
bereitet: prepared, made.
[5]
nochmalig: once more.
[6]
zur Anwendung gekommenen Verfahren: process come into use.
[7]
der Salmiack: sal ammoniac.
[8]
stellt ... her (herstellen): makes, prepares.
[9]
indem man ... erzeugt; see 1 Note 9.
[10]

53.

gediegen: in the metallic state.
[1]
eisenhaltig: containing iron.
[2]
hÄlt sich: keeps, remains unchanged.
[3]
greifen ... an: attack.
[4]
hÜttenmÄnnisch: metallurgically = by means of the furnace (die HÜtte: furnace).
[5]
das Roheisen: crude iron, pig iron.
[6]
der Hochofen: blast furnace.
[7]
behufs: for the purpose of.
[8]
see 34 Note 12.
[9]
der Koks: coke.
[10]
vermittelnd: promoting (lit. mediating, making possible).
[11]
die Schlacke: slag.
[12]
Gichtgase: waste gases.
[13]
im Betriebe: in operation.
[14]
dickflÜssig: viscid, viscous.
[15]
grossblÄtterig: having large laminae.
[16]
kÖrnig: granular.
[17]
das GefÜge: structure.
[18]
das Schmiedeeisen: wrought iron.
[19]
das Stabeisen: rod iron.
[20]
streckbar: ductile.
[21]
schweissbar: weldable.
[22]

54.

indem man ... unterwirft: by subjecting.
[1]
wobei; see 28 Note 4.
[2]
sehnig: fibrous (die Sehne: sinew).
[3]
ablÖschen: to quench, chill.
[4]
Anlassen, Adoucieren: tempering.
[5]
Ferrooxid: ferrous oxide.
[6]
Ferrioxyd: ferric oxide.
[7]
EisenchlorÜr = Eisenchlorid: chloride of iron.
[8]
Einfachschwefeleisen, Zweifachschwefeleisen: (simple) sulphide of iron, bisulphide of iron.
[9]

55.

wichtigeren, niedrigeren: more important, lower; note the er of the Comparative.
[1]
dem ... entstehenden Steinkohlenteer: the coal tar produced.
[2]
beruht darauf, dass: depends upon the principle that....
[3]
nach: according to.
[4]
beschickt: provided, furnished, fed.
[5]
die Benzolreihe: benzol series.
[6]
ersetzt: replaced, substituted.
[7]
SulfosÄuren: sulphonic acids.
[8]
technisch: industrial.
[9]
gilt (gelten): in true.
[10]
blÄtterig: flaky, laminated.
[11]
russend: sooty.
[12]
glatt: smoothly.
[13]
das entstandene Nitrobenzol: the nitrobenzol formed.
[14]

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